emacs-orgmode@gnu.org archives
 help / color / mirror / code / Atom feed
blob 0b626a1a8da99c8aa309116f946e666e43215a22 781793 bytes (raw)
name: doc/org-manual.org 	 # note: path name is non-authoritative(*)
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
   10
   11
   12
   13
   14
   15
   16
   17
   18
   19
   20
   21
   22
   23
   24
   25
   26
   27
   28
   29
   30
   31
   32
   33
   34
   35
   36
   37
   38
   39
   40
   41
   42
   43
   44
   45
   46
   47
   48
   49
   50
   51
   52
   53
   54
   55
   56
   57
   58
   59
   60
   61
   62
   63
   64
   65
   66
   67
   68
   69
   70
   71
   72
   73
   74
   75
   76
   77
   78
   79
   80
   81
   82
   83
   84
   85
   86
   87
   88
   89
   90
   91
   92
   93
   94
   95
   96
   97
   98
   99
  100
  101
  102
  103
  104
  105
  106
  107
  108
  109
  110
  111
  112
  113
  114
  115
  116
  117
  118
  119
  120
  121
  122
  123
  124
  125
  126
  127
  128
  129
  130
  131
  132
  133
  134
  135
  136
  137
  138
  139
  140
  141
  142
  143
  144
  145
  146
  147
  148
  149
  150
  151
  152
  153
  154
  155
  156
  157
  158
  159
  160
  161
  162
  163
  164
  165
  166
  167
  168
  169
  170
  171
  172
  173
  174
  175
  176
  177
  178
  179
  180
  181
  182
  183
  184
  185
  186
  187
  188
  189
  190
  191
  192
  193
  194
  195
  196
  197
  198
  199
  200
  201
  202
  203
  204
  205
  206
  207
  208
  209
  210
  211
  212
  213
  214
  215
  216
  217
  218
  219
  220
  221
  222
  223
  224
  225
  226
  227
  228
  229
  230
  231
  232
  233
  234
  235
  236
  237
  238
  239
  240
  241
  242
  243
  244
  245
  246
  247
  248
  249
  250
  251
  252
  253
  254
  255
  256
  257
  258
  259
  260
  261
  262
  263
  264
  265
  266
  267
  268
  269
  270
  271
  272
  273
  274
  275
  276
  277
  278
  279
  280
  281
  282
  283
  284
  285
  286
  287
  288
  289
  290
  291
  292
  293
  294
  295
  296
  297
  298
  299
  300
  301
  302
  303
  304
  305
  306
  307
  308
  309
  310
  311
  312
  313
  314
  315
  316
  317
  318
  319
  320
  321
  322
  323
  324
  325
  326
  327
  328
  329
  330
  331
  332
  333
  334
  335
  336
  337
  338
  339
  340
  341
  342
  343
  344
  345
  346
  347
  348
  349
  350
  351
  352
  353
  354
  355
  356
  357
  358
  359
  360
  361
  362
  363
  364
  365
  366
  367
  368
  369
  370
  371
  372
  373
  374
  375
  376
  377
  378
  379
  380
  381
  382
  383
  384
  385
  386
  387
  388
  389
  390
  391
  392
  393
  394
  395
  396
  397
  398
  399
  400
  401
  402
  403
  404
  405
  406
  407
  408
  409
  410
  411
  412
  413
  414
  415
  416
  417
  418
  419
  420
  421
  422
  423
  424
  425
  426
  427
  428
  429
  430
  431
  432
  433
  434
  435
  436
  437
  438
  439
  440
  441
  442
  443
  444
  445
  446
  447
  448
  449
  450
  451
  452
  453
  454
  455
  456
  457
  458
  459
  460
  461
  462
  463
  464
  465
  466
  467
  468
  469
  470
  471
  472
  473
  474
  475
  476
  477
  478
  479
  480
  481
  482
  483
  484
  485
  486
  487
  488
  489
  490
  491
  492
  493
  494
  495
  496
  497
  498
  499
  500
  501
  502
  503
  504
  505
  506
  507
  508
  509
  510
  511
  512
  513
  514
  515
  516
  517
  518
  519
  520
  521
  522
  523
  524
  525
  526
  527
  528
  529
  530
  531
  532
  533
  534
  535
  536
  537
  538
  539
  540
  541
  542
  543
  544
  545
  546
  547
  548
  549
  550
  551
  552
  553
  554
  555
  556
  557
  558
  559
  560
  561
  562
  563
  564
  565
  566
  567
  568
  569
  570
  571
  572
  573
  574
  575
  576
  577
  578
  579
  580
  581
  582
  583
  584
  585
  586
  587
  588
  589
  590
  591
  592
  593
  594
  595
  596
  597
  598
  599
  600
  601
  602
  603
  604
  605
  606
  607
  608
  609
  610
  611
  612
  613
  614
  615
  616
  617
  618
  619
  620
  621
  622
  623
  624
  625
  626
  627
  628
  629
  630
  631
  632
  633
  634
  635
  636
  637
  638
  639
  640
  641
  642
  643
  644
  645
  646
  647
  648
  649
  650
  651
  652
  653
  654
  655
  656
  657
  658
  659
  660
  661
  662
  663
  664
  665
  666
  667
  668
  669
  670
  671
  672
  673
  674
  675
  676
  677
  678
  679
  680
  681
  682
  683
  684
  685
  686
  687
  688
  689
  690
  691
  692
  693
  694
  695
  696
  697
  698
  699
  700
  701
  702
  703
  704
  705
  706
  707
  708
  709
  710
  711
  712
  713
  714
  715
  716
  717
  718
  719
  720
  721
  722
  723
  724
  725
  726
  727
  728
  729
  730
  731
  732
  733
  734
  735
  736
  737
  738
  739
  740
  741
  742
  743
  744
  745
  746
  747
  748
  749
  750
  751
  752
  753
  754
  755
  756
  757
  758
  759
  760
  761
  762
  763
  764
  765
  766
  767
  768
  769
  770
  771
  772
  773
  774
  775
  776
  777
  778
  779
  780
  781
  782
  783
  784
  785
  786
  787
  788
  789
  790
  791
  792
  793
  794
  795
  796
  797
  798
  799
  800
  801
  802
  803
  804
  805
  806
  807
  808
  809
  810
  811
  812
  813
  814
  815
  816
  817
  818
  819
  820
  821
  822
  823
  824
  825
  826
  827
  828
  829
  830
  831
  832
  833
  834
  835
  836
  837
  838
  839
  840
  841
  842
  843
  844
  845
  846
  847
  848
  849
  850
  851
  852
  853
  854
  855
  856
  857
  858
  859
  860
  861
  862
  863
  864
  865
  866
  867
  868
  869
  870
  871
  872
  873
  874
  875
  876
  877
  878
  879
  880
  881
  882
  883
  884
  885
  886
  887
  888
  889
  890
  891
  892
  893
  894
  895
  896
  897
  898
  899
  900
  901
  902
  903
  904
  905
  906
  907
  908
  909
  910
  911
  912
  913
  914
  915
  916
  917
  918
  919
  920
  921
  922
  923
  924
  925
  926
  927
  928
  929
  930
  931
  932
  933
  934
  935
  936
  937
  938
  939
  940
  941
  942
  943
  944
  945
  946
  947
  948
  949
  950
  951
  952
  953
  954
  955
  956
  957
  958
  959
  960
  961
  962
  963
  964
  965
  966
  967
  968
  969
  970
  971
  972
  973
  974
  975
  976
  977
  978
  979
  980
  981
  982
  983
  984
  985
  986
  987
  988
  989
  990
  991
  992
  993
  994
  995
  996
  997
  998
  999
 1000
 1001
 1002
 1003
 1004
 1005
 1006
 1007
 1008
 1009
 1010
 1011
 1012
 1013
 1014
 1015
 1016
 1017
 1018
 1019
 1020
 1021
 1022
 1023
 1024
 1025
 1026
 1027
 1028
 1029
 1030
 1031
 1032
 1033
 1034
 1035
 1036
 1037
 1038
 1039
 1040
 1041
 1042
 1043
 1044
 1045
 1046
 1047
 1048
 1049
 1050
 1051
 1052
 1053
 1054
 1055
 1056
 1057
 1058
 1059
 1060
 1061
 1062
 1063
 1064
 1065
 1066
 1067
 1068
 1069
 1070
 1071
 1072
 1073
 1074
 1075
 1076
 1077
 1078
 1079
 1080
 1081
 1082
 1083
 1084
 1085
 1086
 1087
 1088
 1089
 1090
 1091
 1092
 1093
 1094
 1095
 1096
 1097
 1098
 1099
 1100
 1101
 1102
 1103
 1104
 1105
 1106
 1107
 1108
 1109
 1110
 1111
 1112
 1113
 1114
 1115
 1116
 1117
 1118
 1119
 1120
 1121
 1122
 1123
 1124
 1125
 1126
 1127
 1128
 1129
 1130
 1131
 1132
 1133
 1134
 1135
 1136
 1137
 1138
 1139
 1140
 1141
 1142
 1143
 1144
 1145
 1146
 1147
 1148
 1149
 1150
 1151
 1152
 1153
 1154
 1155
 1156
 1157
 1158
 1159
 1160
 1161
 1162
 1163
 1164
 1165
 1166
 1167
 1168
 1169
 1170
 1171
 1172
 1173
 1174
 1175
 1176
 1177
 1178
 1179
 1180
 1181
 1182
 1183
 1184
 1185
 1186
 1187
 1188
 1189
 1190
 1191
 1192
 1193
 1194
 1195
 1196
 1197
 1198
 1199
 1200
 1201
 1202
 1203
 1204
 1205
 1206
 1207
 1208
 1209
 1210
 1211
 1212
 1213
 1214
 1215
 1216
 1217
 1218
 1219
 1220
 1221
 1222
 1223
 1224
 1225
 1226
 1227
 1228
 1229
 1230
 1231
 1232
 1233
 1234
 1235
 1236
 1237
 1238
 1239
 1240
 1241
 1242
 1243
 1244
 1245
 1246
 1247
 1248
 1249
 1250
 1251
 1252
 1253
 1254
 1255
 1256
 1257
 1258
 1259
 1260
 1261
 1262
 1263
 1264
 1265
 1266
 1267
 1268
 1269
 1270
 1271
 1272
 1273
 1274
 1275
 1276
 1277
 1278
 1279
 1280
 1281
 1282
 1283
 1284
 1285
 1286
 1287
 1288
 1289
 1290
 1291
 1292
 1293
 1294
 1295
 1296
 1297
 1298
 1299
 1300
 1301
 1302
 1303
 1304
 1305
 1306
 1307
 1308
 1309
 1310
 1311
 1312
 1313
 1314
 1315
 1316
 1317
 1318
 1319
 1320
 1321
 1322
 1323
 1324
 1325
 1326
 1327
 1328
 1329
 1330
 1331
 1332
 1333
 1334
 1335
 1336
 1337
 1338
 1339
 1340
 1341
 1342
 1343
 1344
 1345
 1346
 1347
 1348
 1349
 1350
 1351
 1352
 1353
 1354
 1355
 1356
 1357
 1358
 1359
 1360
 1361
 1362
 1363
 1364
 1365
 1366
 1367
 1368
 1369
 1370
 1371
 1372
 1373
 1374
 1375
 1376
 1377
 1378
 1379
 1380
 1381
 1382
 1383
 1384
 1385
 1386
 1387
 1388
 1389
 1390
 1391
 1392
 1393
 1394
 1395
 1396
 1397
 1398
 1399
 1400
 1401
 1402
 1403
 1404
 1405
 1406
 1407
 1408
 1409
 1410
 1411
 1412
 1413
 1414
 1415
 1416
 1417
 1418
 1419
 1420
 1421
 1422
 1423
 1424
 1425
 1426
 1427
 1428
 1429
 1430
 1431
 1432
 1433
 1434
 1435
 1436
 1437
 1438
 1439
 1440
 1441
 1442
 1443
 1444
 1445
 1446
 1447
 1448
 1449
 1450
 1451
 1452
 1453
 1454
 1455
 1456
 1457
 1458
 1459
 1460
 1461
 1462
 1463
 1464
 1465
 1466
 1467
 1468
 1469
 1470
 1471
 1472
 1473
 1474
 1475
 1476
 1477
 1478
 1479
 1480
 1481
 1482
 1483
 1484
 1485
 1486
 1487
 1488
 1489
 1490
 1491
 1492
 1493
 1494
 1495
 1496
 1497
 1498
 1499
 1500
 1501
 1502
 1503
 1504
 1505
 1506
 1507
 1508
 1509
 1510
 1511
 1512
 1513
 1514
 1515
 1516
 1517
 1518
 1519
 1520
 1521
 1522
 1523
 1524
 1525
 1526
 1527
 1528
 1529
 1530
 1531
 1532
 1533
 1534
 1535
 1536
 1537
 1538
 1539
 1540
 1541
 1542
 1543
 1544
 1545
 1546
 1547
 1548
 1549
 1550
 1551
 1552
 1553
 1554
 1555
 1556
 1557
 1558
 1559
 1560
 1561
 1562
 1563
 1564
 1565
 1566
 1567
 1568
 1569
 1570
 1571
 1572
 1573
 1574
 1575
 1576
 1577
 1578
 1579
 1580
 1581
 1582
 1583
 1584
 1585
 1586
 1587
 1588
 1589
 1590
 1591
 1592
 1593
 1594
 1595
 1596
 1597
 1598
 1599
 1600
 1601
 1602
 1603
 1604
 1605
 1606
 1607
 1608
 1609
 1610
 1611
 1612
 1613
 1614
 1615
 1616
 1617
 1618
 1619
 1620
 1621
 1622
 1623
 1624
 1625
 1626
 1627
 1628
 1629
 1630
 1631
 1632
 1633
 1634
 1635
 1636
 1637
 1638
 1639
 1640
 1641
 1642
 1643
 1644
 1645
 1646
 1647
 1648
 1649
 1650
 1651
 1652
 1653
 1654
 1655
 1656
 1657
 1658
 1659
 1660
 1661
 1662
 1663
 1664
 1665
 1666
 1667
 1668
 1669
 1670
 1671
 1672
 1673
 1674
 1675
 1676
 1677
 1678
 1679
 1680
 1681
 1682
 1683
 1684
 1685
 1686
 1687
 1688
 1689
 1690
 1691
 1692
 1693
 1694
 1695
 1696
 1697
 1698
 1699
 1700
 1701
 1702
 1703
 1704
 1705
 1706
 1707
 1708
 1709
 1710
 1711
 1712
 1713
 1714
 1715
 1716
 1717
 1718
 1719
 1720
 1721
 1722
 1723
 1724
 1725
 1726
 1727
 1728
 1729
 1730
 1731
 1732
 1733
 1734
 1735
 1736
 1737
 1738
 1739
 1740
 1741
 1742
 1743
 1744
 1745
 1746
 1747
 1748
 1749
 1750
 1751
 1752
 1753
 1754
 1755
 1756
 1757
 1758
 1759
 1760
 1761
 1762
 1763
 1764
 1765
 1766
 1767
 1768
 1769
 1770
 1771
 1772
 1773
 1774
 1775
 1776
 1777
 1778
 1779
 1780
 1781
 1782
 1783
 1784
 1785
 1786
 1787
 1788
 1789
 1790
 1791
 1792
 1793
 1794
 1795
 1796
 1797
 1798
 1799
 1800
 1801
 1802
 1803
 1804
 1805
 1806
 1807
 1808
 1809
 1810
 1811
 1812
 1813
 1814
 1815
 1816
 1817
 1818
 1819
 1820
 1821
 1822
 1823
 1824
 1825
 1826
 1827
 1828
 1829
 1830
 1831
 1832
 1833
 1834
 1835
 1836
 1837
 1838
 1839
 1840
 1841
 1842
 1843
 1844
 1845
 1846
 1847
 1848
 1849
 1850
 1851
 1852
 1853
 1854
 1855
 1856
 1857
 1858
 1859
 1860
 1861
 1862
 1863
 1864
 1865
 1866
 1867
 1868
 1869
 1870
 1871
 1872
 1873
 1874
 1875
 1876
 1877
 1878
 1879
 1880
 1881
 1882
 1883
 1884
 1885
 1886
 1887
 1888
 1889
 1890
 1891
 1892
 1893
 1894
 1895
 1896
 1897
 1898
 1899
 1900
 1901
 1902
 1903
 1904
 1905
 1906
 1907
 1908
 1909
 1910
 1911
 1912
 1913
 1914
 1915
 1916
 1917
 1918
 1919
 1920
 1921
 1922
 1923
 1924
 1925
 1926
 1927
 1928
 1929
 1930
 1931
 1932
 1933
 1934
 1935
 1936
 1937
 1938
 1939
 1940
 1941
 1942
 1943
 1944
 1945
 1946
 1947
 1948
 1949
 1950
 1951
 1952
 1953
 1954
 1955
 1956
 1957
 1958
 1959
 1960
 1961
 1962
 1963
 1964
 1965
 1966
 1967
 1968
 1969
 1970
 1971
 1972
 1973
 1974
 1975
 1976
 1977
 1978
 1979
 1980
 1981
 1982
 1983
 1984
 1985
 1986
 1987
 1988
 1989
 1990
 1991
 1992
 1993
 1994
 1995
 1996
 1997
 1998
 1999
 2000
 2001
 2002
 2003
 2004
 2005
 2006
 2007
 2008
 2009
 2010
 2011
 2012
 2013
 2014
 2015
 2016
 2017
 2018
 2019
 2020
 2021
 2022
 2023
 2024
 2025
 2026
 2027
 2028
 2029
 2030
 2031
 2032
 2033
 2034
 2035
 2036
 2037
 2038
 2039
 2040
 2041
 2042
 2043
 2044
 2045
 2046
 2047
 2048
 2049
 2050
 2051
 2052
 2053
 2054
 2055
 2056
 2057
 2058
 2059
 2060
 2061
 2062
 2063
 2064
 2065
 2066
 2067
 2068
 2069
 2070
 2071
 2072
 2073
 2074
 2075
 2076
 2077
 2078
 2079
 2080
 2081
 2082
 2083
 2084
 2085
 2086
 2087
 2088
 2089
 2090
 2091
 2092
 2093
 2094
 2095
 2096
 2097
 2098
 2099
 2100
 2101
 2102
 2103
 2104
 2105
 2106
 2107
 2108
 2109
 2110
 2111
 2112
 2113
 2114
 2115
 2116
 2117
 2118
 2119
 2120
 2121
 2122
 2123
 2124
 2125
 2126
 2127
 2128
 2129
 2130
 2131
 2132
 2133
 2134
 2135
 2136
 2137
 2138
 2139
 2140
 2141
 2142
 2143
 2144
 2145
 2146
 2147
 2148
 2149
 2150
 2151
 2152
 2153
 2154
 2155
 2156
 2157
 2158
 2159
 2160
 2161
 2162
 2163
 2164
 2165
 2166
 2167
 2168
 2169
 2170
 2171
 2172
 2173
 2174
 2175
 2176
 2177
 2178
 2179
 2180
 2181
 2182
 2183
 2184
 2185
 2186
 2187
 2188
 2189
 2190
 2191
 2192
 2193
 2194
 2195
 2196
 2197
 2198
 2199
 2200
 2201
 2202
 2203
 2204
 2205
 2206
 2207
 2208
 2209
 2210
 2211
 2212
 2213
 2214
 2215
 2216
 2217
 2218
 2219
 2220
 2221
 2222
 2223
 2224
 2225
 2226
 2227
 2228
 2229
 2230
 2231
 2232
 2233
 2234
 2235
 2236
 2237
 2238
 2239
 2240
 2241
 2242
 2243
 2244
 2245
 2246
 2247
 2248
 2249
 2250
 2251
 2252
 2253
 2254
 2255
 2256
 2257
 2258
 2259
 2260
 2261
 2262
 2263
 2264
 2265
 2266
 2267
 2268
 2269
 2270
 2271
 2272
 2273
 2274
 2275
 2276
 2277
 2278
 2279
 2280
 2281
 2282
 2283
 2284
 2285
 2286
 2287
 2288
 2289
 2290
 2291
 2292
 2293
 2294
 2295
 2296
 2297
 2298
 2299
 2300
 2301
 2302
 2303
 2304
 2305
 2306
 2307
 2308
 2309
 2310
 2311
 2312
 2313
 2314
 2315
 2316
 2317
 2318
 2319
 2320
 2321
 2322
 2323
 2324
 2325
 2326
 2327
 2328
 2329
 2330
 2331
 2332
 2333
 2334
 2335
 2336
 2337
 2338
 2339
 2340
 2341
 2342
 2343
 2344
 2345
 2346
 2347
 2348
 2349
 2350
 2351
 2352
 2353
 2354
 2355
 2356
 2357
 2358
 2359
 2360
 2361
 2362
 2363
 2364
 2365
 2366
 2367
 2368
 2369
 2370
 2371
 2372
 2373
 2374
 2375
 2376
 2377
 2378
 2379
 2380
 2381
 2382
 2383
 2384
 2385
 2386
 2387
 2388
 2389
 2390
 2391
 2392
 2393
 2394
 2395
 2396
 2397
 2398
 2399
 2400
 2401
 2402
 2403
 2404
 2405
 2406
 2407
 2408
 2409
 2410
 2411
 2412
 2413
 2414
 2415
 2416
 2417
 2418
 2419
 2420
 2421
 2422
 2423
 2424
 2425
 2426
 2427
 2428
 2429
 2430
 2431
 2432
 2433
 2434
 2435
 2436
 2437
 2438
 2439
 2440
 2441
 2442
 2443
 2444
 2445
 2446
 2447
 2448
 2449
 2450
 2451
 2452
 2453
 2454
 2455
 2456
 2457
 2458
 2459
 2460
 2461
 2462
 2463
 2464
 2465
 2466
 2467
 2468
 2469
 2470
 2471
 2472
 2473
 2474
 2475
 2476
 2477
 2478
 2479
 2480
 2481
 2482
 2483
 2484
 2485
 2486
 2487
 2488
 2489
 2490
 2491
 2492
 2493
 2494
 2495
 2496
 2497
 2498
 2499
 2500
 2501
 2502
 2503
 2504
 2505
 2506
 2507
 2508
 2509
 2510
 2511
 2512
 2513
 2514
 2515
 2516
 2517
 2518
 2519
 2520
 2521
 2522
 2523
 2524
 2525
 2526
 2527
 2528
 2529
 2530
 2531
 2532
 2533
 2534
 2535
 2536
 2537
 2538
 2539
 2540
 2541
 2542
 2543
 2544
 2545
 2546
 2547
 2548
 2549
 2550
 2551
 2552
 2553
 2554
 2555
 2556
 2557
 2558
 2559
 2560
 2561
 2562
 2563
 2564
 2565
 2566
 2567
 2568
 2569
 2570
 2571
 2572
 2573
 2574
 2575
 2576
 2577
 2578
 2579
 2580
 2581
 2582
 2583
 2584
 2585
 2586
 2587
 2588
 2589
 2590
 2591
 2592
 2593
 2594
 2595
 2596
 2597
 2598
 2599
 2600
 2601
 2602
 2603
 2604
 2605
 2606
 2607
 2608
 2609
 2610
 2611
 2612
 2613
 2614
 2615
 2616
 2617
 2618
 2619
 2620
 2621
 2622
 2623
 2624
 2625
 2626
 2627
 2628
 2629
 2630
 2631
 2632
 2633
 2634
 2635
 2636
 2637
 2638
 2639
 2640
 2641
 2642
 2643
 2644
 2645
 2646
 2647
 2648
 2649
 2650
 2651
 2652
 2653
 2654
 2655
 2656
 2657
 2658
 2659
 2660
 2661
 2662
 2663
 2664
 2665
 2666
 2667
 2668
 2669
 2670
 2671
 2672
 2673
 2674
 2675
 2676
 2677
 2678
 2679
 2680
 2681
 2682
 2683
 2684
 2685
 2686
 2687
 2688
 2689
 2690
 2691
 2692
 2693
 2694
 2695
 2696
 2697
 2698
 2699
 2700
 2701
 2702
 2703
 2704
 2705
 2706
 2707
 2708
 2709
 2710
 2711
 2712
 2713
 2714
 2715
 2716
 2717
 2718
 2719
 2720
 2721
 2722
 2723
 2724
 2725
 2726
 2727
 2728
 2729
 2730
 2731
 2732
 2733
 2734
 2735
 2736
 2737
 2738
 2739
 2740
 2741
 2742
 2743
 2744
 2745
 2746
 2747
 2748
 2749
 2750
 2751
 2752
 2753
 2754
 2755
 2756
 2757
 2758
 2759
 2760
 2761
 2762
 2763
 2764
 2765
 2766
 2767
 2768
 2769
 2770
 2771
 2772
 2773
 2774
 2775
 2776
 2777
 2778
 2779
 2780
 2781
 2782
 2783
 2784
 2785
 2786
 2787
 2788
 2789
 2790
 2791
 2792
 2793
 2794
 2795
 2796
 2797
 2798
 2799
 2800
 2801
 2802
 2803
 2804
 2805
 2806
 2807
 2808
 2809
 2810
 2811
 2812
 2813
 2814
 2815
 2816
 2817
 2818
 2819
 2820
 2821
 2822
 2823
 2824
 2825
 2826
 2827
 2828
 2829
 2830
 2831
 2832
 2833
 2834
 2835
 2836
 2837
 2838
 2839
 2840
 2841
 2842
 2843
 2844
 2845
 2846
 2847
 2848
 2849
 2850
 2851
 2852
 2853
 2854
 2855
 2856
 2857
 2858
 2859
 2860
 2861
 2862
 2863
 2864
 2865
 2866
 2867
 2868
 2869
 2870
 2871
 2872
 2873
 2874
 2875
 2876
 2877
 2878
 2879
 2880
 2881
 2882
 2883
 2884
 2885
 2886
 2887
 2888
 2889
 2890
 2891
 2892
 2893
 2894
 2895
 2896
 2897
 2898
 2899
 2900
 2901
 2902
 2903
 2904
 2905
 2906
 2907
 2908
 2909
 2910
 2911
 2912
 2913
 2914
 2915
 2916
 2917
 2918
 2919
 2920
 2921
 2922
 2923
 2924
 2925
 2926
 2927
 2928
 2929
 2930
 2931
 2932
 2933
 2934
 2935
 2936
 2937
 2938
 2939
 2940
 2941
 2942
 2943
 2944
 2945
 2946
 2947
 2948
 2949
 2950
 2951
 2952
 2953
 2954
 2955
 2956
 2957
 2958
 2959
 2960
 2961
 2962
 2963
 2964
 2965
 2966
 2967
 2968
 2969
 2970
 2971
 2972
 2973
 2974
 2975
 2976
 2977
 2978
 2979
 2980
 2981
 2982
 2983
 2984
 2985
 2986
 2987
 2988
 2989
 2990
 2991
 2992
 2993
 2994
 2995
 2996
 2997
 2998
 2999
 3000
 3001
 3002
 3003
 3004
 3005
 3006
 3007
 3008
 3009
 3010
 3011
 3012
 3013
 3014
 3015
 3016
 3017
 3018
 3019
 3020
 3021
 3022
 3023
 3024
 3025
 3026
 3027
 3028
 3029
 3030
 3031
 3032
 3033
 3034
 3035
 3036
 3037
 3038
 3039
 3040
 3041
 3042
 3043
 3044
 3045
 3046
 3047
 3048
 3049
 3050
 3051
 3052
 3053
 3054
 3055
 3056
 3057
 3058
 3059
 3060
 3061
 3062
 3063
 3064
 3065
 3066
 3067
 3068
 3069
 3070
 3071
 3072
 3073
 3074
 3075
 3076
 3077
 3078
 3079
 3080
 3081
 3082
 3083
 3084
 3085
 3086
 3087
 3088
 3089
 3090
 3091
 3092
 3093
 3094
 3095
 3096
 3097
 3098
 3099
 3100
 3101
 3102
 3103
 3104
 3105
 3106
 3107
 3108
 3109
 3110
 3111
 3112
 3113
 3114
 3115
 3116
 3117
 3118
 3119
 3120
 3121
 3122
 3123
 3124
 3125
 3126
 3127
 3128
 3129
 3130
 3131
 3132
 3133
 3134
 3135
 3136
 3137
 3138
 3139
 3140
 3141
 3142
 3143
 3144
 3145
 3146
 3147
 3148
 3149
 3150
 3151
 3152
 3153
 3154
 3155
 3156
 3157
 3158
 3159
 3160
 3161
 3162
 3163
 3164
 3165
 3166
 3167
 3168
 3169
 3170
 3171
 3172
 3173
 3174
 3175
 3176
 3177
 3178
 3179
 3180
 3181
 3182
 3183
 3184
 3185
 3186
 3187
 3188
 3189
 3190
 3191
 3192
 3193
 3194
 3195
 3196
 3197
 3198
 3199
 3200
 3201
 3202
 3203
 3204
 3205
 3206
 3207
 3208
 3209
 3210
 3211
 3212
 3213
 3214
 3215
 3216
 3217
 3218
 3219
 3220
 3221
 3222
 3223
 3224
 3225
 3226
 3227
 3228
 3229
 3230
 3231
 3232
 3233
 3234
 3235
 3236
 3237
 3238
 3239
 3240
 3241
 3242
 3243
 3244
 3245
 3246
 3247
 3248
 3249
 3250
 3251
 3252
 3253
 3254
 3255
 3256
 3257
 3258
 3259
 3260
 3261
 3262
 3263
 3264
 3265
 3266
 3267
 3268
 3269
 3270
 3271
 3272
 3273
 3274
 3275
 3276
 3277
 3278
 3279
 3280
 3281
 3282
 3283
 3284
 3285
 3286
 3287
 3288
 3289
 3290
 3291
 3292
 3293
 3294
 3295
 3296
 3297
 3298
 3299
 3300
 3301
 3302
 3303
 3304
 3305
 3306
 3307
 3308
 3309
 3310
 3311
 3312
 3313
 3314
 3315
 3316
 3317
 3318
 3319
 3320
 3321
 3322
 3323
 3324
 3325
 3326
 3327
 3328
 3329
 3330
 3331
 3332
 3333
 3334
 3335
 3336
 3337
 3338
 3339
 3340
 3341
 3342
 3343
 3344
 3345
 3346
 3347
 3348
 3349
 3350
 3351
 3352
 3353
 3354
 3355
 3356
 3357
 3358
 3359
 3360
 3361
 3362
 3363
 3364
 3365
 3366
 3367
 3368
 3369
 3370
 3371
 3372
 3373
 3374
 3375
 3376
 3377
 3378
 3379
 3380
 3381
 3382
 3383
 3384
 3385
 3386
 3387
 3388
 3389
 3390
 3391
 3392
 3393
 3394
 3395
 3396
 3397
 3398
 3399
 3400
 3401
 3402
 3403
 3404
 3405
 3406
 3407
 3408
 3409
 3410
 3411
 3412
 3413
 3414
 3415
 3416
 3417
 3418
 3419
 3420
 3421
 3422
 3423
 3424
 3425
 3426
 3427
 3428
 3429
 3430
 3431
 3432
 3433
 3434
 3435
 3436
 3437
 3438
 3439
 3440
 3441
 3442
 3443
 3444
 3445
 3446
 3447
 3448
 3449
 3450
 3451
 3452
 3453
 3454
 3455
 3456
 3457
 3458
 3459
 3460
 3461
 3462
 3463
 3464
 3465
 3466
 3467
 3468
 3469
 3470
 3471
 3472
 3473
 3474
 3475
 3476
 3477
 3478
 3479
 3480
 3481
 3482
 3483
 3484
 3485
 3486
 3487
 3488
 3489
 3490
 3491
 3492
 3493
 3494
 3495
 3496
 3497
 3498
 3499
 3500
 3501
 3502
 3503
 3504
 3505
 3506
 3507
 3508
 3509
 3510
 3511
 3512
 3513
 3514
 3515
 3516
 3517
 3518
 3519
 3520
 3521
 3522
 3523
 3524
 3525
 3526
 3527
 3528
 3529
 3530
 3531
 3532
 3533
 3534
 3535
 3536
 3537
 3538
 3539
 3540
 3541
 3542
 3543
 3544
 3545
 3546
 3547
 3548
 3549
 3550
 3551
 3552
 3553
 3554
 3555
 3556
 3557
 3558
 3559
 3560
 3561
 3562
 3563
 3564
 3565
 3566
 3567
 3568
 3569
 3570
 3571
 3572
 3573
 3574
 3575
 3576
 3577
 3578
 3579
 3580
 3581
 3582
 3583
 3584
 3585
 3586
 3587
 3588
 3589
 3590
 3591
 3592
 3593
 3594
 3595
 3596
 3597
 3598
 3599
 3600
 3601
 3602
 3603
 3604
 3605
 3606
 3607
 3608
 3609
 3610
 3611
 3612
 3613
 3614
 3615
 3616
 3617
 3618
 3619
 3620
 3621
 3622
 3623
 3624
 3625
 3626
 3627
 3628
 3629
 3630
 3631
 3632
 3633
 3634
 3635
 3636
 3637
 3638
 3639
 3640
 3641
 3642
 3643
 3644
 3645
 3646
 3647
 3648
 3649
 3650
 3651
 3652
 3653
 3654
 3655
 3656
 3657
 3658
 3659
 3660
 3661
 3662
 3663
 3664
 3665
 3666
 3667
 3668
 3669
 3670
 3671
 3672
 3673
 3674
 3675
 3676
 3677
 3678
 3679
 3680
 3681
 3682
 3683
 3684
 3685
 3686
 3687
 3688
 3689
 3690
 3691
 3692
 3693
 3694
 3695
 3696
 3697
 3698
 3699
 3700
 3701
 3702
 3703
 3704
 3705
 3706
 3707
 3708
 3709
 3710
 3711
 3712
 3713
 3714
 3715
 3716
 3717
 3718
 3719
 3720
 3721
 3722
 3723
 3724
 3725
 3726
 3727
 3728
 3729
 3730
 3731
 3732
 3733
 3734
 3735
 3736
 3737
 3738
 3739
 3740
 3741
 3742
 3743
 3744
 3745
 3746
 3747
 3748
 3749
 3750
 3751
 3752
 3753
 3754
 3755
 3756
 3757
 3758
 3759
 3760
 3761
 3762
 3763
 3764
 3765
 3766
 3767
 3768
 3769
 3770
 3771
 3772
 3773
 3774
 3775
 3776
 3777
 3778
 3779
 3780
 3781
 3782
 3783
 3784
 3785
 3786
 3787
 3788
 3789
 3790
 3791
 3792
 3793
 3794
 3795
 3796
 3797
 3798
 3799
 3800
 3801
 3802
 3803
 3804
 3805
 3806
 3807
 3808
 3809
 3810
 3811
 3812
 3813
 3814
 3815
 3816
 3817
 3818
 3819
 3820
 3821
 3822
 3823
 3824
 3825
 3826
 3827
 3828
 3829
 3830
 3831
 3832
 3833
 3834
 3835
 3836
 3837
 3838
 3839
 3840
 3841
 3842
 3843
 3844
 3845
 3846
 3847
 3848
 3849
 3850
 3851
 3852
 3853
 3854
 3855
 3856
 3857
 3858
 3859
 3860
 3861
 3862
 3863
 3864
 3865
 3866
 3867
 3868
 3869
 3870
 3871
 3872
 3873
 3874
 3875
 3876
 3877
 3878
 3879
 3880
 3881
 3882
 3883
 3884
 3885
 3886
 3887
 3888
 3889
 3890
 3891
 3892
 3893
 3894
 3895
 3896
 3897
 3898
 3899
 3900
 3901
 3902
 3903
 3904
 3905
 3906
 3907
 3908
 3909
 3910
 3911
 3912
 3913
 3914
 3915
 3916
 3917
 3918
 3919
 3920
 3921
 3922
 3923
 3924
 3925
 3926
 3927
 3928
 3929
 3930
 3931
 3932
 3933
 3934
 3935
 3936
 3937
 3938
 3939
 3940
 3941
 3942
 3943
 3944
 3945
 3946
 3947
 3948
 3949
 3950
 3951
 3952
 3953
 3954
 3955
 3956
 3957
 3958
 3959
 3960
 3961
 3962
 3963
 3964
 3965
 3966
 3967
 3968
 3969
 3970
 3971
 3972
 3973
 3974
 3975
 3976
 3977
 3978
 3979
 3980
 3981
 3982
 3983
 3984
 3985
 3986
 3987
 3988
 3989
 3990
 3991
 3992
 3993
 3994
 3995
 3996
 3997
 3998
 3999
 4000
 4001
 4002
 4003
 4004
 4005
 4006
 4007
 4008
 4009
 4010
 4011
 4012
 4013
 4014
 4015
 4016
 4017
 4018
 4019
 4020
 4021
 4022
 4023
 4024
 4025
 4026
 4027
 4028
 4029
 4030
 4031
 4032
 4033
 4034
 4035
 4036
 4037
 4038
 4039
 4040
 4041
 4042
 4043
 4044
 4045
 4046
 4047
 4048
 4049
 4050
 4051
 4052
 4053
 4054
 4055
 4056
 4057
 4058
 4059
 4060
 4061
 4062
 4063
 4064
 4065
 4066
 4067
 4068
 4069
 4070
 4071
 4072
 4073
 4074
 4075
 4076
 4077
 4078
 4079
 4080
 4081
 4082
 4083
 4084
 4085
 4086
 4087
 4088
 4089
 4090
 4091
 4092
 4093
 4094
 4095
 4096
 4097
 4098
 4099
 4100
 4101
 4102
 4103
 4104
 4105
 4106
 4107
 4108
 4109
 4110
 4111
 4112
 4113
 4114
 4115
 4116
 4117
 4118
 4119
 4120
 4121
 4122
 4123
 4124
 4125
 4126
 4127
 4128
 4129
 4130
 4131
 4132
 4133
 4134
 4135
 4136
 4137
 4138
 4139
 4140
 4141
 4142
 4143
 4144
 4145
 4146
 4147
 4148
 4149
 4150
 4151
 4152
 4153
 4154
 4155
 4156
 4157
 4158
 4159
 4160
 4161
 4162
 4163
 4164
 4165
 4166
 4167
 4168
 4169
 4170
 4171
 4172
 4173
 4174
 4175
 4176
 4177
 4178
 4179
 4180
 4181
 4182
 4183
 4184
 4185
 4186
 4187
 4188
 4189
 4190
 4191
 4192
 4193
 4194
 4195
 4196
 4197
 4198
 4199
 4200
 4201
 4202
 4203
 4204
 4205
 4206
 4207
 4208
 4209
 4210
 4211
 4212
 4213
 4214
 4215
 4216
 4217
 4218
 4219
 4220
 4221
 4222
 4223
 4224
 4225
 4226
 4227
 4228
 4229
 4230
 4231
 4232
 4233
 4234
 4235
 4236
 4237
 4238
 4239
 4240
 4241
 4242
 4243
 4244
 4245
 4246
 4247
 4248
 4249
 4250
 4251
 4252
 4253
 4254
 4255
 4256
 4257
 4258
 4259
 4260
 4261
 4262
 4263
 4264
 4265
 4266
 4267
 4268
 4269
 4270
 4271
 4272
 4273
 4274
 4275
 4276
 4277
 4278
 4279
 4280
 4281
 4282
 4283
 4284
 4285
 4286
 4287
 4288
 4289
 4290
 4291
 4292
 4293
 4294
 4295
 4296
 4297
 4298
 4299
 4300
 4301
 4302
 4303
 4304
 4305
 4306
 4307
 4308
 4309
 4310
 4311
 4312
 4313
 4314
 4315
 4316
 4317
 4318
 4319
 4320
 4321
 4322
 4323
 4324
 4325
 4326
 4327
 4328
 4329
 4330
 4331
 4332
 4333
 4334
 4335
 4336
 4337
 4338
 4339
 4340
 4341
 4342
 4343
 4344
 4345
 4346
 4347
 4348
 4349
 4350
 4351
 4352
 4353
 4354
 4355
 4356
 4357
 4358
 4359
 4360
 4361
 4362
 4363
 4364
 4365
 4366
 4367
 4368
 4369
 4370
 4371
 4372
 4373
 4374
 4375
 4376
 4377
 4378
 4379
 4380
 4381
 4382
 4383
 4384
 4385
 4386
 4387
 4388
 4389
 4390
 4391
 4392
 4393
 4394
 4395
 4396
 4397
 4398
 4399
 4400
 4401
 4402
 4403
 4404
 4405
 4406
 4407
 4408
 4409
 4410
 4411
 4412
 4413
 4414
 4415
 4416
 4417
 4418
 4419
 4420
 4421
 4422
 4423
 4424
 4425
 4426
 4427
 4428
 4429
 4430
 4431
 4432
 4433
 4434
 4435
 4436
 4437
 4438
 4439
 4440
 4441
 4442
 4443
 4444
 4445
 4446
 4447
 4448
 4449
 4450
 4451
 4452
 4453
 4454
 4455
 4456
 4457
 4458
 4459
 4460
 4461
 4462
 4463
 4464
 4465
 4466
 4467
 4468
 4469
 4470
 4471
 4472
 4473
 4474
 4475
 4476
 4477
 4478
 4479
 4480
 4481
 4482
 4483
 4484
 4485
 4486
 4487
 4488
 4489
 4490
 4491
 4492
 4493
 4494
 4495
 4496
 4497
 4498
 4499
 4500
 4501
 4502
 4503
 4504
 4505
 4506
 4507
 4508
 4509
 4510
 4511
 4512
 4513
 4514
 4515
 4516
 4517
 4518
 4519
 4520
 4521
 4522
 4523
 4524
 4525
 4526
 4527
 4528
 4529
 4530
 4531
 4532
 4533
 4534
 4535
 4536
 4537
 4538
 4539
 4540
 4541
 4542
 4543
 4544
 4545
 4546
 4547
 4548
 4549
 4550
 4551
 4552
 4553
 4554
 4555
 4556
 4557
 4558
 4559
 4560
 4561
 4562
 4563
 4564
 4565
 4566
 4567
 4568
 4569
 4570
 4571
 4572
 4573
 4574
 4575
 4576
 4577
 4578
 4579
 4580
 4581
 4582
 4583
 4584
 4585
 4586
 4587
 4588
 4589
 4590
 4591
 4592
 4593
 4594
 4595
 4596
 4597
 4598
 4599
 4600
 4601
 4602
 4603
 4604
 4605
 4606
 4607
 4608
 4609
 4610
 4611
 4612
 4613
 4614
 4615
 4616
 4617
 4618
 4619
 4620
 4621
 4622
 4623
 4624
 4625
 4626
 4627
 4628
 4629
 4630
 4631
 4632
 4633
 4634
 4635
 4636
 4637
 4638
 4639
 4640
 4641
 4642
 4643
 4644
 4645
 4646
 4647
 4648
 4649
 4650
 4651
 4652
 4653
 4654
 4655
 4656
 4657
 4658
 4659
 4660
 4661
 4662
 4663
 4664
 4665
 4666
 4667
 4668
 4669
 4670
 4671
 4672
 4673
 4674
 4675
 4676
 4677
 4678
 4679
 4680
 4681
 4682
 4683
 4684
 4685
 4686
 4687
 4688
 4689
 4690
 4691
 4692
 4693
 4694
 4695
 4696
 4697
 4698
 4699
 4700
 4701
 4702
 4703
 4704
 4705
 4706
 4707
 4708
 4709
 4710
 4711
 4712
 4713
 4714
 4715
 4716
 4717
 4718
 4719
 4720
 4721
 4722
 4723
 4724
 4725
 4726
 4727
 4728
 4729
 4730
 4731
 4732
 4733
 4734
 4735
 4736
 4737
 4738
 4739
 4740
 4741
 4742
 4743
 4744
 4745
 4746
 4747
 4748
 4749
 4750
 4751
 4752
 4753
 4754
 4755
 4756
 4757
 4758
 4759
 4760
 4761
 4762
 4763
 4764
 4765
 4766
 4767
 4768
 4769
 4770
 4771
 4772
 4773
 4774
 4775
 4776
 4777
 4778
 4779
 4780
 4781
 4782
 4783
 4784
 4785
 4786
 4787
 4788
 4789
 4790
 4791
 4792
 4793
 4794
 4795
 4796
 4797
 4798
 4799
 4800
 4801
 4802
 4803
 4804
 4805
 4806
 4807
 4808
 4809
 4810
 4811
 4812
 4813
 4814
 4815
 4816
 4817
 4818
 4819
 4820
 4821
 4822
 4823
 4824
 4825
 4826
 4827
 4828
 4829
 4830
 4831
 4832
 4833
 4834
 4835
 4836
 4837
 4838
 4839
 4840
 4841
 4842
 4843
 4844
 4845
 4846
 4847
 4848
 4849
 4850
 4851
 4852
 4853
 4854
 4855
 4856
 4857
 4858
 4859
 4860
 4861
 4862
 4863
 4864
 4865
 4866
 4867
 4868
 4869
 4870
 4871
 4872
 4873
 4874
 4875
 4876
 4877
 4878
 4879
 4880
 4881
 4882
 4883
 4884
 4885
 4886
 4887
 4888
 4889
 4890
 4891
 4892
 4893
 4894
 4895
 4896
 4897
 4898
 4899
 4900
 4901
 4902
 4903
 4904
 4905
 4906
 4907
 4908
 4909
 4910
 4911
 4912
 4913
 4914
 4915
 4916
 4917
 4918
 4919
 4920
 4921
 4922
 4923
 4924
 4925
 4926
 4927
 4928
 4929
 4930
 4931
 4932
 4933
 4934
 4935
 4936
 4937
 4938
 4939
 4940
 4941
 4942
 4943
 4944
 4945
 4946
 4947
 4948
 4949
 4950
 4951
 4952
 4953
 4954
 4955
 4956
 4957
 4958
 4959
 4960
 4961
 4962
 4963
 4964
 4965
 4966
 4967
 4968
 4969
 4970
 4971
 4972
 4973
 4974
 4975
 4976
 4977
 4978
 4979
 4980
 4981
 4982
 4983
 4984
 4985
 4986
 4987
 4988
 4989
 4990
 4991
 4992
 4993
 4994
 4995
 4996
 4997
 4998
 4999
 5000
 5001
 5002
 5003
 5004
 5005
 5006
 5007
 5008
 5009
 5010
 5011
 5012
 5013
 5014
 5015
 5016
 5017
 5018
 5019
 5020
 5021
 5022
 5023
 5024
 5025
 5026
 5027
 5028
 5029
 5030
 5031
 5032
 5033
 5034
 5035
 5036
 5037
 5038
 5039
 5040
 5041
 5042
 5043
 5044
 5045
 5046
 5047
 5048
 5049
 5050
 5051
 5052
 5053
 5054
 5055
 5056
 5057
 5058
 5059
 5060
 5061
 5062
 5063
 5064
 5065
 5066
 5067
 5068
 5069
 5070
 5071
 5072
 5073
 5074
 5075
 5076
 5077
 5078
 5079
 5080
 5081
 5082
 5083
 5084
 5085
 5086
 5087
 5088
 5089
 5090
 5091
 5092
 5093
 5094
 5095
 5096
 5097
 5098
 5099
 5100
 5101
 5102
 5103
 5104
 5105
 5106
 5107
 5108
 5109
 5110
 5111
 5112
 5113
 5114
 5115
 5116
 5117
 5118
 5119
 5120
 5121
 5122
 5123
 5124
 5125
 5126
 5127
 5128
 5129
 5130
 5131
 5132
 5133
 5134
 5135
 5136
 5137
 5138
 5139
 5140
 5141
 5142
 5143
 5144
 5145
 5146
 5147
 5148
 5149
 5150
 5151
 5152
 5153
 5154
 5155
 5156
 5157
 5158
 5159
 5160
 5161
 5162
 5163
 5164
 5165
 5166
 5167
 5168
 5169
 5170
 5171
 5172
 5173
 5174
 5175
 5176
 5177
 5178
 5179
 5180
 5181
 5182
 5183
 5184
 5185
 5186
 5187
 5188
 5189
 5190
 5191
 5192
 5193
 5194
 5195
 5196
 5197
 5198
 5199
 5200
 5201
 5202
 5203
 5204
 5205
 5206
 5207
 5208
 5209
 5210
 5211
 5212
 5213
 5214
 5215
 5216
 5217
 5218
 5219
 5220
 5221
 5222
 5223
 5224
 5225
 5226
 5227
 5228
 5229
 5230
 5231
 5232
 5233
 5234
 5235
 5236
 5237
 5238
 5239
 5240
 5241
 5242
 5243
 5244
 5245
 5246
 5247
 5248
 5249
 5250
 5251
 5252
 5253
 5254
 5255
 5256
 5257
 5258
 5259
 5260
 5261
 5262
 5263
 5264
 5265
 5266
 5267
 5268
 5269
 5270
 5271
 5272
 5273
 5274
 5275
 5276
 5277
 5278
 5279
 5280
 5281
 5282
 5283
 5284
 5285
 5286
 5287
 5288
 5289
 5290
 5291
 5292
 5293
 5294
 5295
 5296
 5297
 5298
 5299
 5300
 5301
 5302
 5303
 5304
 5305
 5306
 5307
 5308
 5309
 5310
 5311
 5312
 5313
 5314
 5315
 5316
 5317
 5318
 5319
 5320
 5321
 5322
 5323
 5324
 5325
 5326
 5327
 5328
 5329
 5330
 5331
 5332
 5333
 5334
 5335
 5336
 5337
 5338
 5339
 5340
 5341
 5342
 5343
 5344
 5345
 5346
 5347
 5348
 5349
 5350
 5351
 5352
 5353
 5354
 5355
 5356
 5357
 5358
 5359
 5360
 5361
 5362
 5363
 5364
 5365
 5366
 5367
 5368
 5369
 5370
 5371
 5372
 5373
 5374
 5375
 5376
 5377
 5378
 5379
 5380
 5381
 5382
 5383
 5384
 5385
 5386
 5387
 5388
 5389
 5390
 5391
 5392
 5393
 5394
 5395
 5396
 5397
 5398
 5399
 5400
 5401
 5402
 5403
 5404
 5405
 5406
 5407
 5408
 5409
 5410
 5411
 5412
 5413
 5414
 5415
 5416
 5417
 5418
 5419
 5420
 5421
 5422
 5423
 5424
 5425
 5426
 5427
 5428
 5429
 5430
 5431
 5432
 5433
 5434
 5435
 5436
 5437
 5438
 5439
 5440
 5441
 5442
 5443
 5444
 5445
 5446
 5447
 5448
 5449
 5450
 5451
 5452
 5453
 5454
 5455
 5456
 5457
 5458
 5459
 5460
 5461
 5462
 5463
 5464
 5465
 5466
 5467
 5468
 5469
 5470
 5471
 5472
 5473
 5474
 5475
 5476
 5477
 5478
 5479
 5480
 5481
 5482
 5483
 5484
 5485
 5486
 5487
 5488
 5489
 5490
 5491
 5492
 5493
 5494
 5495
 5496
 5497
 5498
 5499
 5500
 5501
 5502
 5503
 5504
 5505
 5506
 5507
 5508
 5509
 5510
 5511
 5512
 5513
 5514
 5515
 5516
 5517
 5518
 5519
 5520
 5521
 5522
 5523
 5524
 5525
 5526
 5527
 5528
 5529
 5530
 5531
 5532
 5533
 5534
 5535
 5536
 5537
 5538
 5539
 5540
 5541
 5542
 5543
 5544
 5545
 5546
 5547
 5548
 5549
 5550
 5551
 5552
 5553
 5554
 5555
 5556
 5557
 5558
 5559
 5560
 5561
 5562
 5563
 5564
 5565
 5566
 5567
 5568
 5569
 5570
 5571
 5572
 5573
 5574
 5575
 5576
 5577
 5578
 5579
 5580
 5581
 5582
 5583
 5584
 5585
 5586
 5587
 5588
 5589
 5590
 5591
 5592
 5593
 5594
 5595
 5596
 5597
 5598
 5599
 5600
 5601
 5602
 5603
 5604
 5605
 5606
 5607
 5608
 5609
 5610
 5611
 5612
 5613
 5614
 5615
 5616
 5617
 5618
 5619
 5620
 5621
 5622
 5623
 5624
 5625
 5626
 5627
 5628
 5629
 5630
 5631
 5632
 5633
 5634
 5635
 5636
 5637
 5638
 5639
 5640
 5641
 5642
 5643
 5644
 5645
 5646
 5647
 5648
 5649
 5650
 5651
 5652
 5653
 5654
 5655
 5656
 5657
 5658
 5659
 5660
 5661
 5662
 5663
 5664
 5665
 5666
 5667
 5668
 5669
 5670
 5671
 5672
 5673
 5674
 5675
 5676
 5677
 5678
 5679
 5680
 5681
 5682
 5683
 5684
 5685
 5686
 5687
 5688
 5689
 5690
 5691
 5692
 5693
 5694
 5695
 5696
 5697
 5698
 5699
 5700
 5701
 5702
 5703
 5704
 5705
 5706
 5707
 5708
 5709
 5710
 5711
 5712
 5713
 5714
 5715
 5716
 5717
 5718
 5719
 5720
 5721
 5722
 5723
 5724
 5725
 5726
 5727
 5728
 5729
 5730
 5731
 5732
 5733
 5734
 5735
 5736
 5737
 5738
 5739
 5740
 5741
 5742
 5743
 5744
 5745
 5746
 5747
 5748
 5749
 5750
 5751
 5752
 5753
 5754
 5755
 5756
 5757
 5758
 5759
 5760
 5761
 5762
 5763
 5764
 5765
 5766
 5767
 5768
 5769
 5770
 5771
 5772
 5773
 5774
 5775
 5776
 5777
 5778
 5779
 5780
 5781
 5782
 5783
 5784
 5785
 5786
 5787
 5788
 5789
 5790
 5791
 5792
 5793
 5794
 5795
 5796
 5797
 5798
 5799
 5800
 5801
 5802
 5803
 5804
 5805
 5806
 5807
 5808
 5809
 5810
 5811
 5812
 5813
 5814
 5815
 5816
 5817
 5818
 5819
 5820
 5821
 5822
 5823
 5824
 5825
 5826
 5827
 5828
 5829
 5830
 5831
 5832
 5833
 5834
 5835
 5836
 5837
 5838
 5839
 5840
 5841
 5842
 5843
 5844
 5845
 5846
 5847
 5848
 5849
 5850
 5851
 5852
 5853
 5854
 5855
 5856
 5857
 5858
 5859
 5860
 5861
 5862
 5863
 5864
 5865
 5866
 5867
 5868
 5869
 5870
 5871
 5872
 5873
 5874
 5875
 5876
 5877
 5878
 5879
 5880
 5881
 5882
 5883
 5884
 5885
 5886
 5887
 5888
 5889
 5890
 5891
 5892
 5893
 5894
 5895
 5896
 5897
 5898
 5899
 5900
 5901
 5902
 5903
 5904
 5905
 5906
 5907
 5908
 5909
 5910
 5911
 5912
 5913
 5914
 5915
 5916
 5917
 5918
 5919
 5920
 5921
 5922
 5923
 5924
 5925
 5926
 5927
 5928
 5929
 5930
 5931
 5932
 5933
 5934
 5935
 5936
 5937
 5938
 5939
 5940
 5941
 5942
 5943
 5944
 5945
 5946
 5947
 5948
 5949
 5950
 5951
 5952
 5953
 5954
 5955
 5956
 5957
 5958
 5959
 5960
 5961
 5962
 5963
 5964
 5965
 5966
 5967
 5968
 5969
 5970
 5971
 5972
 5973
 5974
 5975
 5976
 5977
 5978
 5979
 5980
 5981
 5982
 5983
 5984
 5985
 5986
 5987
 5988
 5989
 5990
 5991
 5992
 5993
 5994
 5995
 5996
 5997
 5998
 5999
 6000
 6001
 6002
 6003
 6004
 6005
 6006
 6007
 6008
 6009
 6010
 6011
 6012
 6013
 6014
 6015
 6016
 6017
 6018
 6019
 6020
 6021
 6022
 6023
 6024
 6025
 6026
 6027
 6028
 6029
 6030
 6031
 6032
 6033
 6034
 6035
 6036
 6037
 6038
 6039
 6040
 6041
 6042
 6043
 6044
 6045
 6046
 6047
 6048
 6049
 6050
 6051
 6052
 6053
 6054
 6055
 6056
 6057
 6058
 6059
 6060
 6061
 6062
 6063
 6064
 6065
 6066
 6067
 6068
 6069
 6070
 6071
 6072
 6073
 6074
 6075
 6076
 6077
 6078
 6079
 6080
 6081
 6082
 6083
 6084
 6085
 6086
 6087
 6088
 6089
 6090
 6091
 6092
 6093
 6094
 6095
 6096
 6097
 6098
 6099
 6100
 6101
 6102
 6103
 6104
 6105
 6106
 6107
 6108
 6109
 6110
 6111
 6112
 6113
 6114
 6115
 6116
 6117
 6118
 6119
 6120
 6121
 6122
 6123
 6124
 6125
 6126
 6127
 6128
 6129
 6130
 6131
 6132
 6133
 6134
 6135
 6136
 6137
 6138
 6139
 6140
 6141
 6142
 6143
 6144
 6145
 6146
 6147
 6148
 6149
 6150
 6151
 6152
 6153
 6154
 6155
 6156
 6157
 6158
 6159
 6160
 6161
 6162
 6163
 6164
 6165
 6166
 6167
 6168
 6169
 6170
 6171
 6172
 6173
 6174
 6175
 6176
 6177
 6178
 6179
 6180
 6181
 6182
 6183
 6184
 6185
 6186
 6187
 6188
 6189
 6190
 6191
 6192
 6193
 6194
 6195
 6196
 6197
 6198
 6199
 6200
 6201
 6202
 6203
 6204
 6205
 6206
 6207
 6208
 6209
 6210
 6211
 6212
 6213
 6214
 6215
 6216
 6217
 6218
 6219
 6220
 6221
 6222
 6223
 6224
 6225
 6226
 6227
 6228
 6229
 6230
 6231
 6232
 6233
 6234
 6235
 6236
 6237
 6238
 6239
 6240
 6241
 6242
 6243
 6244
 6245
 6246
 6247
 6248
 6249
 6250
 6251
 6252
 6253
 6254
 6255
 6256
 6257
 6258
 6259
 6260
 6261
 6262
 6263
 6264
 6265
 6266
 6267
 6268
 6269
 6270
 6271
 6272
 6273
 6274
 6275
 6276
 6277
 6278
 6279
 6280
 6281
 6282
 6283
 6284
 6285
 6286
 6287
 6288
 6289
 6290
 6291
 6292
 6293
 6294
 6295
 6296
 6297
 6298
 6299
 6300
 6301
 6302
 6303
 6304
 6305
 6306
 6307
 6308
 6309
 6310
 6311
 6312
 6313
 6314
 6315
 6316
 6317
 6318
 6319
 6320
 6321
 6322
 6323
 6324
 6325
 6326
 6327
 6328
 6329
 6330
 6331
 6332
 6333
 6334
 6335
 6336
 6337
 6338
 6339
 6340
 6341
 6342
 6343
 6344
 6345
 6346
 6347
 6348
 6349
 6350
 6351
 6352
 6353
 6354
 6355
 6356
 6357
 6358
 6359
 6360
 6361
 6362
 6363
 6364
 6365
 6366
 6367
 6368
 6369
 6370
 6371
 6372
 6373
 6374
 6375
 6376
 6377
 6378
 6379
 6380
 6381
 6382
 6383
 6384
 6385
 6386
 6387
 6388
 6389
 6390
 6391
 6392
 6393
 6394
 6395
 6396
 6397
 6398
 6399
 6400
 6401
 6402
 6403
 6404
 6405
 6406
 6407
 6408
 6409
 6410
 6411
 6412
 6413
 6414
 6415
 6416
 6417
 6418
 6419
 6420
 6421
 6422
 6423
 6424
 6425
 6426
 6427
 6428
 6429
 6430
 6431
 6432
 6433
 6434
 6435
 6436
 6437
 6438
 6439
 6440
 6441
 6442
 6443
 6444
 6445
 6446
 6447
 6448
 6449
 6450
 6451
 6452
 6453
 6454
 6455
 6456
 6457
 6458
 6459
 6460
 6461
 6462
 6463
 6464
 6465
 6466
 6467
 6468
 6469
 6470
 6471
 6472
 6473
 6474
 6475
 6476
 6477
 6478
 6479
 6480
 6481
 6482
 6483
 6484
 6485
 6486
 6487
 6488
 6489
 6490
 6491
 6492
 6493
 6494
 6495
 6496
 6497
 6498
 6499
 6500
 6501
 6502
 6503
 6504
 6505
 6506
 6507
 6508
 6509
 6510
 6511
 6512
 6513
 6514
 6515
 6516
 6517
 6518
 6519
 6520
 6521
 6522
 6523
 6524
 6525
 6526
 6527
 6528
 6529
 6530
 6531
 6532
 6533
 6534
 6535
 6536
 6537
 6538
 6539
 6540
 6541
 6542
 6543
 6544
 6545
 6546
 6547
 6548
 6549
 6550
 6551
 6552
 6553
 6554
 6555
 6556
 6557
 6558
 6559
 6560
 6561
 6562
 6563
 6564
 6565
 6566
 6567
 6568
 6569
 6570
 6571
 6572
 6573
 6574
 6575
 6576
 6577
 6578
 6579
 6580
 6581
 6582
 6583
 6584
 6585
 6586
 6587
 6588
 6589
 6590
 6591
 6592
 6593
 6594
 6595
 6596
 6597
 6598
 6599
 6600
 6601
 6602
 6603
 6604
 6605
 6606
 6607
 6608
 6609
 6610
 6611
 6612
 6613
 6614
 6615
 6616
 6617
 6618
 6619
 6620
 6621
 6622
 6623
 6624
 6625
 6626
 6627
 6628
 6629
 6630
 6631
 6632
 6633
 6634
 6635
 6636
 6637
 6638
 6639
 6640
 6641
 6642
 6643
 6644
 6645
 6646
 6647
 6648
 6649
 6650
 6651
 6652
 6653
 6654
 6655
 6656
 6657
 6658
 6659
 6660
 6661
 6662
 6663
 6664
 6665
 6666
 6667
 6668
 6669
 6670
 6671
 6672
 6673
 6674
 6675
 6676
 6677
 6678
 6679
 6680
 6681
 6682
 6683
 6684
 6685
 6686
 6687
 6688
 6689
 6690
 6691
 6692
 6693
 6694
 6695
 6696
 6697
 6698
 6699
 6700
 6701
 6702
 6703
 6704
 6705
 6706
 6707
 6708
 6709
 6710
 6711
 6712
 6713
 6714
 6715
 6716
 6717
 6718
 6719
 6720
 6721
 6722
 6723
 6724
 6725
 6726
 6727
 6728
 6729
 6730
 6731
 6732
 6733
 6734
 6735
 6736
 6737
 6738
 6739
 6740
 6741
 6742
 6743
 6744
 6745
 6746
 6747
 6748
 6749
 6750
 6751
 6752
 6753
 6754
 6755
 6756
 6757
 6758
 6759
 6760
 6761
 6762
 6763
 6764
 6765
 6766
 6767
 6768
 6769
 6770
 6771
 6772
 6773
 6774
 6775
 6776
 6777
 6778
 6779
 6780
 6781
 6782
 6783
 6784
 6785
 6786
 6787
 6788
 6789
 6790
 6791
 6792
 6793
 6794
 6795
 6796
 6797
 6798
 6799
 6800
 6801
 6802
 6803
 6804
 6805
 6806
 6807
 6808
 6809
 6810
 6811
 6812
 6813
 6814
 6815
 6816
 6817
 6818
 6819
 6820
 6821
 6822
 6823
 6824
 6825
 6826
 6827
 6828
 6829
 6830
 6831
 6832
 6833
 6834
 6835
 6836
 6837
 6838
 6839
 6840
 6841
 6842
 6843
 6844
 6845
 6846
 6847
 6848
 6849
 6850
 6851
 6852
 6853
 6854
 6855
 6856
 6857
 6858
 6859
 6860
 6861
 6862
 6863
 6864
 6865
 6866
 6867
 6868
 6869
 6870
 6871
 6872
 6873
 6874
 6875
 6876
 6877
 6878
 6879
 6880
 6881
 6882
 6883
 6884
 6885
 6886
 6887
 6888
 6889
 6890
 6891
 6892
 6893
 6894
 6895
 6896
 6897
 6898
 6899
 6900
 6901
 6902
 6903
 6904
 6905
 6906
 6907
 6908
 6909
 6910
 6911
 6912
 6913
 6914
 6915
 6916
 6917
 6918
 6919
 6920
 6921
 6922
 6923
 6924
 6925
 6926
 6927
 6928
 6929
 6930
 6931
 6932
 6933
 6934
 6935
 6936
 6937
 6938
 6939
 6940
 6941
 6942
 6943
 6944
 6945
 6946
 6947
 6948
 6949
 6950
 6951
 6952
 6953
 6954
 6955
 6956
 6957
 6958
 6959
 6960
 6961
 6962
 6963
 6964
 6965
 6966
 6967
 6968
 6969
 6970
 6971
 6972
 6973
 6974
 6975
 6976
 6977
 6978
 6979
 6980
 6981
 6982
 6983
 6984
 6985
 6986
 6987
 6988
 6989
 6990
 6991
 6992
 6993
 6994
 6995
 6996
 6997
 6998
 6999
 7000
 7001
 7002
 7003
 7004
 7005
 7006
 7007
 7008
 7009
 7010
 7011
 7012
 7013
 7014
 7015
 7016
 7017
 7018
 7019
 7020
 7021
 7022
 7023
 7024
 7025
 7026
 7027
 7028
 7029
 7030
 7031
 7032
 7033
 7034
 7035
 7036
 7037
 7038
 7039
 7040
 7041
 7042
 7043
 7044
 7045
 7046
 7047
 7048
 7049
 7050
 7051
 7052
 7053
 7054
 7055
 7056
 7057
 7058
 7059
 7060
 7061
 7062
 7063
 7064
 7065
 7066
 7067
 7068
 7069
 7070
 7071
 7072
 7073
 7074
 7075
 7076
 7077
 7078
 7079
 7080
 7081
 7082
 7083
 7084
 7085
 7086
 7087
 7088
 7089
 7090
 7091
 7092
 7093
 7094
 7095
 7096
 7097
 7098
 7099
 7100
 7101
 7102
 7103
 7104
 7105
 7106
 7107
 7108
 7109
 7110
 7111
 7112
 7113
 7114
 7115
 7116
 7117
 7118
 7119
 7120
 7121
 7122
 7123
 7124
 7125
 7126
 7127
 7128
 7129
 7130
 7131
 7132
 7133
 7134
 7135
 7136
 7137
 7138
 7139
