bug#66546: 30.0.50; save-buffer to write-protected file without backup fails

[Jens Schmidt via "Bug reports for GNU Emacs, the Swiss army knife of text editors" <bug-gnu-emacs@gnu.org>]

Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org> writes:

>> From: Jens Schmidt <jschmidt4gnu@vodafonemail.de>
>> Cc: 66546@debbugs.gnu.org
>> Date: Sat, 14 Oct 2023 22:31:36 +0200
>>
>> > Please explain what happens with "C-0 C-x C-s", and why.  I don't
>> > think I understand that, given what you wrote.
>>
>> "C-0 C-x C-s" prompts me whether to write the modified buffer to the
>> write-protected file.  When I reply "yes", I expect Emacs to do the
>> following:
>>
>> 1. Get the mode bits/extended attributes of "foo".
>> 2. Remove the write-potection on "foo".
>> 3. Write the buffer to "foo", not creating a backup file.
>> 4. Restore the mode bits/extended attributes on "foo" to their previous
>>    state taken in step 1.
>
> So far, so good.
>
>> What happens instead:
>>
>> Emacs errors out that it cannot write to the file, even though it has
>> the permissions and means to temporarily remove the write-protection on
>> it.
>
> Why cannot Emacs write to the file, and what do the extended
> attributes have to do with that?

Let's check the working Emacs 23 code first, when there were no extended
attributes:

  (setq setmodes (cons (file-modes buffer-file-name) buffer-file-name))
  (set-file-modes buffer-file-name (logior (car setmodes) 128))

In procedural pseudo-code and without the cons, this does:

  setmodes = file-modes (buffer-file-name);
  set-file-modes (buffer-file-name, setmodes | 128);

which implements step 2 above: It takes the existing mode bits, adds bit
0b10000000 (u+w), and sets the resulting mode bits on the file.  The
file gets writable.  The following call to `write-region' succeeds.


Now the Emacs 29 code.  We simplify that in the assumption, that the
extended attribute calls always succeed, and that we do not need the
regular calls:

  (setq setmodes (list (file-extended-attributes buffer-file-name)
                       buffer-file-name))
  (set-file-extended-attributes buffer-file-name
                                (nth 0 setmodes))

The pseudo-code here looks like this:

  setmodes = file-extended-attributes (buffer-file-name);
  set-file-extended-attributes (setmodes);

That is, the original extended attributes of the file get written back
to the file *unchanged*.  No write permission is added to the file.
Accordingly, the following call to `write-region' fails.