Such tools are for example scons is a make alternative that rethinks make's "older timestamp => rebuild"
From www.scons.org/architecture/index.html
(S)Cons decides if a file was out-of-date by using MD5 checksums of the contents of files, not timestamps.
Most of the build tools just mentioned were written by programmers and for programmers. The fact that most programmer-friendly utilities do a poor job of fulfilling the needs of non-programmers prompted Greg Wilson to organize the Software Carpentry competition in January 2000. Software Carpentry was an open design contest with the express goal of producing a set of next-generation utilities, including a build tool, that would be accessible not only to programmers but also to computer users such as physical scientists.