 7140
 7141
 7142
 7143
 7144
 7145
 7146
 7147
 7148
 7149
 7150
 7151
 7152
 7153
 7154
 7155
 7156
 7157
 7158
 7159
 7160
 7161
 7162
 7163
 7164
 7165
 7166
 7167
 7168
 7169
 7170
 7171
 7172
 7173
 7174
 7175
 7176
 7177
 7178
 7179
 7180
 7181
 7182
 7183
 7184
 7185
 7186
 7187
 7188
 7189
 7190
 7191
 7192
 7193
 7194
 7195
 7196
 7197
 7198
 7199
 7200
 7201
 7202
 7203
 7204
 7205
 7206
 7207
 7208
 7209
 7210
 7211
 7212
 7213
 7214
 7215
 7216
 7217
 7218
 7219
 7220
 7221
 7222
 7223
 7224
 7225
 7226
 7227
 7228
 7229
 7230
 7231
 7232
 7233
 7234
 7235
 7236
 7237
 7238
 7239
 7240
 7241
 7242
 7243
 7244
 7245
 7246
 7247
 7248
 7249
 7250
 7251
 7252
 7253
 7254
 7255
 7256
 7257
 7258
 7259
 7260
 7261
 7262
 7263
 7264
 7265
 7266
 7267
 7268
 7269
 7270
 7271
 7272
 7273
 7274
 7275
 7276
 7277
 7278
 7279
 7280
 7281
 7282
 7283
 7284
 7285
 7286
 7287
 7288
 7289
 7290
 7291
 7292
 7293
 7294
 7295
 7296
 7297
 7298
 7299
 7300
 7301
 7302
 7303
 7304
 7305
 7306
 7307
 7308
 7309
 7310
 7311
 7312
 7313
 7314
 7315
 7316
 7317
 7318
 7319
 7320
 7321
 7322
 7323
 7324
 7325
 7326
 7327
 7328
 7329
 7330
 7331
 7332
 7333
 7334
 7335
 7336
 7337
 7338
 7339
 7340
 7341
 7342
 7343
 7344
 7345
 7346
 7347
 7348
 7349
 7350
 7351
 7352
 7353
 7354
 7355
 7356
 7357
 7358
 7359
 7360
 7361
 7362
 7363
 7364
 7365
 7366
 7367
 7368
 7369
 7370
 7371
 7372
 7373
 7374
 7375
 7376
 7377
 7378
 7379
 7380
 7381
 7382
 7383
 7384
 7385
 7386
 7387
 7388
 7389
 7390
 7391
 7392
 7393
 7394
 7395
 7396
 7397
 7398
 7399
 7400
 7401
 7402
 7403
 7404
 7405
 7406
 7407
 7408
 7409
 7410
 7411
 7412
 7413
 7414
 7415
 7416
 7417
 7418
 7419
 7420
 7421
 7422
 7423
 7424
 7425
 7426
 7427
 7428
 7429
 7430
 7431
 7432
 7433
 7434
 7435
 7436
 7437
 7438
 7439
 7440
 7441
 7442
 7443
 7444
 7445
 7446
 7447
 7448
 7449
 7450
 7451
 7452
 7453
 7454
 7455
 7456
 7457
 7458
 7459
 7460
 7461
 7462
 7463
 7464
 7465
 7466
 7467
 7468
 7469
 7470
 7471
 7472
 7473
 7474
 7475
 7476
 7477
 7478
 7479
 7480
 7481
 7482
 7483
 7484
 7485
 7486
 7487
 7488
 7489
 7490
 7491
 7492
 7493
 7494
 7495
 7496
 7497
 7498
 7499
 7500
 7501
 7502
 7503
 7504
 7505
 7506
 7507
 7508
 7509
 7510
 7511
 7512
 7513
 7514
 7515
 7516
 7517
 7518
 7519
 7520
 7521
 7522
 7523
 7524
 7525
 7526
 7527
 7528
 7529
 7530
 7531
 7532
 7533
 7534
 7535
 7536
 7537
 7538
 7539
 7540
 7541
 7542
 7543
 7544
 7545
 7546
 7547
 7548
 7549
 7550
 7551
 7552
 7553
 7554
 7555
 7556
 7557
 7558
 7559
 7560
 7561
 7562
 7563
 7564
 7565
 7566
 7567
 7568
 7569
 7570
 7571
 7572
 7573
 7574
 7575
 7576
 7577
 7578
 7579
 7580
 7581
 7582
 7583
 7584
 7585
 7586
 7587
 7588
 7589
 7590
 7591
 7592
 7593
 7594
 7595
 7596
 7597
 7598
 7599
 7600
 7601
 7602
 7603
 7604
 7605
 7606
 7607
 7608
 7609
 7610
 7611
 7612
 7613
 7614
 7615
 7616
 7617
 7618
 7619
 7620
 7621
 7622
 7623
 7624
 7625
 7626
 7627
 7628
 7629
 7630
 7631
 7632
 7633
 7634
 7635
 7636
 7637
 7638
 7639
 7640
 7641
 7642
 7643
 7644
 7645
 7646
 7647
 7648
 7649
 7650
 7651
 7652
 7653
 7654
 7655
 7656
 7657
 7658
 7659
 7660
 7661
 7662
 7663
 7664
 7665
 7666
 7667
 7668
 7669
 7670
 7671
 7672
 7673
 7674
 7675
 7676
 7677
 7678
 7679
 7680
 7681
 7682
 7683
 7684
 7685
 7686
 7687
 7688
 7689
 7690
 7691
 7692
 7693
 7694
 7695
 7696
 7697
 7698
 7699
 7700
 7701
 7702
 7703
 7704
 7705
 7706
 7707
 7708
 7709
 7710
 7711
 7712
 7713
 7714
 7715
 7716
 7717
 7718
 7719
 7720
 7721
 7722
 7723
 7724
 7725
 7726
 7727
 7728
 7729
 7730
 7731
 7732
 7733
 7734
 7735
 7736
 7737
 7738
 7739
 7740
 7741
 7742
 7743
 7744
 7745
 7746
 7747
 7748
 7749
 7750
 7751
 7752
 7753
 7754
 7755
 7756
 7757
 7758
 7759
 7760
 7761
 7762
 7763
 7764
 7765
 7766
 7767
 7768
 7769
 7770
 7771
 7772
 7773
 7774
 7775
 7776
 7777
 7778
 7779
 7780
 7781
 7782
 7783
 7784
 7785
 7786
 7787
 7788
 7789
 7790
 7791
 7792
 7793
 7794
 7795
 7796
 7797
 7798
 7799
 7800
 7801
 7802
 7803
 7804
 7805
 7806
 7807
 7808
 7809
 7810
 7811
 7812
 7813
 7814
 7815
 7816
 7817
 7818
 7819
 7820
 7821
 7822
 7823
 7824
 7825
 7826
 7827
 7828
 7829
 7830
 7831
 7832
 7833
 7834
 7835
 7836
 7837
 7838
 7839
 7840
 7841
 7842
 7843
 7844
 7845
 7846
 7847
 7848
 7849
 7850
 7851
 7852
 7853
 7854
 7855
 7856
 7857
 7858
 7859
 7860
 7861
 7862
 7863
 7864
 7865
 7866
 7867
 7868
 7869
 7870
 7871
 7872
 7873
 7874
 7875
 7876
 7877
 7878
 7879
 7880
 7881
 7882
 7883
 7884
 7885
 7886
 7887
 7888
 7889
 7890
 7891
 7892
 7893
 7894
 7895
 7896
 7897
 7898
 7899
 7900
 7901
 7902
 7903
 7904
 7905
 7906
 7907
 7908
 7909
 7910
 7911
 7912
 7913
 7914
 7915
 7916
 7917
 7918
 7919
 7920
 7921
 7922
 7923
 7924
 7925
 7926
 7927
 7928
 7929
 7930
 7931
 7932
 7933
 7934
 7935
 7936
 7937
 7938
 7939
 7940
 7941
 7942
 7943
 7944
 7945
 7946
 7947
 7948
 7949
 7950
 7951
 7952
 7953
 7954
 7955
 7956
 7957
 7958
 7959
 7960
 7961
 7962
 7963
 7964
 7965
 7966
 7967
 7968
 7969
 7970
 7971
 7972
 7973
 7974
 7975
 7976
 7977
 7978
 7979
 7980
 7981
 7982
 7983
 7984
 7985
 7986
 7987
 7988
 7989
 7990
 7991
 7992
 7993
 7994
 7995
 7996
 7997
 7998
 7999
 8000
 8001
 8002
 8003
 8004
 8005
 8006
 8007
 8008
 8009
 8010
 8011
 8012
 8013
 8014
 8015
 8016
 8017
 8018
 8019
 8020
 8021
 8022
 8023
 8024
 8025
 8026
 8027
 8028
 8029
 8030
 8031
 8032
 8033
 8034
 8035
 8036
 8037
 8038
 8039
 8040
 8041
 8042
 8043
 8044
 8045
 8046
 8047
 8048
 8049
 8050
 8051
 8052
 8053
 8054
 8055
 8056
 8057
 8058
 8059
 8060
 8061
 8062
 8063
 8064
 8065
 8066
 8067
 8068
 8069
 8070
 8071
 8072
 8073
 8074
 8075
 8076
 8077
 8078
 8079
 8080
 8081
 8082
 8083
 8084
 8085
 8086
 8087
 8088
 8089
 8090
 8091
 8092
 8093
 8094
 8095
 8096
 8097
 8098
 8099
 8100
 8101
 8102
 8103
 8104
 8105
 8106
 8107
 8108
 8109
 8110
 8111
 8112
 8113
 8114
 8115
 8116
 8117
 8118
 8119
 8120
 8121
 8122
 8123
 8124
 8125
 8126
 8127
 8128
 8129
 8130
 8131
 8132
 8133
 8134
 8135
 8136
 8137
 8138
 8139
 8140
 8141
 8142
 8143
 8144
 8145
 8146
 8147
 8148
 8149
 8150
 8151
 8152
 8153
 8154
 8155
 8156
 8157
 8158
 8159
 8160
 8161
 8162
 8163
 8164
 8165
 8166
 8167
 8168
 8169
 8170
 8171
 8172
 8173
 8174
 8175
 8176
 8177
 8178
 8179
 8180
 8181
 8182
 8183
 8184
 8185
 8186
 8187
 8188
 8189
 8190
 8191
 8192
 8193
 8194
 8195
 8196
 8197
 8198
 8199
 8200
 8201
 8202
 8203
 8204
 8205
 8206
 8207
 8208
 8209
 8210
 8211
 8212
 8213
 8214
 8215
 8216
 8217
 8218
 8219
 8220
 8221
 8222
 8223
 8224
 8225
 8226
 8227
 8228
 8229
 8230
 8231
 8232
 8233
 8234
 8235
 8236
 8237
 8238
 8239
 8240
 8241
 8242
 8243
 8244
 8245
 8246
 8247
 8248
 8249
 8250
 8251
 8252
 8253
 8254
 8255
 8256
 8257
 8258
 8259
 8260
 8261
 8262
 8263
 8264
 8265
 8266
 8267
 8268
 8269
 8270
 8271
 8272
 8273
 8274
 8275
 8276
 8277
 8278
 8279
 8280
 8281
 8282
 8283
 8284
 8285
 8286
 8287
 8288
 8289
 8290
 8291
 8292
 8293
 8294
 8295
 8296
 8297
 8298
 8299
 8300
 8301
 8302
 8303
 8304
 8305
 8306
 8307
 8308
 8309
 8310
 8311
 8312
 8313
 8314
 8315
 8316
 8317
 8318
 8319
 8320
 8321
 8322
 8323
 8324
 8325
 8326
 8327
 8328
 8329
 8330
 8331
 8332
 8333
 8334
 8335
 8336
 8337
 8338
 8339
 8340
 8341
 8342
 8343
 8344
 8345
 8346
 8347
 8348
 8349
 8350
 8351
 8352
 8353
 8354
 8355
 8356
 8357
 8358
 8359
 8360
 8361
 8362
 8363
 8364
 8365
 8366
 8367
 8368
 8369
 8370
 8371
 8372
 8373
 8374
 8375
 8376
 8377
 8378
 8379
 8380
 8381
 8382
 8383
 8384
 8385
 8386
 8387
 8388
 8389
 8390
 8391
 8392
 8393
 8394
 8395
 8396
 8397
 8398
 8399
 8400
 8401
 8402
 8403
 8404
 8405
 8406
 8407
 8408
 8409
 8410
 8411
 8412
 8413
 8414
 8415
 8416
 8417
 8418
 8419
 8420
 8421
 8422
 8423
 8424
 8425
 8426
 8427
 8428
 8429
 8430
 8431
 8432
 8433
 8434
 8435
 8436
 8437
 8438
 8439
 8440
 8441
 8442
 8443
 8444
 8445
 8446
 8447
 8448
 8449
 8450
 8451
 8452
 8453
 8454
 8455
 8456
 8457
 8458
 8459
 8460
 8461
 8462
 8463
 8464
 8465
 8466
 8467
 8468
 8469
 8470
 8471
 8472
 8473
 8474
 8475
 8476
 8477
 8478
 8479
 8480
 8481
 8482
 8483
 8484
 8485
 8486
 8487
 8488
 8489
 8490
 8491
 8492
 8493
 8494
 8495
 8496
 8497
 8498
 8499
 8500
 8501
 8502
 8503
 8504
 8505
 8506
 8507
 8508
 8509
 8510
 8511
 8512
 8513
 8514
 8515
 8516
 8517
 8518
 8519
 8520
 8521
 8522
 8523
 8524
 8525
 8526
 8527
 8528
 8529
 8530
 8531
 8532
 8533
 8534
 8535
 8536
 8537
 8538
 8539
 8540
 8541
 8542
 8543
 8544
 8545
 8546
 8547
 8548
 8549
 8550
 8551
 8552
 8553
 8554
 8555
 8556
 8557
 8558
 8559
 8560
 8561
 8562
 8563
 8564
 8565
 8566
 8567
 8568
 8569
 8570
 8571
 8572
 8573
 8574
 8575
 8576
 8577
 8578
 8579
 8580
 8581
 8582
 8583
 8584
 8585
 8586
 8587
 8588
 8589
 8590
 8591
 8592
 8593
 8594
 8595
 8596
 8597
 8598
 8599
 8600
 8601
 8602
 8603
 8604
 8605
 8606
 8607
 8608
 8609
 8610
 8611
 8612
 8613
 8614
 8615
 8616
 8617
 8618
 8619
 8620
 8621
 8622
 8623
 8624
 8625
 8626
 8627
 8628
 8629
 8630
 8631
 8632
 8633
 8634
 8635
 8636
 8637
 8638
 8639
 8640
 8641
 8642
 8643
 8644
 8645
 8646
 8647
 8648
 8649
 8650
 8651
 8652
 8653
 8654
 8655
 8656
 8657
 8658
 8659
 8660
 8661
 8662
 8663
 8664
 8665
 8666
 8667
 8668
 8669
 8670
 8671
 8672
 8673
 8674
 8675
 8676
 8677
 8678
 8679
 8680
 8681
 8682
 8683
 8684
 8685
 8686
 8687
 8688
 8689
 8690
 8691
 8692
 8693
 8694
 8695
 8696
 8697
 8698
 8699
 8700
 8701
 8702
 8703
 8704
 8705
 8706
 8707
 8708
 8709
 8710
 8711
 8712
 8713
 8714
 8715
 8716
 8717
 8718
 8719
 8720
 8721
 8722
 8723
 8724
 8725
 8726
 8727
 8728
 8729
 8730
 8731
 8732
 8733
 8734
 8735
 8736
 8737
 8738
 8739
 8740
 8741
 8742
 8743
 8744
 8745
 8746
 8747
 8748
 8749
 8750
 8751
 8752
 8753
 8754
 8755
 8756
 8757
 8758
 8759
 8760
 8761
 8762
 8763
 8764
 8765
 8766
 8767
 8768
 8769
 8770
 8771
 8772
 8773
 8774
 8775
 8776
 8777
 8778
 8779
 8780
 8781
 8782
 8783
 8784
 8785
 8786
 8787
 8788
 8789
 8790
 8791
 8792
 8793
 8794
 8795
 8796
 8797
 8798
 8799
 8800
 8801
 8802
 8803
 8804
 8805
 8806
 8807
 8808
 8809
 8810
 8811
 8812
 8813
 8814
 8815
 8816
 8817
 8818
 8819
 8820
 8821
 8822
 8823
 8824
 8825
 8826
 8827
 8828
 8829
 8830
 8831
 8832
 8833
 8834
 8835
 8836
 8837
 8838
 8839
 8840
 8841
 8842
 8843
 8844
 8845
 8846
 8847
 8848
 8849
 8850
 8851
 8852
 8853
 8854
 8855
 8856
 8857
 8858
 8859
 8860
 8861
 8862
 8863
 8864
 8865
 8866
 8867
 8868
 8869
 8870
 8871
 8872
 8873
 8874
 8875
 8876
 8877
 8878
 8879
 8880
 8881
 8882
 8883
 8884
 8885
 8886
 8887
 8888
 8889
 8890
 8891
 8892
 8893
 8894
 8895
 8896
 8897
 8898
 8899
 8900
 8901
 8902
 8903
 8904
 8905
 8906
 8907
 8908
 8909
 8910
 8911
 8912
 8913
 8914
 8915
 8916
 8917
 8918
 8919
 8920
 8921
 8922
 8923
 8924
 8925
 8926
 8927
 8928
 8929
 8930
 8931
 8932
 8933
 8934
 8935
 8936
 8937
 8938
 8939
 8940
 8941
 8942
 8943
 8944
 8945
 8946
 8947
 8948
 8949
 8950
 8951
 8952
 8953
 8954
 8955
 8956
 8957
 8958
 8959
 8960
 8961
 8962
 8963
 8964
 8965
 8966
 8967
 8968
 8969
 8970
 8971
 8972
 8973
 8974
 8975
 8976
 8977
 8978
 8979
 8980
 8981
 8982
 8983
 8984
 8985
 8986
 8987
 8988
 8989
 8990
 8991
 8992
 8993
 8994
 8995
 8996
 8997
 8998
 8999
 9000
 9001
 9002
 9003
 9004
 9005
 9006
 9007
 9008
 9009
 9010
 9011
 9012
 9013
 9014
 9015
 9016
 9017
 9018
 9019
 9020
 9021
 9022
 9023
 9024
 9025
 9026
 9027
 9028
 9029
 9030
 9031
 9032
 9033
 9034
 9035
 9036
 9037
 9038
 9039
 9040
 9041
 9042
 9043
 9044
 9045
 9046
 9047
 9048
 9049
 9050
 9051
 9052
 9053
 9054
 9055
 9056
 9057
 9058
 9059
 9060
 9061
 9062
 9063
 9064
 9065
 9066
 9067
 9068
 9069
 9070
 9071
 9072
 9073
 9074
 9075
 9076
 9077
 9078
 9079
 9080
 9081
 9082
 9083
 9084
 9085
 9086
 9087
 9088
 9089
 9090
 9091
 9092
 9093
 9094
 9095
 9096
 9097
 9098
 9099
 9100
 9101
 9102
 9103
 9104
 9105
 9106
 9107
 9108
 9109
 9110
 9111
 9112
 9113
 9114
 9115
 9116
 9117
 9118
 9119
 9120
 9121
 9122
 9123
 9124
 9125
 9126
 9127
 9128
 9129
 9130
 9131
 9132
 9133
 9134
 9135
 9136
 9137
 9138
 9139
 9140
 9141
 9142
 9143
 9144
 9145
 9146
 9147
 9148
 9149
 9150
 9151
 9152
 9153
 9154
 9155
 9156
 9157
 9158
 9159
 9160
 9161
 9162
 9163
 9164
 9165
 9166
 9167
 9168
 9169
 9170
 9171
 9172
 9173
 9174
 9175
 9176
 9177
 9178
 9179
 9180
 9181
 9182
 9183
 9184
 9185
 9186
 9187
 9188
 9189
 9190
 9191
 9192
 9193
 9194
 9195
 9196
 9197
 9198
 9199
 9200
 9201
 9202
 9203
 9204
 9205
 9206
 9207
 9208
 9209
 9210
 9211
 9212
 9213
 9214
 9215
 9216
 9217
 9218
 9219
 9220
 9221
 9222
 9223
 9224
 9225
 9226
 9227
 9228
 9229
 9230
 9231
 9232
 9233
 9234
 9235
 9236
 9237
 9238
 9239
 9240
 9241
 9242
 9243
 9244
 9245
 9246
 9247
 9248
 9249
 9250
 9251
 9252
 9253
 9254
 9255
 9256
 9257
 9258
 9259
 9260
 9261
 9262
 9263
 9264
 9265
 9266
 9267
 9268
 9269
 9270
 9271
 9272
 9273
 9274
 9275
 9276
 9277
 9278
 9279
 9280
 9281
 9282
 9283
 9284
 9285
 9286
 9287
 9288
 9289
 9290
 9291
 9292
 9293
 9294
 9295
 9296
 9297
 9298
 9299
 9300
 9301
 9302
 9303
 9304
 9305
 9306
 9307
 9308
 9309
 9310
 9311
 9312
 9313
 9314
 9315
 9316
 9317
 9318
 9319
 9320
 9321
 9322
 9323
 9324
 9325
 9326
 9327
 9328
 9329
 9330
 9331
 9332
 9333
 9334
 9335
 9336
 9337
 9338
 9339
 9340
 9341
 9342
 9343
 9344
 9345
 9346
 9347
 9348
 9349
 9350
 9351
 9352
 9353
 9354
 9355
 9356
 9357
 9358
 9359
 9360
 9361
 9362
 9363
 9364
 9365
 9366
 9367
 9368
 9369
 9370
 9371
 9372
 9373
 9374
 9375
 9376
 9377
 9378
 9379
 9380
 9381
 9382
 9383
 9384
 9385
 9386
 9387
 9388
 9389
 9390
 9391
 9392
 9393
 9394
 9395
 9396
 9397
 9398
 9399
 9400
 9401
 9402
 9403
 9404
 9405
 9406
 9407
 9408
 9409
 9410
 9411
 9412
 9413
 9414
 9415
 9416
 9417
 9418
 9419
 9420
 9421
 9422
 9423
 9424
 9425
 9426
 9427
 9428
 9429
 9430
 9431
 9432
 9433
 9434
 9435
 9436
 9437
 9438
 9439
 9440
 9441
 9442
 9443
 9444
 9445
 9446
 9447
 9448
 9449
 9450
 9451
 9452
 9453
 9454
 9455
 9456
 9457
 9458
 9459
 9460
 9461
 9462
 9463
 9464
 9465
 9466
 9467
 9468
 9469
 9470
 9471
 9472
 9473
 9474
 9475
 9476
 9477
 9478
 9479
 9480
 9481
 9482
 9483
 9484
 9485
 9486
 9487
 9488
 9489
 9490
 9491
 9492
 9493
 9494
 9495
 9496
 9497
 9498
 9499
 9500
 9501
 9502
 9503
 9504
 9505
 9506
 9507
 9508
 9509
 9510
 9511
 9512
 9513
 9514
 9515
 9516
 9517
 9518
 9519
 9520
 9521
 9522
 9523
 9524
 9525
 9526
 9527
 9528
 9529
 9530
 9531
 9532
 9533
 9534
 9535
 9536
 9537
 9538
 9539
 9540
 9541
 9542
 9543
 9544
 9545
 9546
 9547
 9548
 9549
 9550
 9551
 9552
 9553
 9554
 9555
 9556
 9557
 9558
 9559
 9560
 9561
 9562
 9563
 9564
 9565
 9566
 9567
 9568
 9569
 9570
 9571
 9572
 9573
 9574
 9575
 9576
 9577
 9578
 9579
 9580
 9581
 9582
 9583
 9584
 9585
 9586
 9587
 9588
 9589
 9590
 9591
 9592
 9593
 9594
 9595
 9596
 9597
 9598
 9599
 9600
 9601
 9602
 9603
 9604
 9605
 9606
 9607
 9608
 9609
 9610
 9611
 9612
 9613
 9614
 9615
 9616
 9617
 9618
 9619
 9620
 9621
 9622
 9623
 9624
 9625
 9626
 9627
 9628
 9629
 9630
 9631
 9632
 9633
 9634
 9635
 9636
 9637
 9638
 9639
 9640
 9641
 9642
 9643
 9644
 9645
 9646
 9647
 9648
 9649
 9650
 9651
 9652
 9653
 9654
 9655
 9656
 9657
 9658
 9659
 9660
 9661
 9662
 9663
 9664
 9665
 9666
 9667
 9668
 9669
 9670
 9671
 9672
 9673
 9674
 9675
 9676
 9677
 9678
 9679
 9680
 9681
 9682
 9683
 9684
 9685
 9686
 9687
 9688
 9689
 9690
 9691
 9692
 9693
 9694
 9695
 9696
 9697
 9698
 9699
 9700
 9701
 9702
 9703
 9704
 9705
 9706
 9707
 9708
 9709
 9710
 9711
 9712
 9713
 9714
 9715
 9716
 9717
 9718
 9719
 9720
 9721
 9722
 9723
 9724
 9725
 9726
 9727
 9728
 9729
 9730
 9731
 9732
 9733
 9734
 9735
 9736
 9737
 9738
 9739
 9740
 9741
 9742
 9743
 9744
 9745
 9746
 9747
 9748
 9749
 9750
 9751
 9752
 9753
 9754
 9755
 9756
 9757
 9758
 9759
 9760
 9761
 9762
 9763
 9764
 9765
 9766
 9767
 9768
 9769
 9770
 9771
 9772
 9773
 9774
 9775
 9776
 9777
 9778
 9779
 9780
 9781
 9782
 9783
 9784
 9785
 9786
 9787
 9788
 9789
 9790
 9791
 9792
 9793
 9794
 9795
 9796
 9797
 9798
 9799
 9800
 9801
 9802
 9803
 9804
 9805
 9806
 9807
 9808
 9809
 9810
 9811
 9812
 9813
 9814
 9815
 9816
 9817
 9818
 9819
 9820
 9821
 9822
 9823
 9824
 9825
 9826
 9827
 9828
 9829
 9830
 9831
 9832
 9833
 9834
 9835
 9836
 9837
 9838
 9839
 9840
 9841
 9842
 9843
 9844
 9845
 9846
 9847
 9848
 9849
 9850
 9851
 9852
 9853
 9854
 9855
 9856
 9857
 9858
 9859
 9860
 9861
 9862
 9863
 9864
 9865
 9866
 9867
 9868
 9869
 9870
 9871
 9872
 9873
 9874
 9875
 9876
 9877
 9878
 9879
 9880
 9881
 9882
 9883
 9884
 9885
 9886
 9887
 9888
 9889
 9890
 9891
 9892
 9893
 9894
 9895
 9896
 9897
 9898
 9899
 9900
 9901
 9902
 9903
 9904
 9905
 9906
 9907
 9908
 9909
 9910
 9911
 9912
 9913
 9914
 9915
 9916
 9917
 9918
 9919
 9920
 9921
 9922
 9923
 9924
 9925
 9926
 9927
 9928
 9929
 9930
 9931
 9932
 9933
 9934
 9935
 9936
 9937
 9938
 9939
 9940
 9941
 9942
 9943
 9944
 9945
 9946
 9947
 9948
 9949
 9950
 9951
 9952
 9953
 9954
 9955
 9956
 9957
 9958
 9959
 9960
 9961
 9962
 9963
 9964
 9965
 9966
 9967
 9968
 9969
 9970
 9971
 9972
 9973
 9974
 9975
 9976
 9977
 9978
 9979
 9980
 9981
 9982
 9983
 9984
 9985
 9986
 9987
 9988
 9989
 9990
 9991
 9992
 9993
 9994
 9995
 9996
 9997
 9998
 9999
10000
10001
10002
10003
10004
10005
10006
10007
10008
10009
10010
10011
10012
10013
10014
10015
10016
10017
10018
10019
10020
10021
10022
10023
10024
10025
10026
10027
10028
10029
10030
10031
10032
10033
10034
10035
10036
10037
10038
10039
10040
10041
10042
10043
10044
10045
10046
10047
10048
10049
10050
10051
10052
10053
10054
10055
10056
10057
10058
10059
10060
10061
10062
10063
10064
10065
10066
10067
10068
10069
10070
10071
10072
10073
10074
10075
10076
10077
10078
10079
10080
10081
10082
10083
10084
10085
10086
10087
10088
10089
10090
10091
10092
10093
10094
10095
10096
10097
10098
10099
10100
10101
10102
10103
10104
10105
10106
10107
10108
10109
10110
10111
10112
10113
10114
10115
10116
10117
10118
10119
10120
10121
10122
10123
10124
10125
10126
10127
10128
10129
10130
10131
10132
10133
10134
10135
10136
10137
10138
10139
10140
10141
10142
10143
10144
10145
10146
10147
10148
10149
10150
10151
10152
10153
10154
10155
10156
10157
10158
10159
10160
10161
10162
10163
10164
10165
10166
10167
10168
10169
10170
10171
10172
10173
10174
10175
10176
10177
10178
10179
10180
10181
10182
10183
10184
10185
10186
10187
10188
10189
10190
10191
10192
10193
10194
10195
10196
10197
10198
10199
10200
10201
10202
10203
10204
10205
10206
10207
10208
10209
10210
10211
10212
10213
10214
10215
10216
10217
10218
10219
10220
10221
10222
10223
10224
10225
10226
10227
10228
10229
10230
10231
10232
10233
10234
10235
10236
10237
10238
10239
10240
10241
10242
10243
10244
10245
10246
10247
10248
10249
10250
10251
10252
10253
10254
10255
10256
10257
10258
10259
10260
10261
10262
10263
10264
10265
10266
10267
10268
10269
10270
10271
10272
10273
10274
10275
10276
10277
10278
10279
10280
10281
10282
10283
10284
10285
10286
10287
10288
10289
10290
10291
10292
10293
10294
10295
10296
10297
10298
10299
10300
10301
10302
10303
10304
10305
10306
10307
10308
10309
10310
10311
10312
10313
10314
10315
10316
10317
10318
10319
10320
10321
10322
10323
10324
10325
10326
10327
10328
10329
10330
10331
10332
10333
10334
10335
10336
10337
10338
10339
10340
10341
10342
10343
10344
10345
10346
10347
10348
10349
10350
10351
10352
10353
10354
10355
10356
10357
10358
10359
10360
10361
10362
10363
10364
10365
10366
10367
10368
10369
10370
10371
10372
10373
10374
10375
10376
10377
10378
10379
10380
10381
10382
10383
10384
10385
10386
10387
10388
10389
10390
10391
10392
10393
10394
10395
10396
10397
10398
10399
10400
10401
10402
10403
10404
10405
10406
10407
10408
10409
10410
10411
10412
10413
10414
10415
10416
10417
10418
10419
10420
10421
10422
10423
10424
10425
10426
10427
10428
10429
10430
10431
10432
10433
10434
10435
10436
10437
10438
10439
10440
10441
10442
10443
10444
10445
10446
10447
10448
10449
10450
10451
10452
10453
10454
10455
10456
10457
10458
10459
10460
10461
10462
10463
10464
10465
10466
10467
10468
10469
10470
10471
10472
10473
10474
10475
10476
10477
10478
10479
10480
10481
10482
10483
10484
10485
10486
10487
10488
10489
10490
10491
10492
10493
10494
10495
10496
10497
10498
10499
10500
10501
10502
10503
10504
10505
10506
10507
10508
10509
10510
10511
10512
10513
10514
10515
10516
10517
10518
10519
10520
10521
10522
10523
10524
10525
10526
10527
10528
10529
10530
10531
10532
10533
10534
10535
10536
10537
10538
10539
10540
10541
10542
10543
10544
10545
10546
10547
10548
10549
10550
10551
10552
10553
10554
10555
10556
10557
10558
10559
10560
10561
10562
10563
10564
10565
10566
10567
10568
10569
10570
10571
10572
10573
10574
10575
10576
10577
10578
10579
10580
10581
10582
10583
10584
10585
10586
10587
10588
10589
10590
10591
10592
10593
10594
10595
10596
10597
10598
10599
10600
10601
10602
10603
10604
10605
10606
10607
10608
10609
10610
10611
10612
10613
10614
10615
10616
10617
10618
10619
10620
10621
10622
10623
10624
10625
10626
10627
10628
10629
10630
10631
10632
10633
10634
10635
10636
10637
10638
10639
10640
10641
10642
10643
10644
10645
10646
10647
10648
10649
10650
10651
10652
10653
10654
10655
10656
10657
10658
10659
10660
10661
10662
10663
10664
10665
10666
10667
10668
10669
10670
10671
10672
10673
10674
10675
10676
10677
10678
10679
10680
10681
10682
10683
10684
10685
10686
10687
10688
10689
10690
10691
10692
10693
10694
10695
10696
10697
10698
10699
10700
10701
10702
10703
10704
10705
10706
10707
10708
10709
10710
10711
10712
10713
10714
10715
10716
10717
10718
10719
10720
10721
10722
10723
10724
10725
10726
10727
10728
10729
10730
10731
10732
10733
10734
10735
10736
10737
10738
10739
10740
10741
10742
10743
10744
10745
10746
10747
10748
10749
10750
10751
10752
10753
10754
10755
10756
10757
10758
10759
10760
10761
10762
10763
10764
10765
10766
10767
10768
10769
10770
10771
10772
10773
10774
10775
10776
10777
10778
10779
10780
10781
10782
10783
10784
10785
10786
10787
10788
10789
10790
10791
10792
10793
10794
10795
10796
10797
10798
10799
10800
10801
10802
10803
10804
10805
10806
10807
10808
10809
10810
10811
10812
10813
10814
10815
10816
10817
10818
10819
10820
10821
10822
10823
10824
10825
10826
10827
10828
10829
10830
10831
10832
10833
10834
10835
10836
10837
10838
10839
10840
10841
10842
10843
10844
10845
10846
10847
10848
10849
10850
10851
10852
10853
10854
10855
10856
10857
10858
10859
10860
10861
10862
10863
10864
10865
10866
10867
10868
10869
10870
10871
10872
10873
10874
10875
10876
10877
10878
10879
10880
10881
10882
10883
10884
10885
10886
10887
10888
10889
10890
10891
10892
10893
10894
10895
10896
10897
10898
10899
10900
10901
10902
10903
10904
10905
10906
10907
10908
10909
10910
10911
10912
10913
10914
10915
10916
10917
10918
10919
10920
10921
10922
10923
10924
10925
10926
10927
10928
10929
10930
10931
10932
10933
10934
10935
10936
10937
10938
10939
10940
10941
10942
10943
10944
10945
10946
10947
10948
10949
10950
10951
10952
10953
10954
10955
10956
10957
10958
10959
10960
10961
10962
10963
10964
10965
10966
10967
10968
10969
10970
10971
10972
10973
10974
10975
10976
10977
10978
10979
10980
10981
10982
10983
10984
10985
10986
10987
10988
10989
10990
10991
10992
10993
10994
10995
10996
10997
10998
10999
11000
11001
11002
11003
11004
11005
11006
11007
11008
11009
11010
11011
11012
11013
11014
11015
11016
11017
11018
11019
11020
11021
11022
11023
11024
11025
11026
11027
11028
11029
11030
11031
11032
11033
11034
11035
11036
11037
11038
11039
11040
11041
11042
11043
11044
11045
11046
11047
11048
11049
11050
11051
11052
11053
11054
11055
11056
11057
11058
11059
11060
11061
11062
11063
11064
11065
11066
11067
11068
11069
11070
11071
11072
11073
11074
11075
11076
11077
11078
11079
11080
11081
11082
11083
11084
11085
11086
11087
11088
11089
11090
11091
11092
11093
11094
11095
11096
11097
11098
11099
11100
11101
11102
11103
11104
11105
11106
11107
11108
11109
11110
11111
11112
11113
11114
11115
11116
11117
11118
11119
11120
11121
11122
11123
11124
11125
11126
11127
11128
11129
11130
11131
11132
11133
11134
11135
11136
11137
11138
11139
11140
11141
11142
11143
11144
11145
11146
11147
11148
11149
11150
11151
11152
11153
11154
11155
11156
11157
11158
11159
11160
11161
11162
11163
11164
11165
11166
11167
11168
11169
11170
11171
11172
11173
11174
11175
11176
11177
11178
11179
11180
11181
11182
11183
11184
11185
11186
11187
11188
11189
11190
11191
11192
11193
11194
11195
11196
11197
11198
11199
11200
11201
11202
11203
11204
11205
11206
11207
11208
11209
11210
11211
11212
11213
11214
11215
11216
11217
11218
11219
11220
11221
11222
11223
11224
11225
11226
11227
11228
11229
11230
11231
11232
11233
11234
11235
11236
11237
11238
11239
11240
11241
11242
11243
11244
11245
11246
11247
11248
11249
11250
11251
11252
11253
11254
11255
11256
11257
11258
11259
11260
11261
11262
11263
11264
11265
11266
11267
11268
11269
11270
11271
11272
11273
11274
11275
11276
11277
11278
11279
11280
11281
11282
11283
11284
11285
11286
11287
11288
11289
11290
11291
11292
11293
11294
11295
11296
11297
11298
11299
11300
11301
11302
11303
11304
11305
11306
11307
11308
11309
11310
11311
11312
11313
11314
11315
11316
11317
11318
11319
11320
11321
11322
11323
11324
11325
11326
11327
11328
11329
11330
11331
11332
11333
11334
11335
11336
11337
11338
11339
11340
11341
11342
11343
11344
11345
11346
11347
11348
11349
11350
11351
11352
11353
11354
11355
11356
11357
11358
11359
11360
11361
11362
11363
11364
11365
11366
11367
11368
11369
11370
11371
11372
11373
11374
11375
11376
11377
11378
11379
11380
11381
11382
11383
11384
11385
11386
11387
11388
11389
11390
11391
11392
11393
11394
11395
11396
11397
11398
11399
11400
11401
11402
11403
11404
11405
11406
11407
11408
11409
11410
11411
11412
11413
11414
11415
11416
11417
11418
11419
11420
11421
11422
11423
11424
11425
11426
11427
11428
11429
11430
11431
11432
11433
11434
11435
11436
11437
11438
11439
11440
11441
11442
11443
11444
11445
11446
11447
11448
11449
11450
11451
11452
11453
11454
11455
11456
11457
11458
11459
11460
11461
11462
11463
11464
11465
11466
11467
11468
11469
11470
11471
11472
11473
11474
11475
11476
11477
11478
11479
11480
11481
11482
11483
11484
11485
11486
11487
11488
11489
11490
11491
11492
11493
11494
11495
11496
11497
11498
11499
11500
11501
11502
11503
11504
11505
11506
11507
11508
11509
11510
11511
11512
11513
11514
11515
11516
11517
11518
11519
11520
11521
11522
11523
11524
11525
11526
11527
11528
11529
11530
11531
11532
11533
11534
11535
11536
11537
11538
11539
11540
11541
11542
11543
11544
11545
11546
11547
11548
11549
11550
11551
11552
11553
11554
11555
11556
11557
11558
11559
11560
11561
11562
11563
11564
11565
11566
11567
11568
11569
11570
11571
11572
11573
11574
11575
11576
11577
11578
11579
11580
11581
11582
11583
11584
11585
11586
11587
11588
11589
11590
11591
11592
11593
11594
11595
11596
11597
11598
11599
11600
11601
11602
11603
11604
11605
11606
11607
11608
11609
11610
11611
11612
11613
11614
11615
11616
11617
11618
11619
11620
11621
11622
11623
11624
11625
11626
11627
11628
11629
11630
11631
11632
11633
11634
11635
11636
11637
11638
11639
11640
11641
11642
11643
11644
11645
11646
11647
11648
11649
11650
11651
11652
11653
11654
11655
11656
11657
11658
11659
11660
11661
11662
11663
11664
11665
11666
11667
11668
11669
11670
11671
11672
11673
11674
11675
11676
11677
11678
11679
11680
11681
11682
11683
11684
11685
11686
11687
11688
11689
11690
11691
11692
11693
11694
11695
11696
11697
11698
11699
11700
11701
11702
11703
11704
11705
11706
11707
11708
11709
11710
11711
11712
11713
11714
11715
11716
11717
11718
11719
11720
11721
11722
11723
11724
11725
11726
11727
11728
11729
11730
11731
11732
11733
11734
11735
11736
11737
11738
11739
11740
11741
11742
11743
11744
11745
11746
11747
11748
11749
11750
11751
11752
11753
11754
11755
11756
11757
11758
11759
11760
11761
11762
11763
11764
11765
11766
11767
11768
11769
11770
11771
11772
11773
11774
11775
11776
11777
11778
11779
11780
11781
11782
11783
11784
11785
11786
11787
11788
11789
11790
11791
11792
11793
11794
11795
11796
11797
11798
11799
11800
11801
11802
11803
11804
11805
11806
11807
11808
11809
11810
11811
11812
11813
11814
11815
11816
11817
11818
11819
11820
11821
11822
11823
11824
11825
11826
11827
11828
11829
11830
11831
11832
11833
11834
11835
11836
11837
11838
11839
11840
11841
11842
11843
11844
11845
11846
11847
11848
11849
11850
11851
11852
11853
11854
11855
11856
11857
11858
11859
11860
11861
11862
11863
11864
11865
11866
11867
11868
11869
11870
11871
11872
11873
11874
11875
11876
11877
11878
11879
11880
11881
11882
11883
11884
11885
11886
11887
11888
11889
11890
11891
11892
11893
11894
11895
11896
11897
11898
11899
11900
11901
11902
11903
11904
11905
11906
11907
11908
11909
11910
11911
11912
11913
11914
11915
11916
11917
11918
11919
11920
11921
11922
11923
11924
11925
11926
11927
11928
11929
11930
11931
11932
11933
11934
11935
11936
11937
11938
11939
11940
11941
11942
11943
11944
11945
11946
11947
11948
11949
11950
11951
11952
11953
11954
11955
11956
11957
11958
11959
11960
11961
11962
11963
11964
11965
11966
11967
11968
11969
11970
11971
11972
11973
11974
11975
11976
11977
11978
11979
11980
11981
11982
11983
11984
11985
11986
11987
11988
11989
11990
11991
11992
11993
11994
11995
11996
11997
11998
11999
12000
12001
12002
12003
12004
12005
12006
12007
12008
12009
12010
12011
12012
12013
12014
12015
12016
12017
12018
12019
12020
12021
12022
12023
12024
12025
12026
12027
12028
12029
12030
12031
12032
12033
12034
12035
12036
12037
12038
12039
12040
12041
12042
12043
12044
12045
12046
12047
12048
12049
12050
12051
12052
12053
12054
12055
12056
12057
12058
12059
12060
12061
12062
12063
12064
12065
12066
12067
12068
12069
12070
12071
12072
12073
12074
12075
12076
12077
12078
12079
12080
12081
12082
12083
12084
12085
12086
12087
12088
12089
12090
12091
12092
12093
12094
12095
12096
12097
12098
12099
12100
12101
12102
12103
12104
12105
12106
12107
12108
12109
12110
12111
12112
12113
12114
12115
12116
12117
12118
12119
12120
12121
12122
12123
12124
12125
12126
12127
12128
12129
12130
12131
12132
12133
12134
12135
12136
12137
12138
12139
12140
12141
12142
12143
12144
12145
12146
12147
12148
12149
12150
12151
12152
12153
12154
12155
12156
12157
12158
12159
12160
12161
12162
12163
12164
12165
12166
12167
12168
12169
12170
12171
12172
12173
12174
12175
12176
12177
12178
12179
12180
12181
12182
12183
12184
12185
12186
12187
12188
12189
12190
12191
12192
12193
12194
12195
12196
12197
12198
12199
12200
12201
12202
12203
12204
12205
12206
12207
12208
12209
12210
12211
12212
12213
12214
12215
12216
12217
12218
12219
12220
12221
12222
12223
12224
12225
12226
12227
12228
12229
12230
12231
12232
12233
12234
12235
12236
12237
12238
12239
12240
12241
12242
12243
12244
12245
12246
12247
12248
12249
12250
12251
12252
12253
12254
12255
12256
12257
12258
12259
12260
12261
12262
12263
12264
12265
12266
12267
12268
12269
12270
12271
12272
12273
12274
12275
12276
12277
12278
12279
12280
12281
12282
12283
12284
12285
12286
12287
12288
12289
12290
12291
12292
12293
12294
12295
12296
12297
12298
12299
12300
12301
12302
12303
12304
12305
12306
12307
12308
12309
12310
12311
12312
12313
12314
12315
12316
12317
12318
12319
12320
12321
12322
12323
12324
12325
12326
12327
12328
12329
12330
12331
12332
12333
12334
12335
12336
12337
12338
12339
12340
12341
12342
12343
12344
12345
12346
12347
12348
12349
12350
12351
12352
12353
12354
12355
12356
12357
12358
12359
12360
12361
12362
12363
12364
12365
12366
12367
12368
12369
12370
12371
12372
12373
12374
12375
12376
12377
12378
12379
12380
12381
12382
12383
12384
12385
12386
12387
12388
12389
12390
12391
12392
12393
12394
12395
12396
12397
12398
12399
12400
12401
12402
12403
12404
12405
12406
12407
12408
12409
12410
12411
12412
12413
12414
12415
12416
12417
12418
12419
12420
12421
12422
12423
12424
12425
12426
12427
12428
12429
12430
12431
12432
12433
12434
12435
12436
12437
12438
12439
12440
12441
12442
12443
12444
12445
12446
12447
12448
12449
12450
12451
12452
12453
12454
12455
12456
12457
12458
12459
12460
12461
12462
12463
12464
12465
12466
12467
12468
12469
12470
12471
12472
12473
12474
12475
12476
12477
12478
12479
12480
12481
12482
12483
12484
12485
12486
12487
12488
12489
12490
12491
12492
12493
12494
12495
12496
12497
12498
12499
12500
12501
12502
12503
12504
12505
12506
12507
12508
12509
12510
12511
12512
12513
12514
12515
12516
12517
12518
12519
12520
12521
12522
12523
12524
12525
12526
12527
12528
12529
12530
12531
12532
12533
12534
12535
12536
12537
12538
12539
12540
12541
12542
12543
12544
12545
12546
12547
12548
12549
12550
12551
12552
12553
12554
12555
12556
12557
12558
12559
12560
12561
12562
12563
12564
12565
12566
12567
12568
12569
12570
12571
12572
12573
12574
12575
12576
12577
12578
12579
12580
12581
12582
12583
12584
12585
12586
12587
12588
12589
12590
12591
12592
12593
12594
12595
12596
12597
12598
12599
12600
12601
12602
12603
12604
12605
12606
12607
12608
12609
12610
12611
12612
12613
12614
12615
12616
12617
12618
12619
12620
12621
12622
12623
12624
12625
12626
12627
12628
12629
12630
12631
12632
12633
12634
12635
12636
12637
12638
12639
12640
12641
12642
12643
12644
12645
12646
12647
12648
12649
12650
12651
12652
12653
12654
12655
12656
12657
12658
12659
12660
12661
12662
12663
12664
12665
12666
12667
12668
12669
12670
12671
12672
12673
12674
12675
12676
12677
12678
12679
12680
12681
12682
12683
12684
12685
12686
12687
12688
12689
12690
12691
12692
12693
12694
12695
12696
12697
12698
12699
12700
12701
12702
12703
12704
12705
12706
12707
12708
12709
12710
12711
12712
12713
12714
12715
12716
12717
12718
12719
12720
12721
12722
12723
12724
12725
12726
12727
12728
12729
12730
12731
12732
12733
12734
12735
12736
12737
12738
12739
12740
12741
12742
12743
12744
12745
12746
12747
12748
12749
12750
12751
12752
12753
12754
12755
12756
12757
12758
12759
12760
12761
12762
12763
12764
12765
12766
12767
12768
12769
12770
12771
12772
12773
12774
12775
12776
12777
12778
12779
12780
12781
12782
12783
12784
12785
12786
12787
12788
12789
12790
12791
12792
12793
12794
12795
12796
12797
12798
12799
12800
12801
12802
12803
12804
12805
12806
12807
12808
12809
12810
12811
12812
12813
12814
12815
12816
12817
12818
12819
12820
12821
12822
12823
12824
12825
12826
12827
12828
12829
12830
12831
12832
12833
12834
12835
12836
12837
12838
12839
12840
12841
12842
12843
12844
12845
12846
12847
12848
12849
12850
12851
12852
12853
12854
12855
12856
12857
12858
12859
12860
12861
12862
12863
12864
12865
12866
12867
12868
12869
12870
12871
12872
12873
12874
12875
12876
12877
12878
12879
12880
12881
12882
12883
12884
12885
12886
12887
12888
12889
12890
12891
12892
12893
12894
12895
12896
12897
12898
12899
12900
12901
12902
12903
12904
12905
12906
12907
12908
12909
12910
12911
12912
12913
12914
12915
12916
12917
12918
12919
12920
12921
12922
12923
12924
12925
12926
12927
12928
12929
12930
12931
12932
12933
12934
12935
12936
12937
12938
12939
12940
12941
12942
12943
12944
12945
12946
12947
12948
12949
12950
12951
12952
12953
12954
12955
12956
12957
12958
12959
12960
12961
12962
12963
12964
12965
12966
12967
12968
12969
12970
12971
12972
12973
12974
12975
12976
12977
12978
12979
12980
12981
12982
12983
12984
12985
12986
12987
12988
12989
12990
12991
12992
12993
12994
12995
12996
12997
12998
12999
13000
13001
13002
13003
13004
13005
13006
13007
13008
13009
13010
13011
13012
13013
13014
13015
13016
13017
13018
13019
13020
13021
13022
13023
13024
13025
13026
13027
13028
13029
13030
13031
13032
13033
13034
13035
13036
13037
13038
13039
13040
13041
13042
13043
13044
13045
13046
13047
13048
13049
13050
13051
13052
13053
13054
13055
13056
13057
13058
13059
13060
13061
13062
13063
13064
13065
13066
13067
13068
13069
13070
13071
13072
13073
13074
13075
13076
13077
13078
13079
13080
13081
13082
13083
13084
13085
13086
13087
13088
13089
13090
13091
13092
13093
13094
13095
13096
13097
13098
13099
13100
13101
13102
13103
13104
13105
13106
13107
13108
13109
13110
13111
13112
13113
13114
13115
13116
13117
13118
13119
13120
13121
13122
13123
13124
13125
13126
13127
13128
13129
13130
13131
13132
13133
13134
13135
13136
13137
13138
13139
13140
13141
13142
13143
13144
13145
13146
13147
13148
13149
13150
13151
13152
13153
13154
13155
13156
13157
13158
13159
13160
13161
13162
13163
13164
13165
13166
13167
13168
13169
13170
13171
13172
13173
13174
13175
13176
13177
13178
13179
13180
13181
13182
13183
13184
13185
13186
13187
13188
13189
13190
13191
13192
13193
13194
13195
13196
13197
13198
13199
13200
13201
13202
13203
13204
13205
13206
13207
13208
13209
13210
13211
13212
13213
13214
13215
13216
13217
13218
13219
13220
13221
13222
13223
13224
13225
13226
13227
13228
13229
13230
13231
13232
13233
13234
13235
13236
13237
13238
13239
13240
13241
13242
13243
13244
13245
13246
13247
13248
13249
13250
13251
13252
13253
13254
13255
13256
13257
13258
13259
13260
13261
13262
13263
13264
13265
13266
13267
13268
13269
13270
13271
13272
13273
13274
13275
13276
13277
13278
13279
13280
13281
13282
13283
13284
13285
13286
13287
13288
13289
13290
13291
13292
13293
13294
13295
13296
13297
13298
13299
13300
13301
13302
13303
13304
13305
13306
13307
13308
13309
13310
13311
13312
13313
13314
13315
13316
13317
13318
13319
13320
13321
13322
13323
13324
13325
13326
13327
13328
13329
13330
13331
13332
13333
13334
13335
13336
13337
13338
13339
13340
13341
13342
13343
13344
13345
13346
13347
13348
13349
13350
13351
13352
13353
13354
13355
13356
13357
13358
13359
13360
13361
13362
13363
13364
13365
13366
13367
13368
13369
13370
13371
13372
13373
13374
13375
13376
13377
13378
13379
13380
13381
13382
13383
13384
13385
13386
13387
13388
13389
13390
13391
13392
13393
13394
13395
13396
13397
13398
13399
13400
13401
13402
13403
13404
13405
13406
13407
13408
13409
13410
13411
13412
13413
13414
13415
13416
13417
13418
13419
13420
13421
13422
13423
13424
13425
13426
13427
13428
13429
13430
13431
13432
13433
13434
13435
13436
13437
13438
13439
13440
13441
13442
13443
13444
13445
13446
13447
13448
13449
13450
13451
13452
13453
13454
13455
13456
13457
13458
13459
13460
13461
13462
13463
13464
13465
13466
13467
13468
13469
13470
13471
13472
13473
13474
13475
13476
13477
13478
13479
13480
13481
13482
13483
13484
13485
13486
13487
13488
13489
13490
13491
13492
13493
13494
13495
13496
13497
13498
13499
13500
13501
13502
13503
13504
13505
13506
13507
13508
13509
13510
13511
13512
13513
13514
13515
13516
13517
13518
13519
13520
13521
13522
13523
13524
13525
13526
13527
13528
13529
13530
13531
13532
13533
13534
13535
13536
13537
13538
13539
13540
13541
13542
13543
13544
13545
13546
13547
13548
13549
13550
13551
13552
13553
13554
13555
13556
13557
13558
13559
13560
13561
13562
13563
13564
13565
13566
13567
13568
13569
13570
13571
13572
13573
13574
13575
13576
13577
13578
13579
13580
13581
13582
13583
13584
13585
13586
13587
13588
13589
13590
13591
13592
13593
13594
13595
13596
13597
13598
13599
13600
13601
13602
13603
13604
13605
13606
13607
13608
13609
13610
13611
13612
13613
13614
13615
13616
13617
13618
13619
13620
13621
13622
13623
13624
13625
13626
13627
13628
13629
13630
13631
13632
13633
13634
13635
13636
13637
13638
13639
13640
13641
13642
13643
13644
13645
13646
13647
13648
13649
13650
13651
13652
13653
13654
13655
13656
13657
13658
13659
13660
13661
13662
13663
13664
13665
13666
13667
13668
13669
13670
13671
13672
13673
13674
13675
13676
13677
13678
13679
13680
13681
13682
13683
13684
13685
13686
13687
13688
13689
13690
13691
13692
13693
13694
13695
13696
13697
13698
13699
13700
13701
13702
13703
13704
13705
13706
13707
13708
13709
13710
13711
13712
13713
13714
13715
13716
13717
13718
13719
13720
13721
13722
13723
13724
13725
13726
13727
13728
13729
13730
13731
13732
13733
13734
13735
13736
13737
13738
13739
13740
13741
13742
13743
13744
13745
13746
13747
13748
13749
13750
13751
13752
13753
13754
13755
13756
13757
13758
13759
13760
13761
13762
13763
13764
13765
13766
13767
13768
13769
13770
13771
13772
13773
13774
13775
13776
13777
13778
13779
13780
13781
13782
13783
13784
13785
13786
13787
13788
13789
13790
13791
13792
13793
13794
13795
13796
13797
13798
13799
13800
13801
13802
13803
13804
13805
13806
13807
13808
13809
13810
13811
13812
13813
13814
13815
13816
13817
13818
13819
13820
13821
13822
13823
13824
13825
13826
13827
13828
13829
13830
13831
13832
13833
13834
13835
13836
13837
13838
13839
13840
13841
13842
13843
13844
13845
13846
13847
13848
13849
13850
13851
13852
13853
13854
13855
13856
13857
13858
13859
13860
13861
13862
13863
13864
13865
13866
13867
13868
13869
13870
13871
13872
13873
13874
13875
13876
13877
13878
13879
13880
13881
13882
13883
13884
13885
13886
13887
13888
13889
13890
13891
13892
13893
13894
13895
13896
13897
13898
13899
13900
13901
13902
13903
13904
13905
13906
13907
13908
13909
13910
13911
13912
13913
13914
13915
13916
13917
13918
13919
13920
13921
13922
13923
13924
13925
13926
13927
13928
13929
13930
13931
13932
13933
13934
13935
13936
13937
13938
13939
13940
13941
13942
13943
13944
13945
13946
13947
13948
13949
13950
13951
13952
13953
13954
13955
13956
13957
13958
13959
13960
13961
13962
13963
13964
13965
13966
13967
13968
13969
13970
13971
13972
13973
13974
13975
13976
13977
13978
13979
13980
13981
13982
13983
13984
13985
13986
13987
13988
13989
13990
13991
13992
13993
13994
13995
13996
13997
13998
13999
14000
14001
14002
14003
14004
14005
14006
14007
14008
14009
14010
14011
14012
14013
14014
14015
14016
14017
14018
14019
14020
14021
14022
14023
14024
14025
14026
14027
14028
14029
14030
14031
14032
14033
14034
14035
14036
14037
14038
14039
14040
14041
14042
14043
14044
14045
14046
14047
14048
14049
14050
14051
14052
14053
14054
14055
14056
14057
14058
14059
14060
14061
14062
14063
14064
14065
14066
14067
14068
14069
14070
14071
14072
14073
14074
14075
14076
14077
14078
14079
14080
14081
14082
14083
14084
14085
14086
14087
14088
14089
14090
14091
14092
14093
14094
14095
14096
14097
14098
14099
14100
14101
14102
14103
14104
14105
14106
14107
14108
14109
14110
14111
14112
14113
14114
14115
14116
14117
14118
14119
14120
14121
14122
14123
14124
14125
14126
14127
14128
14129
14130
14131
14132
14133
14134
14135
14136
14137
14138
14139
14140
14141
14142
14143
14144
14145
14146
14147
14148
14149
14150
14151
14152
14153
14154
14155
14156
14157
14158
14159
14160
14161
14162
14163
14164
14165
14166
14167
14168
14169
14170
14171
14172
14173
14174
14175
14176
14177
14178
14179
14180
14181
14182
14183
14184
14185
14186
14187
14188
14189
14190
14191
14192
14193
14194
14195
14196
14197
14198
14199
14200
14201
14202
14203
14204
14205
14206
14207
14208
14209
14210
14211
14212
14213
14214
14215
14216
14217
14218
14219
14220
14221
14222
14223
14224
14225
14226
14227
14228
14229
14230
14231
14232
14233
14234
14235
14236
14237
14238
14239
14240
14241
14242
14243
14244
14245
14246
14247
14248
14249
14250
14251
14252
14253
14254
14255
14256
14257
14258
14259
14260
14261
14262
14263
14264
14265
14266
14267
14268
14269
14270
14271
14272
14273
14274
14275
14276
14277
14278
14279
14280
14281
14282
14283
14284
14285
14286
14287
14288
14289
14290
14291
14292
14293
14294
14295
14296
14297
14298
14299
14300
14301
14302
14303
14304
14305
14306
14307
14308
14309
14310
14311
14312
14313
14314
14315
14316
14317
14318
14319
14320
14321
14322
14323
14324
14325
14326
14327
14328
14329
14330
14331
14332
14333
14334
14335
14336
14337
14338
14339
14340
14341
14342
14343
14344
14345
14346
14347
14348
14349
14350
14351
14352
14353
14354
14355
14356
14357
14358
14359
14360
14361
14362
14363
14364
14365
14366
14367
14368
14369
14370
14371
14372
14373
14374
14375
14376
14377
14378
14379
14380
14381
14382
14383
14384
14385
14386
14387
14388
14389
14390
14391
14392
14393
14394
14395
14396
14397
14398
14399
14400
14401
14402
14403
14404
14405
14406
14407
14408
14409
14410
14411
14412
14413
14414
14415
14416
14417
14418
14419
14420
14421
14422
14423
14424
14425
14426
14427
14428
14429
14430
14431
14432
14433
14434
14435
14436
14437
14438
14439
14440
14441
14442
14443
14444
14445
14446
14447
14448
14449
14450
14451
14452
14453
14454
14455
14456
14457
14458
14459
14460
14461
14462
14463
14464
14465
14466
14467
14468
14469
14470
14471
14472
14473
14474
14475
14476
14477
14478
14479
14480
14481
14482
14483
14484
14485
14486
14487
14488
14489
14490
14491
14492
14493
14494
14495
14496
14497
14498
14499
14500
14501
14502
14503
14504
14505
14506
14507
14508
14509
14510
14511
14512
14513
14514
14515
14516
14517
14518
14519
14520
14521
14522
14523
14524
14525
14526
14527
14528
14529
14530
14531
14532
14533
14534
14535
14536
14537
14538
14539
14540
14541
14542
14543
14544
14545
14546
14547
14548
14549
14550
14551
14552
14553
14554
14555
14556
14557
14558
14559
14560
14561
14562
14563
14564
14565
14566
14567
14568
14569
14570
14571
14572
14573
14574
14575
14576
14577
14578
14579
14580
14581
14582
14583
14584
14585
14586
14587
14588
14589
14590
14591
14592
14593
14594
14595
14596
14597
14598
14599
14600
14601
14602
14603
14604
14605
14606
14607
14608
14609
14610
14611
14612
14613
14614
14615
14616
14617
14618
14619
14620
14621
14622
14623
14624
14625
14626
14627
14628
14629
14630
14631
14632
14633
14634
14635
14636
14637
14638
14639
14640
14641
14642
14643
14644
14645
14646
14647
14648
14649
14650
14651
14652
14653
14654
14655
14656
14657
14658
14659
14660
14661
14662
14663
14664
14665
14666
14667
14668
14669
14670
14671
14672
14673
14674
14675
14676
14677
14678
14679
14680
14681
14682
14683
14684
14685
14686
14687
14688
14689
14690
14691
14692
14693
14694
14695
14696
14697
14698
14699
14700
14701
14702
14703
14704
14705
14706
14707
14708
14709
14710
14711
14712
14713
14714
14715
14716
14717
14718
14719
14720
14721
14722
14723
14724
14725
14726
14727
14728
14729
14730
14731
14732
14733
14734
14735
14736
14737
14738
14739
14740
14741
14742
14743
14744
14745
14746
14747
14748
14749
14750
14751
14752
14753
14754
14755
14756
14757
14758
14759
14760
14761
14762
14763
14764
14765
14766
14767
14768
14769
14770
14771
14772
14773
14774
14775
14776
14777
14778
14779
14780
14781
14782
14783
14784
14785
14786
14787
14788
14789
14790
14791
14792
14793
14794
14795
14796
14797
14798
14799
14800
14801
14802
14803
14804
14805
14806
14807
14808
14809
14810
14811
14812
14813
14814
14815
14816
14817
14818
14819
14820
14821
14822
14823
14824
14825
14826
14827
14828
14829
14830
14831
14832
14833
14834
14835
14836
14837
14838
14839
14840
14841
14842
14843
14844
14845
14846
14847
14848
14849
14850
14851
14852
14853
14854
14855
14856
14857
14858
14859
14860
14861
14862
14863
14864
14865
14866
14867
14868
14869
14870
14871
14872
14873
14874
14875
14876
14877
14878
14879
14880
14881
14882
14883
14884
14885
14886
14887
14888
14889
14890
14891
14892
14893
14894
14895
14896
14897
14898
14899
14900
14901
14902
14903
14904
14905
14906
14907
14908
14909
14910
14911
14912
14913
14914
14915
14916
14917
14918
14919
14920
14921
14922
14923
14924
14925
14926
14927
14928
14929
14930
14931
14932
14933
14934
14935
14936
14937
14938
14939
14940
14941
14942
14943
14944
14945
14946
14947
14948
14949
14950
14951
14952
14953
14954
14955
14956
14957
14958
14959
14960
14961
14962
14963
14964
14965
14966
14967
14968
14969
14970
14971
14972
14973
14974
14975
14976
14977
14978
14979
14980
14981
14982
14983
14984
14985
14986
14987
14988
14989
14990
14991
14992
14993
14994
14995
14996
14997
14998
14999
15000
15001
15002
15003
15004
15005
15006
15007
15008
15009
15010
15011
15012
15013
15014
15015
15016
15017
15018
15019
15020
15021
15022
15023
15024
15025
15026
15027
15028
15029
15030
15031
15032
15033
15034
15035
15036
15037
15038
15039
15040
15041
15042
15043
15044
15045
15046
15047
15048
15049
15050
15051
15052
15053
15054
15055
15056
15057
15058
15059
15060
15061
15062
15063
15064
15065
15066
15067
15068
15069
15070
15071
15072
15073
15074
15075
15076
15077
15078
15079
15080
15081
15082
15083
15084
15085
15086
15087
15088
15089
15090
15091
15092
15093
15094
15095
15096
15097
15098
15099
15100
15101
15102
15103
15104
15105
15106
15107
15108
15109
15110
15111
15112
15113
15114
15115
15116
15117
15118
15119
15120
15121
15122
15123
15124
15125
15126
15127
15128
15129
15130
15131
15132
15133
15134
15135
15136
15137
15138
15139
15140
15141
15142
15143
15144
15145
15146
15147
15148
15149
15150
15151
15152
15153
15154
15155
15156
15157
15158
15159
15160
15161
15162
15163
15164
15165
15166
15167
15168
15169
15170
15171
15172
15173
15174
15175
15176
15177
15178
15179
15180
15181
15182
15183
15184
15185
15186
15187
15188
15189
15190
15191
15192
15193
15194
15195
15196
15197
15198
15199
15200
15201
15202
15203
15204
15205
15206
15207
15208
15209
15210
15211
15212
15213
15214
15215
15216
15217
15218
15219
15220
15221
15222
15223
15224
15225
15226
15227
15228
15229
15230
15231
15232
15233
15234
15235
15236
15237
15238
15239
15240
15241
15242
15243
15244
15245
15246
15247
15248
15249
15250
15251
15252
15253
15254
15255
15256
15257
15258
15259
15260
15261
15262
15263
15264
15265
15266
15267
15268
15269
15270
15271
15272
15273
15274
15275
15276
15277
15278
15279
15280
15281
15282
15283
15284
15285
15286
15287
15288
15289
15290
15291
15292
15293
15294
15295
15296
15297
15298
15299
15300
15301
15302
15303
15304
15305
15306
15307
15308
15309
15310
15311
15312
15313
15314
15315
15316
15317
15318
15319
15320
15321
15322
15323
15324
15325
15326
15327
15328
15329
15330
15331
15332
15333
15334
15335
15336
15337
15338
15339
15340
15341
15342
15343
15344
15345
15346
15347
15348
15349
15350
15351
15352
15353
15354
15355
15356
15357
15358
15359
15360
15361
15362
15363
15364
15365
15366
15367
15368
15369
15370
15371
15372
15373
15374
15375
15376
15377
15378
15379
15380
15381
15382
15383
15384
15385
15386
15387
15388
15389
15390
15391
15392
15393
15394
15395
15396
15397
15398
15399
15400
15401
15402
15403
15404
15405
15406
15407
15408
15409
15410
15411
15412
15413
15414
15415
15416
15417
15418
15419
15420
15421
15422
15423
15424
15425
15426
15427
15428
15429
15430
15431
15432
15433
15434
15435
15436
15437
15438
15439
15440
15441
15442
15443
15444
15445
15446
15447
15448
15449
15450
15451
15452
15453
15454
15455
15456
15457
15458
15459
15460
15461
15462
15463
15464
15465
15466
15467
15468
15469
15470
15471
15472
15473
15474
15475
15476
15477
15478
15479
15480
15481
15482
15483
15484
15485
15486
15487
15488
15489
15490
15491
15492
15493
15494
15495
15496
15497
15498
15499
15500
15501
15502
15503
15504
15505
15506
15507
15508
15509
15510
15511
15512
15513
15514
15515
15516
15517
15518
15519
15520
15521
15522
15523
15524
15525
15526
15527
15528
15529
15530
15531
15532
15533
15534
15535
15536
15537
15538
15539
15540
15541
15542
15543
15544
15545
15546
15547
15548
15549
15550
15551
15552
15553
15554
15555
15556
15557
15558
15559
15560
15561
15562
15563
15564
15565
15566
15567
15568
15569
15570
15571
15572
15573
15574
15575
15576
15577
15578
15579
15580
15581
15582
15583
15584
15585
15586
15587
15588
15589
15590
15591
15592
15593
15594
15595
15596
15597
15598
15599
15600
15601
15602
15603
15604
15605
15606
15607
15608
15609
15610
15611
15612
15613
15614
15615
15616
15617
15618
15619
15620
15621
15622
15623
15624
15625
15626
15627
15628
15629
15630
15631
15632
15633
15634
15635
15636
15637
15638
15639
15640
15641
15642
15643
15644
15645
15646
15647
15648
15649
15650
15651
15652
15653
15654
15655
15656
15657
15658
15659
15660
15661
15662
15663
15664
15665
15666
15667
15668
15669
15670
15671
15672
15673
15674
15675
15676
15677
15678
15679
15680
15681
15682
15683
15684
15685
15686
15687
15688
15689
15690
15691
15692
15693
15694
15695
15696
15697
15698
15699
15700
15701
15702
15703
15704
15705
15706
15707
15708
15709
15710
15711
15712
15713
15714
15715
15716
15717
15718
15719
15720
15721
15722
15723
15724
15725
15726
15727
15728
15729
15730
15731
15732
15733
15734
15735
15736
15737
15738
15739
15740
15741
15742
15743
15744
15745
15746
15747
15748
15749
15750
15751
15752
15753
15754
15755
15756
15757
15758
15759
15760
15761
15762
15763
15764
15765
15766
15767
15768
15769
15770
15771
15772
15773
15774
15775
15776
15777
15778
15779
15780
15781
15782
15783
15784
15785
15786
15787
15788
15789
15790
15791
15792
15793
15794
15795
15796
15797
15798
15799
15800
15801
15802
15803
15804
15805
15806
15807
15808
15809
15810
15811
15812
15813
15814
15815
15816
15817
15818
15819
15820
15821
15822
15823
15824
15825
15826
15827
15828
15829
15830
15831
15832
15833
15834
15835
15836
15837
15838
15839
15840
15841
15842
15843
15844
15845
15846
15847
15848
15849
15850
15851
15852
15853
15854
15855
15856
15857
15858
15859
15860
15861
15862
15863
15864
15865
15866
15867
15868
15869
15870
15871
15872
15873
15874
15875
15876
15877
15878
15879
15880
15881
15882
15883
15884
15885
15886
15887
15888
15889
15890
15891
15892
15893
15894
15895
15896
15897
15898
15899
15900
15901
15902
15903
15904
15905
15906
15907
15908
15909
15910
15911
15912
15913
15914
15915
15916
15917
15918
15919
15920
15921
15922
15923
15924
15925
15926
15927
15928
15929
15930
15931
15932
15933
15934
15935
15936
15937
15938
15939
15940
15941
15942
15943
15944
15945
15946
15947
15948
15949
15950
15951
15952
15953
15954
15955
15956
15957
15958
15959
15960
15961
15962
15963
15964
15965
15966
15967
15968
15969
15970
15971
15972
15973
15974
15975
15976
15977
15978
15979
15980
15981
15982
15983
15984
15985
15986
15987
15988
15989
15990
15991
15992
15993
15994
15995
15996
15997
15998
15999
16000
16001
16002
16003
16004
16005
16006
16007
16008
16009
16010
16011
16012
16013
16014
16015
16016
16017
16018
16019
16020
16021
16022
16023
16024
16025
16026
16027
16028
16029
16030
16031
16032
16033
16034
16035
16036
16037
16038
16039
16040
16041
16042
16043
16044
16045
16046
16047
16048
16049
16050
16051
16052
16053
16054
16055
16056
16057
16058
16059
16060
16061
16062
16063
16064
16065
16066
16067
16068
16069
16070
16071
16072
16073
16074
16075
16076
16077
16078
16079
16080
16081
16082
16083
16084
16085
16086
16087
16088
16089
16090
16091
16092
16093
16094
16095
16096
16097
16098
16099
16100
16101
16102
16103
16104
16105
16106
16107
16108
16109
16110
16111
16112
16113
16114
16115
16116
16117
16118
16119
16120
16121
16122
16123
16124
16125
16126
16127
16128
16129
16130
16131
16132
16133
16134
16135
16136
16137
16138
16139
16140
16141
16142
16143
16144
16145
16146
16147
16148
16149
16150
16151
16152
16153
16154
16155
16156
16157
16158
16159
16160
16161
16162
16163
16164
16165
16166
16167
16168
16169
16170
16171
16172
16173
16174
16175
16176
16177
16178
16179
16180
16181
16182
16183
16184
16185
16186
16187
16188
16189
16190
16191
16192
16193
16194
16195
16196
16197
16198
16199
16200
16201
16202
16203
16204
16205
16206
16207
16208
16209
16210
16211
16212
16213
16214
16215
16216
16217
16218
16219
16220
16221
16222
16223
16224
16225
16226
16227
16228
16229
16230
16231
16232
16233
16234
16235
16236
16237
16238
16239
16240
16241
16242
16243
16244
16245
16246
16247
16248
16249
16250
16251
16252
16253
16254
16255
16256
16257
16258
16259
16260
16261
16262
16263
16264
16265
16266
16267
16268
16269
16270
16271
16272
16273
16274
16275
16276
16277
16278
16279
16280
16281
16282
16283
16284
16285
16286
16287
16288
16289
16290
16291
16292
16293
16294
16295
16296
16297
16298
16299
16300
16301
16302
16303
16304
16305
16306
16307
16308
16309
16310
16311
16312
16313
16314
16315
16316
16317
16318
16319
16320
16321
16322
16323
16324
16325
16326
16327
16328
16329
16330
16331
16332
16333
16334
16335
16336
16337
16338
16339
16340
16341
16342
16343
16344
16345
16346
16347
16348
16349
16350
16351
16352
16353
16354
16355
16356
16357
16358
16359
16360
16361
16362
16363
16364
16365
16366
16367
16368
16369
16370
16371
16372
16373
16374
16375
16376
16377
16378
16379
16380
16381
16382
16383
16384
16385
16386
16387
16388
16389
16390
16391
16392
16393
16394
16395
16396
16397
16398
16399
16400
16401
16402
16403
16404
16405
16406
16407
16408
16409
16410
16411
16412
16413
16414
16415
16416
16417
16418
16419
16420
16421
16422
16423
16424
16425
16426
16427
16428
16429
16430
16431
16432
16433
16434
16435
16436
16437
16438
16439
16440
16441
16442
16443
16444
16445
16446
16447
16448
16449
16450
16451
16452
16453
16454
16455
16456
16457
16458
16459
16460
16461
16462
16463
16464
16465
16466
16467
16468
16469
16470
16471
16472
16473
16474
16475
16476
16477
16478
16479
16480
16481
16482
16483
16484
16485
16486
16487
16488
16489
16490
16491
16492
16493
16494
16495
16496
16497
16498
16499
16500
16501
16502
16503
16504
16505
16506
16507
16508
16509
16510
16511
16512
16513
16514
16515
16516
16517
16518
16519
16520
16521
16522
16523
16524
16525
16526
16527
16528
16529
16530
16531
16532
16533
16534
16535
16536
16537
16538
16539
16540
16541
16542
16543
16544
16545
16546
16547
16548
16549
16550
16551
16552
16553
16554
16555
16556
16557
16558
16559
16560
16561
16562
16563
16564
16565
16566
16567
16568
16569
16570
16571
16572
16573
16574
16575
16576
16577
16578
16579
16580
16581
16582
16583
16584
16585
16586
16587
16588
16589
16590
16591
16592
16593
16594
16595
16596
16597
16598
16599
16600
16601
16602
16603
16604
16605
16606
16607
16608
16609
16610
16611
16612
16613
16614
16615
16616
16617
16618
16619
16620
16621
16622
16623
16624
16625
16626
16627
16628
16629
16630
16631
16632
16633
16634
16635
16636
16637
16638
16639
16640
16641
16642
16643
16644
16645
16646
16647
16648
16649
16650
16651
16652
16653
16654
16655
16656
16657
16658
16659
16660
16661
16662
16663
16664
16665
16666
16667
16668
16669
16670
16671
16672
16673
16674
16675
16676
16677
16678
16679
16680
16681
16682
16683
16684
16685
16686
16687
16688
16689
16690
16691
16692
16693
16694
16695
16696
16697
16698
16699
16700
16701
16702
16703
16704
16705
16706
16707
16708
16709
16710
16711
16712
16713
16714
16715
16716
16717
16718
16719
16720
16721
16722
16723
16724
16725
16726
16727
16728
16729
16730
16731
16732
16733
16734
16735
16736
16737
16738
16739
16740
16741
16742
16743
16744
16745
16746
16747
16748
16749
16750
16751
16752
16753
16754
16755
16756
16757
16758
16759
16760
16761
16762
16763
16764
16765
16766
16767
16768
16769
16770
16771
16772
16773
16774
16775
16776
16777
16778
16779
16780
16781
16782
16783
16784
16785
16786
16787
16788
16789
16790
16791
16792
16793
16794
16795
16796
16797
16798
16799
16800
16801
16802
16803
16804
16805
16806
16807
16808
16809
16810
16811
16812
16813
16814
16815
16816
16817
16818
16819
16820
16821
16822
16823
16824
16825
16826
16827
16828
16829
16830
16831
16832
16833
16834
16835
16836
16837
16838
16839
16840
16841
16842
16843
16844
16845
16846
16847
16848
16849
16850
16851
16852
16853
16854
16855
16856
16857
16858
16859
16860
16861
16862
16863
16864
16865
16866
16867
16868
16869
16870
16871
16872
16873
16874
16875
16876
16877
16878
16879
16880
16881
16882
16883
16884
16885
16886
16887
16888
16889
16890
16891
16892
16893
16894
16895
16896
16897
16898
16899
16900
16901
16902
16903
16904
16905
16906
16907
16908
16909
16910
16911
16912
16913
16914
16915
16916
16917
16918
16919
16920
16921
16922
16923
16924
16925
16926
16927
16928
16929
16930
16931
16932
16933
16934
16935
16936
16937
16938
16939
16940
16941
16942
16943
16944
16945
16946
16947
16948
16949
16950
16951
16952
16953
16954
16955
16956
16957
16958
16959
16960
16961
16962
16963
16964
16965
16966
16967
16968
16969
16970
16971
16972
16973
16974
16975
16976
16977
16978
16979
16980
16981
16982
16983
16984
16985
16986
16987
16988
16989
16990
16991
16992
16993
16994
16995
16996
16997
16998
16999
17000
17001
17002
17003
17004
17005
17006
17007
17008
17009
17010
17011
17012
17013
17014
17015
17016
17017
17018
17019
17020
17021
17022
17023
17024
17025
17026
17027
17028
17029
17030
17031
17032
17033
17034
17035
17036
17037
17038
17039
17040
17041
17042
17043
17044
17045
17046
17047
17048
17049
17050
17051
17052
17053
17054
17055
17056
17057
17058
17059
17060
17061
17062
17063
17064
17065
17066
17067
17068
17069
17070
17071
17072
17073
17074
17075
17076
17077
17078
17079
17080
17081
17082
17083
17084
17085
17086
17087
17088
17089
17090
17091
17092
17093
17094
17095
17096
17097
17098
17099
17100
17101
17102
17103
17104
17105
17106
17107
17108
17109
17110
17111
17112
17113
17114
17115
17116
17117
17118
17119
17120
17121
17122
17123
17124
17125
17126
17127
17128
17129
17130
17131
17132
17133
17134
17135
17136
17137
17138
17139
17140
17141
17142
17143
17144
17145
17146
17147
17148
17149
17150
17151
17152
17153
17154
17155
17156
17157
17158
17159
17160
17161
17162
17163
17164
17165
17166
17167
17168
17169
17170
17171
17172
17173
17174
17175
17176
17177
17178
17179
17180
17181
17182
17183
17184
17185
17186
17187
17188
17189
17190
17191
17192
17193
17194
17195
17196
17197
17198
17199
17200
17201
17202
17203
17204
17205
17206
17207
17208
17209
17210
17211
17212
17213
17214
17215
17216
17217
17218
17219
17220
17221
17222
17223
17224
17225
17226
17227
17228
17229
17230
17231
17232
17233
17234
17235
17236
17237
17238
17239
17240
17241
17242
17243
17244
17245
17246
17247
17248
17249
17250
17251
17252
17253
17254
17255
17256
17257
17258
17259
17260
17261
17262
17263
17264
17265
17266
17267
17268
17269
17270
17271
17272
17273
17274
17275
17276
17277
17278
17279
17280
17281
17282
17283
17284
17285
17286
17287
17288
17289
17290
17291
17292
17293
17294
17295
17296
17297
17298
17299
17300
17301
17302
17303
17304
17305
17306
17307
17308
17309
17310
17311
17312
17313
17314
17315
17316
17317
17318
17319
17320
17321
17322
17323
17324
17325
17326
17327
17328
17329
17330
17331
17332
17333
17334
17335
17336
17337
17338
17339
17340
17341
17342
17343
17344
17345
17346
17347
17348
17349
17350
17351
17352
17353
17354
17355
17356
17357
17358
17359
17360
17361
17362
17363
17364
17365
17366
17367
17368
17369
17370
17371
17372
17373
17374
17375
17376
17377
17378
17379
17380
17381
17382
17383
17384
17385
17386
17387
17388
17389
17390
17391
17392
17393
17394
17395
17396
17397
17398
17399
17400
17401
17402
17403
17404
17405
17406
17407
17408
17409
17410
17411
17412
17413
17414
17415
17416
17417
17418
17419
17420
17421
17422
17423
17424
17425
17426
17427
17428
17429
17430
17431
17432
17433
17434
17435
17436
17437
17438
17439
17440
17441
17442
17443
17444
17445
17446
17447
17448
17449
17450
17451
17452
17453
17454
17455
17456
17457
17458
17459
17460
17461
17462
17463
17464
17465
17466
17467
17468
17469
17470
17471
17472
17473
17474
17475
17476
17477
17478
17479
17480
17481
17482
17483
17484
17485
17486
17487
17488
17489
17490
17491
17492
17493
17494
17495
17496
17497
17498
17499
17500
17501
17502
17503
17504
17505
17506
17507
17508
17509
17510
17511
17512
17513
17514
17515
17516
17517
17518
17519
17520
17521
17522
17523
17524
17525
17526
17527
17528
17529
17530
17531
17532
17533
17534
17535
17536
17537
17538
17539
17540
17541
17542
17543
17544
17545
17546
17547
17548
17549
17550
17551
17552
17553
17554
17555
17556
17557
17558
17559
17560
17561
17562
17563
17564
17565
17566
17567
17568
17569
17570
17571
17572
17573
17574
17575
17576
17577
17578
17579
17580
17581
17582
17583
17584
17585
17586
17587
17588
17589
17590
17591
17592
17593
17594
17595
17596
17597
17598
17599
17600
17601
17602
17603
17604
17605
17606
17607
17608
17609
17610
17611
17612
17613
17614
17615
17616
17617
17618
17619
17620
17621
17622
17623
17624
17625
17626
17627
17628
17629
17630
17631
17632
17633
17634
17635
17636
17637
17638
17639
17640
17641
17642
17643
17644
17645
17646
17647
17648
17649
17650
17651
17652
17653
17654
17655
17656
17657
17658
17659
17660
17661
17662
17663
17664
17665
17666
17667
17668
17669
17670
17671
17672
17673
17674
17675
17676
17677
17678
17679
17680
17681
17682
17683
17684
17685
17686
17687
17688
17689
17690
17691
17692
17693
17694
17695
17696
17697
17698
17699
17700
17701
17702
17703
17704
17705
17706
17707
17708
17709
17710
17711
17712
17713
17714
17715
17716
17717
17718
17719
17720
17721
17722
17723
17724
17725
17726
17727
17728
17729
17730
17731
17732
17733
17734
17735
17736
17737
17738
17739
17740
17741
17742
17743
17744
17745
17746
17747
17748
17749
17750
17751
17752
17753
17754
17755
17756
17757
17758
17759
17760
17761
17762
17763
17764
17765
17766
17767
17768
17769
17770
17771
17772
17773
17774
17775
17776
17777
17778
17779
17780
17781
17782
17783
17784
17785
17786
17787
17788
17789
17790
17791
17792
17793
17794
17795
17796
17797
17798
17799
17800
17801
17802
17803
17804
17805
17806
17807
17808
17809
17810
17811
17812
17813
17814
17815
17816
17817
17818
17819
17820
17821
17822
17823
17824
17825
17826
17827
17828
17829
17830
17831
17832
17833
17834
17835
17836
17837
17838
17839
17840
17841
17842
17843
17844
17845
17846
17847
17848
17849
17850
17851
17852
17853
17854
17855
17856
17857
17858
17859
17860
17861
17862
17863
17864
17865
17866
17867
17868
17869
17870
17871
17872
17873
17874
17875
17876
17877
17878
17879
17880
17881
17882
17883
17884
17885
17886
17887
17888
17889
17890
17891
17892
17893
17894
17895
17896
17897
17898
17899
17900
17901
17902
17903
17904
17905
17906
17907
17908
17909
17910
17911
17912
17913
17914
17915
17916
17917
17918
17919
17920
17921
17922
17923
17924
17925
17926
17927
17928
17929
17930
17931
17932
17933
17934
17935
17936
17937
17938
17939
17940
17941
17942
17943
17944
17945
17946
17947
17948
17949
17950
17951
17952
17953
17954
17955
17956
17957
17958
17959
17960
17961
17962
17963
17964
17965
17966
17967
17968
17969
17970
17971
17972
17973
17974
17975
17976
17977
17978
17979
17980
17981
17982
17983
17984
17985
17986
17987
17988
17989
17990
17991
17992
17993
17994
17995
17996
17997
17998
17999
18000
18001
18002
18003
18004
18005
18006
18007
18008
18009
18010
18011
18012
18013
18014
18015
18016
18017
18018
18019
18020
18021
18022
18023
18024
18025
18026
18027
18028
18029
18030
18031
18032
18033
18034
18035
18036
18037
18038
18039
18040
18041
18042
18043
18044
18045
18046
18047
18048
18049
18050
18051
18052
18053
18054
18055
18056
18057
18058
18059
18060
18061
18062
18063
18064
18065
18066
18067
18068
18069
18070
18071
18072
18073
18074
18075
18076
18077
18078
18079
18080
18081
18082
18083
18084
18085
18086
18087
18088
18089
18090
18091
18092
18093
18094
18095
18096
18097
18098
18099
18100
18101
18102
18103
18104
18105
18106
18107
18108
18109
18110
18111
18112
18113
18114
18115
18116
18117
18118
18119
18120
18121
18122
18123
18124
18125
18126
18127
18128
18129
18130
18131
18132
18133
18134
18135
18136
18137
18138
18139
18140
18141
18142
18143
18144
18145
18146
18147
18148
18149
18150
18151
18152
18153
18154
18155
18156
18157
18158
18159
18160
18161
18162
18163
18164
18165
18166
18167
18168
18169
18170
18171
18172
18173
18174
18175
18176
18177
18178
18179
18180
18181
18182
18183
18184
18185
18186
18187
18188
18189
18190
18191
18192
18193
18194
18195
18196
18197
18198
18199
18200
18201
18202
18203
18204
18205
18206
18207
18208
18209
18210
18211
18212
18213
18214
18215
18216
18217
18218
18219
18220
18221
18222
18223
18224
18225
18226
18227
18228
18229
18230
18231
18232
18233
18234
18235
18236
18237
18238
18239
18240
18241
18242
18243
18244
18245
18246
18247
18248
18249
18250
18251
18252
18253
18254
18255
18256
18257
18258
18259
18260
18261
18262
18263
18264
18265
18266
18267
18268
18269
18270
18271
18272
18273
18274
18275
18276
18277
18278
18279
18280
18281
18282
18283
18284
18285
18286
18287
18288
18289
18290
18291
18292
18293
18294
18295
18296
18297
18298
18299
18300
18301
18302
18303
18304
18305
18306
18307
18308
18309
18310
18311
18312
18313
18314
18315
18316
18317
18318
18319
18320
18321
18322
18323
18324
18325
18326
18327
18328
18329
18330
18331
18332
18333
18334
18335
18336
18337
18338
18339
18340
18341
18342
18343
18344
18345
18346
18347
18348
18349
18350
18351
18352
18353
18354
18355
18356
18357
18358
18359
18360
18361
18362
18363
18364
18365
18366
18367
18368
18369
18370
18371
18372
18373
18374
18375
18376
18377
18378
18379
18380
18381
18382
18383
18384
18385
18386
18387
18388
18389
18390
18391
18392
18393
18394
18395
18396
18397
18398
18399
18400
18401
18402
18403
18404
18405
18406
18407
18408
18409
18410
18411
18412
18413
18414
18415
18416
18417
18418
18419
18420
18421
18422
18423
18424
18425
18426
18427
18428
18429
18430
18431
18432
18433
18434
18435
18436
18437
18438
18439
18440
18441
18442
18443
18444
18445
18446
18447
18448
18449
18450
18451
18452
18453
18454
18455
18456
18457
18458
18459
18460
18461
18462
18463
18464
18465
18466
18467
18468
18469
18470
18471
18472
18473
18474
18475
18476
18477
18478
18479
18480
18481
18482
18483
18484
18485
18486
18487
18488
18489
18490
18491
18492
18493
18494
18495
18496
18497
18498
18499
18500
18501
18502
18503
18504
18505
18506
18507
18508
18509
18510
18511
18512
18513
18514
18515
18516
18517
18518
18519
18520
18521
18522
18523
18524
18525
18526
18527
18528
18529
18530
18531
18532
18533
18534
18535
18536
18537
18538
18539
18540
18541
18542
18543
18544
18545
18546
18547
18548
18549
18550
18551
18552
18553
18554
18555
18556
18557
18558
18559
18560
18561
18562
18563
18564
18565
18566
18567
18568
18569
18570
18571
18572
18573
18574
18575
18576
18577
18578
18579
18580
18581
18582
18583
18584
18585
18586
18587
18588
18589
18590
18591
18592
18593
18594
18595
18596
18597
18598
18599
18600
18601
18602
18603
18604
18605
18606
18607
18608
18609
18610
18611
18612
18613
18614
18615
18616
18617
18618
18619
18620
18621
18622
18623
18624
18625
18626
18627
18628
18629
18630
18631
18632
18633
18634
18635
18636
18637
18638
18639
18640
18641
18642
18643
18644
18645
18646
18647
18648
18649
18650
18651
18652
18653
18654
18655
18656
18657
18658
18659
18660
18661
18662
18663
18664
18665
18666
18667
18668
18669
18670
18671
18672
18673
18674
18675
18676
18677
18678
18679
18680
18681
18682
18683
18684
18685
18686
18687
18688
18689
18690
18691
18692
18693
18694
18695
18696
18697
18698
18699
18700
18701
18702
18703
18704
18705
18706
18707
18708
18709
18710
18711
18712
18713
18714
18715
18716
18717
18718
18719
18720
18721
18722
18723
18724
18725
18726
18727
18728
18729
18730
18731
18732
18733
18734
18735
18736
18737
18738
18739
18740
18741
18742
18743
18744
18745
18746
18747
18748
18749
18750
18751
18752
18753
18754
18755
18756
18757
18758
18759
18760
18761
18762
18763
18764
18765
18766
18767
18768
18769
18770
18771
18772
18773
18774
18775
18776
18777
18778
18779
18780
18781
18782
18783
18784
18785
18786
18787
18788
18789
18790
18791
18792
18793
18794
18795
18796
18797
18798
18799
18800
18801
18802
18803
18804
18805
18806
18807
18808
18809
18810
18811
18812
18813
18814
18815
18816
18817
18818
18819
18820
18821
18822
18823
18824
18825
18826
18827
18828
18829
18830
18831
18832
18833
18834
18835
18836
18837
18838
18839
18840
18841
18842
18843
18844
18845
18846
18847
18848
18849
18850
18851
18852
18853
18854
18855
18856
18857
18858
18859
18860
18861
18862
18863
18864
18865
18866
18867
18868
18869
18870
18871
18872
18873
18874
18875
18876
18877
18878
18879
18880
18881
18882
18883
18884
18885
18886
18887
18888
18889
18890
18891
18892
18893
18894
18895
18896
18897
18898
18899
18900
18901
18902
18903
18904
18905
18906
18907
18908
18909
18910
18911
18912
18913
18914
18915
18916
18917
18918
18919
18920
18921
18922
18923
18924
18925
18926
18927
18928
18929
18930
18931
18932
18933
18934
18935
18936
18937
18938
18939
18940
18941
18942
18943
18944
18945
18946
18947
18948
18949
18950
18951
18952
18953
18954
18955
18956
18957
18958
18959
18960
18961
18962
18963
18964
18965
18966
18967
18968
18969
18970
18971
18972
18973
18974
18975
18976
18977
18978
18979
18980
18981
18982
18983
18984
18985
18986
18987
18988
18989
18990
18991
18992
18993
18994
18995
18996
18997
18998
18999
19000
19001
19002
19003
19004
19005
19006
19007
19008
19009
19010
19011
19012
19013
19014
19015
19016
19017
19018
19019
19020
19021
19022
19023
19024
19025
19026
19027
19028
19029
19030
19031
19032
19033
19034
19035
19036
19037
19038
19039
19040
19041
19042
19043
19044
19045
19046
19047
19048
19049
19050
19051
19052
19053
19054
19055
19056
19057
19058
19059
19060
19061
19062
19063
19064
19065
19066
19067
19068
19069
19070
19071
19072
19073
19074
19075
19076
19077
19078
19079
19080
19081
19082
19083
19084
19085
19086
19087
19088
19089
19090
19091
19092
19093
19094
19095
19096
19097
19098
19099
19100
19101
19102
19103
19104
19105
19106
19107
19108
19109
19110
19111
19112
19113
19114
19115
19116
19117
19118
19119
19120
19121
19122
19123
19124
19125
19126
19127
19128
19129
19130
19131
19132
19133
19134
19135
19136
19137
19138
19139
19140
19141
19142
19143
19144
19145
19146
19147
19148
19149
19150
19151
19152
19153
19154
19155
19156
19157
19158
19159
19160
19161
19162
19163
19164
19165
19166
19167
19168
19169
19170
19171
19172
19173
19174
19175
19176
19177
19178
19179
19180
19181
19182
19183
19184
19185
19186
19187
19188
19189
19190
19191
19192
19193
19194
19195
19196
19197
19198
19199
19200
19201
19202
19203
19204
19205
19206
19207
19208
19209
19210
19211
19212
19213
19214
19215
19216
19217
19218
19219
19220
19221
19222
19223
19224
19225
19226
19227
19228
19229
19230
19231
19232
19233
19234
19235
19236
19237
19238
19239
19240
19241
19242
19243
19244
19245
19246
19247
19248
19249
19250
19251
19252
19253
19254
19255
19256
19257
19258
19259
19260
19261
19262
19263
19264
19265
19266
19267
19268
19269
19270
19271
19272
19273
19274
19275
19276
19277
19278
19279
19280
19281
19282
19283
19284
19285
19286
19287
19288
19289
19290
19291
19292
19293
19294
19295
19296
19297
19298
19299
19300
19301
19302
19303
19304
19305
19306
19307
19308
19309
19310
19311
19312
19313
19314
19315
19316
19317
19318
19319
19320
19321
19322
19323
19324
19325
19326
19327
19328
19329
19330
19331
19332
19333
19334
19335
19336
19337
19338
19339
19340
19341
19342
19343
19344
19345
19346
19347
19348
19349
19350
19351
19352
19353
19354
19355
19356
19357
19358
19359
19360
19361
19362
19363
19364
19365
19366
19367
19368
19369
19370
19371
19372
19373
19374
19375
19376
19377
19378
19379
19380
19381
19382
19383
19384
19385
19386
19387
19388
19389
19390
19391
19392
19393
19394
19395
19396
19397
19398
19399
19400
19401
19402
19403
19404
19405
19406
19407
19408
19409
19410
19411
19412
19413
19414
19415
19416
19417
19418
19419
19420
19421
19422
19423
19424
19425
19426
19427
19428
19429
19430
19431
19432
19433
19434
19435
19436
19437
19438
19439
19440
19441
19442
19443
19444
19445
19446
19447
19448
19449
19450
19451
19452
19453
19454
19455
19456
19457
19458
19459
19460
19461
19462
19463
19464
19465
19466
19467
19468
19469
19470
19471
19472
19473
19474
19475
19476
19477
19478
19479
19480
19481
19482
19483
19484
19485
19486
19487
19488
19489
19490
19491
19492
19493
19494
19495
19496
19497
19498
19499
19500
19501
19502
19503
19504
19505
19506
19507
19508
19509
19510
19511
19512
19513
19514
19515
19516
19517
19518
19519
19520
19521
19522
19523
19524
19525
19526
19527
19528
19529
19530
19531
19532
19533
19534
19535
19536
19537
19538
19539
19540
19541
19542
19543
19544
19545
19546
19547
19548
19549
19550
19551
19552
19553
19554
19555
19556
19557
19558
19559
19560
19561
19562
19563
19564
19565
19566
19567
19568
19569
19570
19571
19572
19573
19574
19575
19576
19577
19578
19579
19580
19581
19582
19583
19584
19585
19586
19587
19588
19589
19590
19591
19592
19593
19594
19595
19596
19597
19598
19599
19600
19601
19602
19603
19604
19605
19606
19607
19608
19609
19610
19611
19612
19613
19614
19615
19616
19617
19618
19619
19620
19621
19622
19623
19624
19625
19626
19627
19628
19629
19630
19631
19632
19633
19634
19635
19636
19637
19638
19639
19640
19641
19642
19643
19644
19645
19646
19647
19648
19649
19650
19651
19652
19653
19654
19655
19656
19657
19658
19659
19660
19661
19662
19663
19664
19665
19666
19667
19668
19669
19670
19671
19672
19673
19674
19675
19676
19677
19678
19679
19680
19681
19682
19683
19684
19685
19686
19687
19688
19689
19690
19691
19692
19693
19694
19695
19696
19697
19698
19699
19700
19701
19702
19703
19704
19705
19706
19707
19708
19709
19710
19711
19712
19713
19714
19715
19716
19717
19718
19719
19720
19721
19722
19723
19724
19725
19726
19727
19728
19729
19730
19731
19732
19733
19734
19735
19736
19737
19738
19739
19740
19741
19742
19743
19744
19745
19746
19747
19748
19749
19750
19751
19752
19753
19754
19755
19756
19757
19758
19759
19760
19761
19762
19763
19764
19765
19766
19767
19768
19769
19770
19771
19772
19773
19774
19775
19776
19777
19778
19779
19780
19781
19782
19783
19784
19785
19786
19787
19788
19789
19790
19791
19792
19793
19794
19795
19796
19797
19798
19799
19800
19801
19802
19803
19804
19805
19806
19807
19808
19809
19810
19811
19812
19813
19814
19815
19816
19817
19818
19819
19820
19821
19822
19823
19824
19825
19826
19827
19828
19829
19830
19831
19832
19833
19834
19835
19836
19837
19838
19839
19840
19841
19842
19843
19844
19845
19846
19847
19848
19849
19850
19851
19852
19853
19854
19855
19856
19857
19858
19859
19860
19861
19862
19863
19864
19865
19866
19867
19868
19869
19870
19871
19872
19873
19874
19875
19876
19877
19878
19879
19880
19881
19882
19883
19884
19885
19886
19887
19888
19889
19890
19891
19892
19893
19894
19895
19896
19897
19898
19899
19900
19901
19902
19903
19904
19905
19906
19907
19908
19909
19910
19911
19912
19913
19914
19915
19916
19917
19918
19919
19920
19921
19922
19923
19924
19925
19926
19927
19928
19929
19930
19931
19932
19933
19934
19935
19936
19937
19938
19939
19940
19941
19942
19943
19944
19945
19946
19947
19948
19949
19950
19951
19952
19953
19954
19955
19956
19957
19958
19959
19960
19961
19962
19963
19964
19965
19966
19967
19968
19969
19970
19971
19972
19973
19974
19975
19976
19977
19978
19979
19980
19981
19982
19983
19984
19985
19986
19987
19988
19989
19990
19991
19992
19993
19994
19995
19996
19997
19998
19999
20000
20001
20002
20003
20004
20005
20006
20007
20008
20009
20010
20011
20012
20013
20014
20015
20016
20017
20018
20019
20020
20021
20022
20023
20024
20025
20026
20027
20028
20029
20030
20031
20032
20033
20034
20035
20036
20037
20038
20039
20040
20041
20042
20043
20044
20045
20046
20047
20048
20049
20050
20051
20052
20053
20054
20055
20056
20057
20058
20059
20060
20061
20062
20063
20064
20065
20066
20067
20068
20069
20070
20071
20072
20073
20074
20075
20076
20077
20078
20079
20080
20081
20082
20083
20084
20085
20086
20087
20088
20089
20090
20091
20092
20093
20094
20095
20096
20097
20098
20099
20100
20101
20102
20103
20104
20105
20106
20107
20108
20109
20110
20111
20112
20113
20114
20115
20116
20117
20118
20119
20120
20121
20122
20123
20124
20125
20126
20127
20128
20129
20130
20131
20132
20133
20134
20135
20136
20137
20138
20139
20140
20141
20142
20143
20144
20145
20146
20147
20148
20149
20150
20151
20152
20153
20154
20155
20156
20157
20158
20159
20160
20161
20162
20163
20164
20165
20166
20167
20168
20169
20170
20171
20172
20173
20174
20175
20176
20177
20178
20179
20180
20181
20182
20183
20184
20185
20186
20187
20188
20189
20190
20191
20192
20193
20194
20195
20196
20197
20198
20199
20200
20201
20202
20203
20204
20205
20206
20207
20208
20209
20210
20211
20212
20213
20214
20215
20216
20217
20218
20219
20220
20221
20222
20223
20224
20225
20226
20227
20228
20229
20230
20231
20232
20233
20234
20235
20236
20237
20238
20239
20240
20241
20242
20243
20244
20245
20246
20247
20248
20249
20250
20251
20252
20253
20254
20255
20256
20257
20258
20259
20260
20261
20262
20263
20264
20265
20266
20267
20268
20269
20270
20271
20272
20273
20274
20275
20276
20277
20278
20279
20280
20281
20282
20283
20284
20285
20286
20287
20288
20289
20290
20291
20292
20293
20294
20295
20296
20297
20298
20299
20300
20301
20302
20303
20304
20305
20306
20307
20308
20309
20310
20311
20312
20313
20314
20315
20316
20317
20318
20319
20320
20321
20322
20323
20324
20325
20326
20327
20328
20329
20330
20331
20332
20333
20334
20335
20336
20337
20338
20339
20340
20341
20342
20343
20344
20345
20346
20347
20348
20349
20350
20351
20352
20353
20354
20355
20356
20357
20358
20359
20360
20361
20362
20363
20364
20365
20366
20367
20368
20369
20370
20371
20372
20373
20374
20375
20376
20377
20378
20379
20380
20381
20382
20383
20384
20385
20386
20387
20388
20389
20390
20391
20392
20393
20394
20395
20396
20397
20398
20399
20400
20401
20402
20403
20404
20405
20406
20407
20408
20409
20410
20411
20412
20413
20414
20415
20416
20417
20418
20419
20420
20421
20422
20423
20424
20425
20426
20427
20428
20429
20430
20431
20432
20433
20434
20435
20436
20437
20438
20439
20440
20441
20442
20443
20444
20445
20446
20447
20448
20449
20450
20451
20452
20453
20454
20455
20456
20457
20458
20459
20460
20461
20462
20463
20464
20465
20466
20467
20468
20469
20470
20471
20472
20473
20474
20475
20476
20477
20478
20479
20480
20481
20482
20483
20484
20485
20486
20487
20488
20489
20490
20491
20492
20493
20494
20495
20496
20497
20498
20499
20500
20501
20502
20503
20504
20505
20506
20507
20508
20509
20510
20511
20512
20513
20514
20515
20516
20517
20518
20519
20520
20521
20522
20523
20524
20525
20526
20527
20528
20529
20530
20531
20532
20533
20534
20535
20536
20537
20538
20539
20540
20541
20542
20543
20544
20545
20546
20547
20548
20549
20550
20551
20552
20553
20554
20555
20556
20557
20558
20559
20560
20561
20562
20563
20564
20565
20566
20567
20568
20569
20570
20571
20572
20573
20574
20575
20576
20577
20578
20579
20580
20581
20582
20583
20584
20585
20586
20587
20588
20589
20590
20591
20592
20593
20594
20595
20596
20597
20598
20599
20600
20601
20602
20603
20604
20605
20606
20607
20608
20609
20610
20611
20612
20613
20614
20615
20616
20617
20618
20619
20620
20621
20622
20623
20624
20625
20626
20627
20628
20629
20630
20631
20632
20633
20634
20635
20636
20637
20638
20639
20640
20641
20642
20643
20644
20645
20646
20647
20648
20649
20650
20651
20652
20653
20654
20655
20656
20657
20658
20659
20660
20661
20662
20663
20664
20665
20666
20667
20668
20669
20670
20671
20672
20673
20674
20675
20676
20677
20678
20679
20680
20681
20682
20683
20684
20685
20686
20687
20688
20689
20690
20691
20692
20693
20694
20695
20696
20697
20698
20699
20700
20701
20702
20703
20704
20705
20706
20707
20708
20709
20710
20711
20712
20713
20714
20715
20716
20717
20718
20719
20720
20721
20722
20723
20724
20725
20726
20727
20728
20729
20730
20731
20732
20733
20734
20735
20736
20737
20738
20739
20740
20741
20742
20743
20744
20745
20746
20747
20748
20749
20750
20751
20752
20753
20754
20755
20756
20757
20758
20759
20760
20761
20762
20763
20764
20765
20766
20767
20768
20769
20770
20771
20772
20773
20774
20775
20776
20777
20778
20779
20780
20781
20782
20783
20784
20785
20786
20787
20788
20789
20790
20791
20792
20793
20794
20795
20796
20797
20798
20799
20800
20801
20802
20803
20804
20805
20806
20807
20808
20809
20810
20811
20812
20813
20814
20815
20816
20817
20818
20819
20820
20821
20822
20823
20824
20825
20826
20827
20828
20829
20830
20831
20832
20833
20834
20835
20836
20837
20838
20839
20840
20841
20842
20843
20844
20845
20846
20847
20848
20849
20850
20851
20852
20853
20854
20855
20856
20857
20858
20859
20860
20861
20862
20863
20864
20865
20866
20867
20868
20869
20870
20871
20872
20873
20874
20875
20876
20877
20878
20879
20880
20881
20882
20883
20884
20885
20886
20887
20888
20889
20890
20891
20892
20893
20894
20895
20896
20897
20898
20899
20900
20901
20902
20903
20904
20905
20906
20907
20908
20909
20910
20911
20912
20913
20914
20915
20916
20917
20918
20919
20920
20921
20922
20923
20924
20925
20926
20927
20928
20929
20930
20931
20932
20933
20934
20935
20936
20937
20938
20939
20940
20941
20942
20943
20944
20945
20946
20947
20948
20949
20950
20951
20952
20953
20954
20955
20956
20957
20958
20959
20960
20961
20962
20963
20964
20965
20966
20967
20968
20969
20970
20971
20972
20973
20974
20975
20976
20977
20978
20979
20980
20981
20982
20983
20984
20985
20986
20987
20988
20989
20990
20991
20992
20993
20994
20995
20996
20997
20998
20999
21000
21001
21002
21003
21004
21005
21006
21007
21008
21009
21010
21011
21012
21013
21014
21015
21016
21017
21018
21019
21020
21021
21022
21023
21024
21025
21026
21027
21028
21029
21030
21031
21032
21033
21034
21035
21036
21037
21038
21039
21040
21041
21042
21043
21044
21045
21046
21047
21048
21049
21050
21051
21052
21053
21054
21055
21056
21057
21058
21059
21060
21061
21062
21063
21064
21065
21066
21067
21068
21069
21070
21071
21072
21073
21074
21075
21076
21077
21078
21079
21080
21081
21082
21083
21084
21085
21086
21087
21088
21089
21090
21091
21092
21093
21094
21095
21096
21097
21098
21099
21100
21101
21102
21103
21104
21105
21106
21107
21108
21109
21110
21111
21112
21113
21114
21115
21116
21117
21118
21119
21120
21121
21122
21123
21124
21125
21126
21127
21128
21129
21130
21131
21132
21133
21134
21135
21136
21137
21138
21139
21140
21141
21142
21143
21144
21145
21146
21147
21148
21149
21150
21151
21152
21153
21154
21155
21156
21157
21158
21159
21160
21161
21162
21163
21164
21165
21166
21167
21168
21169
21170
21171
21172
21173
21174
21175
21176
21177
21178
21179
21180
21181
21182
21183
21184
21185
21186
21187
21188
21189
21190
21191
21192
21193
21194
21195
21196
21197
21198
21199
21200
21201
21202
21203
21204
21205
21206
21207
21208
21209
21210
21211
21212
21213
21214
21215
21216
21217
21218
21219
21220
21221
21222
21223
21224
21225
21226
21227
21228
21229
21230
21231
21232
21233
21234
21235
21236
21237
21238
21239
21240
21241
21242
21243
21244
21245
21246
21247
21248
21249
21250
21251
21252
21253
21254
21255
21256
21257
21258
21259
21260
21261
21262
21263
21264
21265
21266
21267
21268
21269
21270
21271
21272
21273
21274
21275
21276
21277
21278
21279
21280
21281
21282
21283
21284
21285
21286
21287
21288
21289
21290
21291
21292
21293
21294
21295
21296
21297
21298
21299
21300
21301
21302
21303
21304
21305
21306
21307
21308
21309
21310
21311
21312
21313
21314
21315
21316
21317
21318
21319
21320
21321
21322
21323
21324
21325
21326
21327
21328
21329
21330
21331
21332
21333
21334
21335
21336
21337
21338
21339
21340
21341
21342
21343
21344
21345
21346
21347
21348
21349
21350
21351
21352
21353
21354
21355
21356
21357
21358
21359
21360
21361
21362
21363
21364
21365
21366
21367
21368
21369
21370
21371
21372
21373
21374
21375
21376
21377
21378
21379
21380
21381
21382
21383
21384
21385
21386
21387
21388
21389
21390
21391
21392
21393
21394
21395
21396
21397
21398
21399
21400
21401
21402
21403
21404
21405
21406
21407
21408
21409
21410
21411
21412
21413
21414
21415
21416
21417
21418
21419
21420
21421
21422
21423
21424
21425
21426
21427
21428
21429
21430
21431
21432
21433
21434
21435
21436
21437
21438
21439
21440
21441
21442
21443
21444
21445
21446
21447
21448
21449
21450
21451
21452
21453
21454
21455
21456
21457
21458
21459
21460
21461
21462
21463
21464
21465
21466
21467
21468
21469
21470
21471
21472
21473
21474
21475
21476
21477
21478
21479
21480
21481
21482
21483
21484
21485
21486
21487

 
#+title: The Org Manual

#+texinfo: @insertcopying

* Introduction
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Getting started.
:END:
#+cindex: introduction

** Summary
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Brief summary of what Org does.
:END:
#+cindex: summary

Org is a mode for keeping notes, maintaining TODO lists, and project
planning with a fast and effective plain-text markup language.  It
also is an authoring system with unique support for literate
programming and reproducible research.

Org is implemented on top of Outline mode, which makes it possible to
keep the content of large files well structured.  Visibility cycling
and structure editing help to work with the tree.  Tables are easily
created with a built-in table editor.  Plain text URL-like links
connect to websites, emails, Usenet messages, BBDB entries, and any
files related to the projects.

Org develops organizational tasks around notes files that contain
lists or information about projects as plain text.  Project planning
and task management make use of metadata which is part of an outline
node.  Based on this data, specific entries can be extracted in
queries and create dynamic /agenda views/ that also integrate the
Emacs calendar and diary.  Org can be used to implement many different
project planning schemes, such as David Allen's GTD system.

Org files can serve as a single source authoring system with export to
many different formats such as HTML, LaTeX, Open Document, and
Markdown.  New export backends can be derived from existing ones, or
defined from scratch.

Org files can include source code blocks, which makes Org uniquely
suited for authoring technical documents with code examples. Org
source code blocks are fully functional; they can be evaluated in
place and their results can be captured in the file.  This makes it
possible to create a single file reproducible research compendium.

Org keeps simple things simple.  When first fired up, it should feel
like a straightforward, easy to use outliner.  Complexity is not
imposed, but a large amount of functionality is available when needed.
Org is a toolbox.  Many users actually run only a---very
personal---fraction of Org's capabilities, and know that there is more
whenever they need it.

All of this is achieved with strictly plain text files, the most
portable and future-proof file format.  Org runs in Emacs.  Emacs is
one of the most widely ported programs, so that Org mode is available
on every major platform.

#+cindex: FAQ
There is a website for Org which provides links to the newest version
of Org, as well as additional information, frequently asked questions
(FAQ), links to tutorials, etc.  This page is located at
[[https://orgmode.org]].

#+cindex: print edition
An earlier version (7.3) of this manual is available as a [[http://www.network-theory.co.uk/org/manual/][paperback
book from Network Theory Ltd.]].

** Installation
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Installing Org.
:END:
#+cindex: installation

Org is included in all recent distributions of GNU Emacs, so you
probably do not need to install it.  Most users will simply activate
Org and begin exploring its many features.

If, for one reason or another, you want to install Org on top of this
pre-packaged version, there are three ways to do it:

- by using the Emacs package system;
- by downloading Org as an archive; or
- by using Org's git repository.

We *strongly recommend* sticking to a single installation method.

*** Using Emacs packaging system
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

Recent Emacs distributions include a packaging system which lets you
install Elisp libraries.  You can install Org with {{{kbd(M-x
package-install RET org)}}}.

#+attr_texinfo: :tag Important
#+begin_quote
You need to do this in a session where no =.org= file has been
visited, i.e., where no Org built-in function have been loaded.
Otherwise autoload Org functions will mess up the installation.
#+end_quote

Then, to make sure your Org configuration is taken into account,
initialize the package system with ~(package-initialize)~ in your
Emacs init file before setting any Org option.  If you want to use
Org's package repository, check out the [[https://orgmode.org/elpa.html][Org ELPA page]].

*** Downloading Org as an archive
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

You can download Org latest release from [[https://orgmode.org/][Org's website]].  In this case,
make sure you set the load-path correctly in your Emacs init file:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(add-to-list 'load-path "~/path/to/orgdir/lisp")
#+end_src

The downloaded archive contains contributed libraries that are not
included in Emacs.  If you want to use them, add the =contrib/=
directory to your load-path:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(add-to-list 'load-path "~/path/to/orgdir/contrib/lisp" t)
#+end_src

Optionally, you can compile the files and/or install them in your
system.  Run =make help= to list compilation and installation options.

*** Using Org's git repository
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

You can clone Org's repository and install Org like this:

#+begin_example
$ cd ~/src/
$ git clone git@code.orgmode.org:bzg/org-mode.git
$ cd org-mode/
$ make autoloads
#+end_example

Note that in this case, ~make autoloads~ is mandatory: it defines
Org's version in =org-version.el= and Org's autoloads in
=org-loaddefs.el=.

Remember to add the correct load-path as described in the method
above.

You can also compile with =make=, generate the documentation with
=make doc=, create a local configuration with =make config= and
install Org with =make install=.  Please run =make help= to get the
list of compilation/installation options.

For more detailed explanations on Org's build system, please check the
Org Build System page on [[https://orgmode.org/worg/dev/org-build-system.html][Worg]].

** Activation
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: How to activate Org for certain buffers.
:END:
#+cindex: activation
#+cindex: autoload
#+cindex: ELPA
#+cindex: global key bindings
#+cindex: key bindings, global

Org mode buffers need Font Lock to be turned on: this is the default
in Emacs[fn:1].

There are compatibility issues between Org mode and some other Elisp
packages (see [[*Packages that conflict with Org mode]]).  Please take the
time to check the list.

#+findex: org-agenda
#+findex: org-capture
#+findex: org-store-link
For a better experience, the three Org commands ~org-store-link~,
~org-capture~ and ~org-agenda~ ought to be accessible anywhere in
Emacs, not just in Org buffers.  To that effect, you need to bind them
to globally available keys, like the ones reserved for users (see
[[info:elisp::Key%20Binding%20Conventions]]).  Here are suggested
bindings, please modify the keys to your own liking.

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(global-set-key (kbd "C-c l") 'org-store-link)
(global-set-key (kbd "C-c a") 'org-agenda)
(global-set-key (kbd "C-c c") 'org-capture)
#+end_src

#+cindex: Org mode, turning on
Files with the =.org= extension use Org mode by default.  To turn on
Org mode in a file that does not have the extension =.org=, make the
first line of a file look like this:

: MY PROJECTS    -*- mode: org; -*-

#+vindex: org-insert-mode-line-in-empty-file
#+texinfo: @noindent
which selects Org mode for this buffer no matter what the file's name
is.  See also the variable ~org-insert-mode-line-in-empty-file~.

Many commands in Org work on the region if the region is /active/.  To
make use of this, you need to have ~transient-mark-mode~ turned on,
which is the default.  If you do not like ~transient-mark-mode~, you
can create an active region by using the mouse to select a region, or
pressing {{{kbd(C-SPC)}}} twice before moving point.

** Feedback
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Bug reports, ideas, patches, etc.
:END:
#+cindex: feedback
#+cindex: bug reports
#+cindex: reporting a bug
#+cindex: maintainer
#+cindex: author

If you find problems with Org, or if you have questions, remarks, or
ideas about it, please send an email to the Org mailing list
[[mailto:emacs-orgmode@gnu.org]].  You can subscribe to the list [[https://lists.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/emacs-orgmode][from this
web page]].  If you are not a member of the mailing list, your mail will
be passed to the list after a moderator has approved it[fn:2].

#+findex: org-version
#+findex: org-submit-bug-report
For bug reports, please first try to reproduce the bug with the latest
version of Org available---if you are running an outdated version, it
is quite possible that the bug has been fixed already.  If the bug
persists, prepare a report and provide as much information as
possible, including the version information of Emacs ({{{kbd(M-x
emacs-version)}}}) and Org ({{{kbd(M-x org-version)}}}), as well as
the Org related setup in the Emacs init file.  The easiest way to do
this is to use the command

: M-x org-submit-bug-report <RET>

#+texinfo: @noindent
which puts all this information into an Emacs mail buffer so that you
only need to add your description.  If you are not sending the Email
from within Emacs, please copy and paste the content into your Email
program.

Sometimes you might face a problem due to an error in your Emacs or
Org mode setup.  Before reporting a bug, it is very helpful to start
Emacs with minimal customizations and reproduce the problem.  Doing so
often helps you determine if the problem is with your customization or
with Org mode itself.  You can start a typical minimal session with
a command like the example below.

: $ emacs -Q -l /path/to/minimal-org.el

However if you are using Org mode as distributed with Emacs, a minimal
setup is not necessary.  In that case it is sufficient to start Emacs
as =emacs -Q=.  The =minimal-org.el= setup file can have contents as
shown below.

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
;;; Minimal setup to load latest `org-mode'.

;; Activate debugging.
(setq debug-on-error t
      debug-on-signal nil
      debug-on-quit nil)

;; Add latest Org mode to load path.
(add-to-list 'load-path (expand-file-name "/path/to/org-mode/lisp"))
(add-to-list 'load-path (expand-file-name "/path/to/org-mode/contrib/lisp" t))
#+end_src

If an error occurs, a "backtrace" can be very useful---see below on
how to create one.  Often a small example file helps, along with clear
information about:

1. What exactly did you do?
2. What did you expect to happen?
3. What happened instead?

Thank you for helping to improve this program.

*** How to create a useful backtrace
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

#+cindex: backtrace of an error
If working with Org produces an error with a message you do not
understand, you may have hit a bug.  The best way to report this is by
providing, in addition to what was mentioned above, a backtrace.  This
is information from the built-in debugger about where and how the
error occurred.  Here is how to produce a useful backtrace:

1. Reload uncompiled versions of all Org mode Lisp files.  The
   backtrace contains much more information if it is produced with
   uncompiled code.  To do this, use

   : C-u M-x org-reload <RET>

   #+texinfo: @noindent
   or, from the menu: Org \rarr Refresh/Reload \rarr Reload Org uncompiled.

2. Then, activate the debugger:

   : M-x toggle-debug-or-error <RET>

   #+texinfo: @noindent
   or, from the menu: Options \rarr Enter Debugger on Error.

3. Do whatever you have to do to hit the error.  Do not forget to
   document the steps you take.

4. When you hit the error, a =*Backtrace*= buffer appears on the
   screen.  Save this buffer to a file---for example using {{{kbd(C-x
   C-w)}}}---and attach it to your bug report.

** Typesetting Conventions Used in this Manual
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Typesetting conventions used in this manual.
:ALT_TITLE: Conventions
:END:

*** TODO keywords, tags, properties, etc.
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

Org uses various syntactical elements: TODO keywords, tags, property
names, keywords, blocks, etc.  In this manual we use the following
conventions:

#+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
- =TODO=, =WAITING= ::

     TODO keywords are written with all capitals, even if they are
     user-defined.

- =boss=, =ARCHIVE= ::

     Tags are case-sensitive.  User-defined tags are written in
     lowercase; built-in tags with special meaning are written as they
     should appear in the document, usually with all capitals.

- =Release=, =PRIORITY= ::

     User-defined properties are capitalized; built-in properties with
     special meaning are written with all capitals.

- =TITLE=, =BEGIN= ... =END= ::

     Keywords and blocks are written in uppercase to enhance their
     readability, but you can use lowercase in your Org files.

*** Key bindings and commands
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

The manual lists both the keys and the corresponding commands for
accessing a functionality.  Org mode often uses the same key for
different functions, depending on context.  The command that is bound
to such keys has a generic name, like ~org-metaright~.  In the manual
we will, wherever possible, give the function that is internally
called by the generic command.  For example, in the chapter on
document structure, {{{kbd(M-RIGHT)}}} will be listed to call
~org-do-demote~, while in the chapter on tables, it will be listed to
call ~org-table-move-column-right~.

* Document Structure
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: A tree works like your brain.
:END:
#+cindex: document structure
#+cindex: structure of document

Org is based on Outline mode and provides flexible commands to
edit the structure of the document.

** Outlines
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Org is based on Outline mode.
:END:
#+cindex: outlines
#+cindex: Outline mode

Org is implemented on top of Outline mode.  Outlines allow a document
to be organized in a hierarchical structure, which, least for me, is
the best representation of notes and thoughts.  An overview of this
structure is achieved by folding, i.e., hiding large parts of the
document to show only the general document structure and the parts
currently being worked on.  Org greatly simplifies the use of outlines
by compressing the entire show and hide functionalities into a single
command, ~org-cycle~, which is bound to the {{{kbd(TAB)}}} key.

** Headlines
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: How to typeset Org tree headlines.
:END:
#+cindex: headlines
#+cindex: outline tree
#+vindex: org-special-ctrl-a/e
#+vindex: org-special-ctrl-k
#+vindex: org-ctrl-k-protect-subtree

Headlines define the structure of an outline tree.  The headlines in
Org start with one or more stars, on the left margin[fn:3].  For
example:

#+begin_example
,* Top level headline
,** Second level
,*** Third level
    some text
,*** Third level
    more text
,* Another top level headline
#+end_example

#+vindex: org-footnote-section
The name defined in ~org-footnote-section~ is reserved.  Do not use it
as a title for your own headings.

Some people find the many stars too noisy and would prefer an outline
that has whitespace followed by a single star as headline starters.
See [[*A Cleaner Outline View]].

#+vindex: org-cycle-separator-lines
An empty line after the end of a subtree is considered part of it and
is hidden when the subtree is folded.  However, if you leave at least
two empty lines, one empty line remains visible after folding the
subtree, in order to structure the collapsed view.  See the variable
~org-cycle-separator-lines~ to modify this behavior.

** Visibility Cycling
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Show and hide, much simplified.
:END:
#+cindex: cycling, visibility
#+cindex: visibility cycling
#+cindex: trees, visibility
#+cindex: show hidden text
#+cindex: hide text

*** Global and local cycling
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Cycling through various visibility states.
:END:
#+cindex: subtree visibility states
#+cindex: subtree cycling
#+cindex: folded, subtree visibility state
#+cindex: children, subtree visibility state
#+cindex: subtree, subtree visibility state

Outlines make it possible to hide parts of the text in the buffer.
Org uses just two commands, bound to {{{kbd(TAB)}}} and
{{{kbd(S-TAB)}}} to change the visibility in the buffer.

#+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
- {{{kbd(TAB)}}} (~org-cycle~) ::

     #+kindex: TAB
     #+findex: org-cycle
     /Subtree cycling/: Rotate current subtree among the states

     #+begin_example
     ,-> FOLDED -> CHILDREN -> SUBTREE --.
     '-----------------------------------'
     #+end_example

     #+vindex: org-cycle-emulate-tab
     Point must be on a headline for this to work[fn:4].

- {{{kbd(S-TAB)}}} (~org-global-cycle~), {{{kbd(C-u TAB)}}} ::

     #+cindex: global visibility states
     #+cindex: global cycling
     #+cindex: overview, global visibility state
     #+cindex: contents, global visibility state
     #+cindex: show all, global visibility state
     #+kindex: C-u TAB
     #+kindex: S-TAB
     #+findex: org-global-cycle
     /Global cycling/: Rotate the entire buffer among the states

     #+begin_example
     ,-> OVERVIEW -> CONTENTS -> SHOW ALL --.
     '--------------------------------------'
     #+end_example

     When {{{kbd(S-TAB)}}} is called with a numeric prefix argument N,
     the CONTENTS view up to headlines of level N are shown.  Note
     that inside tables (see [[*Tables]]), {{{kbd(S-TAB)}}} jumps to the
     previous field instead.

     #+vindex: org-cycle-global-at-bob
     You can run global cycling using {{{kbd(TAB)}}} only if point is
     at the very beginning of the buffer, but not on a headline, and
     ~org-cycle-global-at-bob~ is set to a non-~nil~ value.

- {{{kbd(C-u C-u TAB)}}} (~org-set-startup-visibility~) ::

     #+cindex: startup visibility
     #+kindex: C-u C-u TAB
     #+findex: org-set-startup-visibility
     Switch back to the startup visibility of the buffer (see [[*Initial
     visibility]]).

- {{{kbd(C-u C-u C-u TAB)}}} (~outline-show-all~) ::

     #+cindex: show all, command
     #+kindex: C-u C-u C-u TAB
     #+findex: outline-show-all
     Show all, including drawers.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-r)}}} (~org-reveal~) ::

     #+cindex: revealing context
     #+kindex: C-c C-r
     #+findex: org-reveal
     Reveal context around point, showing the current entry, the
     following heading and the hierarchy above.  Useful for working
     near a location that has been exposed by a sparse tree command
     (see [[*Sparse Trees]]) or an agenda command (see [[*Commands in the
     Agenda Buffer]]).  With a prefix argument show, on each level, all
     sibling headings.  With a double prefix argument, also show the
     entire subtree of the parent.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-k)}}} (~outline-show-branches~) ::

     #+cindex: show branches, command
     #+kindex: C-c C-k
     #+findex: outline-show-branches
     Expose all the headings of the subtree, CONTENTS view for just
     one subtree.

- {{{kbd(C-c TAB)}}} (~outline-show-children~) ::

     #+cindex: show children, command
     #+kindex: C-c TAB
     #+findex: outline-show-children
     Expose all direct children of the subtree.  With a numeric prefix
     argument N, expose all children down to level N.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x b)}}} (~org-tree-to-indirect-buffer~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x b
     #+findex: org-tree-to-indirect-buffer
     Show the current subtree in an indirect buffer[fn:5].  With
     a numeric prefix argument, N, go up to level N and then take that
     tree.  If N is negative then go up that many levels.  With
     a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix, do not remove the previously used
     indirect buffer.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x v)}}} (~org-copy-visible~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x v
     #+findex: org-copy-visible
     Copy the /visible/ text in the region into the kill ring.

*** Initial visibility
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Setting the initial visibility state.
:END:

#+vindex: org-startup-folded
When Emacs first visits an Org file, the global state is set to
OVERVIEW, i.e., only the top level headlines are visible[fn:6].  This
can be configured through the variable ~org-startup-folded~, or on
a per-file basis by adding one of the following lines anywhere in the
buffer:

#+cindex: @samp{STARTUP}, keyword
#+begin_example
,#+STARTUP: overview
,#+STARTUP: content
,#+STARTUP: showall
,#+STARTUP: showeverything
#+end_example

#+cindex: @samp{VISIBILITY}, property
Furthermore, any entries with a =VISIBILITY= property (see [[*Properties
and Columns]]) get their visibility adapted accordingly.  Allowed values
for this property are =folded=, =children=, =content=, and ~all~.

- {{{kbd(C-u C-u TAB)}}} (~org-set-startup-visibility~) ::

     #+kindex: C-u C-u TAB
     #+findex: org-set-startup-visibility
     Switch back to the startup visibility of the buffer, i.e.,
     whatever is requested by startup options and =VISIBILITY=
     properties in individual entries.

*** Catching invisible edits
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Preventing mistakes when editing invisible parts.
:END:
#+cindex: edits, catching invisible

#+vindex: org-catch-invisible-edits
Sometimes you may inadvertently edit an invisible part of the buffer
and be confused on what has been edited and how to undo the mistake.
Setting ~org-catch-invisible-edits~ to non-~nil~ helps preventing
this.  See the docstring of this option on how Org should catch
invisible edits and process them.

** Motion
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Jumping to other headlines.
:END:
#+cindex: motion, between headlines
#+cindex: jumping, to headlines
#+cindex: headline navigation

The following commands jump to other headlines in the buffer.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-n)}}} (~outline-next-visible-heading~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-n
     #+findex: outline-next-visible-heading
     Next heading.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-p)}}} (~outline-previous-visible-heading~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-p
     #+findex: outline-previous-visible-heading
     Previous heading.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-f)}}} (~org-forward-same-level~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-f
     #+findex: org-forward-same-level
     Next heading same level.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-b)}}} (~org-backward-same-level~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-b
     #+findex: org-backward-same-level
     Previous heading same level.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-u)}}} (~outline-up-heading~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-u
     #+findex: outline-up-heading
     Backward to higher level heading.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-j)}}} (~org-goto~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-j
     #+findex: org-goto
     #+vindex: org-goto-auto-isearch
     Jump to a different place without changing the current outline
     visibility.  Shows the document structure in a temporary buffer,
     where you can use the following keys to find your destination:

     #+attr_texinfo: :columns 0.3 0.7
     | {{{kbd(TAB)}}}                  | Cycle visibility.               |
     | {{{kbd(DOWN)}}} / {{{kbd(UP)}}} | Next/previous visible headline. |
     | {{{kbd(RET)}}}                  | Select this location.           |
     | {{{kbd(/)}}}                    | Do a Sparse-tree search         |

     #+texinfo: @noindent
     The following keys work if you turn off ~org-goto-auto-isearch~

     #+attr_texinfo: :columns 0.3 0.7
     | {{{kbd(n)}}} / {{{kbd(p)}}}   | Next/previous visible headline.    |
     | {{{kbd(f)}}} / {{{kbd(b)}}}   | Next/previous headline same level. |
     | {{{kbd(u)}}}                  | One level up.                      |
     | {{{kbd(0)}}} ... {{{kbd(9)}}} | Digit argument.                    |
     | {{{kbd(q)}}}                  | Quit.                              |

     #+vindex: org-goto-interface
     #+texinfo: @noindent
     See also the variable ~org-goto-interface~.

** Structure Editing
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Changing sequence and level of headlines.
:END:
#+cindex: structure editing
#+cindex: headline, promotion and demotion
#+cindex: promotion, of subtrees
#+cindex: demotion, of subtrees
#+cindex: subtree, cut and paste
#+cindex: pasting, of subtrees
#+cindex: cutting, of subtrees
#+cindex: copying, of subtrees
#+cindex: sorting, of subtrees
#+cindex: subtrees, cut and paste

- {{{kbd(M-RET)}}} (~org-meta-return~) ::

     #+kindex: M-RET
     #+findex: org-meta-return
     #+vindex: org-M-RET-may-split-line
     Insert a new heading, item or row.

     If the command is used at the /beginning/ of a line, and if there
     is a heading or a plain list item (see [[*Plain Lists]]) at point,
     the new heading/item is created /before/ the current line.  When
     used at the beginning of a regular line of text, turn that line
     into a heading.

     When this command is used in the middle of a line, the line is
     split and the rest of the line becomes the new item or headline.
     If you do not want the line to be split, customize
     ~org-M-RET-may-split-line~.

     Calling the command with a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix unconditionally
     inserts a new heading at the end of the current subtree, thus
     preserving its contents.  With a double {{{kbd(C-u C-u)}}}
     prefix, the new heading is created at the end of the parent
     subtree instead.

- {{{kbd(C-RET)}}} (~org-insert-heading-respect-content~) ::

     #+kindex: C-RET
     #+findex: org-insert-heading-respect-content
     Insert a new heading at the end of the current subtree.

- {{{kbd(M-S-RET)}}} (~org-insert-todo-heading~) ::

     #+kindex: M-S-RET
     #+findex: org-insert-todo-heading
     #+vindex: org-treat-insert-todo-heading-as-state-change
     Insert new TODO entry with same level as current heading.  See
     also the variable
     ~org-treat-insert-todo-heading-as-state-change~.

- {{{kbd(C-S-RET)}}} (~org-insert-todo-heading-respect-content~) ::

     #+kindex: C-S-RET
     #+findex: org-insert-todo-heading-respect-content
     Insert new TODO entry with same level as current heading.  Like
     {{{kbd(C-RET)}}}, the new headline is inserted after the current
     subtree.

- {{{kbd(TAB)}}} (~org-cycle~) ::

     #+kindex: TAB
     #+findex: org-cycle
     In a new entry with no text yet, the first {{{kbd(TAB)}}} demotes
     the entry to become a child of the previous one.  The next
     {{{kbd(TAB)}}} makes it a parent, and so on, all the way to top
     level.  Yet another {{{kbd(TAB)}}}, and you are back to the
     initial level.

- {{{kbd(M-LEFT)}}} (~org-do-promote~) ::

     #+kindex: M-LEFT
     #+findex: org-do-promote
     Promote current heading by one level.

- {{{kbd(M-RIGHT)}}} (~org-do-demote~) ::

     #+kindex: M-RIGHT
     #+findex: org-do-demote
     Demote current heading by one level.

- {{{kbd(M-S-LEFT)}}} (~org-promote-subtree~) ::

     #+kindex: M-S-LEFT
     #+findex: org-promote-subtree
     Promote the current subtree by one level.

- {{{kbd(M-S-RIGHT)}}} (~org-demote-subtree~) ::

     #+kindex: M-S-RIGHT
     #+findex: org-demote-subtree
     Demote the current subtree by one level.

- {{{kbd(M-UP)}}} (~org-move-subtree-up~) ::

     #+kindex: M-UP
     #+findex: org-move-subtree-up
     Move subtree up, i.e., swap with previous subtree of same level.

- {{{kbd(M-DOWN)}}} (~org-move-subtree-down~) ::

     #+kindex: M-DOWN
     #+findex: org-move-subtree-down
     Move subtree down, i.e., swap with next subtree of same level.

- {{{kbd(C-c @)}}} (~org-mark-subtree~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c @@
     #+findex: org-mark-subtree
     Mark the subtree at point.  Hitting repeatedly marks subsequent
     subtrees of the same level as the marked subtree.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-w)}}} (~org-cut-subtree~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x C-w
     #+findex: org-cut-subtree
     Kill subtree, i.e., remove it from buffer but save in kill ring.
     With a numeric prefix argument N, kill N sequential subtrees.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x M-w)}}} (~org-copy-subtree~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x M-w
     #+findex: org-copy-subtree
     Copy subtree to kill ring.  With a numeric prefix argument N,
     copy the N sequential subtrees.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-y)}}} (~org-paste-subtree~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x C-y
     #+findex: org-paste-subtree
     Yank subtree from kill ring.  This does modify the level of the
     subtree to make sure the tree fits in nicely at the yank
     position.  The yank level can also be specified with a numeric
     prefix argument, or by yanking after a headline marker like
     =****=.

- {{{kbd(C-y)}}} (~org-yank~) ::

     #+kindex: C-y
     #+findex: org-yank
     #+vindex: org-yank-adjusted-subtrees
     #+vindex: org-yank-folded-subtrees
     Depending on the variables ~org-yank-adjusted-subtrees~ and
     ~org-yank-folded-subtrees~, Org's internal ~yank~ command pastes
     subtrees folded and in a clever way, using the same command as
     {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-y)}}}.  With the default settings, no level
     adjustment takes place, but the yanked tree is folded unless
     doing so would swallow text previously visible.  Any prefix
     argument to this command forces a normal ~yank~ to be executed,
     with the prefix passed along.  A good way to force a normal yank
     is {{{kbd(C-u C-y)}}}.  If you use ~yank-pop~ after a yank, it
     yanks previous kill items plainly, without adjustment and
     folding.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x c)}}} (~org-clone-subtree-with-time-shift~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x c
     #+findex: org-clone-subtree-with-time-shift
     Clone a subtree by making a number of sibling copies of it.  You
     are prompted for the number of copies to make, and you can also
     specify if any timestamps in the entry should be shifted.  This
     can be useful, for example, to create a number of tasks related
     to a series of lectures to prepare.  For more details, see the
     docstring of the command ~org-clone-subtree-with-time-shift~.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-w)}}} (~org-refile~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-w
     #+findex: org-refile
     Refile entry or region to a different location.  See [[*Refile and
     Copy]].

- {{{kbd(C-c ^)}}} (~org-sort~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c ^
     #+findex: org-sort
     Sort same-level entries.  When there is an active region, all
     entries in the region are sorted.  Otherwise the children of the
     current headline are sorted.  The command prompts for the sorting
     method, which can be alphabetically, numerically, by time---first
     timestamp with active preferred, creation time, scheduled time,
     deadline time---by priority, by TODO keyword---in the sequence
     the keywords have been defined in the setup---or by the value of
     a property.  Reverse sorting is possible as well.  You can also
     supply your own function to extract the sorting key.  With
     a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix, sorting is case-sensitive.

- {{{kbd(C-x n s)}}} (~org-narrow-to-subtree~) ::

     #+kindex: C-x n s
     #+findex: org-narrow-to-subtree
     Narrow buffer to current subtree.

- {{{kbd(C-x n b)}}} (~org-narrow-to-block~) ::

     #+kindex: C-x n b
     #+findex: org-narrow-to-block
     Narrow buffer to current block.

- {{{kbd(C-x n w)}}} (~widen~) ::

     #+kindex: C-x n w
     #+findex: widen
     Widen buffer to remove narrowing.

- {{{kbd(C-c *)}}} (~org-toggle-heading~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c *
     #+findex: org-toggle-heading
     Turn a normal line or plain list item into a headline---so that
     it becomes a subheading at its location.  Also turn a headline
     into a normal line by removing the stars.  If there is an active
     region, turn all lines in the region into headlines.  If the
     first line in the region was an item, turn only the item lines
     into headlines.  Finally, if the first line is a headline, remove
     the stars from all headlines in the region.

#+cindex: region, active
#+cindex: active region
#+cindex: transient mark mode
When there is an active region---i.e., when Transient Mark mode is
active---promotion and demotion work on all headlines in the region.
To select a region of headlines, it is best to place both point and
mark at the beginning of a line, mark at the beginning of the first
headline, and point at the line just after the last headline to
change.  Note that when point is inside a table (see [[*Tables]]), the
Meta-Cursor keys have different functionality.

** Sparse Trees
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Matches embedded in context.
:END:
#+cindex: sparse trees
#+cindex: trees, sparse
#+cindex: folding, sparse trees
#+cindex: occur, command

#+vindex: org-show-context-detail
An important feature of Org mode is the ability to construct /sparse
trees/ for selected information in an outline tree, so that the entire
document is folded as much as possible, but the selected information
is made visible along with the headline structure above it[fn:7].
Just try it out and you will see immediately how it works.

Org mode contains several commands creating such trees, all these
commands can be accessed through a dispatcher:

- {{{kbd(C-c /)}}} (~org-sparse-tree~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c /
     #+findex: org-sparse-tree
     This prompts for an extra key to select a sparse-tree creating
     command.

- {{{kbd(C-c / r)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c / /)}}} (~org-occur~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c / r
     #+kindex: C-c / /
     #+findex: org-occur
     #+vindex: org-remove-highlights-with-change
     Prompts for a regexp and shows a sparse tree with all matches.
     If the match is in a headline, the headline is made visible.  If
     the match is in the body of an entry, headline and body are made
     visible.  In order to provide minimal context, also the full
     hierarchy of headlines above the match is shown, as well as the
     headline following the match.  Each match is also highlighted;
     the highlights disappear when the buffer is changed by an editing
     command, or by pressing {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}}[fn:8].  When called
     with a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix argument, previous highlights are
     kept, so several calls to this command can be stacked.

- {{{kbd(M-g n)}}} or {{{kbd(M-g M-n)}}} (~next-error~) ::

     #+kindex: M-g n
     #+kindex: M-g M-n
     #+findex: next-error
     Jump to the next sparse tree match in this buffer.

- {{{kbd(M-g p)}}} or {{{kbd(M-g M-p)}}} (~previous-error~) ::

     #+kindex: M-g p
     #+kindex: M-g M-p
     #+findex: previous-error
     Jump to the previous sparse tree match in this buffer.

#+vindex: org-agenda-custom-commands
For frequently used sparse trees of specific search strings, you can
use the variable ~org-agenda-custom-commands~ to define fast keyboard
access to specific sparse trees.  These commands will then be
accessible through the agenda dispatcher (see [[*The Agenda Dispatcher]]).
For example:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-agenda-custom-commands
      '(("f" occur-tree "FIXME")))
#+end_src

#+texinfo: @noindent
defines the key {{{kbd(f)}}} as a shortcut for creating a sparse tree
matching the string =FIXME=.

The other sparse tree commands select headings based on TODO keywords,
tags, or properties and are discussed later in this manual.

#+kindex: C-c C-e v
#+cindex: printing sparse trees
#+cindex: visible text, printing
To print a sparse tree, you can use the Emacs command
~ps-print-buffer-with-faces~ which does not print invisible parts of
the document.  Or you can use the command {{{kbd(C-c C-e v)}}} to
export only the visible part of the document and print the resulting
file.

** Plain Lists
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Additional structure within an entry.
:END:
#+cindex: plain lists
#+cindex: lists, plain
#+cindex: lists, ordered
#+cindex: ordered lists

Within an entry of the outline tree, hand-formatted lists can provide
additional structure.  They also provide a way to create lists of
checkboxes (see [[*Checkboxes]]).  Org supports editing such lists, and
every exporter (see [[*Exporting]]) can parse and format them.

Org knows ordered lists, unordered lists, and description lists.

#+attr_texinfo: :indic @bullet
- /Unordered/ list items start with =-=, =+=, or =*=[fn:9] as bullets.

-
  #+vindex: org-plain-list-ordered-item-terminator
  #+vindex: org-alphabetical-lists
  /Ordered/ list items start with a numeral followed by either
  a period or a right parenthesis[fn:10], such as =1.= or =1)=[fn:11]
  If you want a list to start with a different value---e.g.,
  20---start the text of the item with =[@20]=[fn:12].  Those
  constructs can be used in any item of the list in order to enforce
  a particular numbering.

- /Description/ list items are unordered list items, and contain the
  separator =::= to distinguish the description /term/ from the
  description.

Items belonging to the same list must have the same indentation on the
first line.  In particular, if an ordered list reaches number =10.=,
then the 2-digit numbers must be written left-aligned with the other
numbers in the list.  An item ends before the next line that is less
or equally indented than its bullet/number.

A list ends whenever every item has ended, which means before any line
less or equally indented than items at top level.  It also ends before
two blank lines.  In that case, all items are closed.  Here is an
example:

#+begin_example
,* Lord of the Rings
My favorite scenes are (in this order)
1. The attack of the Rohirrim
2. Eowyn's fight with the witch king
   + this was already my favorite scene in the book
   + I really like Miranda Otto.
3. Peter Jackson being shot by Legolas
   - on DVD only
   He makes a really funny face when it happens.
But in the end, no individual scenes matter but the film as a whole.
Important actors in this film are:
- Elijah Wood :: He plays Frodo
- Sean Astin :: He plays Sam, Frodo's friend. I still remember him
     very well from his role as Mikey Walsh in /The Goonies/.
#+end_example

Org supports these lists by tuning filling and wrapping commands to
deal with them correctly, and by exporting them properly (see
[[*Exporting]]).  Since indentation is what governs the structure of these
lists, many structural constructs like =#+BEGIN_= blocks can be
indented to signal that they belong to a particular item.

#+vindex: org-list-demote-modify-bullet
#+vindex: org-list-indent-offset
If you find that using a different bullet for a sub-list---than that
used for the current list-level---improves readability, customize the
variable ~org-list-demote-modify-bullet~.  To get a greater difference
of indentation between items and theirs sub-items, customize
~org-list-indent-offset~.

#+vindex: org-list-automatic-rules
The following commands act on items when point is in the first line of
an item---the line with the bullet or number.  Some of them imply the
application of automatic rules to keep list structure intact.  If some
of these actions get in your way, configure ~org-list-automatic-rules~
to disable them individually.

#+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
- {{{kbd(TAB)}}} (~org-cycle~) ::

     #+cindex: cycling, in plain lists
     #+kindex: TAB
     #+findex: org-cycle
     #+vindex: org-cycle-include-plain-lists
     Items can be folded just like headline levels.  Normally this
     works only if point is on a plain list item.  For more details,
     see the variable ~org-cycle-include-plain-lists~.  If this
     variable is set to ~integrate~, plain list items are treated like
     low-level headlines.  The level of an item is then given by the
     indentation of the bullet/number.  Items are always subordinate
     to real headlines, however; the hierarchies remain completely
     separated.  In a new item with no text yet, the first
     {{{kbd(TAB)}}} demotes the item to become a child of the previous
     one.  Subsequent {{{kbd(TAB)}}}s move the item to meaningful
     levels in the list and eventually get it back to its initial
     position.

- {{{kbd(M-RET)}}} (~org-insert-heading~) ::

     #+kindex: M-RET
     #+findex: org-insert-heading
     #+vindex: org-M-RET-may-split-line
     Insert new item at current level.  With a prefix argument, force
     a new heading (see [[*Structure Editing]]).  If this command is used
     in the middle of an item, that item is /split/ in two, and the
     second part becomes the new item[fn:13].  If this command is
     executed /before item's body/, the new item is created /before/
     the current one.

- {{{kbd(M-S-RET)}}} ::

     #+kindex: M-S-RET
     Insert a new item with a checkbox (see [[*Checkboxes]]).

- {{{kbd(S-UP)}}}, {{{kbd(S-DOWN)}}} ::

     #+kindex: S-UP
     #+kindex: S-DOWN
     #+cindex: shift-selection-mode
     #+vindex: org-support-shift-select
     #+vindex: org-list-use-circular-motion
     Jump to the previous/next item in the current list, but only if
     ~org-support-shift-select~ is off[fn:14].  If not, you can
     still use paragraph jumping commands like {{{kbd(C-UP)}}}
     and {{{kbd(C-DOWN)}}} to quite similar effect.

- {{{kbd(M-UP)}}}, {{{kbd(M-DOWN)}}} ::

     #+kindex: M-UP
     #+kindex: M-DOWN
     Move the item including subitems up/down[fn:15], i.e., swap with
     previous/next item of same indentation.  If the list is ordered,
     renumbering is automatic.

- {{{kbd(M-LEFT)}}}, {{{kbd(M-RIGHT)}}} ::

     #+kindex: M-LEFT
     #+kindex: M-RIGHT
     Decrease/increase the indentation of an item, leaving children
     alone.

- {{{kbd(M-S-LEFT)}}}, {{{kbd(M-S-RIGHT)}}} ::

     #+kindex: M-S-LEFT
     #+kindex: M-S-RIGHT
     Decrease/increase the indentation of the item, including
     subitems.  Initially, the item tree is selected based on current
     indentation.  When these commands are executed several times in
     direct succession, the initially selected region is used, even if
     the new indentation would imply a different hierarchy.  To use
     the new hierarchy, break the command chain by moving point.

     As a special case, using this command on the very first item of
     a list moves the whole list.  This behavior can be disabled by
     configuring ~org-list-automatic-rules~.  The global indentation
     of a list has no influence on the text /after/ the list.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-c
     If there is a checkbox (see [[*Checkboxes]]) in the item line, toggle
     the state of the checkbox.  In any case, verify bullets and
     indentation consistency in the whole list.

- {{{kbd(C-c -)}}} ::

     #+kindex: C-c -
     #+vindex: org-plain-list-ordered-item-terminator
     Cycle the entire list level through the different
     itemize/enumerate bullets (=-=, =+=, =*=, =1.=, =1)=) or a subset
     of them, depending on ~org-plain-list-ordered-item-terminator~,
     the type of list, and its indentation.  With a numeric prefix
     argument N, select the Nth bullet from this list.  If there is an
     active region when calling this, selected text is changed into an
     item.  With a prefix argument, all lines are converted to list
     items.  If the first line already was a list item, any item
     marker is removed from the list.  Finally, even without an active
     region, a normal line is converted into a list item.

- {{{kbd(C-c *)}}} ::

     #+kindex: C-c *
     Turn a plain list item into a headline---so that it becomes
     a subheading at its location.  See [[*Structure Editing]], for
     a detailed explanation.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-*)}}} ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-*
     Turn the whole plain list into a subtree of the current heading.
     Checkboxes (see [[*Checkboxes]]) become TODO, respectively DONE,
     keywords when unchecked, respectively checked.

- {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}}, {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}} ::

     #+vindex: org-support-shift-select
     #+kindex: S-LEFT
     #+kindex: S-RIGHT
     This command also cycles bullet styles when point is in on the
     bullet or anywhere in an item line, details depending on
     ~org-support-shift-select~.

- {{{kbd(C-c ^)}}} ::

     #+kindex: C-c ^
     #+cindex: sorting, of plain list
     Sort the plain list.  Prompt for the sorting method: numerically,
     alphabetically, by time, or by custom function.

** Drawers
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Tucking stuff away.
:END:
#+cindex: drawers
#+cindex: visibility cycling, drawers

Sometimes you want to keep information associated with an entry, but
you normally do not want to see it.  For this, Org mode has /drawers/.
They can contain anything but a headline and another drawer.  Drawers
look like this:

#+begin_example
,** This is a headline
Still outside the drawer
:DRAWERNAME:
This is inside the drawer.
:END:
After the drawer.
#+end_example

#+kindex: C-c C-x d
#+findex: org-insert-drawer
You can interactively insert a drawer at point by calling
~org-insert-drawer~, which is bound to {{{kbd(C-c C-x d)}}}.  With an
active region, this command puts the region inside the drawer.  With
a prefix argument, this command calls ~org-insert-property-drawer~,
which creates a =PROPERTIES= drawer right below the current headline.
Org mode uses this special drawer for storing properties (see
[[*Properties and Columns]]).  You cannot use it for anything else.

Completion over drawer keywords is also possible using
{{{kbd(M-TAB)}}}[fn:16].

Visibility cycling (see [[*Visibility Cycling]]) on the headline hides and
shows the entry, but keep the drawer collapsed to a single line.  In
order to look inside the drawer, you need to move point to the drawer
line and press {{{kbd(TAB)}}} there.

You can also arrange for state change notes (see [[Tracking TODO state
changes]]) and clock times (see [[*Clocking Work Time]]) to be stored in
a =LOGBOOK= drawer.  If you want to store a quick note there, in
a similar way to state changes, use

- {{{kbd(C-c C-z)}}} ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-z
     Add a time-stamped note to the =LOGBOOK= drawer.

** Blocks
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Folding blocks.
:END:
#+vindex: org-hide-block-startup
#+cindex: blocks, folding

Org mode uses =#+BEGIN= ... =#+END= blocks for various purposes from
including source code examples (see [[*Literal Examples]]) to capturing
time logging information (see [[*Clocking Work Time]]).  These blocks can
be folded and unfolded by pressing {{{kbd(TAB)}}} in the =#+BEGIN=
line.  You can also get all blocks folded at startup by configuring
the variable ~org-hide-block-startup~ or on a per-file basis by using

#+cindex: STARTUP, keyword
#+begin_example
,#+STARTUP: hideblocks
,#+STARTUP: nohideblocks
#+end_example

** Creating Footnotes
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: How footnotes are defined in Org's syntax.
:END:
#+cindex: footnotes

Org mode supports the creation of footnotes.

A footnote is started by a footnote marker in square brackets in
column 0, no indentation allowed.  It ends at the next footnote
definition, headline, or after two consecutive empty lines.  The
footnote reference is simply the marker in square brackets, inside
text.  Markers always start with =fn:=.  For example:

#+begin_example
The Org homepage[fn:1] now looks a lot better than it used to.
...
[fn:1] The link is: https://orgmode.org
#+end_example

Org mode extends the number-based syntax to /named/ footnotes and
optional inline definition.  Here are the valid references:

- =[fn:NAME]= ::

     A named footnote reference, where {{{var(NAME)}}} is a unique
     label word, or, for simplicity of automatic creation, a number.

- =[fn:: This is the inline definition of this footnote]= ::

     A LaTeX-like anonymous footnote where the definition is given
     directly at the reference point.

- =[fn:NAME: a definition]= ::

     An inline definition of a footnote, which also specifies a name
     for the note.  Since Org allows multiple references to the same
     note, you can then use =[fn:NAME]= to create additional
     references.

#+vindex: org-footnote-auto-label
Footnote labels can be created automatically, or you can create names
yourself.  This is handled by the variable ~org-footnote-auto-label~
and its corresponding =STARTUP= keywords.  See the docstring of that
variable for details.

The following command handles footnotes:

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x f)}}} ::

     The footnote action command.

     #+kindex: C-c C-x f
     When point is on a footnote reference, jump to the
     definition.  When it is at a definition, jump to
     the---first---reference.

     #+vindex: org-footnote-define-inline
     #+vindex: org-footnote-section
     Otherwise, create a new footnote.  Depending on the variable
     ~org-footnote-define-inline~[fn:17], the definition is placed
     right into the text as part of the reference, or separately into
     the location determined by the variable ~org-footnote-section~.

     When this command is called with a prefix argument, a menu of
     additional options is offered:

     #+attr_texinfo: :columns 0.1 0.9
     | {{{kbd(s)}}} | Sort the footnote definitions by reference sequence.               |
     | {{{kbd(r)}}} | Renumber the simple =fn:N= footnotes.                              |
     | {{{kbd(S)}}} | Short for first {{{kbd(r)}}}, then {{{kbd(s)}}} action.            |
     | {{{kbd(n)}}} | Rename all footnotes into a =fn:1= ... =fn:n= sequence.            |
     | {{{kbd(d)}}} | Delete the footnote at point, including definition and references. |

     #+vindex: org-footnote-auto-adjust
     Depending on the variable ~org-footnote-auto-adjust~[fn:18],
     renumbering and sorting footnotes can be automatic after each
     insertion or deletion.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-c
     If point is on a footnote reference, jump to the definition.
     If it is at the definition, jump back to the reference.  When
     called at a footnote location with a prefix argument, offer the
     same menu as {{{kbd(C-c C-x f)}}}.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-o)}}} or {{{kbd(mouse-1/2)}}} ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-o
     #+kindex: mouse-1
     #+kindex: mouse-2
     Footnote labels are also links to the corresponding definition or
     reference, and you can use the usual commands to follow these
     links.

* Tables
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Pure magic for quick formatting.
:END:
#+cindex: tables
#+cindex: editing tables

Org comes with a fast and intuitive table editor.  Spreadsheet-like
calculations are supported using the Emacs Calc package (see [[info:calc][GNU Emacs
Calculator Manual]]).

** Built-in Table Editor
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Simple tables.
:END:
#+cindex: table editor, built-in

#+cindex: header lines, in tables
#+cindex: horizontal rule, in tables
#+cindex: row separator, in tables
#+cindex: table syntax
Org makes it easy to format tables in plain ASCII.  Any line with =|=
as the first non-whitespace character is considered part of a table.
=|= is also the column separator[fn:19].  Moreover, a line starting
with =|-= is a horizontal rule.  It separates rows explicitely.  Rows
before the first horizontal rule are header lines. A table might look
like this:

#+begin_example
| Name  | Phone | Age |
|-------+-------+-----|
| Peter |  1234 |  17 |
| Anna  |  4321 |  25 |
#+end_example

A table is re-aligned automatically each time you press
{{{kbd(TAB)}}}, {{{kbd(RET)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} inside the table.
{{{kbd(TAB)}}} also moves to the next field---{{{kbd(RET)}}} to the
next row---and creates new table rows at the end of the table or
before horizontal lines.  The indentation of the table is set by the
first line.  Horizontal rules are automatically expanded on every
re-align to span the whole table width.  So, to create the above
table, you would only type

#+begin_example
|Name|Phone|Age|
|-
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
and then press {{{kbd(TAB)}}} to align the table and start filling in
fields.  Even faster would be to type =|Name|Phone|Age= followed by
{{{kbd(C-c RET)}}}.

When typing text into a field, Org treats {{{kbd(DEL)}}},
{{{kbd(Backspace)}}}, and all character keys in a special way, so that
inserting and deleting avoids shifting other fields.  Also, when
typing /immediately/ after point was moved into a new field with
{{{kbd(TAB)}}}, {{{kbd(S-TAB)}}} or {{{kbd(RET)}}}, the field is
automatically made blank.  If this behavior is too unpredictable for
you, configure the option ~org-table-auto-blank-field~.

*** Creation and conversion
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

- {{{kbd(C-c |)}}} (~org-table-create-or-convert-from-region~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c |
     #+findex: org-table-create-or-convert-from-region
     Convert the active region to table.  If every line contains at
     least one {{{kbd(TAB)}}} character, the function assumes that the
     material is tab separated.  If every line contains a comma,
     comma-separated values (CSV) are assumed.  If not, lines are
     split at whitespace into fields.  You can use a prefix argument
     to force a specific separator: {{{kbd(C-u)}}} forces CSV,
     {{{kbd(C-u C-u)}}} forces {{{kbd(TAB)}}}, {{{kbd(C-u C-u C-u)}}}
     prompts for a regular expression to match the separator, and
     a numeric argument N indicates that at least N consecutive
     spaces, or alternatively a {{{kbd(TAB)}}} will be the separator.

     If there is no active region, this command creates an empty Org
     table.  But it is easier just to start typing, like {{{kbd(|
     N a m e | P h o n e | A g e RET | - TAB)}}}.

*** Re-aligning and field motion
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

- {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} (~org-table-align~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-c
     #+findex: org-table-align
     Re-align the table without moving point.

- {{{kbd(TAB)}}} (~org-table-next-field~) ::

     #+kindex: TAB
     #+findex: org-table-next-field
     Re-align the table, move to the next field.  Creates a new row if
     necessary.

- {{{kbd(C-c SPC)}}} (~org-table-blank-field~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c SPC
     #+findex: org-table-blank-field
     Blank the field at point.

- {{{kbd(S-TAB)}}} (~org-table-previous-field~) ::

     #+kindex: S-TAB
     #+findex: org-table-previous-field
     Re-align, move to previous field.

- {{{kbd(RET)}}} (~org-table-next-row~) ::

     #+kindex: RET
     #+findex: org-table-next-row
     Re-align the table and move down to next row.  Creates a new row
     if necessary.  At the beginning or end of a line, {{{kbd(RET)}}}
     still inserts a new line, so it can be used to split a table.

- {{{kbd(M-a)}}} (~org-table-beginning-of-field~) ::

     #+kindex: M-a
     #+findex: org-table-beginning-of-field
     Move to beginning of the current table field, or on to the
     previous field.

- {{{kbd(M-e)}}} (~org-table-end-of-field~) ::

     #+kindex: M-e
     #+findex: org-table-end-of-field
     Move to end of the current table field, or on to the next field.

*** Column and row editing
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

- {{{kbd(M-LEFT)}}} (~org-table-move-column-left~) ::

     #+kindex: M-LEFT
     #+findex: org-table-move-column-left
     Move the current column left.

- {{{kbd(M-RIGHT)}}} (~org-table-move-column-right~) ::

     #+kindex: M-RIGHT
     #+findex: org-table-move-column-right
     Move the current column right.

- {{{kbd(M-S-LEFT)}}} (~org-table-delete-column~) ::

     #+kindex: M-S-LEFT
     #+findex: org-table-delete-column
     Kill the current column.

- {{{kbd(M-S-RIGHT)}}} (~org-table-insert-column~) ::

     #+kindex: M-S-RIGHT
     #+findex: org-table-insert-column
     Insert a new column to the left of point position.

- {{{kbd(M-UP)}}} (~org-table-move-row-up~) ::

     #+kindex: M-UP
     #+findex: org-table-move-row-up
     Move the current row up.

- {{{kbd(M-DOWN)}}} (~org-table-move-row-down~) ::

     #+kindex: M-DOWN
     #+findex: org-table-move-row-down
     Move the current row down.

- {{{kbd(M-S-UP)}}} (~org-table-kill-row~) ::

     #+kindex: M-S-UP
     #+findex: org-table-kill-row
     Kill the current row or horizontal line.

- {{{kbd(M-S-DOWN)}}} (~org-table-insert-row~) ::

     #+kindex: M-S-DOWN
     #+findex: org-table-insert-row
     Insert a new row above the current row.  With a prefix argument,
     the line is created below the current one.

- {{{kbd(C-c -)}}} (~org-table-insert-hline~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c -
     #+findex: org-table-insert-hline
     Insert a horizontal line below current row.  With a prefix
     argument, the line is created above the current line.

- {{{kbd(C-c RET)}}} (~org-table-hline-and-move~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c RET
     #+findex: org-table-hline-and-move
     Insert a horizontal line below current row, and move point
     into the row below that line.

- {{{kbd(C-c ^)}}} (~org-table-sort-lines~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c ^
     #+findex: org-table-sort-lines
     Sort the table lines in the region.  The position of point
     indicates the column to be used for sorting, and the range of
     lines is the range between the nearest horizontal separator
     lines, or the entire table.  If point is before the first column,
     you are prompted for the sorting column.  If there is an active
     region, the mark specifies the first line and the sorting column,
     while point should be in the last line to be included into the
     sorting.  The command prompts for the sorting type,
     alphabetically, numerically, or by time.  You can sort in normal
     or reverse order.  You can also supply your own key extraction
     and comparison functions.  When called with a prefix argument,
     alphabetic sorting is case-sensitive.

*** Regions
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x M-w)}}} (~org-table-copy-region~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x M-w
     #+findex: org-table-copy-region
     Copy a rectangular region from a table to a special clipboard.
     Point and mark determine edge fields of the rectangle.  If there
     is no active region, copy just the current field.  The process
     ignores horizontal separator lines.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-w)}}} (~org-table-cut-region~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x C-w
     #+findex: org-table-cut-region
     Copy a rectangular region from a table to a special clipboard,
     and blank all fields in the rectangle.  So this is the "cut"
     operation.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-y)}}} (~org-table-paste-rectangle~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x C-y
     #+findex: org-table-paste-rectangle
     Paste a rectangular region into a table.  The upper left corner
     ends up in the current field.  All involved fields are
     overwritten.  If the rectangle does not fit into the present
     table, the table is enlarged as needed.  The process ignores
     horizontal separator lines.

- {{{kbd(M-RET)}}} (~org-table-wrap-region~) ::

     #+kindex: M-RET
     #+findex: org-table-wrap-region
     Split the current field at point position and move the rest
     to the line below.  If there is an active region, and both point
     and mark are in the same column, the text in the column is
     wrapped to minimum width for the given number of lines.
     A numeric prefix argument may be used to change the number of
     desired lines.  If there is no region, but you specify a prefix
     argument, the current field is made blank, and the content is
     appended to the field above.

*** Calculations
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

#+cindex: formula, in tables
#+cindex: calculations, in tables

- {{{kbd(C-c +)}}} (~org-table-sum~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c +
     #+findex: org-table-sum
     Sum the numbers in the current column, or in the rectangle
     defined by the active region.  The result is shown in the echo
     area and can be inserted with {{{kbd(C-y)}}}.

- {{{kbd(S-RET)}}} (~org-table-copy-down~) ::

     #+kindex: S-RET
     #+findex: org-table-copy-down
     #+vindex: org-table-copy-increment
     When current field is empty, copy from first non-empty field
     above.  When not empty, copy current field down to next row and
     move point along with it.  Depending on the variable
     ~org-table-copy-increment~, integer field values can be
     incremented during copy.  Integers that are too large are not
     incremented, however.  Also, a ~0~ prefix argument temporarily
     disables the increment.  This key is also used by shift-selection
     and related modes (see [[*Packages that conflict with Org mode]]).

*** Miscellaneous
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

- {{{kbd(C-c `)}}} (~org-table-edit-field~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c `
     #+findex: org-table-edit-field
     Edit the current field in a separate window.  This is useful for
     fields that are not fully visible (see [[*Column Width and
     Alignment]]).  When called with a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix, just make
     the full field visible, so that it can be edited in place.  When
     called with two {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefixes, make the editor window
     follow point through the table and always show the current field.
     The follow mode exits automatically when point leaves the table,
     or when you repeat this command with {{{kbd(C-u C-u C-c `)}}}.

- {{{kbd(M-x org-table-import)}}} ::

     #+findex: org-table-import
     Import a file as a table.  The table should be TAB or whitespace
     separated.  Use, for example, to import a spreadsheet table or
     data from a database, because these programs generally can write
     TAB-separated text files.  This command works by inserting the
     file into the buffer and then converting the region to a table.
     Any prefix argument is passed on to the converter, which uses it
     to determine the separator.

- {{{kbd(C-c |)}}} (~org-table-create-or-convert-from-region~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c |
     #+findex: org-table-create-or-convert-from-region
     Tables can also be imported by pasting tabular text into the Org
     buffer, selecting the pasted text with {{{kbd(C-x C-x)}}} and
     then using the {{{kbd(C-c |)}}} command (see [[*Creation and
     conversion]]).

- {{{kbd(M-x org-table-export)}}} ::

     #+findex: org-table-export
     #+vindex: org-table-export-default-format
     Export the table, by default as a TAB-separated file.  Use for
     data exchange with, for example, spreadsheet or database
     programs.  The format used to export the file can be configured
     in the variable ~org-table-export-default-format~.  You may also
     use properties =TABLE_EXPORT_FILE= and =TABLE_EXPORT_FORMAT= to
     specify the file name and the format for table export in
     a subtree.  Org supports quite general formats for exported
     tables.  The exporter format is the same as the format used by
     Orgtbl radio tables, see [[*Translator functions]], for a detailed
     description.

** Column Width and Alignment
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Overrule the automatic settings.
:END:
#+cindex: narrow columns in tables
#+cindex: alignment in tables

The width of columns is automatically determined by the table editor.
The alignment of a column is determined automatically from the
fraction of number-like versus non-number fields in the column.

#+vindex: org-table-automatic-realign
Editing a field may modify alignment of the table.  Moving
a contiguous row or column---i.e., using {{{kbd(TAB)}}} or
{{{kbd(RET)}}}---automatically re-aligns it.  If you want to disable
this behavior, set ~org-table-automatic-realign~ to ~nil~.  In any
case, you can always align manually a table:

- {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} (~org-table-align~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-c
     #+findex: org-table-align
     Align the current table.

#+vindex: org-startup-align-all-tables
Setting the option ~org-startup-align-all-tables~ re-aligns all tables
in a file upon visiting it.  You can also set this option on
a per-file basis with:

#+begin_example
,#+STARTUP: align
,#+STARTUP: noalign
#+end_example

Sometimes a single field or a few fields need to carry more text,
leading to inconveniently wide columns.  Maybe you want to hide away
several columns or display them with a fixed width, regardless of
content, as shown in the following example.

#+begin_example
|---+---------------------+--------|           |---+-------…|…|
|   | <6>                 |        |           |   | <6>   …|…|
| 1 | one                 | some   |   ----\   | 1 | one   …|…|
| 2 | two                 | boring |   ----/   | 2 | two   …|…|
| 3 | This is a long text | column |           | 3 | This i…|…|
|---+---------------------+--------|           |---+-------…|…|
#+end_example

To set the width of a column, one field anywhere in the column may
contain just the string =<N>= where {{{var(N)}}} specifies the width
as a number of characters.  You control displayed width of columns
with the following tools:

- {{{kbd(C-c TAB)}}} (~org-table-toggle-column-width~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c TAB
     #+findex: org-table-toggle-column-width
     Shrink or expand current column.

     If a width cookie specifies a width W for the column, shrinking
     it displays the first W visible characters only.  Otherwise, the
     column is shrunk to a single character.

     When called before the first column or after the last one, ask
     for a list of column ranges to operate on.

- {{{kbd(C-u C-c TAB)}}} (~org-table-shrink~) ::

     #+kindex: C-u C-c TAB
     #+findex: org-table-shrink
     Shrink all columns with a column width.  Expand the others.

- {{{kbd(C-u C-u C-c TAB)}}} (~org-table-expand~) ::

     #+kindex: C-u C-u C-c TAB
     #+findex: org-table-expand
     Expand all columns.

To see the full text of a shrunk field, hold the mouse over it:
a tool-tip window then shows the full contents of the field.
Alternatively, {{{kbd(C-h .)}}} (~display-local-help~) reveals them,
too.  For convenience, any change near the shrunk part of a column
expands it.

#+vindex: org-startup-shrink-all-tables
Setting the option ~org-startup-shrink-all-tables~ shrinks all columns
containing a width cookie in a file the moment it is visited.  You can
also set this option on a per-file basis with:

: #+STARTUP: shrink

If you would like to overrule the automatic alignment of number-rich
columns to the right and of string-rich columns to the left, you can
use =<r>=, =<c>= or =<l>= in a similar fashion.  You may also combine
alignment and field width like this: =<r10>=.

Lines which only contain these formatting cookies are removed
automatically upon exporting the document.

** Column Groups
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Grouping to trigger vertical lines.
:END:
#+cindex: grouping columns in tables

When Org exports tables, it does so by default without vertical lines
because that is visually more satisfying in general.  Occasionally
however, vertical lines can be useful to structure a table into groups
of columns, much like horizontal lines can do for groups of rows.  In
order to specify column groups, you can use a special row where the
first field contains only =/=.  The further fields can either contain
=<= to indicate that this column should start a group, =>= to indicate
the end of a column, or =<>= (no space between =<= and =>=) to make
a column a group of its own.  Upon export, boundaries between column
groups are marked with vertical lines.  Here is an example:

#+begin_example
| N | N^2 | N^3 | N^4 | sqrt(n) | sqrt[4](N) |
|---+-----+-----+-----+---------+------------|
| / |  <  |     |  >  |       < |          > |
| 1 |  1  |  1  |  1  |       1 |          1 |
| 2 |  4  |  8  | 16  |  1.4142 |     1.1892 |
| 3 |  9  | 27  | 81  |  1.7321 |     1.3161 |
|---+-----+-----+-----+---------+------------|
,#+TBLFM: $2=$1^2::$3=$1^3::$4=$1^4::$5=sqrt($1)::$6=sqrt(sqrt(($1)))
#+end_example

It is also sufficient to just insert the column group starters after
every vertical line you would like to have:

#+begin_example
| N | N^2 | N^3 | N^4 | sqrt(n) | sqrt[4](N) |
|---+-----+-----+-----+---------+------------|
| / | <   |     |     | <       |            |
#+end_example

** The Orgtbl Minor Mode
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: The table editor as minor mode.
:ALT_TITLE: Orgtbl Mode
:END:
#+cindex: Orgtbl mode
#+cindex: minor mode for tables

#+findex: orgtbl-mode
If you like the intuitive way the Org table editor works, you might
also want to use it in other modes like Text mode or Mail mode.  The
minor mode Orgtbl mode makes this possible.  You can always toggle the
mode with {{{kbd(M-x orgtbl-mode)}}}.  To turn it on by default, for
example in Message mode, use

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(add-hook 'message-mode-hook 'turn-on-orgtbl)
#+end_src

Furthermore, with some special setup, it is possible to maintain
tables in arbitrary syntax with Orgtbl mode.  For example, it is
possible to construct LaTeX tables with the underlying ease and power
of Orgtbl mode, including spreadsheet capabilities.  For details, see
[[*Tables in Arbitrary Syntax]].

** The Spreadsheet
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: The table editor has spreadsheet capabilities.
:END:
#+cindex: calculations, in tables
#+cindex: spreadsheet capabilities
#+cindex: Calc package

The table editor makes use of the Emacs Calc package to implement
spreadsheet-like capabilities.  It can also evaluate Emacs Lisp forms
to derive fields from other fields.  While fully featured, Org's
implementation is not identical to other spreadsheets.  For example,
Org knows the concept of a /column formula/ that will be applied to
all non-header fields in a column without having to copy the formula
to each relevant field.  There is also a formula debugger, and a
formula editor with features for highlighting fields in the table
corresponding to the references at point in the formula, moving these
references by arrow keys.

*** References
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: How to refer to another field or range.
:END:
#+cindex: references

To compute fields in the table from other fields, formulas must
reference other fields or ranges.  In Org, fields can be referenced by
name, by absolute coordinates, and by relative coordinates.  To find
out what the coordinates of a field are, press {{{kbd(C-c ?)}}} in
that field, or press {{{kbd(C-c })}}} to toggle the display of a grid.

**** Field references
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

#+cindex: field references
#+cindex: references, to fields
Formulas can reference the value of another field in two ways.  Like
in any other spreadsheet, you may reference fields with
a letter/number combination like =B3=, meaning the second field in the
third row.  However, Org prefers to use another, more general
representation that looks like this:[fn:20]

: @ROW$COLUMN

Column specifications can be absolute like =$1=, =$2=, ..., =$N=, or
relative to the current column, i.e., the column of the field which is
being computed, like =$+1= or =$-2=.  =$<= and =$>= are immutable
references to the first and last column, respectively, and you can use
=$>>>= to indicate the third column from the right.

The row specification only counts data lines and ignores horizontal
separator lines, or "hlines".  Like with columns, you can use absolute
row numbers =@1=, =@2=, ..., =@N=, and row numbers relative to the
current row like =@+3= or =@-1=.  =@<= and =@>= are immutable
references the first and last row in the table, respectively.  You may
also specify the row relative to one of the hlines: =@I= refers to the
first hline, =@II= to the second, etc.  =@-I= refers to the first such
line above the current line, =@+I= to the first such line below the
current line.  You can also write =@III+2= which is the second data
line after the third hline in the table.

=@0= and =$0= refer to the current row and column, respectively, i.e.,
to the row/column for the field being computed.  Also, if you omit
either the column or the row part of the reference, the current
row/column is implied.

Org's references with /unsigned/ numbers are fixed references in the
sense that if you use the same reference in the formula for two
different fields, the same field is referenced each time.  Org's
references with /signed/ numbers are floating references because the
same reference operator can reference different fields depending on
the field being calculated by the formula.

Here are a few examples:

#+attr_texinfo: :columns 0.2 0.8
| =@2$3=   | 2nd row, 3rd column (same as =C2=)                 |
| =$5=     | column 5 in the current row (same as =E&=)         |
| =@2=     | current column, row 2                              |
| =@-1$-3= | field one row up, three columns to the left        |
| =@-I$2=  | field just under hline above current row, column 2 |
| =@>$5=   | field in the last row, in column 5                 |

**** Range references
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

#+cindex: range references
#+cindex: references, to ranges
You may reference a rectangular range of fields by specifying two
field references connected by two dots =..=.  If both fields are in
the current row, you may simply use =$2..$7=, but if at least one
field is in a different row, you need to use the general =@ROW$COLUMN=
format at least for the first field, i.e., the reference must start
with =@= in order to be interpreted correctly.  Examples:

#+attr_texinfo: :columns 0.2 0.8
| =$1..$3=      | first three fields in the current row                          |
| =$P..$Q=      | range, using column names (see [[*Advanced features]])             |
| =$<<<..$>>=   | start in third column, continue to the last but one            |
| =@2$1..@4$3=  | six fields between these two fields (same as =A2..C4=)         |
| =@-1$-2..@-1= | 3 fields in the row above, starting from 2 columns on the left |
| =@I..II=      | between first and second hline, short for =@I..@II=            |

#+texinfo: @noindent
Range references return a vector of values that can be fed into Calc
vector functions.  Empty fields in ranges are normally suppressed, so
that the vector contains only the non-empty fields.  For other options
with the mode switches =E=, =N= and examples, see [[*Formula syntax for
Calc]].

**** Field coordinates in formulas
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

#+cindex: field coordinates
#+cindex: coordinates, of field
#+cindex: row, of field coordinates
#+cindex: column, of field coordinates
#+vindex: org-table-current-column
#+vindex: org-table-current-dline
One of the very first actions during evaluation of Calc formulas and
Lisp formulas is to substitute =@#= and =$#= in the formula with the
row or column number of the field where the current result will go to.
The traditional Lisp formula equivalents are ~org-table-current-dline~
and ~org-table-current-column~.  Examples:

- =if(@# % 2, $#, string(""))= ::

     Insert column number on odd rows, set field to empty on even
     rows.

- =$2 = '(identity remote(FOO, @@#$1))= ::

     Copy text or values of each row of column 1 of the table named
     {{{var(FOO)}}} into column 2 of the current table.

- =@3 = 2 * remote(FOO, @@1$$#)= ::

     Insert the doubled value of each column of row 1 of the table
     named {{{var(FOO)}}} into row 3 of the current table.

#+texinfo: @noindent
For the second and third examples, table {{{var(FOO)}}} must have at
least as many rows or columns as the current table.  Note that this is
inefficient[fn:21] for large number of rows.

**** Named references
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:
#+cindex: named references
#+cindex: references, named
#+cindex: name, of column or field
#+cindex: constants, in calculations
#+cindex: @samp{CONSTANTS}, keyword
#+vindex: org-table-formula-constants

=$name= is interpreted as the name of a column, parameter or constant.
Constants are defined globally through the variable
~org-table-formula-constants~, and locally---for the file---through
a line like this example:

: #+CONSTANTS: c=299792458. pi=3.14 eps=2.4e-6

#+vindex: constants-unit-system
#+pindex: constants.el
Also, properties (see [[*Properties and Columns]]) can be used as
constants in table formulas: for a property =Xyz= use the name
=$PROP_Xyz=, and the property will be searched in the current outline
entry and in the hierarchy above it.  If you have the =constants.el=
package, it will also be used to resolve constants, including natural
constants like =$h= for Planck's constant, and units like =$km= for
kilometers[fn:22].  Column names and parameters can be specified in
special table lines.  These are described below, see [[*Advanced
features]].  All names must start with a letter, and further consist
of letters and numbers.

**** Remote references
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

#+cindex: remote references
#+cindex: references, remote
#+cindex: references, to a different table
#+cindex: name, of column or field
#+cindex: @samp{NAME}, keyword
You may also reference constants, fields and ranges from a different
table, either in the current file or even in a different file.  The
syntax is

: remote(NAME,REF)

#+texinfo: @noindent
where {{{var(NAME)}}} can be the name of a table in the current file
as set by a =#+NAME:= line before the table.  It can also be the ID of
an entry, even in a different file, and the reference then refers to
the first table in that entry.  {{{var(REF)}}} is an absolute field or
range reference as described above for example =@3$3= or =$somename=,
valid in the referenced table.

#+cindex: table indirection
When {{{var(NAME)}}} has the format =@ROW$COLUMN=, it is substituted
with the name or ID found in this field of the current table.  For
example =remote($1, @@>$2)= \Rightarrow =remote(year_2013, @@>$1)=.  The format
=B3= is not supported because it can not be distinguished from a plain
table name or ID.

*** Formula syntax for Calc
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Using Calc to compute stuff.
:END:
#+cindex: formula syntax, Calc
#+cindex: syntax, of formulas

A formula can be any algebraic expression understood by the Emacs Calc
package.  Note that Calc has the non-standard convention that =/= has
lower precedence than =*=, so that =a/b*c= is interpreted as
=(a/(b*c))=.  Before evaluation by ~calc-eval~ (see [[info:calc#Calling Calc from Your Programs][Calling Calc from
Your Lisp Programs]]), variable substitution takes place according to
the rules described above.

#+cindex: vectors, in table calculations
The range vectors can be directly fed into the Calc vector functions
like ~vmean~ and ~vsum~.

#+cindex: format specifier, in spreadsheet
#+cindex: mode, for Calc
#+vindex: org-calc-default-modes
A formula can contain an optional mode string after a semicolon.  This
string consists of flags to influence Calc and other modes during
execution.  By default, Org uses the standard Calc modes (precision
12, angular units degrees, fraction and symbolic modes off).  The
display format, however, has been changed to ~(float 8)~ to keep
tables compact.  The default settings can be configured using the
variable ~org-calc-default-modes~.

- =p20= ::

     Set the internal Calc calculation precision to 20 digits.

- =n3=, =s3=, =e2=, =f4= ::

     Normal, scientific, engineering or fixed format of the result of
     Calc passed back to Org.  Calc formatting is unlimited in
     precision as long as the Calc calculation precision is greater.

- =D=, =R= ::

     Degree and radian angle modes of Calc.

- =F=, =S= ::

     Fraction and symbolic modes of Calc.

- =T=, =t=, =U= ::

     Duration computations in Calc or Lisp, [[*Durations and time
     values]].

- =E= ::

     If and how to consider empty fields.  Without =E= empty fields in
     range references are suppressed so that the Calc vector or Lisp
     list contains only the non-empty fields.  With =E= the empty
     fields are kept.  For empty fields in ranges or empty field
     references the value =nan= (not a number) is used in Calc
     formulas and the empty string is used for Lisp formulas.  Add =N=
     to use 0 instead for both formula types.  For the value of
     a field the mode =N= has higher precedence than =E=.

- =N= ::

     Interpret all fields as numbers, use 0 for non-numbers.  See the
     next section to see how this is essential for computations with
     Lisp formulas.  In Calc formulas it is used only occasionally
     because there number strings are already interpreted as numbers
     without =N=.

- =L= ::

     Literal, for Lisp formulas only.  See the next section.

Unless you use large integer numbers or high-precision calculation and
display for floating point numbers you may alternatively provide
a ~printf~ format specifier to reformat the Calc result after it has
been passed back to Org instead of letting Calc already do the
formatting[fn:23].  A few examples:

| =$1+$2=            | Sum of first and second field                    |
| =$1+$2;%.2f=       | Same, format result to two decimals              |
| =exp($2)+exp($1)=  | Math functions can be used                       |
| =$0;%.1f=          | Reformat current cell to 1 decimal               |
| =($3-32)*5/9=      | Degrees F \to C conversion                         |
| =$c/$1/$cm=        | Hz \to cm conversion, using =constants.el=         |
| =tan($1);Dp3s1=    | Compute in degrees, precision 3, display SCI 1   |
| =sin($1);Dp3%.1e=  | Same, but use ~printf~ specifier for display     |
| =vmean($2..$7)=    | Compute column range mean, using vector function |
| =vmean($2..$7);EN= | Same, but treat empty fields as 0                |
| =taylor($3,x=7,2)= | Taylor series of $3, at x=7, second degree       |

Calc also contains a complete set of logical operations (see [[info:calc#Logical%20Operations][Logical
Operations]]).  For example

- =if($1 < 20, teen, string(""))= ::

     ="teen"= if age =$1= is less than 20, else the Org table result
     field is set to empty with the empty string.

- =if("$1" =​= "nan" || "$2" =​= "nan", string(""), $1 + $2); E f-1= ::

     Sum of the first two columns.  When at least one of the input
     fields is empty the Org table result field is set to empty.  =E=
     is required to not convert empty fields to 0.  =f-1= is an
     optional Calc format string similar to =%.1f= but leaves empty
     results empty.

- =if(typeof(vmean($1..$7)) =​= 12, string(""), vmean($1..$7); E= ::

     Mean value of a range unless there is any empty field.  Every
     field in the range that is empty is replaced by =nan= which lets
     =vmean= result in =nan=.  Then =typeof == 12= detects the =nan=
     from ~vmean~ and the Org table result field is set to empty.  Use
     this when the sample set is expected to never have missing
     values.

- =if("$1..$7" =​= "[]", string(""), vmean($1..$7))= ::

     Mean value of a range with empty fields skipped.  Every field in
     the range that is empty is skipped.  When all fields in the range
     are empty the mean value is not defined and the Org table result
     field is set to empty.  Use this when the sample set can have
     a variable size.

- =vmean($1..$7); EN= ::

     To complete the example before: Mean value of a range with empty
     fields counting as samples with value 0.  Use this only when
     incomplete sample sets should be padded with 0 to the full size.

You can add your own Calc functions defined in Emacs Lisp with
~defmath~ and use them in formula syntax for Calc.

*** Emacs Lisp forms as formulas
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Writing formulas in Emacs Lisp.
:ALT_TITLE: Formula syntax for Lisp
:END:
#+cindex: Lisp forms, as table formulas

It is also possible to write a formula in Emacs Lisp.  This can be
useful for string manipulation and control structures, if Calc's
functionality is not enough.

If a formula starts with a single-quote followed by an opening
parenthesis, then it is evaluated as a Lisp form.  The evaluation
should return either a string or a number.  Just as with Calc
formulas, you can specify modes and a ~printf~ format after
a semicolon.

With Emacs Lisp forms, you need to be conscious about the way field
references are interpolated into the form.  By default, a reference is
interpolated as a Lisp string (in double-quotes) containing the field.
If you provide the =N= mode switch, all referenced elements are
numbers---non-number fields will be zero---and interpolated as Lisp
numbers, without quotes.  If you provide the =L= flag, all fields are
interpolated literally, without quotes.  For example, if you want a
reference to be interpreted as a string by the Lisp form, enclose the
reference operator itself in double-quotes, like ="$3"=.  Ranges are
inserted as space-separated fields, so you can embed them in list or
vector syntax.

Here are a few examples---note how the =N= mode is used when we do
computations in Lisp:

- ='(concat (substring $1 1 2) (substring $1 0 1) (substring $1 2))= ::

     Swap the first two characters of the content of column 1.

- ='(+ $1 $2);N= ::

     Add columns 1 and 2, equivalent to Calc's =$1+$2=.

- ='(apply '+ '($1..$4));N= ::

     Compute the sum of columns 1 to 4, like Calc's =vsum($1..$4)=.

*** Durations and time values
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: How to compute durations and time values.
:END:
#+cindex: duration, computing
#+cindex: time, computing
#+vindex: org-table-duration-custom-format

If you want to compute time values use the =T=, =t=, or =U= flag,
either in Calc formulas or Elisp formulas:

#+begin_example
|  Task 1 |   Task 2 |    Total |
|---------+----------+----------|
|    2:12 |     1:47 | 03:59:00 |
|    2:12 |     1:47 |    03:59 |
| 3:02:20 | -2:07:00 |     0.92 |
,#+TBLFM: @2$3=$1+$2;T::@3$3=$1+$2;U::@4$3=$1+$2;t
#+end_example

Input duration values must be of the form =HH:MM[:SS]=, where seconds
are optional.  With the =T= flag, computed durations are displayed as
=HH:MM:SS= (see the first formula above).  With the =U= flag, seconds
are omitted so that the result is only =HH:MM= (see second formula
above).  Zero-padding of the hours field depends upon the value of the
variable ~org-table-duration-hour-zero-padding~.

With the =t= flag, computed durations are displayed according to the
value of the option ~org-table-duration-custom-format~, which defaults
to ~hours~ and displays the result as a fraction of hours (see the
third formula in the example above).

Negative duration values can be manipulated as well, and integers are
considered as seconds in addition and subtraction.

*** Field and range formulas
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Formula for specific (ranges of) fields.
:END:
#+cindex: field formula
#+cindex: range formula
#+cindex: formula, for individual table field
#+cindex: formula, for range of fields

To assign a formula to a particular field, type it directly into the
field, preceded by =:==, for example =vsum(@II..III)=.  When you press
{{{kbd(TAB)}}} or {{{kbd(RET)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} with point
still in the field, the formula is stored as the formula for this
field, evaluated, and the current field is replaced with the result.

#+cindex: @samp{TBLFM}, keyword
Formulas are stored in a special =TBLFM= keyword located directly
below the table.  If you type the equation in the fourth field of the
third data line in the table, the formula looks like =@3$4=$1+$2=.
When inserting/deleting/swapping column and rows with the appropriate
commands, /absolute references/ (but not relative ones) in stored
formulas are modified in order to still reference the same field.  To
avoid this from happening, in particular in range references, anchor
ranges at the table borders (using =@<=, =@>=, =$<=, =$>=), or at
hlines using the =@I= notation.  Automatic adaptation of field
references does not happen if you edit the table structure with normal
editing commands---you must fix the formulas yourself.

Instead of typing an equation into the field, you may also use the
following command

- {{{kbd(C-u C-c =)}}} (~org-table-eval-formula~) ::

     #+kindex: C-u C-c =
     #+findex: org-table-eval-formula
     Install a new formula for the current field.  The command prompts
     for a formula with default taken from the =TBLFM= keyword,
     applies it to the current field, and stores it.

The left-hand side of a formula can also be a special expression in
order to assign the formula to a number of different fields.  There is
no keyboard shortcut to enter such range formulas.  To add them, use
the formula editor (see [[*Editing and debugging formulas]]) or edit the
=TBLFM= keyword directly.

- =$2== ::

     Column formula, valid for the entire column.  This is so common
     that Org treats these formulas in a special way, see [[*Column
     formulas]].

- ~@3=~ ::

     Row formula, applies to all fields in the specified row.  =@>==
     means the last row.

- =@1$2..@4$3== ::

     Range formula, applies to all fields in the given rectangular
     range.  This can also be used to assign a formula to some but not
     all fields in a row.

- =$NAME== ::

     Named field, see [[*Advanced features]].

*** Column formulas
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Formulas valid for an entire column.
:END:
#+cindex: column formula
#+cindex: formula, for table column

When you assign a formula to a simple column reference like =$3==, the
same formula is used in all fields of that column, with the following
very convenient exceptions: (i) If the table contains horizontal
separator hlines with rows above and below, everything before the
first such hline is considered part of the table /header/ and is not
modified by column formulas.  Therefore a header is mandatory when you
use column formulas and want to add hlines to group rows, like for
example to separate a total row at the bottom from the summand rows
above.  (ii) Fields that already get a value from a field/range
formula are left alone by column formulas.  These conditions make
column formulas very easy to use.

To assign a formula to a column, type it directly into any field in
the column, preceded by an equal sign, like ==$1+$2=.  When you press
{{{kbd(TAB)}}} or {{{kbd(RET)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} with point
still in the field, the formula is stored as the formula for the
current column, evaluated and the current field replaced with the
result.  If the field contains only ===, the previously stored formula
for this column is used.  For each column, Org only remembers the most
recently used formula.  In the =TBLFM= keyword, column formulas look
like =$4=$1+$2=.  The left-hand side of a column formula can not be
the name of column, it must be the numeric column reference or =$>=.

Instead of typing an equation into the field, you may also use the
following command:

- {{{kbd(C-c =)}}} (~org-table-eval-formula~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c =
     #+findex: org-table-eval-formula
     Install a new formula for the current column and replace current
     field with the result of the formula.  The command prompts for
     a formula, with default taken from the =TBLFM= keyword, applies
     it to the current field and stores it.  With a numeric prefix
     argument, e.g., {{{kbd(C-5 C-c =)}}}, the command applies it to
     that many consecutive fields in the current column.

*** Lookup functions
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Lookup functions for searching tables.
:END:
#+cindex: lookup functions in tables
#+cindex: table lookup functions

Org has three predefined Emacs Lisp functions for lookups in tables.

- ~(org-lookup-first VAL S-LIST R-LIST &optional PREDICATE)~ ::

     #+findex: org-lookup-first
     Searches for the first element {{{var(S)}}} in list
     {{{var(S-LIST)}}} for which
     #+begin_src emacs-lisp
     (PREDICATE VAL S)
     #+end_src
     is non-~nil~; returns the value from the corresponding position
     in list {{{var(R-LIST)}}}.  The default {{{var(PREDICATE)}}} is
     ~equal~.  Note that the parameters {{{var(VAL)}}} and
     {{{var(S)}}} are passed to {{{var(PREDICATE)}}} in the same order
     as the corresponding parameters are in the call to
     ~org-lookup-first~, where {{{var(VAL)}}} precedes
     {{{var(S-LIST)}}}.  If {{{var(R-LIST)}}} is ~nil~, the matching
     element {{{var(S)}}} of {{{var(S-LIST)}}} is returned.

- ~(org-lookup-last VAL S-LIST R-LIST &optional PREDICATE)~ ::

     #+findex: org-lookup-last
     Similar to ~org-lookup-first~ above, but searches for the /last/
     element for which {{{var(PREDICATE)}}} is non-~nil~.

- ~(org-lookup-all VAL S-LIST R-LIST &optional PREDICATE)~ ::

     #+findex: org-lookup-all
     Similar to ~org-lookup-first~, but searches for /all/ elements
     for which {{{var(PREDICATE)}}} is non-~nil~, and returns /all/
     corresponding values.  This function can not be used by itself in
     a formula, because it returns a list of values.  However,
     powerful lookups can be built when this function is combined with
     other Emacs Lisp functions.

If the ranges used in these functions contain empty fields, the =E=
mode for the formula should usually be specified: otherwise empty
fields are not included in {{{var(S-LIST)}}} and/or {{{var(R-LIST)}}}
which can, for example, result in an incorrect mapping from an element
of {{{var(S-LIST)}}} to the corresponding element of
{{{var(R-LIST)}}}.

These three functions can be used to implement associative arrays,
count matching cells, rank results, group data, etc.  For practical
examples see [[https://orgmode.org/worg/org-tutorials/org-lookups.html][this tutorial on Worg]].

*** Editing and debugging formulas
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Fixing formulas.
:END:
#+cindex: formula editing
#+cindex: editing, of table formulas

#+vindex: org-table-use-standard-references
You can edit individual formulas in the minibuffer or directly in the
field.  Org can also prepare a special buffer with all active formulas
of a table.  When offering a formula for editing, Org converts
references to the standard format (like =B3= or =D&=) if possible.  If
you prefer to only work with the internal format (like =@3$2= or
=$4=), configure the variable ~org-table-use-standard-references~.

- {{{kbd(C-c =)}}} or {{{kbd(C-u C-c =)}}} (~org-table-eval-formula~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c =
     #+kindex: C-u C-c =
     #+findex: org-table-eval-formula
     Edit the formula associated with the current column/field in the
     minibuffer.  See [[*Column formulas]], and [[*Field and range formulas]].

- {{{kbd(C-u C-u C-c =)}}} (~org-table-eval-formula~) ::

     #+kindex: C-u C-u C-c =
     #+findex: org-table-eval-formula
     Re-insert the active formula (either a field formula, or a column
     formula) into the current field, so that you can edit it directly
     in the field.  The advantage over editing in the minibuffer is
     that you can use the command {{{kbd(C-c ?)}}}.

- {{{kbd(C-c ?)}}} (~org-table-field-info~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c ?
     #+findex: org-table-field-info
     While editing a formula in a table field, highlight the field(s)
     referenced by the reference at point position in the formula.

- {{{kbd(C-c })}}} (~org-table-toggle-coordinate-overlays~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c @}
     #+findex: org-table-toggle-coordinate-overlays
     Toggle the display of row and column numbers for a table, using
     overlays.  These are updated each time the table is aligned; you
     can force it with {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}}.

- {{{kbd(C-c {)}}} (~org-table-toggle-formula-debugger~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c @{
     #+findex: org-table-toggle-formula-debugger
     Toggle the formula debugger on and off.  See below.

- {{{kbd(C-c ')}}} (~org-table-edit-formulas~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c '
     #+findex: org-table-edit-formulas
     Edit all formulas for the current table in a special buffer,
     where the formulas are displayed one per line.  If the current
     field has an active formula, point in the formula editor marks
     it.  While inside the special buffer, Org automatically
     highlights any field or range reference at point position.  You
     may edit, remove and add formulas, and use the following
     commands:

     - {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} or {{{kbd(C-x C-s)}}} (~org-table-fedit-finish~) ::

          #+kindex: C-x C-s
          #+kindex: C-c C-c
          #+findex: org-table-fedit-finish
          Exit the formula editor and store the modified formulas.  With
          {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix, also apply the new formulas to the
          entire table.

     - {{{kbd(C-c C-q)}}} (~org-table-fedit-abort~) ::

          #+kindex: C-c C-q
          #+findex: org-table-fedit-abort
          Exit the formula editor without installing changes.

     - {{{kbd(C-c C-r)}}} (~org-table-fedit-toggle-ref-type~) ::

          #+kindex: C-c C-r
          #+findex: org-table-fedit-toggle-ref-type
          Toggle all references in the formula editor between standard
          (like =B3=) and internal (like =@3$2=).

     - {{{kbd(TAB)}}} (~org-table-fedit-lisp-indent~) ::

          #+kindex: TAB
          #+findex: org-table-fedit-lisp-indent
          Pretty-print or indent Lisp formula at point.  When in a line
          containing a Lisp formula, format the formula according to
          Emacs Lisp rules.  Another {{{kbd(TAB)}}} collapses the formula
          back again.  In the open formula, {{{kbd(TAB)}}} re-indents
          just like in Emacs Lisp mode.

     - {{{kbd(M-TAB)}}} (~lisp-complete-symbol~) ::

          #+kindex: M-TAB
          #+findex: lisp-complete-symbol
          Complete Lisp symbols, just like in Emacs Lisp mode.

     - {{{kbd(S-UP)}}}, {{{kbd(S-DOWN)}}}, {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}}, {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}} ::

          #+kindex: S-UP
          #+kindex: S-DOWN
          #+kindex: S-LEFT
          #+kindex: S-RIGHT
          #+findex: org-table-fedit-ref-up
          #+findex: org-table-fedit-ref-down
          #+findex: org-table-fedit-ref-left
          #+findex: org-table-fedit-ref-right
          Shift the reference at point.  For example, if the reference
          is =B3= and you press {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}}, it becomes =C3=.
          This also works for relative references and for hline
          references.

     - {{{kbd(M-S-UP)}}} (~org-table-fedit-line-up~) ::

          #+kindex: M-S-UP
          #+findex: org-table-fedit-line-up
          Move the test line for column formulas up in the Org buffer.

     - {{{kbd(M-S-DOWN)}}} (~org-table-fedit-line-down~) ::

          #+kindex: M-S-DOWN
          #+findex: org-table-fedit-line-down
          Move the test line for column formulas down in the Org buffer.

     - {{{kbd(M-UP)}}} (~org-table-fedit-scroll-up~) ::

          #+kindex: M-UP
          #+findex: org-table-fedit-scroll-up
          Scroll up the window displaying the table.

     - {{{kbd(M-DOWN)}}} (~org-table-fedit-scroll-down~) ::

          #+kindex: M-DOWN
          #+findex: org-table-fedit-scroll-down
          Scroll down the window displaying the table.

     - {{{kbd(C-c })}}} ::

          #+kindex: C-c @}
          #+findex: org-table-toggle-coordinate-overlays
          Turn the coordinate grid in the table on and off.

Making a table field blank does not remove the formula associated with
the field, because that is stored in a different line---the =TBLFM=
keyword line.  During the next recalculation, the field will be filled
again.  To remove a formula from a field, you have to give an empty
reply when prompted for the formula, or to edit the =TBLFM= keyword.

#+kindex: C-c C-c
You may edit the =TBLFM= keyword directly and re-apply the changed
equations with {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} in that line or with the normal
recalculation commands in the table.

**** Using multiple =TBLFM= lines
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:
#+cindex: multiple formula lines
#+cindex: @samp{TBLFM} keywords, multiple
#+cindex: @samp{TBLFM}, switching

#+kindex: C-c C-c
You may apply the formula temporarily.  This is useful when you want
to switch the formula applied to the table.  Place multiple =TBLFM=
keywords right after the table, and then press {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} on
the formula to apply.  Here is an example:

#+begin_example
| x | y |
|---+---|
| 1 |   |
| 2 |   |
,#+TBLFM: $2=$1*1
,#+TBLFM: $2=$1*2
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
Pressing {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} in the line of =#+TBLFM: $2=$1*2= yields:

#+begin_example
| x | y |
|---+---|
| 1 | 2 |
| 2 | 4 |
,#+TBLFM: $2=$1*1
,#+TBLFM: $2=$1*2
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
If you recalculate this table, with {{{kbd(C-u C-c *)}}}, for example,
you get the following result from applying only the first =TBLFM=
keyword.

#+begin_example
| x | y |
|---+---|
| 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 2 |
,#+TBLFM: $2=$1*1
,#+TBLFM: $2=$1*2
#+end_example

**** Debugging formulas
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:
#+cindex: formula debugging
#+cindex: debugging, of table formulas

When the evaluation of a formula leads to an error, the field content
becomes the string =#ERROR=.  If you would like to see what is going
on during variable substitution and calculation in order to find
a bug, turn on formula debugging in the Tbl menu and repeat the
calculation, for example by pressing {{{kbd(C-u C-u C-c = RET)}}} in
a field.  Detailed information are displayed.

*** Updating the table
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Recomputing all dependent fields.
:END:
#+cindex: recomputing table fields
#+cindex: updating, table

Recalculation of a table is normally not automatic, but needs to be
triggered by a command.  To make recalculation at least
semi-automatic, see [[*Advanced features]].

In order to recalculate a line of a table or the entire table, use the
following commands:

- {{{kbd(C-c *)}}} (~org-table-recalculate~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c *
     #+findex: org-table-recalculate
     Recalculate the current row by first applying the stored column
     formulas from left to right, and all field/range formulas in the
     current row.

- {{{kbd(C-u C-c *)}}} or {{{kbd(C-u C-c C-c)}}} ::

     #+kindex: C-u C-c *
     #+kindex: C-u C-c C-c
     Recompute the entire table, line by line.  Any lines before the
     first hline are left alone, assuming that these are part of the
     table header.

- {{{kbd(C-u C-u C-c *)}}} or {{{kbd(C-u C-u C-c C-c)}}} (~org-table-iterate~) ::

     #+kindex: C-u C-u C-c *
     #+kindex: C-u C-u C-c C-c
     #+findex: org-table-iterate
     Iterate the table by recomputing it until no further changes
     occur.  This may be necessary if some computed fields use the
     value of other fields that are computed /later/ in the
     calculation sequence.

- {{{kbd(M-x org-table-recalculate-buffer-tables)}}} ::

     #+findex: org-table-recalculate-buffer-tables
     Recompute all tables in the current buffer.

- {{{kbd(M-x org-table-iterate-buffer-tables)}}} ::

     #+findex: org-table-iterate-buffer-tables
     Iterate all tables in the current buffer, in order to converge
     table-to-table dependencies.

*** Advanced features
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Field and column names, automatic recalculation...
:END:

If you want the recalculation of fields to happen automatically, or if
you want to be able to assign /names/[fn:24] to fields and columns,
you need to reserve the first column of the table for special marking
characters.

- {{{kbd(C-#)}}} (~org-table-rotate-recalc-marks~) ::

     #+kindex: C-#
     #+findex: org-table-rotate-recalc-marks
     Rotate the calculation mark in first column through the states
     =#=, =*=, =!=, =$=.  When there is an active region, change all
     marks in the region.

Here is an example of a table that collects exam results of students
and makes use of these features:

#+begin_example
|---+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------|
|   | Student | Prob 1 | Prob 2 | Prob 3 | Total | Note |
|---+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------|
| ! |         |     P1 |     P2 |     P3 |   Tot |      |
| # | Maximum |     10 |     15 |     25 |    50 | 10.0 |
| ^ |         |     m1 |     m2 |     m3 |    mt |      |
|---+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------|
| # | Peter   |     10 |      8 |     23 |    41 |  8.2 |
| # | Sam     |      2 |      4 |      3 |     9 |  1.8 |
|---+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------|
|   | Average |        |        |        |  25.0 |      |
| ^ |         |        |        |        |    at |      |
| $ | max=50  |        |        |        |       |      |
|---+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------|
,#+TBLFM: $6=vsum($P1..$P3)::$7=10*$Tot/$max;%.1f::$at=vmean(@-II..@-I);%.1f
#+end_example

#+attr_texinfo: :tag Important
#+begin_quote
Please note that for these special tables, recalculating the table
with {{{kbd(C-u C-c *)}}} only affects rows that are marked =#= or
=*=, and fields that have a formula assigned to the field itself.  The
column formulas are not applied in rows with empty first field.
#+end_quote

#+cindex: marking characters, tables
The marking characters have the following meaning:

- =!= ::

     The fields in this line define names for the columns, so that you
     may refer to a column as =$Tot= instead of =$6=.

- =^= ::

     This row defines names for the fields /above/ the row.  With such
     a definition, any formula in the table may use =$m1= to refer to
     the value =10=.  Also, if you assign a formula to a names field,
     it is stored as =$name = ...=.

- =_= ::

     Similar to =^=, but defines names for the fields in the row
     /below/.

- =$= ::

     Fields in this row can define /parameters/ for formulas.  For
     example, if a field in a =$= row contains =max=50=, then formulas
     in this table can refer to the value 50 using =$max=.  Parameters
     work exactly like constants, only that they can be defined on
     a per-table basis.

- =#= ::

     Fields in this row are automatically recalculated when pressing
     {{{kbd(TAB)}}} or {{{kbd(RET)}}} or {{{kbd(S-TAB)}}} in this row.
     Also, this row is selected for a global recalculation with
     {{{kbd(C-u C-c *)}}}.  Unmarked lines are left alone by this
     command.

- =*= ::

     Selects this line for global recalculation with {{{kbd(C-u C-c
     *)}}}, but not for automatic recalculation.  Use this when
     automatic recalculation slows down editing too much.

- =/= ::

     Do not export this line.  Useful for lines that contain the
     narrowing =<N>= markers or column group markers.

Finally, just to whet your appetite for what can be done with the
fantastic Calc package, here is a table that computes the Taylor
series of degree n at location x for a couple of functions.

#+begin_example
|---+-------------+---+-----+--------------------------------------|
|   | Func        | n | x   | Result                               |
|---+-------------+---+-----+--------------------------------------|
| # | exp(x)      | 1 | x   | 1 + x                                |
| # | exp(x)      | 2 | x   | 1 + x + x^2 / 2                      |
| # | exp(x)      | 3 | x   | 1 + x + x^2 / 2 + x^3 / 6            |
| # | x^2+sqrt(x) | 2 | x=0 | x*(0.5 / 0) + x^2 (2 - 0.25 / 0) / 2 |
| # | x^2+sqrt(x) | 2 | x=1 | 2 + 2.5 x - 2.5 + 0.875 (x - 1)^2    |
| * | tan(x)      | 3 | x   | 0.0175 x + 1.77e-6 x^3               |
|---+-------------+---+-----+--------------------------------------|
,#+TBLFM: $5=taylor($2,$4,$3);n3
#+end_example

** Org Plot
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Plotting from Org tables.
:END:
#+cindex: graph, in tables
#+cindex: plot tables using Gnuplot

Org Plot can produce graphs of information stored in Org tables,
either graphically or in ASCII art.

*** Graphical plots using Gnuplot
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

#+cindex: @samp{PLOT}, keyword
Org Plot can produce 2D and 3D graphs of information stored in Org
tables using [[http://www.gnuplot.info/][Gnuplot]] and [[http://cars9.uchicago.edu/~ravel/software/gnuplot-mode.html][Gnuplot mode]].  To see this in action, ensure
that you have both Gnuplot and Gnuplot mode installed on your system,
then call {{{kbd(C-c \quot g)}}} or {{{kbd(M-x org-plot/gnuplot)}}} on the
following table.

#+begin_example
,#+PLOT: title:"Citas" ind:1 deps:(3) type:2d with:histograms set:"yrange [0:]"
| Sede      | Max cites | H-index |
|-----------+-----------+---------|
| Chile     |    257.72 |   21.39 |
| Leeds     |    165.77 |   19.68 |
| Sao Paolo |     71.00 |   11.50 |
| Stockholm |    134.19 |   14.33 |
| Morelia   |    257.56 |   17.67 |
#+end_example

Notice that Org Plot is smart enough to apply the table's headers as
labels.  Further control over the labels, type, content, and
appearance of plots can be exercised through the =PLOT= keyword
preceding a table.  See below for a complete list of Org Plot options.
For more information and examples see the [[https://orgmode.org/worg/org-tutorials/org-plot.html][Org Plot tutorial]].

**** Plot options
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

- =set= ::

     Specify any Gnuplot option to be set when graphing.

- =title= ::

     Specify the title of the plot.

- =ind= ::

     Specify which column of the table to use as the =x= axis.

- =deps= ::

     Specify the columns to graph as a Lisp style list, surrounded by
     parentheses and separated by spaces for example =dep:(3 4)= to
     graph the third and fourth columns.  Defaults to graphing all
     other columns aside from the =ind= column.

- =type= ::

     Specify whether the plot is =2d=, =3d=, or =grid=.

- =with= ::

     Specify a =with= option to be inserted for every column being
     plotted, e.g., =lines=, =points=, =boxes=, =impulses=.  Defaults
     to =lines=.

- =file= ::

     If you want to plot to a file, specify
     ="path/to/desired/output-file"=.

- =labels= ::

     List of labels to be used for the =deps=.  Defaults to the column
     headers if they exist.

- =line= ::

     Specify an entire line to be inserted in the Gnuplot script.

- =map= ::

     When plotting =3d= or =grid= types, set this to =t= to graph
     a flat mapping rather than a =3d= slope.

- =timefmt= ::

     Specify format of Org mode timestamps as they will be parsed by
     Gnuplot.  Defaults to =%Y-%m-%d-%H:%M:%S=.

- =script= ::

     If you want total control, you can specify a script file---place
     the file name between double-quotes---which will be used to plot.
     Before plotting, every instance of =$datafile= in the specified
     script will be replaced with the path to the generated data file.
     Note: even if you set this option, you may still want to specify
     the plot type, as that can impact the content of the data file.

*** ASCII bar plots
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

While point is on a column, typing {{{kbd(C-c " a)}}} or {{{kbd(M-x
orgtbl-ascii-plot)}}} create a new column containing an ASCII-art bars
plot.  The plot is implemented through a regular column formula.  When
the source column changes, the bar plot may be updated by refreshing
the table, for example typing {{{kbd(C-u C-c *)}}}.

#+begin_example
| Sede          | Max cites |              |
|---------------+-----------+--------------|
| Chile         |    257.72 | WWWWWWWWWWWW |
| Leeds         |    165.77 | WWWWWWWh     |
| Sao Paolo     |     71.00 | WWW;         |
| Stockholm     |    134.19 | WWWWWW:      |
| Morelia       |    257.56 | WWWWWWWWWWWH |
| Rochefourchat |      0.00 |              |
,#+TBLFM: $3='(orgtbl-ascii-draw $2 0.0 257.72 12)
#+end_example

The formula is an Elisp call.

#+attr_texinfo: :options orgtbl-ascii-draw value min max &optional width
#+begin_defun
Draw an ASCII bar in a table.

{{{var(VALUE)}}} is the value to plot.

{{{var(MIN)}}} is the value displayed as an empty bar.  {{{var(MAX)}}}
is the value filling all the {{{var(WIDTH)}}}.  Sources values outside
this range are displayed as =too small= or =too large=.

{{{var(WIDTH)}}} is the number of characters of the bar plot.  It
defaults to =12=.
#+end_defun

* Hyperlinks
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Notes in context.
:END:
#+cindex: hyperlinks

Like HTML, Org provides support for links inside a file, external
links to other files, Usenet articles, emails, and much more.

** Link Format
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: How links in Org are formatted.
:END:
#+cindex: link format
#+cindex: format, of links

Org recognizes plain URL-like links and activate them as clickable
links.  The general link format, however, looks like this:

: [[LINK][DESCRIPTION]]

#+texinfo: @noindent
or alternatively

: [[LINK]]

Once a link in the buffer is complete---all brackets present---, Org
changes the display so that =DESCRIPTION= is displayed instead of
=[[LINK][DESCRIPTION]]= and =LINK= is displayed instead of =[[LINK]]=.
Links are highlighted in the ~org-link~ face, which, by default, is an
underlined face.

You can directly edit the visible part of a link.  This can be either
the {{{var(LINK)}}} part, if there is no description, or the
{{{var(DESCRIPTION)}}} part otherwise.  To also edit the invisible
{{{var(LINK)}}} part, use {{{kbd(C-c C-l)}}} with point on the link
(see [[*Handling Links]]).

If you place point at the beginning or just behind the end of the
displayed text and press {{{kbd(BS)}}}, you remove
the---invisible---bracket at that location[fn:25].  This makes the link
incomplete and the internals are again displayed as plain text.
Inserting the missing bracket hides the link internals again.  To show
the internal structure of all links, use the menu: Org \rarr Hyperlinks \rarr
Literal links.

** Internal Links
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Links to other places in the current file.
:END:
#+cindex: internal links
#+cindex: links, internal
#+cindex: targets, for links

#+cindex: @samp{CUSTOM_ID}, property
If the link does not look like a URL, it is considered to be internal
in the current file.  The most important case is a link like
=[[#my-custom-id]]= which links to the entry with the =CUSTOM_ID= property
=my-custom-id=.  You are responsible yourself to make sure these
custom IDs are unique in a file.

Links such as =[[My Target]]= or =[[My Target][Find my target]]= lead to a text search in
the current file.

The link can be followed with {{{kbd(C-c C-o)}}} when point is on
the link, or with a mouse click (see [[*Handling Links]]).  Links to
custom IDs point to the corresponding headline.  The preferred match
for a text link is a /dedicated target/: the same string in double
angular brackets, like =<<My Target>>=.

#+cindex: @samp{NAME}, keyword
If no dedicated target exists, the link tries to match the exact name
of an element within the buffer.  Naming is done with the =NAME=
keyword, which has to be put in the line before the element it refers
to, as in the following example

#+begin_example
,#+NAME: My Target
| a  | table      |
|----+------------|
| of | four cells |
#+end_example

If none of the above succeeds, Org searches for a headline that is
exactly the link text but may also include a TODO keyword and
tags[fn:26].

During export, internal links are used to mark objects and assign them
a number.  Marked objects are then referenced by links pointing to
them.  In particular, links without a description appear as the number
assigned to the marked object[fn:27].  In the following excerpt from
an Org buffer

#+begin_example
1. one item
2. <<target>>another item
Here we refer to item [[target]].
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
The last sentence will appear as =Here we refer to item 2= when
exported.

In non-Org files, the search looks for the words in the link text.  In
the above example the search would be for =target=.

Following a link pushes a mark onto Org's own mark ring.  You can
return to the previous position with {{{kbd(C-c &)}}}.  Using this
command several times in direct succession goes back to positions
recorded earlier.

** Radio Targets
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Make targets trigger links in plain text.
:END:
#+cindex: radio targets
#+cindex: targets, radio
#+cindex: links, radio targets

Org can automatically turn any occurrences of certain target names in
normal text into a link.  So without explicitly creating a link, the
text connects to the target radioing its position.  Radio targets are
enclosed by triple angular brackets.  For example, a target =<<<My
Target>>>= causes each occurrence of =my target= in normal text to
become activated as a link.  The Org file is scanned automatically for
radio targets only when the file is first loaded into Emacs.  To
update the target list during editing, press {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} with
point on or at a target.

** External Links
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: URL-like links to the world.
:END:
#+cindex: links, external
#+cindex: external links
#+cindex: Gnus links
#+cindex: BBDB links
#+cindex: irc links
#+cindex: URL links
#+cindex: file links
#+cindex: @ links
#+cindex: Rmail links
#+cindex: MH-E links
#+cindex: Usenet links
#+cindex: shell links
#+cindex: Info links
#+cindex: Elisp links

Org supports links to files, websites, Usenet and email messages, BBDB
database entries and links to both IRC conversations and their logs.
External links are URL-like locators.  They start with a short
identifying string followed by a colon.  There can be no space after
the colon.

This list shows the full set of built-in external link types,
including examples for each:

| Link Type | Description                  | Example                                               |
|-----------+------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------|
| http      | web                          | =http://www.astro.uva.nl/=dominik=                    |
| https     | secure web                   | =https://orgmode.org/=                                |
| doi       | DOI for electronic resources | =doi:10.1000/182=                                     |
| file      | file-links                   | =file:/home/dominik/images/jupiter.jpg=               |
|           |                              | =/home/dominik/images/jupiter.jpg= (same as above)    |
|           |                              | =file:papers/last.pdf=                                |
|           |                              | =./papers/last.pdf= (same as above)                   |
|           |                              | =file:/ssh:me@some.where:papers/last.pdf= (remote)    |
|           |                              | =/ssh:me@some.where:papers/last.pdf= (same as above)  |
|           |                              | =file:sometextfile::NNN= (jump to line number)        |
|           |                              | =file:projects.org=                                   |
|           |                              | =file:projects.org::some words= (text search) [fn:28] |
|           |                              | =file:projects.org::*task title= (headline search)    |
| @         | links to attachments         | =@:projects.org=                                      |
|           |                              | =@:projects.org::some words= (text search)            |
| docview   | doc-view mode                | =docview:papers/last.pdf::NNN=                        |
| id        | Link to heading by id        | =id:B7423F4D-2E8A-471B-8810-C40F074717E9=             |
| news      | Usenet link                  | =news:comp.emacs=                                     |
| mailto    | mail link                    | =mailto:adent@galaxy.net=                             |
| mhe       | MH-E folder link             | =mhe:folder= (folder link)                            |
|           |                              | =mhe:folder#id= (message link)                        |
| rmail     | Rmail link                   | =rmail:folder= (folder link)                          |
|           |                              | =rmail:folder#id= (message link)                      |
| gnus      | Gnus link                    | =gnus:group= (group link)                             |
|           |                              | =gnus:group#id= (article link)                        |
| bbdb      | BBDB link                    | =bbdb:R.*Stallman= (link with regexp)                 |
| irc       | IRC link                     | =irc:/irc.com/#emacs/bob=                             |
| info      | Info link                    | =info:org#External links=                             |
| shell     | shell command                | =shell:ls *.org=                                      |
| elisp     | interactive elisp command    | =elisp:(find-file "Elisp.org")=                       |

#+cindex: VM links
#+cindex: Wanderlust links
On top of these built-in link types, additional ones are available
through the =contrib/= directory (see [[*Installation]]).  For example,
these links to VM or Wanderlust messages are available when you load
the corresponding libraries from the =contrib/= directory:

| =vm:folder=                            | VM folder link          |
| =vm:folder#id=                         | VM message link         |
| =vm://myself@some.where.org/folder#id= | VM on remote machine    |
| =vm-imap:account:folder=               | VM IMAP folder link     |
| =vm-imap:account:folder#id=            | VM IMAP message link    |
| =wl:folder=                            | Wanderlust folder link  |
| =wl:folder#id=                         | Wanderlust message link |

For information on customizing Org to add new link types, see [[*Adding
Hyperlink Types]].

A link should be enclosed in double brackets and may contain
descriptive text to be displayed instead of the URL (see [[*Link
Format]]), for example:

: [[http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/][GNU Emacs]]

If the description is a file name or URL that points to an image, HTML
export (see [[*HTML Export]]) inlines the image as a clickable button.  If
there is no description at all and the link points to an image, that
image is inlined into the exported HTML file.

#+cindex: square brackets, around links
#+cindex: angular brackets, around links
#+cindex: plain text external links
Org also finds external links in the normal text and activates them as
links.  If spaces must be part of the link (for example in
=bbdb:Richard Stallman=), or if you need to remove ambiguities about
the end of the link, enclose the link in square or angular brackets.

** Handling Links
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Creating, inserting and following.
:END:
#+cindex: links, handling

Org provides methods to create a link in the correct syntax, to insert
it into an Org file, and to follow the link.

#+findex: org-store-link
#+cindex: storing links
The main function is ~org-store-link~, called with {{{kbd(M-x
org-store-link)}}}.  Because of its importance, we suggest to bind it
to a widely available key (see [[*Activation]]).  It stores a link to the
current location.  The link is stored for later insertion into an Org
buffer---see below.  The kind of link that is created depends on the
current buffer:

- /Org mode buffers/ ::

     For Org files, if there is a =<<target>>= at point, the link
     points to the target.  Otherwise it points to the current
     headline, which is also the description[fn:29].

     #+vindex: org-link-to-org-use-id
     #+cindex: @samp{CUSTOM_ID}, property
     #+cindex: @samp{ID}, property
     If the headline has a =CUSTOM_ID= property, store a link to this
     custom ID.  In addition or alternatively, depending on the value
     of ~org-link-to-org-use-id~, create and/or use a globally unique
     ID property for the link[fn:30].  So using this command in Org
     buffers potentially creates two links: a human-readable link from
     the custom ID, and one that is globally unique and works even if
     the entry is moved from file to file.  Later, when inserting the
     link, you need to decide which one to use.

- /Email/News clients: VM, Rmail, Wanderlust, MH-E, Gnus/ ::

     #+vindex: org-email-link-description-format
     Pretty much all Emacs mail clients are supported.  The link
     points to the current article, or, in some Gnus buffers, to the
     group.  The description is constructed according to the variable
     ~org-email-link-description-format~.  By default, it refers to
     the addressee and the subject, possibly truncated.

- /Web browsers: W3, W3M and EWW/ ::

     Here the link is the current URL, with the page title as the
     description.

- /Contacts: BBDB/ ::

     Links created in a BBDB buffer point to the current entry.

- /Chat: IRC/ ::

     #+vindex: org-irc-links-to-logs
     For IRC links, if the variable ~org-irc-link-to-logs~ is
     non-~nil~, create a =file= style link to the relevant point in
     the logs for the current conversation.  Otherwise store an =irc=
     style link to the user/channel/server under the point.

- /Other files/ ::

     For any other file, the link points to the file, with a search
     string (see [[*Search Options in File Links]]) pointing to the
     contents of the current line.  If there is an active region, the
     selected words form the basis of the search string. You can write
     custom Lisp functions to select the search string and perform the
     search for particular file types (see [[*Custom Searches]]).

     You can also define dedicated links to other files.  See [[*Adding
     Hyperlink Types]].

- /Agenda view/ ::

     When point is in an agenda view, the created link points to
     the entry referenced by the current line.

From an Org buffer, the following commands create, navigate or, more
generally, act on links.

#+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
- {{{kbd(C-c C-l)}}} (~org-insert-link~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-l
     #+findex: org-insert-link
     #+cindex: link completion
     #+cindex: completion, of links
     #+cindex: inserting links
     #+vindex: org-keep-stored-link-after-insertion
     Insert a link[fn:31].  This prompts for a link to be inserted
     into the buffer.  You can just type a link, using text for an
     internal link, or one of the link type prefixes mentioned in the
     examples above.  The link is inserted into the buffer, along with
     a descriptive text[fn:32].  If some text was selected at this
     time, it becomes the default description.

  - /Inserting stored links/ ::

       All links stored during the current session are part of the
       history for this prompt, so you can access them with
       {{{kbd(UP)}}} and {{{kbd(DOWN)}}} (or {{{kbd(M-p)}}},
       {{{kbd(M-n)}}}).

  - /Completion support/ ::

       Completion with {{{kbd(TAB)}}} helps you to insert valid link
       prefixes like =http= or =ftp=, including the prefixes defined
       through link abbreviations (see [[*Link Abbreviations]]).  If you
       press {{{kbd(RET)}}} after inserting only the prefix, Org
       offers specific completion support for some link types[fn:33].
       For example, if you type {{{kbd(f i l e RET)}}}---alternative
       access: {{{kbd(C-u C-c C-l)}}}, see below---Org offers file
       name completion, and after {{{kbd(b b d b RET)}}} you can
       complete contact names.

- {{{kbd(C-u C-c C-l)}}} ::

     #+cindex: file name completion
     #+cindex: completion, of file names
     #+kindex: C-u C-c C-l
     When {{{kbd(C-c C-l)}}} is called with a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix
     argument, insert a link to a file.  You may use file name
     completion to select the name of the file.  The path to the file
     is inserted relative to the directory of the current Org file, if
     the linked file is in the current directory or in a sub-directory
     of it, or if the path is written relative to the current
     directory using =../=.  Otherwise an absolute path is used, if
     possible with =~/= for your home directory.  You can force an
     absolute path with two {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefixes.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-l)}}} (with point on existing link) ::

     #+cindex: following links
     When point is on an existing link, {{{kbd(C-c C-l)}}} allows
     you to edit the link and description parts of the link.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-o)}}} (~org-open-at-point~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-o
     #+findex: org-open-at-point
     #+vindex: org-file-apps
     Open link at point.  This launches a web browser for URL (using
     ~browse-url-at-point~), run VM/MH-E/Wanderlust/Rmail/Gnus/BBDB
     for the corresponding links, and execute the command in a shell
     link.  When point is on an internal link, this command runs the
     corresponding search.  When point is on the tags part of a
     headline, it creates the corresponding tags view (see [[*Matching
     tags and properties]]).  If point is on a timestamp, it compiles
     the agenda for that date.  Furthermore, it visits text and remote
     files in =file= links with Emacs and select a suitable
     application for local non-text files.  Classification of files is
     based on file extension only.  See option ~org-file-apps~.  If
     you want to override the default application and visit the file
     with Emacs, use a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix.  If you want to avoid
     opening in Emacs, use a {{{kbd(C-u C-u)}}} prefix.

     #+vindex: org-link-frame-setup
     If point is on a headline, but not on a link, offer all links in
     the headline and entry text.  If you want to setup the frame
     configuration for following links, customize
     ~org-link-frame-setup~.

- {{{kbd(RET)}}} ::

     #+vindex: org-return-follows-link
     #+kindex: RET
     When ~org-return-follows-link~ is set, {{{kbd(RET)}}} also
     follows the link at point.

- {{{kbd(mouse-2)}}} or {{{kbd(mouse-1)}}} ::

     #+kindex: mouse-2
     #+kindex: mouse-1
     On links, {{{kbd(mouse-1)}}} and {{{kbd(mouse-2)}}} opens the
     link just as {{{kbd(C-c C-o)}}} does.

- {{{kbd(mouse-3)}}} ::

     #+vindex: org-display-internal-link-with-indirect-buffer
     #+kindex: mouse-3
     Like {{{kbd(mouse-2)}}}, but force file links to be opened with
     Emacs, and internal links to be displayed in another
     window[fn:34].

- {{{kbd(C-c %)}}} (~org-mark-ring-push~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c %
     #+findex: org-mark-ring-push
     #+cindex: mark ring
     Push the current position onto the Org mark ring, to be able to
     return easily.  Commands following an internal link do this
     automatically.

- {{{kbd(C-c &)}}} (~org-mark-ring-goto~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c &
     #+findex: org-mark-ring-goto
     #+cindex: links, returning to
     Jump back to a recorded position.  A position is recorded by the
     commands following internal links, and by {{{kbd(C-c %)}}}.
     Using this command several times in direct succession moves
     through a ring of previously recorded positions.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-n)}}} (~org-next-link~), {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-p)}}} (~org-previous-link~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x C-p
     #+findex: org-previous-link
     #+kindex: C-c C-x C-n
     #+findex: org-next-link
     #+cindex: links, finding next/previous
     Move forward/backward to the next link in the buffer.  At the
     limit of the buffer, the search fails once, and then wraps
     around.  The key bindings for this are really too long; you might
     want to bind this also to {{{kbd(M-n)}}} and {{{kbd(M-p)}}}.

     #+begin_src emacs-lisp
     (add-hook 'org-load-hook
               (lambda ()
                 (define-key org-mode-map "\M-n" 'org-next-link)
                 (define-key org-mode-map "\M-p" 'org-previous-link)))
     #+end_src

** Using Links Outside Org
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Linking from my C source code?
:END:

#+findex: org-insert-link-global
#+findex: org-open-at-point-global
You can insert and follow links that have Org syntax not only in Org,
but in any Emacs buffer.  For this, Org provides two functions:
~org-insert-link-global~ and ~org-open-at-point-global~.

You might want to bind them to globally available keys.  See
[[*Activation]] for some advice.

** Link Abbreviations
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Shortcuts for writing complex links.
:END:
#+cindex: link abbreviations
#+cindex: abbreviation, links

Long URL can be cumbersome to type, and often many similar links are
needed in a document.  For this you can use link abbreviations.  An
abbreviated link looks like this

: [[linkword:tag][description]]

#+texinfo: @noindent
#+vindex: org-link-abbrev-alist
where the tag is optional.  The /linkword/ must be a word, starting
with a letter, followed by letters, numbers, =-=, and =_=.
Abbreviations are resolved according to the information in the
variable ~org-link-abbrev-alist~ that relates the linkwords to
replacement text.  Here is an example:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-link-abbrev-alist
      '(("bugzilla"  . "http://10.1.2.9/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=")
        ("url-to-ja" . "http://translate.google.fr/translate?sl=en&tl=ja&u=%h")
        ("google"    . "http://www.google.com/search?q=")
        ("gmap"      . "http://maps.google.com/maps?q=%s")
        ("omap"      . "http://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?q=%s&polygon=1")
        ("ads"       . "http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-abs_connect?author=%s&db_key=AST")))
#+end_src

If the replacement text contains the string =%s=, it is replaced with
the tag.  Using =%h= instead of =%s= percent-encodes the tag (see the
example above, where we need to encode the URL parameter).  Using
=%(my-function)= passes the tag to a custom Lisp function, and replace
it by the resulting string.

If the replacement text do not contain any specifier, it is simply
appended to the string in order to create the link.

Instead of a string, you may also specify a Lisp function to create
the link.  Such a function will be called with the tag as the only
argument.

With the above setting, you could link to a specific bug with
=[[bugzilla:129]]=, search the web for =OrgMode= with =[[google:OrgMode]]=,
show the map location of the Free Software Foundation =[[gmap:51
Franklin Street, Boston]]= or of Carsten office =[[omap:Science Park 904,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands]]= and find out what the Org author is doing
besides Emacs hacking with =[[ads:Dominik,C]]=.

If you need special abbreviations just for a single Org buffer, you
can define them in the file with

#+cindex: @samp{LINK}, keyword
#+begin_example
,#+LINK: bugzilla  http://10.1.2.9/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=
,#+LINK: google    http://www.google.com/search?q=%s
#+end_example

In-buffer completion (see [[*Completion]]) can be used after =[= to
complete link abbreviations.  You may also define a Lisp function that
implements special (e.g., completion) support for inserting such a
link with {{{kbd(C-c C-l)}}}.  Such a function should not accept any
arguments, and should return the full link with a prefix.  You can set
the link completion function like this:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(org-link-set-parameter "type" :complete #'some-completion-function)
#+end_src

** Search Options in File Links
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Linking to a specific location.
:ALT_TITLE: Search Options
:END:
#+cindex: search option in file links
#+cindex: file links, searching
#+cindex: @ links, searching

File links and attached (@) links can contain additional information
to make Emacs jump to a particular location in the file when following
a link.  This can be a line number or a search option after a double
colon[fn:35].  For example, when the command ~org-store-link~ creates
a link (see [[*Handling Links]]) to a file, it encodes the words in the
current line as a search string that can be used to find this line
back later when following the link with {{{kbd(C-c C-o)}}}.

Here is the syntax of the different ways to attach a search to a file
link, together with explanations for each:

#+begin_example
[[file:~/code/main.c::255]]
[[file:~/xx.org::My Target]]
[[file:~/xx.org::*My Target]]
[[file:~/xx.org::#my-custom-id]]
[[file:~/xx.org::/regexp/]]
[[@:~/code/main.c::255]]
#+end_example

- =255= ::

     Jump to line 255.

- =My Target= ::

     Search for a link target =<<My Target>>=, or do a text search for
     =my target=, similar to the search in internal links, see
     [[*Internal Links]].  In HTML export (see [[*HTML Export]]), such a file
     link becomes a HTML reference to the corresponding named anchor
     in the linked file.

- =*My Target= ::

     In an Org file, restrict search to headlines.

- =#my-custom-id= ::

     Link to a heading with a =CUSTOM_ID= property

- =/REGEXP/= ::

     Do a regular expression search for {{{var(REGEXP)}}}.  This uses
     the Emacs command ~occur~ to list all matches in a separate
     window.  If the target file is in Org mode, ~org-occur~ is used
     to create a sparse tree with the matches.

As a degenerate case, a file link with an empty file name can be used
to search the current file.  For example, =[[file:::find me]]= does
a search for =find me= in the current file, just as =[[find me]]= would.

** Custom Searches
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: When the default search is not enough.
:END:
#+cindex: custom search strings
#+cindex: search strings, custom

The default mechanism for creating search strings and for doing the
actual search related to a file link may not work correctly in all
cases.  For example, BibTeX database files have many entries like
~year="1993"~ which would not result in good search strings, because
the only unique identification for a BibTeX entry is the citation key.

#+vindex: org-create-file-search-functions
#+vindex: org-execute-file-search-functions
If you come across such a problem, you can write custom functions to
set the right search string for a particular file type, and to do the
search for the string in the file.  Using ~add-hook~, these functions
need to be added to the hook variables
~org-create-file-search-functions~ and
~org-execute-file-search-functions~.  See the docstring for these
variables for more information.  Org actually uses this mechanism for
BibTeX database files, and you can use the corresponding code as an
implementation example.  See the file =org-bibtex.el=.

* TODO Items
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Every tree branch can be a TODO item.
:END:
#+cindex: TODO items

Org mode does not maintain TODO lists as separate documents[fn:36].
Instead, TODO items are an integral part of the notes file, because
TODO items usually come up while taking notes!  With Org mode, simply
mark any entry in a tree as being a TODO item.  In this way,
information is not duplicated, and the entire context from which the
TODO item emerged is always present.

Of course, this technique for managing TODO items scatters them
throughout your notes file.  Org mode compensates for this by
providing methods to give you an overview of all the things that you
have to do.

** Basic TODO Functionality
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Marking and displaying TODO entries.
:ALT_TITLE: TODO Basics
:END:

Any headline becomes a TODO item when it starts with the word =TODO=,
for example:

: *** TODO Write letter to Sam Fortune

The most important commands to work with TODO entries are:

- {{{kbd(C-c C-t)}}} (~org-todo~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-t
     #+cindex: cycling, of TODO states
     Rotate the TODO state of the current item among

     #+begin_example
     ,-> (unmarked) -> TODO -> DONE --.
     '--------------------------------'
     #+end_example

     If TODO keywords have fast access keys (see [[*Fast access to
     TODO states]]), prompt for a TODO keyword through the fast
     selection interface; this is the default behavior when
     ~org-use-fast-todo-selection~ is non-~nil~.

     The same rotation can also be done "remotely" from the agenda
     buffer with the {{{kbd(t)}}} command key (see [[*Commands in the
     Agenda Buffer]]).

- {{{kbd(C-u C-c C-t)}}} ::

     #+kindex: C-u C-c C-t
     When TODO keywords have no selection keys, select a specific
     keyword using completion; otherwise force cycling through TODO
     states with no prompt.  When ~org-use-fast-todo-selection~ is set
     to ~prefix~, use the fast selection interface.

- {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}} {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}} ::

     #+kindex: S-RIGHT
     #+kindex: S-LEFT
     #+vindex: org-treat-S-cursor-todo-selection-as-state-change
     Select the following/preceding TODO state, similar to cycling.
     Useful mostly if more than two TODO states are possible (see
     [[*Extended Use of TODO Keywords]]).  See also [[*Packages that
     conflict with Org mode]], for a discussion of the interaction with
     ~shift-selection-mode~.  See also the variable
     ~org-treat-S-cursor-todo-selection-as-state-change~.

- {{{kbd(C-c / t)}}} (~org-show-todo-tree~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c / t
     #+cindex: sparse tree, for TODO
     #+vindex: org-todo-keywords
     #+findex: org-show-todo-tree
     View TODO items in a /sparse tree/ (see [[*Sparse Trees]]).  Folds
     the entire buffer, but shows all TODO items---with not-DONE
     state---and the headings hierarchy above them.  With a prefix
     argument, or by using {{{kbd(C-c / T)}}}, search for a specific
     TODO.  You are prompted for the keyword, and you can also give
     a list of keywords like =KWD1|KWD2|...= to list entries that
     match any one of these keywords.  With a numeric prefix argument
     N, show the tree for the Nth keyword in the variable
     ~org-todo-keywords~.  With two prefix arguments, find all TODO
     states, both un-done and done.

- {{{kbd(M-x org-agenda t)}}} (~org-todo-list~) ::

     #+kindex: t @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
     Show the global TODO list.  Collects the TODO items (with
     not-DONE states) from all agenda files (see [[*Agenda Views]]) into
     a single buffer.  The new buffer is in Org Agenda mode, which
     provides commands to examine and manipulate the TODO entries from
     the new buffer (see [[*Commands in the Agenda Buffer]]).  See [[*The
     global TODO list]], for more information.

- {{{kbd(S-M-RET)}}} (~org-insert-todo-heading~) ::

     #+kindex: S-M-RET
     #+findex: org-insert-todo-heading
     Insert a new TODO entry below the current one.

#+vindex: org-todo-state-tags-triggers
Changing a TODO state can also trigger tag changes.  See the docstring
of the option ~org-todo-state-tags-triggers~ for details.

** Extended Use of TODO Keywords
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Workflow and assignments.
:ALT_TITLE: TODO Extensions
:END:
#+cindex: extended TODO keywords

#+vindex: org-todo-keywords
By default, marked TODO entries have one of only two states: TODO and
DONE.  Org mode allows you to classify TODO items in more complex ways
with /TODO keywords/ (stored in ~org-todo-keywords~).  With special
setup, the TODO keyword system can work differently in different
files.

Note that /tags/ are another way to classify headlines in general and
TODO items in particular (see [[*Tags]]).

*** TODO keywords as workflow states
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: From TODO to DONE in steps.
:ALT_TITLE: Workflow states
:END:
#+cindex: TODO workflow
#+cindex: workflow states as TODO keywords

You can use TODO keywords to indicate different /sequential/ states in
the process of working on an item, for example[fn:37]:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-todo-keywords
      '((sequence "TODO" "FEEDBACK" "VERIFY" "|" "DONE" "DELEGATED")))
#+end_src

The vertical bar separates the TODO keywords (states that /need
action/) from the DONE states (which need /no further action/).  If
you do not provide the separator bar, the last state is used as the
DONE state.

#+cindex: completion, of TODO keywords
With this setup, the command {{{kbd(C-c C-t)}}} cycles an entry from
=TODO= to =FEEDBACK=, then to =VERIFY=, and finally to =DONE= and
=DELEGATED=.  You may also use a numeric prefix argument to quickly
select a specific state.  For example {{{kbd(C-3 C-c C-t)}}} changes
the state immediately to =VERIFY=.  Or you can use {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}}
to go backward through the sequence.  If you define many keywords, you
can use in-buffer completion (see [[*Completion]]) or even a special
one-key selection scheme (see [[*Fast access to TODO states]]) to insert
these words into the buffer.  Changing a TODO state can be logged with
a timestamp, see [[*Tracking TODO state changes]], for more information.

*** TODO keywords as types
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: I do this, Fred does the rest.
:ALT_TITLE: TODO types
:END:
#+cindex: TODO types
#+cindex: names as TODO keywords
#+cindex: types as TODO keywords

The second possibility is to use TODO keywords to indicate different
/types/ of action items.  For example, you might want to indicate that
items are for "work" or "home".  Or, when you work with several people
on a single project, you might want to assign action items directly to
persons, by using their names as TODO keywords.  This would be set up
like this:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-todo-keywords '((type "Fred" "Sara" "Lucy" "|" "DONE")))
#+end_src

In this case, different keywords do not indicate a sequence, but
rather different types.  So the normal work flow would be to assign
a task to a person, and later to mark it DONE.  Org mode supports this
style by adapting the workings of the command {{{kbd(C-c
C-t)}}}[fn:38].  When used several times in succession, it still
cycles through all names, in order to first select the right type for
a task.  But when you return to the item after some time and execute
{{{kbd(C-c C-t)}}} again, it will switch from any name directly to
=DONE=.  Use prefix arguments or completion to quickly select
a specific name.  You can also review the items of a specific TODO
type in a sparse tree by using a numeric prefix to {{{kbd(C-c / t)}}}.
For example, to see all things Lucy has to do, you would use
{{{kbd(C-3 C-c / t)}}}.  To collect Lucy's items from all agenda files
into a single buffer, you would use the numeric prefix argument as
well when creating the global TODO list: {{{kbd(C-3 M-x org-agenda
t)}}}.

*** Multiple keyword sets in one file
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Mixing it all, still finding your way.
:ALT_TITLE: Multiple sets in one file
:END:
#+cindex: TODO keyword sets

Sometimes you may want to use different sets of TODO keywords in
parallel.  For example, you may want to have the basic TODO/DONE, but
also a workflow for bug fixing, and a separate state indicating that
an item has been canceled---so it is not DONE, but also does not
require action.  Your setup would then look like this:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-todo-keywords
      '((sequence "TODO" "|" "DONE")
        (sequence "REPORT" "BUG" "KNOWNCAUSE" "|" "FIXED")
        (sequence "|" "CANCELED")))
#+end_src

The keywords should all be different, this helps Org mode keep track
of which subsequence should be used for a given entry.  In this setup,
{{{kbd(C-c C-t)}}} only operates within a sub-sequence, so it switches
from =DONE= to (nothing) to =TODO=, and from =FIXED= to (nothing) to
=REPORT=.  Therefore you need a mechanism to initially select the
correct sequence.  In addition to typing a keyword or using completion
(see [[*Completion]]), you may also apply the following commands:

#+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
- {{{kbd(C-u C-u C-c C-t)}}}, {{{kbd(C-S-RIGHT)}}}, {{{kbd(C-S-LEFT)}}} ::

     #+kindex: C-S-RIGHT
     #+kindex: C-S-LEFT
     #+kindex: C-u C-u C-c C-t
     These keys jump from one TODO sub-sequence to the next.  In the
     above example, {{{kbd(C-u C-u C-c C-t)}}} or {{{kbd(C-S-RIGHT)}}}
     would jump from =TODO= or =DONE= to =REPORT=, and any of the
     words in the second row to =CANCELED=.  Note that the
     {{{kbd(C-S-)}}} key binding conflict with ~shift-selection-mode~
     (see [[*Packages that conflict with Org mode]]).

- {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}}, {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}} ::

     #+kindex: S-RIGHT
     #+kindex: S-LEFT
     {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}} and {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}} walk through /all/
     keywords from all sub-sequences, so for example
     {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}} would switch from =DONE= to =REPORT= in the
     example above.  For a discussion of the interaction with
     ~shift-selection-mode~, see [[*Packages that conflict with Org
     mode]].

*** Fast access to TODO states
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Single letter selection of state.
:END:

If you would like to quickly change an entry to an arbitrary TODO
state instead of cycling through the states, you can set up keys for
single-letter access to the states.  This is done by adding the
selection character after each keyword, in parentheses[fn:39].  For
example:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-todo-keywords
      '((sequence "TODO(t)" "|" "DONE(d)")
        (sequence "REPORT(r)" "BUG(b)" "KNOWNCAUSE(k)" "|" "FIXED(f)")
        (sequence "|" "CANCELED(c)")))
#+end_src

#+vindex: org-fast-tag-selection-include-todo
If you then press {{{kbd(C-c C-t)}}} followed by the selection key,
the entry is switched to this state.  {{{kbd(SPC)}}} can be used to
remove any TODO keyword from an entry[fn:40].

*** Setting up keywords for individual files
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Different files, different requirements.
:ALT_TITLE: Per-file keywords
:END:
#+cindex: keyword options
#+cindex: per-file keywords
#+cindex: @samp{TODO}, keyword
#+cindex: @samp{TYP_TODO}, keyword
#+cindex: @samp{SEQ_TODO}, keyword

It can be very useful to use different aspects of the TODO mechanism
in different files.  For file-local settings, you need to add special
lines to the file which set the keywords and interpretation for that
file only.  For example, to set one of the two examples discussed
above, you need one of the following lines, starting in column zero
anywhere in the file:

: #+TODO: TODO FEEDBACK VERIFY | DONE CANCELED

You may also write =#+SEQ_TODO= to be explicit about the
interpretation, but it means the same as =#+TODO=, or

: #+TYP_TODO: Fred Sara Lucy Mike | DONE

A setup for using several sets in parallel would be:

#+begin_example
,#+TODO: TODO | DONE
,#+TODO: REPORT BUG KNOWNCAUSE | FIXED
,#+TODO: | CANCELED
#+end_example

#+cindex: completion, of option keywords
#+kindex: M-TAB
To make sure you are using the correct keyword, type =#+= into the
buffer and then use {{{kbd(M-TAB)}}} to complete it (see [[*Completion]]).

#+cindex: DONE, final TODO keyword
Remember that the keywords after the vertical bar---or the last
keyword if no bar is there---must always mean that the item is DONE,
although you may use a different word.  After changing one of these
lines, use {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} with point still in the line to make the
changes known to Org mode[fn:41].

*** Faces for TODO keywords
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Highlighting states.
:END:
#+cindex: faces, for TODO keywords

#+vindex: org-todo, face
#+vindex: org-done, face
#+vindex: org-todo-keyword-faces
Org mode highlights TODO keywords with special faces: ~org-todo~ for
keywords indicating that an item still has to be acted upon, and
~org-done~ for keywords indicating that an item is finished.  If you
are using more than two different states, you might want to use
special faces for some of them.  This can be done using the variable
~org-todo-keyword-faces~.  For example:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-todo-keyword-faces
      '(("TODO" . org-warning) ("STARTED" . "yellow")
        ("CANCELED" . (:foreground "blue" :weight bold))))
#+end_src

#+vindex: org-faces-easy-properties
While using a list with face properties as shown for =CANCELED=
/should/ work, this does not always seem to be the case.  If
necessary, define a special face and use that.  A string is
interpreted as a color.  The variable ~org-faces-easy-properties~
determines if that color is interpreted as a foreground or
a background color.

*** TODO dependencies
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: When one task needs to wait for others.
:END:
#+cindex: TODO dependencies
#+cindex: dependencies, of TODO states

#+vindex: org-enforce-todo-dependencies
#+cindex: @samp{ORDERED}, property
The structure of Org files---hierarchy and lists---makes it easy to
define TODO dependencies.  Usually, a parent TODO task should not be
marked DONE until all TODO subtasks, or children tasks, are marked as
DONE.  Sometimes there is a logical sequence to (sub)tasks, so that
one subtask cannot be acted upon before all siblings above it have
been marked DONE.  If you customize the variable
~org-enforce-todo-dependencies~, Org blocks entries from changing
state to DONE while they have TODO children that are not DONE.
Furthermore, if an entry has a property =ORDERED=, each of its TODO
children is blocked until all earlier siblings are marked DONE.  Here
is an example:

#+begin_example
,* TODO Blocked until (two) is done
,** DONE one
,** TODO two

,* Parent
:PROPERTIES:
:ORDERED:  t
:END:
,** TODO a
,** TODO b, needs to wait for (a)
,** TODO c, needs to wait for (a) and (b)
#+end_example

#+cindex: TODO dependencies, @samp{NOBLOCKING}
#+cindex: @samp{NOBLOCKING}, property
You can ensure an entry is never blocked by using the =NOBLOCKING=
property (see [[*Properties and Columns]]):

#+begin_example
,* This entry is never blocked
:PROPERTIES:
:NOBLOCKING: t
:END:
#+end_example

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x o)}}} (~org-toggle-ordered-property~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x o
     #+findex: org-toggle-ordered-property
     #+vindex: org-track-ordered-property-with-tag
     Toggle the =ORDERED= property of the current entry.  A property
     is used for this behavior because this should be local to the
     current entry, not inherited from entries above like a tag (see
     [[*Tags]]).  However, if you would like to /track/ the value of this
     property with a tag for better visibility, customize the variable
     ~org-track-ordered-property-with-tag~.

- {{{kbd(C-u C-u C-u C-c C-t)}}} ::

     #+kindex: C-u C-u C-u C-c C-t
     Change TODO state, regardless of any state blocking.

#+vindex: org-agenda-dim-blocked-tasks
If you set the variable ~org-agenda-dim-blocked-tasks~, TODO entries
that cannot be marked DONE because of unmarked children are shown in a
dimmed font or even made invisible in agenda views (see [[*Agenda
Views]]).

#+cindex: checkboxes and TODO dependencies
#+vindex: org-enforce-todo-dependencies
You can also block changes of TODO states by using checkboxes (see
[[*Checkboxes]]).  If you set the variable
~org-enforce-todo-checkbox-dependencies~, an entry that has unchecked
checkboxes is blocked from switching to DONE.

If you need more complex dependency structures, for example
dependencies between entries in different trees or files, check out
the contributed module =org-depend.el=.

** Progress Logging
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Dates and notes for progress.
:END:
#+cindex: progress logging
#+cindex: logging, of progress

Org mode can automatically record a timestamp and optionally a note
when you mark a TODO item as DONE, or even each time you change the
state of a TODO item.  This system is highly configurable, settings
can be on a per-keyword basis and can be localized to a file or even a
subtree.  For information on how to clock working time for a task, see
[[*Clocking Work Time]].

*** Closing items
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: When was this entry marked DONE?
:END:

The most basic logging is to keep track of /when/ a certain TODO item
was marked DONE.  This can be achieved with[fn:42]

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-log-done 'time)
#+end_src

#+vindex: org-closed-keep-when-no-todo
#+texinfo: @noindent
Then each time you turn an entry from a TODO (not-done) state into any
of the DONE states, a line =CLOSED: [timestamp]= is inserted just
after the headline.  If you turn the entry back into a TODO item
through further state cycling, that line is removed again.  If you
turn the entry back to a non-TODO state (by pressing {{{kbd(C-c C-t
SPC)}}} for example), that line is also removed, unless you set
~org-closed-keep-when-no-todo~ to non-~nil~.  If you want to record
a note along with the timestamp, use[fn:43]

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-log-done 'note)
#+end_src

#+texinfo: @noindent
You are then be prompted for a note, and that note is stored below the
entry with a =Closing Note= heading.

*** Tracking TODO state changes
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: When did the status change?
:END:
#+cindex: drawer, for state change recording

#+vindex: org-log-states-order-reversed
#+vindex: org-log-into-drawer
#+cindex: @samp{LOG_INTO_DRAWER}, property
When TODO keywords are used as workflow states (see [[*TODO keywords as workflow states][*Workflow states]]),
you might want to keep track of when a state change occurred and maybe
take a note about this change.  You can either record just a
timestamp, or a time-stamped note.  These records are inserted after
the headline as an itemized list, newest first[fn:44].  When taking a
lot of notes, you might want to get the notes out of the way into a
drawer (see [[*Drawers]]).  Customize the variable ~org-log-into-drawer~
to get this behavior---the recommended drawer for this is called
=LOGBOOK=[fn:45].  You can also overrule the setting of this variable
for a subtree by setting a =LOG_INTO_DRAWER= property.

Since it is normally too much to record a note for every state, Org
mode expects configuration on a per-keyword basis for this.  This is
achieved by adding special markers =!= (for a timestamp) or =@= (for
a note with timestamp) in parentheses after each keyword.  For
example, with the setting

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-todo-keywords
      '((sequence "TODO(t)" "WAIT(w@/!)" "|" "DONE(d!)" "CANCELED(c@)")))
#+end_src

#+texinfo: @noindent
to record a timestamp without a note for TODO keywords configured with
=@=, just type {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} to enter a blank note when prompted.

#+vindex: org-log-done
You not only define global TODO keywords and fast access keys, but
also request that a time is recorded when the entry is set to =DONE=,
and that a note is recorded when switching to =WAIT= or
=CANCELED=[fn:46].  The setting for =WAIT= is even more special: the
=!= after the slash means that in addition to the note taken when
entering the state, a timestamp should be recorded when /leaving/ the
=WAIT= state, if and only if the /target/ state does not configure
logging for entering it.  So it has no effect when switching from
=WAIT= to =DONE=, because =DONE= is configured to record a timestamp
only.  But when switching from =WAIT= back to =TODO=, the =/!= in the
=WAIT= setting now triggers a timestamp even though =TODO= has no
logging configured.

You can use the exact same syntax for setting logging preferences local
to a buffer:

: #+TODO: TODO(t) WAIT(w@/!) | DONE(d!) CANCELED(c@)

#+cindex: @samp{LOGGING}, property
In order to define logging settings that are local to a subtree or
a single item, define a =LOGGING= property in this entry.  Any
non-empty =LOGGING= property resets all logging settings to ~nil~.
You may then turn on logging for this specific tree using =STARTUP=
keywords like =lognotedone= or =logrepeat=, as well as adding state
specific settings like =TODO(!)=.  For example:

#+begin_example
,* TODO Log each state with only a time
  :PROPERTIES:
  :LOGGING: TODO(!) WAIT(!) DONE(!) CANCELED(!)
  :END:
,* TODO Only log when switching to WAIT, and when repeating
  :PROPERTIES:
  :LOGGING: WAIT(@) logrepeat
  :END:
,* TODO No logging at all
  :PROPERTIES:
  :LOGGING: nil
  :END:
#+end_example

*** Tracking your habits
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: How consistent have you been?
:END:
#+cindex: habits
#+cindex: @samp{STYLE}, property

Org has the ability to track the consistency of a special category of
TODO, called "habits."  To use habits, you have to enable the ~habits~
module by customizing the variable ~org-modules~.

A habit has the following properties:

1. The habit is a TODO item, with a TODO keyword representing an open
   state.

2. The property =STYLE= is set to the value =habit= (see [[*Properties
   and Columns]]).

3. The TODO has a scheduled date, usually with a =.+= style repeat
   interval.  A =++= style may be appropriate for habits with time
   constraints, e.g., must be done on weekends, or a =+= style for an
   unusual habit that can have a backlog, e.g., weekly reports.

4. The TODO may also have minimum and maximum ranges specified by
   using the syntax =.+2d/3d=, which says that you want to do the task
   at least every three days, but at most every two days.

5. State logging for the DONE state is enabled (see [[*Tracking TODO
   state changes]]), in order for historical data to be represented in
   the consistency graph.  If it is not enabled it is not an error,
   but the consistency graphs are largely meaningless.

To give you an idea of what the above rules look like in action, here's an
actual habit with some history:

#+begin_example
,** TODO Shave
   SCHEDULED: <2009-10-17 Sat .+2d/4d>
   :PROPERTIES:
   :STYLE:    habit
   :LAST_REPEAT: [2009-10-19 Mon 00:36]
   :END:
   - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-10-15 Thu]
   - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-10-12 Mon]
   - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-10-10 Sat]
   - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-10-04 Sun]
   - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-10-02 Fri]
   - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-09-29 Tue]
   - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-09-25 Fri]
   - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-09-19 Sat]
   - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-09-16 Wed]
   - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-09-12 Sat]
#+end_example

What this habit says is: I want to shave at most every 2 days---given
by the =SCHEDULED= date and repeat interval---and at least every
4 days.  If today is the 15th, then the habit first appears in the
agenda (see [[*Agenda Views]]) on Oct 17, after the minimum of 2 days has
elapsed, and will appear overdue on Oct 19, after four days have
elapsed.

What's really useful about habits is that they are displayed along
with a consistency graph, to show how consistent you've been at
getting that task done in the past.  This graph shows every day that
the task was done over the past three weeks, with colors for each day.
The colors used are:

- Blue :: If the task was not to be done yet on that day.
- Green :: If the task could have been done on that day.
- Yellow :: If the task was going to be overdue the next day.
- Red :: If the task was overdue on that day.

In addition to coloring each day, the day is also marked with an
asterisk if the task was actually done that day, and an exclamation
mark to show where the current day falls in the graph.

There are several configuration variables that can be used to change
the way habits are displayed in the agenda.

- ~org-habit-graph-column~ ::

     #+vindex: org-habit-graph-column
     The buffer column at which the consistency graph should be drawn.
     This overwrites any text in that column, so it is a good idea to
     keep your habits' titles brief and to the point.

- ~org-habit-preceding-days~ ::

     #+vindex: org-habit-preceding-days
     The amount of history, in days before today, to appear in
     consistency graphs.

- ~org-habit-following-days~ ::

     #+vindex: org-habit-following-days
     The number of days after today that appear in consistency graphs.

- ~org-habit-show-habits-only-for-today~ ::

     #+vindex: org-habit-show-habits-only-for-today
     If non-~nil~, only show habits in today's agenda view.  The
     default value is ~t~.

Lastly, pressing {{{kbd(K)}}} in the agenda buffer causes habits to
temporarily be disabled and do not appear at all.  Press {{{kbd(K)}}}
again to bring them back.  They are also subject to tag filtering, if
you have habits which should only be done in certain contexts, for
example.

** Priorities
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Some things are more important than others.
:END:
#+cindex: priorities
#+cindex: priority cookie

If you use Org mode extensively, you may end up with enough TODO items
that it starts to make sense to prioritize them.  Prioritizing can be
done by placing a /priority cookie/ into the headline of a TODO item,
like this

: *** TODO [#A] Write letter to Sam Fortune

#+vindex: org-priority-faces
By default, Org mode supports three priorities: =A=, =B=, and =C=.
=A= is the highest priority.  An entry without a cookie is treated as
equivalent if it had priority =B=.  Priorities make a difference only
for sorting in the agenda (see [[*Weekly/daily agenda]]); outside the
agenda, they have no inherent meaning to Org mode.  The cookies are
displayed with the face defined by the variable ~org-priority-faces~,
which can be customized.

Priorities can be attached to any outline node; they do not need to be
TODO items.

#+attr_texinfo: :sep ;
- {{{kbd(C-c \,)}}} (~org-priority~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c ,
     #+findex: org-priority
     Set the priority of the current headline.  The command prompts
     for a priority character =A=, =B= or =C=.  When you press
     {{{kbd(SPC)}}} instead, the priority cookie, if one is set, is
     removed from the headline.  The priorities can also be changed
     "remotely" from the agenda buffer with the {{{kbd(\,)}}} command
     (see [[*Commands in the Agenda Buffer]]).

- {{{kbd(S-UP)}}} (~org-priority-up~); {{{kbd(S-DOWN)}}} (~org-priority-down~) ::

     #+kindex: S-UP
     #+kindex: S-DOWN
     #+findex: org-priority-up
     #+findex: org-priority-down
     #+vindex: org-priority-start-cycle-with-default
     Increase/decrease the priority of the current headline[fn:47].
     Note that these keys are also used to modify timestamps (see
     [[*Creating Timestamps]]).  See also [[*Packages that conflict with Org
     mode]], for a discussion of the interaction with
     ~shift-selection-mode~.

#+vindex: org-highest-priority
#+vindex: org-lowest-priority
#+vindex: org-default-priority
You can change the range of allowed priorities by setting the
variables ~org-highest-priority~, ~org-lowest-priority~, and
~org-default-priority~.  For an individual buffer, you may set these
values (highest, lowest, default) like this (please make sure that the
highest priority is earlier in the alphabet than the lowest priority):

#+cindex: @samp{PRIORITIES}, keyword
: #+PRIORITIES: A C B

** Breaking Down Tasks into Subtasks
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Splitting a task into manageable pieces.
:ALT_TITLE: Breaking Down Tasks
:END:
#+cindex: tasks, breaking down
#+cindex: statistics, for TODO items

#+vindex: org-agenda-todo-list-sublevels
It is often advisable to break down large tasks into smaller,
manageable subtasks.  You can do this by creating an outline tree
below a TODO item, with detailed subtasks on the tree[fn:48].  To keep
an overview of the fraction of subtasks that have already been marked
DONE, insert either =[/]= or =[%]= anywhere in the headline.  These
cookies are updated each time the TODO status of a child changes, or
when pressing {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} on the cookie.  For example:

#+begin_example
,* Organize Party [33%]
,** TODO Call people [1/2]
,*** TODO Peter
,*** DONE Sarah
,** TODO Buy food
,** DONE Talk to neighbor
#+end_example

#+cindex: @samp{COOKIE_DATA}, property
If a heading has both checkboxes and TODO children below it, the
meaning of the statistics cookie become ambiguous.  Set the property
=COOKIE_DATA= to either =checkbox= or =todo= to resolve this issue.

#+vindex: org-hierarchical-todo-statistics
If you would like to have the statistics cookie count any TODO entries
in the subtree (not just direct children), configure the variable
~org-hierarchical-todo-statistics~.  To do this for a single subtree,
include the word =recursive= into the value of the =COOKIE_DATA=
property.

#+begin_example org
,* Parent capturing statistics [2/20]
  :PROPERTIES:
  :COOKIE_DATA: todo recursive
  :END:
#+end_example

If you would like a TODO entry to automatically change to DONE when
all children are done, you can use the following setup:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(defun org-summary-todo (n-done n-not-done)
  "Switch entry to DONE when all subentries are done, to TODO otherwise."
  (let (org-log-done org-log-states)   ; turn off logging
    (org-todo (if (= n-not-done 0) "DONE" "TODO"))))

(add-hook 'org-after-todo-statistics-hook 'org-summary-todo)
#+end_src

Another possibility is the use of checkboxes to identify (a hierarchy
of) a large number of subtasks (see [[*Checkboxes]]).

** Checkboxes
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Tick-off lists.
:END:
#+cindex: checkboxes

#+vindex: org-list-automatic-rules
Every item in a plain list[fn:49] (see [[*Plain Lists]]) can be made into
a checkbox by starting it with the string =[ ]=.  This feature is
similar to TODO items (see [[*TODO Items]]), but is more lightweight.
Checkboxes are not included into the global TODO list, so they are
often great to split a task into a number of simple steps.  Or you can
use them in a shopping list.  To toggle a checkbox, use {{{kbd(C-c
C-c)}}}, or use the mouse (thanks to Piotr Zielinski's
=org-mouse.el=).

Here is an example of a checkbox list.

#+begin_example
,* TODO Organize party [2/4]
  - [-] call people [1/3]
    - [ ] Peter
    - [X] Sarah
    - [ ] Sam
  - [X] order food
  - [ ] think about what music to play
  - [X] talk to the neighbors
#+end_example

Checkboxes work hierarchically, so if a checkbox item has children
that are checkboxes, toggling one of the children checkboxes makes the
parent checkbox reflect if none, some, or all of the children are
checked.

#+cindex: statistics, for checkboxes
#+cindex: checkbox statistics
#+cindex: @samp{COOKIE_DATA}, property
#+vindex: org-hierarchical-checkbox-statistics
The =[2/4]= and =[1/3]= in the first and second line are cookies
indicating how many checkboxes present in this entry have been checked
off, and the total number of checkboxes present.  This can give you an
idea on how many checkboxes remain, even without opening a folded
entry.  The cookies can be placed into a headline or into (the first
line of) a plain list item.  Each cookie covers checkboxes of direct
children structurally below the headline/item on which the cookie
appears[fn:50].  You have to insert the cookie yourself by typing
either =[/]= or =[%]=.  With =[/]= you get an =n out of m= result, as
in the examples above.  With =[%]= you get information about the
percentage of checkboxes checked (in the above example, this would be
=[50%]= and =[33%]=, respectively).  In a headline, a cookie can count
either checkboxes below the heading or TODO states of children, and it
displays whatever was changed last.  Set the property =COOKIE_DATA= to
either =checkbox= or =todo= to resolve this issue.

#+cindex: blocking, of checkboxes
#+cindex: checkbox blocking
#+cindex: @samp{ORDERED}, property
If the current outline node has an =ORDERED= property, checkboxes must
be checked off in sequence, and an error is thrown if you try to check
off a box while there are unchecked boxes above it.

The following commands work with checkboxes:

- {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} (~org-toggle-checkbox~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-c
     #+findex: org-toggle-checkbox
     Toggle checkbox status or---with prefix argument---checkbox
     presence at point.  With a single prefix argument, add an empty
     checkbox or remove the current one[fn:51].  With a double prefix
     argument, set it to =[-]=, which is considered to be an
     intermediate state.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-b)}}} (~org-toggle-checkbox~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x C-b
     Toggle checkbox status or---with prefix argument---checkbox
     presence at point.  With double prefix argument, set it to =[-]=,
     which is considered to be an intermediate state.

     - If there is an active region, toggle the first checkbox in the
       region and set all remaining boxes to the same status as the
       first.  With a prefix argument, add or remove the checkbox for
       all items in the region.

     - If point is in a headline, toggle checkboxes in the region
       between this headline and the next---so /not/ the entire
       subtree.

     - If there is no active region, just toggle the checkbox at
       point.

- {{{kbd(M-S-RET)}}} (~org-insert-todo-heading~) ::

     #+kindex: M-S-RET
     #+findex: org-insert-todo-heading
     Insert a new item with a checkbox.  This works only if point
     is already in a plain list item (see [[*Plain Lists]]).

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x o)}}} (~org-toggle-ordered-property~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x o
     #+findex: org-toggle-ordered-property
     #+vindex: org-track-ordered-property-with-tag
     Toggle the =ORDERED= property of the entry, to toggle if
     checkboxes must be checked off in sequence.  A property is used
     for this behavior because this should be local to the current
     entry, not inherited like a tag.  However, if you would like to
     /track/ the value of this property with a tag for better
     visibility, customize ~org-track-ordered-property-with-tag~.

- {{{kbd(C-c #)}}} (~org-update-statistics-cookies~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c #
     #+findex: org-update-statistics-cookies
     Update the statistics cookie in the current outline entry.  When
     called with a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix, update the entire file.
     Checkbox statistic cookies are updated automatically if you
     toggle checkboxes with {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} and make new ones with
     {{{kbd(M-S-RET)}}}.  TODO statistics cookies update when changing
     TODO states.  If you delete boxes/entries or add/change them by
     hand, use this command to get things back into sync.

* Tags
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Tagging headlines and matching sets of tags.
:END:
#+cindex: tags
#+cindex: headline tagging
#+cindex: matching, tags
#+cindex: sparse tree, tag based

An excellent way to implement labels and contexts for
cross-correlating information is to assign /tags/ to headlines.  Org
mode has extensive support for tags.

#+vindex: org-tag-faces
Every headline can contain a list of tags; they occur at the end of
the headline.  Tags are normal words containing letters, numbers, =_=,
and =@=.  Tags must be preceded and followed by a single colon, e.g.,
=:work:=.  Several tags can be specified, as in =:work:urgent:=.  Tags
by default are in bold face with the same color as the headline.  You
may specify special faces for specific tags using the variable
~org-tag-faces~, in much the same way as you can for TODO keywords
(see [[*Faces for TODO keywords]]).

** Tag Inheritance
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Tags use the tree structure of an outline.
:END:
#+cindex: tag inheritance
#+cindex: inheritance, of tags
#+cindex: sublevels, inclusion into tags match

/Tags/ make use of the hierarchical structure of outline trees.  If
a heading has a certain tag, all subheadings inherit the tag as well.
For example, in the list

#+begin_example
,* Meeting with the French group      :work:
,** Summary by Frank                  :boss:notes:
,*** TODO Prepare slides for him      :action:
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
the final heading has the tags =work=, =boss=, =notes=, and =action=
even though the final heading is not explicitly marked with those
tags.  You can also set tags that all entries in a file should inherit
just as if these tags were defined in a hypothetical level zero that
surrounds the entire file.  Use a line like this[fn:52]

#+cindex: @samp{FILETAGS}, keyword
: #+FILETAGS: :Peter:Boss:Secret:

#+vindex: org-use-tag-inheritance
#+vindex: org-tags-exclude-from-inheritance
To limit tag inheritance to specific tags, or to turn it off entirely,
use the variables ~org-use-tag-inheritance~ and
~org-tags-exclude-from-inheritance~.

#+vindex: org-tags-match-list-sublevels
When a headline matches during a tags search while tag inheritance is
turned on, all the sublevels in the same tree---for a simple match
form---match as well[fn:53].  The list of matches may then become
very long.  If you only want to see the first tags match in a subtree,
configure the variable ~org-tags-match-list-sublevels~ (not
recommended).

#+vindex: org-agenda-use-tag-inheritance
Tag inheritance is relevant when the agenda search tries to match
a tag, either in the ~tags~ or ~tags-todo~ agenda types.  In other
agenda types, ~org-use-tag-inheritance~ has no effect.  Still, you may
want to have your tags correctly set in the agenda, so that tag
filtering works fine, with inherited tags.  Set
~org-agenda-use-tag-inheritance~ to control this: the default value
includes all agenda types, but setting this to ~nil~ can really speed
up agenda generation.

** Setting Tags
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: How to assign tags to a headline.
:END:
#+cindex: setting tags
#+cindex: tags, setting

#+kindex: M-TAB
Tags can simply be typed into the buffer at the end of a headline.
After a colon, {{{kbd(M-TAB)}}} offers completion on tags.  There is
also a special command for inserting tags:

- {{{kbd(C-c C-q)}}} (~org-set-tags-command~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-q
     #+findex: org-set-tags-command
     #+cindex: completion, of tags
     #+vindex: org-tags-column
     Enter new tags for the current headline.  Org mode either offers
     completion or a special single-key interface for setting tags,
     see below.  After pressing {{{kbd(RET)}}}, the tags are inserted
     and aligned to ~org-tags-column~.  When called with
     a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix, all tags in the current buffer are
     aligned to that column, just to make things look nice.  Tags are
     automatically realigned after promotion, demotion, and TODO state
     changes (see [[*Basic TODO Functionality]]).

- {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} (~org-set-tags-command~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-c
     When point is in a headline, this does the same as {{{kbd(C-c
     C-q)}}}.

#+vindex: org-complete-tags-always-offer-all-agenda-tags
#+vindex: org-tag-alist
#+cindex: @samp{TAGS}, keyword
Org supports tag insertion based on a /list of tags/.  By default this
list is constructed dynamically, containing all tags currently used in
the buffer[fn:54].  You may also globally specify a hard list of tags
with the variable ~org-tag-alist~.  Finally you can set the default
tags for a given file using the =TAGS= keyword, like

#+begin_example
,#+TAGS: @work @home @tennisclub
,#+TAGS: laptop car pc sailboat
#+end_example

If you have globally defined your preferred set of tags using the
variable ~org-tag-alist~, but would like to use a dynamic tag list in
a specific file, add an empty =TAGS= keyword to that file:

: #+TAGS:

#+vindex: org-tag-persistent-alist
If you have a preferred set of tags that you would like to use in
every file, in addition to those defined on a per-file basis by =TAGS=
keyword, then you may specify a list of tags with the variable
~org-tag-persistent-alist~.  You may turn this off on a per-file basis
by adding a =STARTUP= keyword to that file:

: #+STARTUP: noptag

By default Org mode uses the standard minibuffer completion facilities
for entering tags.  However, it also implements another, quicker, tag
selection method called /fast tag selection/.  This allows you to
select and deselect tags with just a single key press.  For this to
work well you should assign unique letters to most of your commonly
used tags.  You can do this globally by configuring the variable
~org-tag-alist~ in your Emacs init file.  For example, you may find
the need to tag many items in different files with =@home=.  In this
case you can set something like:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-tag-alist '(("@work" . ?w) ("@home" . ?h) ("laptop" . ?l)))
#+end_src

If the tag is only relevant to the file you are working on, then you
can instead set the =TAGS= keyword as:

: #+TAGS: @work(w)  @home(h)  @tennisclub(t)  laptop(l)  pc(p)

The tags interface shows the available tags in a splash window.  If
you want to start a new line after a specific tag, insert =\n= into
the tag list

: #+TAGS: @work(w) @home(h) @tennisclub(t) \n laptop(l) pc(p)

#+texinfo: @noindent
or write them in two lines:

#+begin_example
,#+TAGS: @work(w)  @home(h)  @tennisclub(t)
,#+TAGS: laptop(l)  pc(p)
#+end_example

You can also group together tags that are mutually exclusive by using
braces, as in:

: #+TAGS: { @work(w)  @home(h)  @tennisclub(t) }  laptop(l)  pc(p)

#+texinfo: @noindent
you indicate that at most one of =@work=, =@home=, and =@tennisclub=
should be selected.  Multiple such groups are allowed.

Do not forget to press {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} with point in one of these
lines to activate any changes.

To set these mutually exclusive groups in the variable
~org-tags-alist~, you must use the dummy tags ~:startgroup~ and
~:endgroup~ instead of the braces.  Similarly, you can use ~:newline~
to indicate a line break.  The previous example would be set globally
by the following configuration:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-tag-alist '((:startgroup . nil)
                      ("@work" . ?w) ("@home" . ?h)
                      ("@tennisclub" . ?t)
                      (:endgroup . nil)
                      ("laptop" . ?l) ("pc" . ?p)))
#+end_src

If at least one tag has a selection key then pressing {{{kbd(C-c
C-c)}}} automatically presents you with a special interface, listing
inherited tags, the tags of the current headline, and a list of all
valid tags with corresponding keys[fn:55].

Pressing keys assigned to tags adds or removes them from the list of
tags in the current line.  Selecting a tag in a group of mutually
exclusive tags turns off any other tag from that group.

In this interface, you can also use the following special keys:

- {{{kbd(TAB)}}} ::

     #+kindex: TAB
     Enter a tag in the minibuffer, even if the tag is not in the
     predefined list.  You can complete on all tags present in the
     buffer.  You can also add several tags: just separate them with
     a comma.

- {{{kbd(SPC)}}} ::

     #+kindex: SPC
     Clear all tags for this line.

- {{{kbd(RET)}}} ::

     #+kindex: RET
     Accept the modified set.

- {{{kbd(C-g)}}} ::

     #+kindex: C-g
     Abort without installing changes.

- {{{kbd(q)}}} ::

     #+kindex: q
     If {{{kbd(q)}}} is not assigned to a tag, it aborts like
     {{{kbd(C-g)}}}.

- {{{kbd(!)}}} ::

     #+kindex: !
     Turn off groups of mutually exclusive tags.  Use this to (as an
     exception) assign several tags from such a group.

- {{{kbd(C-c)}}} ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-c
     Toggle auto-exit after the next change (see below).  If you are
     using expert mode, the first {{{kbd(C-c)}}} displays the
     selection window.

This method lets you assign tags to a headline with very few keys.
With the above setup, you could clear the current tags and set
=@home=, =laptop= and =pc= tags with just the following keys:
{{{kbd(C-c C-c SPC h l p RET)}}}.  Switching from =@home= to =@work=
would be done with {{{kbd(C-c C-c w RET)}}} or alternatively with
{{{kbd(C-c C-c C-c w)}}}.  Adding the non-predefined tag =sarah= could
be done with {{{kbd(C-c C-c TAB s a r a h RET)}}}.

#+vindex: org-fast-tag-selection-single-key
If you find that most of the time you need only a single key press to
modify your list of tags, set the variable
~org-fast-tag-selection-single-key~.  Then you no longer have to press
{{{kbd(RET)}}} to exit fast tag selection---it exits after the first
change.  If you then occasionally need more keys, press {{{kbd(C-c)}}}
to turn off auto-exit for the current tag selection process (in
effect: start selection with {{{kbd(C-c C-c C-c)}}} instead of
{{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}}).  If you set the variable to the value ~expert~,
the special window is not even shown for single-key tag selection, it
comes up only when you press an extra {{{kbd(C-c)}}}.

** Tag Hierarchy
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Create a hierarchy of tags.
:END:
#+cindex: group tags
#+cindex: tags, groups
#+cindex: tags hierarchy

Tags can be defined in hierarchies.  A tag can be defined as a /group
tag/ for a set of other tags.  The group tag can be seen as the
"broader term" for its set of tags.  Defining multiple group tags and
nesting them creates a tag hierarchy.

One use-case is to create a taxonomy of terms (tags) that can be used
to classify nodes in a document or set of documents.

When you search for a group tag, it return matches for all members in
the group and its subgroups.  In an agenda view, filtering by a group
tag displays or hide headlines tagged with at least one of the members
of the group or any of its subgroups.  This makes tag searches and
filters even more flexible.

You can set group tags by using brackets and inserting a colon between
the group tag and its related tags---beware that all whitespaces are
mandatory so that Org can parse this line correctly:

: #+TAGS: [ GTD : Control Persp ]

In this example, =GTD= is the group tag and it is related to two other
tags: =Control=, =Persp=.  Defining =Control= and =Persp= as group
tags creates a hierarchy of tags:

#+begin_example
,#+TAGS: [ Control : Context Task ]
,#+TAGS: [ Persp : Vision Goal AOF Project ]
#+end_example

That can conceptually be seen as a hierarchy of tags:

- =GTD=
  - =Persp=
    - =Vision=
    - =Goal=
    - =AOF=
    - =Project=
  - =Control=
    - =Context=
    - =Task=

You can use the ~:startgrouptag~, ~:grouptags~ and ~:endgrouptag~
keyword directly when setting ~org-tag-alist~ directly:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-tag-alist '((:startgrouptag)
                      ("GTD")
                      (:grouptags)
                      ("Control")
                      ("Persp")
                      (:endgrouptag)
                      (:startgrouptag)
                      ("Control")
                      (:grouptags)
                      ("Context")
                      ("Task")
                      (:endgrouptag)))
#+end_src

The tags in a group can be mutually exclusive if using the same group
syntax as is used for grouping mutually exclusive tags together; using
curly brackets.

: #+TAGS: { Context : @Home @Work @Call }

When setting ~org-tag-alist~ you can use ~:startgroup~ and ~:endgroup~
instead of ~:startgrouptag~ and ~:endgrouptag~ to make the tags
mutually exclusive.

Furthermore, the members of a group tag can also be regular
expressions, creating the possibility of a more dynamic and rule-based
tag structure.  The regular expressions in the group must be specified
within curly brackets.  Here is an expanded example:

#+begin_example
,#+TAGS: [ Vision : {V@.+} ]
,#+TAGS: [ Goal : {G@.+} ]
,#+TAGS: [ AOF : {AOF@.+} ]
,#+TAGS: [ Project : {P@.+} ]
#+end_example

Searching for the tag =Project= now lists all tags also including
regular expression matches for =P@.+=, and similarly for tag searches
on =Vision=, =Goal= and =AOF=.  For example, this would work well for
a project tagged with a common project-identifier, e.g.,
=P@2014_OrgTags=.

#+kindex: C-c C-x q
#+findex: org-toggle-tags-groups
#+vindex: org-group-tags
If you want to ignore group tags temporarily, toggle group tags
support with ~org-toggle-tags-groups~, bound to {{{kbd(C-c C-x q)}}}.
If you want to disable tag groups completely, set ~org-group-tags~ to
~nil~.

** Tag Searches
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Searching for combinations of tags.
:END:
#+cindex: tag searches
#+cindex: searching for tags

Once a system of tags has been set up, it can be used to collect
related information into special lists.

- {{{kbd(C-c / m)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c \)}}} (~org-match-sparse-tree~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c / m
     #+kindex: C-c \
     #+findex: org-match-sparse-tree
     Create a sparse tree with all headlines matching a tags search.
     With a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix argument, ignore headlines that are
     not a TODO line.

- {{{kbd(M-x org-agenda m)}}} (~org-tags-view~) ::

     #+kindex: m @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
     #+findex: org-tags-view
     Create a global list of tag matches from all agenda files.  See
     [[*Matching tags and properties]].

- {{{kbd(M-x org-agenda M)}}} (~org-tags-view~) ::

     #+kindex: M @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
     #+vindex: org-tags-match-list-sublevels
     Create a global list of tag matches from all agenda files, but
     check only TODO items and force checking subitems (see the option
     ~org-tags-match-list-sublevels~).

These commands all prompt for a match string which allows basic
Boolean logic like =+boss+urgent-project1=, to find entries with tags
=boss= and =urgent=, but not =project1=, or =Kathy|Sally= to find
entries which are tagged, like =Kathy= or =Sally=.  The full syntax of
the search string is rich and allows also matching against TODO
keywords, entry levels and properties.  For a complete description
with many examples, see [[*Matching tags and properties]].

* Properties and Columns
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Storing information about an entry.
:END:
#+cindex: properties

A property is a key-value pair associated with an entry.  Properties
can be set so they are associated with a single entry, with every
entry in a tree, or with every entry in an Org file.

There are two main applications for properties in Org mode.  First,
properties are like tags, but with a value.  Imagine maintaining
a file where you document bugs and plan releases for a piece of
software.  Instead of using tags like =release_1=, =release_2=, you
can use a property, say =Release=, that in different subtrees has
different values, such as =1.0= or =2.0=.  Second, you can use
properties to implement (very basic) database capabilities in an Org
buffer.  Imagine keeping track of your music CDs, where properties
could be things such as the album, artist, date of release, number of
tracks, and so on.

Properties can be conveniently edited and viewed in column view (see
[[*Column View]]).

** Property Syntax
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: How properties are spelled out.
:END:
#+cindex: property syntax
#+cindex: drawer, for properties

Properties are key--value pairs.  When they are associated with
a single entry or with a tree they need to be inserted into a special
drawer (see [[*Drawers]]) with the name =PROPERTIES=, which has to be
located right below a headline, and its planning line (see [[*Deadlines
and Scheduling]]) when applicable.  Each property is specified on
a single line, with the key---surrounded by colons---first, and the
value after it.  Keys are case-insensitive.  Here is an example:

#+begin_example
,* CD collection
,** Classic
,*** Goldberg Variations
    :PROPERTIES:
    :Title:     Goldberg Variations
    :Composer:  J.S. Bach
    :Artist:    Glenn Gould
    :Publisher: Deutsche Grammophon
    :NDisks:    1
    :END:
#+end_example

Depending on the value of ~org-use-property-inheritance~, a property
set this way is associated either with a single entry, or with the
sub-tree defined by the entry, see [[*Property Inheritance]].

You may define the allowed values for a particular property =Xyz= by
setting a property =Xyz_ALL=.  This special property is /inherited/,
so if you set it in a level 1 entry, it applies to the entire tree.
When allowed values are defined, setting the corresponding property
becomes easier and is less prone to typing errors.  For the example
with the CD collection, we can pre-define publishers and the number of
disks in a box like this:

#+begin_example
,* CD collection
  :PROPERTIES:
  :NDisks_ALL:  1 2 3 4
  :Publisher_ALL: "Deutsche Grammophon" Philips EMI
  :END:
#+end_example

If you want to set properties that can be inherited by any entry in
a file, use a line like:

#+cindex: @samp{_ALL} suffix, in properties
#+cindex: @samp{PROPERTY}, keyword
: #+PROPERTY: NDisks_ALL 1 2 3 4

#+cindex: @samp{+} suffix, in properties
If you want to add to the value of an existing property, append a =+=
to the property name.  The following results in the property =var=
having the value =foo=1 bar=2=.

#+begin_example
,#+PROPERTY: var  foo=1
,#+PROPERTY: var+ bar=2
#+end_example

It is also possible to add to the values of inherited properties.  The
following results in the =Genres= property having the value =Classic
Baroque= under the =Goldberg Variations= subtree.

#+begin_example
,* CD collection
,** Classic
    :PROPERTIES:
    :Genres: Classic
    :END:
,*** Goldberg Variations
    :PROPERTIES:
    :Title:     Goldberg Variations
    :Composer:  J.S. Bach
    :Artist:    Glenn Gould
    :Publisher: Deutsche Grammophon
    :NDisks:    1
    :Genres+:   Baroque
    :END:
#+end_example

Note that a property can only have one entry per drawer.

#+vindex: org-global-properties
Property values set with the global variable ~org-global-properties~
can be inherited by all entries in all Org files.

The following commands help to work with properties:

#+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
- {{{kbd(M-TAB)}}} (~pcomplete~) ::

     #+kindex: M-TAB
     #+findex: pcomplete
     After an initial colon in a line, complete property keys.  All
     keys used in the current file are offered as possible
     completions.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x p)}}} (~org-set-property~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x p
     #+findex: org-set-property
     Set a property.  This prompts for a property name and a value.
     If necessary, the property drawer is created as well.

- {{{kbd(C-u M-x org-insert-drawer)}}} ::

     #+findex: org-insert-drawer
     Insert a property drawer into the current entry.  The drawer is
     inserted early in the entry, but after the lines with planning
     information like deadlines.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} (~org-property-action~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-c
     #+findex: org-property-action
     With point in a property drawer, this executes property commands.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-c s)}}} (~org-set-property~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-c s
     #+findex: org-set-property
     Set a property in the current entry.  Both the property and the value
     can be inserted using completion.

- {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}} (~org-property-next-allowed-values~),  {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}} (~org-property-previous-allowed-value~) ::

     #+kindex: S-RIGHT
     #+kindex: S-LEFT
     Switch property at point to the next/previous allowed value.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-c d)}}} (~org-delete-property~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-c d
     #+findex: org-delete-property
     Remove a property from the current entry.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-c D)}}} (~org-delete-property-globally~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-c D
     #+findex: org-delete-property-globally
     Globally remove a property, from all entries in the current file.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-c c)}}} (~org-compute-property-at-point~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-c c
     #+findex: org-compute-property-at-point
     Compute the property at point, using the operator and scope from
     the nearest column format definition.

** Special Properties
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Access to other Org mode features.
:END:
#+cindex: properties, special

Special properties provide an alternative access method to Org mode
features, like the TODO state or the priority of an entry, discussed
in the previous chapters.  This interface exists so that you can
include these states in a column view (see [[*Column View]]), or to use
them in queries.  The following property names are special and should
not be used as keys in the properties drawer:

#+cindex: @samp{ALLTAGS}, special property
#+cindex: @samp{BLOCKED}, special property
#+cindex: @samp{CLOCKSUM}, special property
#+cindex: @samp{CLOCKSUM_T}, special property
#+cindex: @samp{CLOSED}, special property
#+cindex: @samp{DEADLINE}, special property
#+cindex: @samp{FILE}, special property
#+cindex: @samp{ITEM}, special property
#+cindex: @samp{PRIORITY}, special property
#+cindex: @samp{SCHEDULED}, special property
#+cindex: @samp{TAGS}, special property
#+cindex: @samp{TIMESTAMP}, special property
#+cindex: @samp{TIMESTAMP_IA}, special property
#+cindex: @samp{TODO}, special property
| =ALLTAGS=      | All tags, including inherited ones.                            |
| =BLOCKED=      | ~t~ if task is currently blocked by children or siblings.      |
| =CATEGORY=     | The category of an entry.                                      |
| =CLOCKSUM=     | The sum of CLOCK intervals in the subtree.  ~org-clock-sum~    |
|                | must be run first to compute the values in the current buffer. |
| =CLOCKSUM_T=   | The sum of CLOCK intervals in the subtree for today.           |
|                | ~org-clock-sum-today~ must be run first to compute the         |
|                | values in the current buffer.                                  |
| =CLOSED=       | When was this entry closed?                                    |
| =DEADLINE=     | The deadline time string, without the angular brackets.        |
| =FILE=         | The filename the entry is located in.                          |
| =ITEM=         | The headline of the entry.                                     |
| =PRIORITY=     | The priority of the entry, a string with a single letter.      |
| =SCHEDULED=    | The scheduling timestamp, without the angular brackets.        |
| =TAGS=         | The tags defined directly in the headline.                     |
| =TIMESTAMP=    | The first keyword-less timestamp in the entry.                 |
| =TIMESTAMP_IA= | The first inactive timestamp in the entry.                     |
| =TODO=         | The TODO keyword of the entry.                                 |

** Property Searches
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Matching property values.
:END:
#+cindex: properties, searching
#+cindex: searching, of properties

To create sparse trees and special lists with selection based on
properties, the same commands are used as for tag searches (see [[*Tag
Searches]]).

- {{{kbd(C-c / m)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c \)}}} (~org-match-sparse-tree~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c / m
     #+kindex: C-c \
     #+findex: org-match-sparse-tree
     Create a sparse tree with all matching entries.  With
     a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix argument, ignore headlines that are not
     a TODO line.

- {{{kbd(M-x org-agenda m)}}}, ~org-tags-view~ ::

     #+kindex: m @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
     #+findex: org-tags-view
     Create a global list of tag/property matches from all agenda
     files.

- {{{kbd(M-x org-agenda M)}}} (~org-tags-view~) ::

     #+kindex: M @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
     #+vindex: org-tags-match-list-sublevels
     Create a global list of tag matches from all agenda files, but
     check only TODO items and force checking of subitems (see the
     option ~org-tags-match-list-sublevels~).

The syntax for the search string is described in [[*Matching tags and
properties]].

There is also a special command for creating sparse trees based on a
single property:

- {{{kbd(C-c / p)}}} ::

     #+kindex: C-c / p
     Create a sparse tree based on the value of a property.  This
     first prompts for the name of a property, and then for a value.
     A sparse tree is created with all entries that define this
     property with the given value.  If you enclose the value in curly
     braces, it is interpreted as a regular expression and matched
     against the property values.

** Property Inheritance
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Passing values down a tree.
:END:
#+cindex: properties, inheritance
#+cindex: inheritance, of properties

#+vindex: org-use-property-inheritance
The outline structure of Org documents lends itself to an inheritance
model of properties: if the parent in a tree has a certain property,
the children can inherit this property.  Org mode does not turn this
on by default, because it can slow down property searches
significantly and is often not needed.  However, if you find
inheritance useful, you can turn it on by setting the variable
~org-use-property-inheritance~.  It may be set to ~t~ to make all
properties inherited from the parent, to a list of properties that
should be inherited, or to a regular expression that matches inherited
properties.  If a property has the value ~nil~, this is interpreted as
an explicit un-define of the property, so that inheritance search
stops at this value and returns ~nil~.

Org mode has a few properties for which inheritance is hard-coded, at
least for the special applications for which they are used:

- ~COLUMNS~ ::

     #+cindex: @samp{COLUMNS}, property
     The =COLUMNS= property defines the format of column view (see
     [[*Column View]]).  It is inherited in the sense that the level where
     a =COLUMNS= property is defined is used as the starting point for
     a column view table, independently of the location in the subtree
     from where columns view is turned on.

- ~CATEGORY~ ::

     #+cindex: @samp{CATEGORY}, property
     For agenda view, a category set through a =CATEGORY= property
     applies to the entire subtree.

- ~ARCHIVE~ ::

     #+cindex: @samp{ARCHIVE}, property
     For archiving, the =ARCHIVE= property may define the archive
     location for the entire subtree (see [[*Moving a tree to an archive
     file]]).

- ~LOGGING~ ::

     #+cindex: @samp{LOGGING}, property
     The =LOGGING= property may define logging settings for an entry
     or a subtree (see [[*Tracking TODO state changes]]).

** Column View
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Tabular viewing and editing.
:END:

A great way to view and edit properties in an outline tree is /column
view/.  In column view, each outline node is turned into a table row.
Columns in this table provide access to properties of the entries.
Org mode implements columns by overlaying a tabular structure over the
headline of each item.  While the headlines have been turned into
a table row, you can still change the visibility of the outline tree.
For example, you get a compact table by switching to "contents"
view---{{{kbd(S-TAB)}}} {{{kbd(S-TAB)}}}, or simply {{{kbd(c)}}}
while column view is active---but you can still open, read, and edit
the entry below each headline.  Or, you can switch to column view
after executing a sparse tree command and in this way get a table only
for the selected items.  Column view also works in agenda buffers (see
[[*Agenda Views]]) where queries have collected selected items, possibly
from a number of files.

*** Defining columns
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: The COLUMNS format property.
:END:
#+cindex: column view, for properties
#+cindex: properties, column view

Setting up a column view first requires defining the columns.  This is
done by defining a column format line.

**** Scope of column definitions
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Where defined, where valid?
:END:

To define a column format for an entire file, use a line like:

#+cindex: @samp{COLUMNS}, keyword
: #+COLUMNS: %25ITEM %TAGS %PRIORITY %TODO

To specify a format that only applies to a specific tree, add
a =COLUMNS= property to the top node of that tree, for example:

#+begin_example
,** Top node for columns view
   :PROPERTIES:
   :COLUMNS: %25ITEM %TAGS %PRIORITY %TODO
   :END:
#+end_example

If a =COLUMNS= property is present in an entry, it defines columns for
the entry itself, and for the entire subtree below it.  Since the
column definition is part of the hierarchical structure of the
document, you can define columns on level 1 that are general enough
for all sublevels, and more specific columns further down, when you
edit a deeper part of the tree.

**** Column attributes
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Appearance and content of a column.
:END:

A column definition sets the attributes of a column.  The general
definition looks like this:

: %[WIDTH]PROPERTY[(TITLE)][{SUMMARY-TYPE}]

#+texinfo: @noindent
Except for the percent sign and the property name, all items are
optional.  The individual parts have the following meaning:

- {{{var(WIDTH)}}} ::

     An integer specifying the width of the column in characters.  If
     omitted, the width is determined automatically.

- {{{var(PROPERTY)}}} ::

     The property that should be edited in this column.  Special
     properties representing meta data are allowed here as well (see
     [[*Special Properties]]).

- {{{var(TITLE)}}} ::

     The header text for the column.  If omitted, the property name is
     used.

- {{{var(SUMMARY-TYPE)}}} ::

     The summary type.  If specified, the column values for parent
     nodes are computed from the children[fn:56].

     Supported summary types are:

     | =+=      | Sum numbers in this column.                           |
     | =+;%.1f= | Like =+=, but format result with =%.1f=.              |
     | =$=      | Currency, short for =+;%.2f=.                         |
     | =min=    | Smallest number in column.                            |
     | =max=    | Largest number.                                       |
     | =mean=   | Arithmetic mean of numbers.                           |
     | =X=      | Checkbox status, =[X]= if all children are =[X]=.     |
     | =X/=     | Checkbox status, =[n/m]=.                             |
     | =X%=     | Checkbox status, =[n%]=.                              |
     | =:=      | Sum times, HH:MM, plain numbers are hours.            |
     | =:min=   | Smallest time value in column.                        |
     | =:max=   | Largest time value.                                   |
     | =:mean=  | Arithmetic mean of time values.                       |
     | =@min=   | Minimum age[fn:57] (in days/hours/mins/seconds).      |
     | =@max=   | Maximum age (in days/hours/mins/seconds).             |
     | =@mean=  | Arithmetic mean of ages (in days/hours/mins/seconds). |
     | =est+=   | Add low-high estimates.                               |

     #+vindex: org-columns-summary-types
     You can also define custom summary types by setting
     ~org-columns-summary-types~.

The =est+= summary type requires further explanation.  It is used for
combining estimates, expressed as low-high ranges.  For example,
instead of estimating a particular task will take 5 days, you might
estimate it as 5--6 days if you're fairly confident you know how much
work is required, or 1--10 days if you do not really know what needs
to be done.  Both ranges average at 5.5 days, but the first represents
a more predictable delivery.

When combining a set of such estimates, simply adding the lows and
highs produces an unrealistically wide result.  Instead, =est+= adds
the statistical mean and variance of the subtasks, generating a final
estimate from the sum.  For example, suppose you had ten tasks, each
of which was estimated at 0.5 to 2 days of work.  Straight addition
produces an estimate of 5 to 20 days, representing what to expect if
everything goes either extremely well or extremely poorly.  In
contrast, =est+= estimates the full job more realistically, at 10--15
days.

Here is an example for a complete columns definition, along with
allowed values[fn:58].

#+begin_example
:COLUMNS:  %25ITEM %9Approved(Approved?){X} %Owner %11Status \
                   %10Time_Estimate{:} %CLOCKSUM %CLOCKSUM_T
:Owner_ALL:    Tammy Mark Karl Lisa Don
:Status_ALL:   "In progress" "Not started yet" "Finished" ""
:Approved_ALL: "[ ]" "[X]"
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
The first column, =%25ITEM=, means the first 25 characters of the item
itself, i.e., of the headline.  You probably always should start the
column definition with the =ITEM= specifier.  The other specifiers
create columns =Owner= with a list of names as allowed values, for
=Status= with four different possible values, and for a checkbox field
=Approved=.  When no width is given after the =%= character, the
column is exactly as wide as it needs to be in order to fully display
all values.  The =Approved= column does have a modified title
(=Approved?=, with a question mark).  Summaries are created for the
=Time_Estimate= column by adding time duration expressions like HH:MM,
and for the =Approved= column, by providing an =[X]= status if all
children have been checked.  The =CLOCKSUM= and =CLOCKSUM_T= columns
are special, they lists the sums of CLOCK intervals in the subtree,
either for all clocks or just for today.

*** Using column view
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: How to create and use column view.
:END:

**** Turning column view on or off
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-c)}}} (~org-columns~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x C-c
     #+vindex: org-columns
     #+vindex: org-columns-default-format
     Turn on column view.  If point is before the first headline in
     the file, column view is turned on for the entire file, using the
     =#+COLUMNS= definition.  If point is somewhere inside the
     outline, this command searches the hierarchy, up from point, for
     a =COLUMNS= property that defines a format.  When one is found,
     the column view table is established for the tree starting at the
     entry that contains the =COLUMNS= property.  If no such property
     is found, the format is taken from the =#+COLUMNS= line or from
     the variable ~org-columns-default-format~, and column view is
     established for the current entry and its subtree.

- {{{kbd(r)}}} or {{{kbd(g)}}} (~org-columns-redo~) ::

     #+kindex: r
     #+kindex: g
     #+findex: org-columns-redo
     Recreate the column view, to include recent changes made in the
     buffer.

- {{{kbd(q)}}} (~org-columns-quit~) ::

     #+kindex: q
     #+findex: org-columns-quit
     Exit column view.

**** Editing values
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

#+attr_texinfo: :sep and
- {{{kbd(LEFT)}}}, {{{kbd(RIGHT)}}}, {{{kbd(UP)}}}, {{{kbd(DOWN)}}} ::

     Move through the column view from field to field.

- {{{kbd(1..9\,0)}}} ::

     #+kindex: 1..9,0
     Directly select the Nth allowed value, {{{kbd(0)}}} selects the
     10th value.

- {{{kbd(n)}}} or {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}} (~org-columns-next-allowed-value~) and {{{kbd(p)}}} or {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}} (~org-columns-previous-allowed-value~) ::

     #+kindex: n
     #+kindex: S-RIGHT
     #+kindex: p
     #+kindex: S-LEFT
     #+findex: org-columns-next-allowed-value
     #+findex: org-columns-previous-allowed-value
     Switch to the next/previous allowed value of the field.  For
     this, you have to have specified allowed values for a property.

- {{{kbd(e)}}} (~org-columns-edit-value~) ::

     #+kindex: e
     #+findex: org-columns-edit-value
     Edit the property at point.  For the special properties, this
     invokes the same interface that you normally use to change that
     property.  For example, the tag completion or fast selection
     interface pops up when editing a =TAGS= property.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} (~org-columns-set-tags-or-toggle~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-c
     #+findex: org-columns-set-tags-or-toggle
     When there is a checkbox at point, toggle it.

- {{{kbd(v)}}} (~org-columns-show-value~) ::

     #+kindex: v
     #+findex: org-columns-show-value
     View the full value of this property.  This is useful if the
     width of the column is smaller than that of the value.

- {{{kbd(a)}}} (~org-columns-edit-allowed~) ::

     #+kindex: a
     #+findex: org-columns-edit-allowed
     Edit the list of allowed values for this property.  If the list
     is found in the hierarchy, the modified values is stored there.
     If no list is found, the new value is stored in the first entry
     that is part of the current column view.

**** Modifying column view on-the-fly
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

#+attr_texinfo: :sep and
- {{{kbd(<)}}} (~org-columns-narrow~) and {{{kbd(>)}}} (~org-columns-widen~) ::

     #+kindex: <
     #+kindex: >
     #+findex: org-columns-narrow
     #+findex: org-columns-widen
     Make the column narrower/wider by one character.

- {{{kbd(S-M-RIGHT)}}} (~org-columns-new~) ::

     #+kindex: S-M-RIGHT
     #+findex: org-columns-new
     Insert a new column, to the left of the current column.

- {{{kbd(S-M-LEFT)}}} (~org-columns-delete~) ::

     #+kindex: S-M-LEFT
     #+findex: org-columns-delete
     Delete the current column.

*** Capturing column view
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: A dynamic block for column view.
:END:

Since column view is just an overlay over a buffer, it cannot be
exported or printed directly.  If you want to capture a column view,
use a =columnview= dynamic block (see [[*Dynamic Blocks]]).  The frame of
this block looks like this:

#+cindex: @samp{BEGIN columnview}
#+begin_example
,* The column view
,#+BEGIN: columnview :hlines 1 :id "label"

,#+END:
#+end_example

This dynamic block has the following parameters:

- =:id= ::

     This is the most important parameter.  Column view is a feature
     that is often localized to a certain (sub)tree, and the capture
     block might be at a different location in the file.  To identify
     the tree whose view to capture, you can use four values:

     - =local= ::

          Use the tree in which the capture block is located.

     - =global= ::

          Make a global view, including all headings in the file.

     - =file:FILENAME= ::

          Run column view at the top of the {{{var(FILENAME)}}} file.

     - =LABEL= ::

          #+cindex: @samp{ID}, property
          Call column view in the tree that has an =ID= property with
          the value {{{var(LABEL)}}}.  You can use {{{kbd(M-x
          org-id-copy)}}} to create a globally unique ID for the
          current entry and copy it to the kill-ring.

- =:hlines= ::

     When ~t~, insert an hline after every line.  When a number N,
     insert an hline before each headline with level ~<= N~.

- =:vlines= ::

     When non-~nil~, force column groups to get vertical lines.

- =:maxlevel= ::

     When set to a number, do not capture entries below this level.

- =:skip-empty-rows= ::

     When non-~nil~, skip rows where the only non-empty specifier of
     the column view is =ITEM=.

- =:indent= ::

     When non-~nil~, indent each =ITEM= field according to its level.

The following commands insert or update the dynamic block:

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x i)}}} (~org-insert-columns-dblock~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x i
     #+findex: org-insert-columns-dblock
     Insert a dynamic block capturing a column view.  Prompt for the
     scope or ID of the view.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-u)}}} (~org-dblock-update~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-c
     #+kindex: C-c C-x C-u
     #+findex: org-dblock-update
     Update dynamic block at point.  point needs to be in the
     =#+BEGIN= line of the dynamic block.

- {{{kbd(C-u C-c C-x C-u)}}} (~org-update-all-dblocks~) ::

     #+kindex: C-u C-c C-x C-u
     Update all dynamic blocks (see [[*Dynamic Blocks]]).  This is useful
     if you have several clock table blocks, column-capturing blocks
     or other dynamic blocks in a buffer.

You can add formulas to the column view table and you may add plotting
instructions in front of the table---these survive an update of the
block.  If there is a =TBLFM= keyword after the table, the table is
recalculated automatically after an update.

An alternative way to capture and process property values into a table
is provided by Eric Schulte's =org-collector.el=, which is
a contributed package[fn:59].  It provides a general API to collect
properties from entries in a certain scope, and arbitrary Lisp
expressions to process these values before inserting them into a table
or a dynamic block.

* Dates and Times
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Making items useful for planning.
:END:
#+cindex: dates
#+cindex: times
#+cindex: timestamp
#+cindex: date stamp

To assist project planning, TODO items can be labeled with a date
and/or a time.  The specially formatted string carrying the date and
time information is called a /timestamp/ in Org mode.  This may be
a little confusing because timestamp is often used as indicating when
something was created or last changed.  However, in Org mode this term
is used in a much wider sense.

** Timestamps, Deadlines and Scheduling
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Assigning a time to a tree entry.
:ALT_TITLE: Timestamps
:END:
#+cindex: timestamps
#+cindex: ranges, time
#+cindex: date stamps
#+cindex: deadlines
#+cindex: scheduling

A timestamp is a specification of a date (possibly with a time or
a range of times) in a special format, either =<2003-09-16 Tue>= or
=<2003-09-16 Tue 09:39>= or =<2003-09-16 Tue 12:00-12:30>=[fn:60].
A timestamp can appear anywhere in the headline or body of an Org tree
entry.  Its presence causes entries to be shown on specific dates in
the agenda (see [[*Weekly/daily agenda]]).  We distinguish:

- Plain timestamp; Event; Appointment ::

     #+cindex: timestamp
     #+cindex: appointment
     A simple timestamp just assigns a date/time to an item.  This is
     just like writing down an appointment or event in a paper agenda.
     In the agenda display, the headline of an entry associated with
     a plain timestamp is shown exactly on that date.

     #+begin_example
     ,* Meet Peter at the movies
       <2006-11-01 Wed 19:15>
     ,* Discussion on climate change
       <2006-11-02 Thu 20:00-22:00>
     #+end_example

- Timestamp with repeater interval ::

     #+cindex: timestamp, with repeater interval
     A timestamp may contain a /repeater interval/, indicating that it
     applies not only on the given date, but again and again after
     a certain interval of N days (d), weeks (w), months (m), or years
     (y).  The following shows up in the agenda every Wednesday:

     #+begin_example
     ,* Pick up Sam at school
       <2007-05-16 Wed 12:30 +1w>
     #+end_example

- Diary-style sexp entries ::

     #+cindex: diary style timestamps
     #+cindex: sexp timestamps
     For more complex date specifications, Org mode supports using the
     special sexp diary entries implemented in the Emacs
     calendar/diary package[fn:61].  For example, with optional time:

     #+begin_example
     ,* 22:00-23:00 The nerd meeting on every 2nd Thursday of the month
       <%%(diary-float t 4 2)>
     #+end_example

- Time/Date range ::

     #+cindex: timerange
     #+cindex: date range
     Two timestamps connected by =--= denote a range.  The headline is
     shown on the first and last day of the range, and on any dates
     that are displayed and fall in the range.  Here is an example:

     #+begin_example
     ,** Meeting in Amsterdam
        <2004-08-23 Mon>--<2004-08-26 Thu>
     #+end_example

- Inactive timestamp ::

     #+cindex: timestamp, inactive
     #+cindex: inactive timestamp
     Just like a plain timestamp, but with square brackets instead of
     angular ones.  These timestamps are inactive in the sense that
     they do /not/ trigger an entry to show up in the agenda.

     #+begin_example
     ,* Gillian comes late for the fifth time
       [2006-11-01 Wed]
     #+end_example

** Creating Timestamps
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Commands to insert timestamps.
:END:

For Org mode to recognize timestamps, they need to be in the specific
format.  All commands listed below produce timestamps in the correct
format.

#+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
- {{{kbd(C-c .)}}} (~org-time-stamp~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c .
     #+findex: org-time-stamp
     Prompt for a date and insert a corresponding timestamp.  When
     point is at an existing timestamp in the buffer, the command is
     used to modify this timestamp instead of inserting a new one.
     When this command is used twice in succession, a time range is
     inserted.

     #+kindex: C-u C-c .
     #+vindex: org-time-stamp-rounding-minutes
     When called with a prefix argument, use the alternative format
     which contains date and time.  The default time can be rounded to
     multiples of 5 minutes.  See the option
     ~org-time-stamp-rounding-minutes~.

     #+kindex: C-u C-u C-c .
     With two prefix arguments, insert an active timestamp with the
     current time without prompting.

- {{{kbd(C-c !)}}} (~org-time-stamp-inactive~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c !
     #+kindex: C-u C-c !
     #+kindex: C-u C-u C-c !
     #+findex: org-time-stamp-inactive
     Like {{{kbd(C-c .)}}}, but insert an inactive timestamp that does
     not cause an agenda entry.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-c
     Normalize timestamp, insert or fix day name if missing or wrong.

- {{{kbd(C-c <)}}} (~org-date-from-calendar~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c <
     #+findex: org-date-from-calendar
     Insert a timestamp corresponding to point date in the calendar.

- {{{kbd(C-c >)}}} (~org-goto-calendar~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c >
     #+findex: org-goto-calendar
     Access the Emacs calendar for the current date.  If there is
     a timestamp in the current line, go to the corresponding date
     instead.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-o)}}} (~org-open-at-point~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-o
     #+findex: org-open-at-point
     Access the agenda for the date given by the timestamp or -range
     at point (see [[*Weekly/daily agenda]]).

- {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}} (~org-timestamp-down-day~), {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}} (~org-timestamp-up-day~) ::

     #+kindex: S-LEFT
     #+kindex: S-RIGHT
     #+findex: org-timestamp-down-day
     #+findex: org-timestamp-up-day
     Change date at point by one day.  These key bindings conflict
     with shift-selection and related modes (see [[*Packages that
     conflict with Org mode]]).

- {{{kbd(S-UP)}}} (~org-timestamp-up~), {{{kbd(S-DOWN)}}} (~org-timestamp-down~) ::

     #+kindex: S-UP
     #+kindex: S-DOWN
     On the beginning or enclosing bracket of a timestamp, change its
     type.  Within a timestamp, change the item under point.  Point
     can be on a year, month, day, hour or minute.  When the timestamp
     contains a time range like =15:30-16:30=, modifying the first
     time also shifts the second, shifting the time block with
     constant length.  To change the length, modify the second time.
     Note that if point is in a headline and not at a timestamp, these
     same keys modify the priority of an item (see [[*Priorities]]).  The
     key bindings also conflict with shift-selection and related modes
     (see [[*Packages that conflict with Org mode]]).

- {{{kbd(C-c C-y)}}} (~org-evaluate-time-range~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-y
     #+findex: org-evaluate-time-range
     #+cindex: evaluate time range
     Evaluate a time range by computing the difference between start
     and end.  With a prefix argument, insert result after the time
     range (in a table: into the following column).

*** The date/time prompt
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: How Org mode helps you enter dates and times.
:END:
#+cindex: date, reading in minibuffer
#+cindex: time, reading in minibuffer

#+vindex: org-read-date-prefer-future
When Org mode prompts for a date/time, the default is shown in default
date/time format, and the prompt therefore seems to ask for a specific
format.  But it in fact accepts date/time information in a variety of
formats.  Generally, the information should start at the beginning of
the string.  Org mode finds whatever information is in there and
derives anything you have not specified from the /default date and
time/.  The default is usually the current date and time, but when
modifying an existing timestamp, or when entering the second stamp of
a range, it is taken from the stamp in the buffer.  When filling in
information, Org mode assumes that most of the time you want to enter
a date in the future: if you omit the month/year and the given
day/month is /before/ today, it assumes that you mean a future
date[fn:62].  If the date has been automatically shifted into the
future, the time prompt shows this with =(=>F)=.

For example, let's assume that today is *June 13, 2006*.  Here is how
various inputs are interpreted, the items filled in by Org mode are in
*bold*.

| =3-2-5=        | \rArr{} 2003-02-05                              |
| =2/5/3=        | \rArr{} 2003-02-05                              |
| =14=           | \rArr{} *2006*-*06*-14                          |
| =12=           | \rArr{} *2006*-*07*-12                          |
| =2/5=          | \rArr{} *2007*-02-05                            |
| =Fri=          | \rArr{} nearest Friday (default date or later)  |
| =sep 15=       | \rArr{} *2006*-09-15                            |
| =feb 15=       | \rArr{} *2007*-02-15                            |
| =sep 12 9=     | \rArr{} 2009-09-12                              |
| =12:45=        | \rArr{} *2006*-*06*-*13* 12:45                  |
| =22 sept 0:34= | \rArr{} *2006*-09-22 0:34                       |
| =w4=           | \rArr{} ISO week for of the current year *2006* |
| =2012 w4 fri=  | \rArr{} Friday of ISO week 4 in 2012            |
| =2012-w04-5=   | \rArr{} Same as above                           |

Furthermore you can specify a relative date by giving, as the /first/
thing in the input: a plus/minus sign, a number and a letter---=d=,
=w=, =m= or =y=---to indicate change in days, weeks, months, or
years.  With a single plus or minus, the date is always relative to
today.  With a double plus or minus, it is relative to the default
date.  If instead of a single letter, you use the abbreviation of day
name, the date is the Nth such day, e.g.:

| =+0=    | \rArr{} today                       |
| =.=     | \rArr{} today                       |
| =+4d=   | \rArr{} four days from today        |
| =+4=    | \rArr{} same as +4d                 |
| =+2w=   | \rArr{} two weeks from today        |
| =++5=   | \rArr{} five days from default date |
| =+2tue= | \rArr{} second Tuesday from now     |

#+vindex: parse-time-months
#+vindex: parse-time-weekdays
The function understands English month and weekday abbreviations.  If
you want to use un-abbreviated names and/or other languages, configure
the variables ~parse-time-months~ and ~parse-time-weekdays~.

#+vindex: org-read-date-force-compatible-dates
Not all dates can be represented in a given Emacs implementation.  By
default Org mode forces dates into the compatibility range 1970--2037
which works on all Emacs implementations.  If you want to use dates
outside of this range, read the docstring of the variable
~org-read-date-force-compatible-dates~.

You can specify a time range by giving start and end times or by
giving a start time and a duration (in HH:MM format).  Use one or two
dash(es) as the separator in the former case and use =+= as the
separator in the latter case, e.g.:

| =11am-1:15pm=  | \rArr{} 11:00-13:15   |
| =11am--1:15pm= | \rArr{} same as above |
| =11am+2:15=    | \rArr{} same as above |

#+cindex: calendar, for selecting date
#+vindex: org-popup-calendar-for-date-prompt
Parallel to the minibuffer prompt, a calendar is popped up[fn:63].
When you exit the date prompt, either by clicking on a date in the
calendar, or by pressing {{{kbd(RET)}}}, the date selected in the
calendar is combined with the information entered at the prompt.  You
can control the calendar fully from the minibuffer:

#+kindex: <
#+kindex: >
#+kindex: M-v
#+kindex: C-v
#+kindex: mouse-1
#+kindex: S-RIGHT
#+kindex: S-LEFT
#+kindex: S-DOWN
#+kindex: S-UP
#+kindex: M-S-RIGHT
#+kindex: M-S-LEFT
#+kindex: RET
#+attr_texinfo: :columns 0.25 0.55
| {{{kbd(RET)}}}       | Choose date at point in calendar.      |
| {{{kbd(mouse-1)}}}   | Select date by clicking on it.         |
| {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}}   | One day forward.                       |
| {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}}    | One day backward.                      |
| {{{kbd(S-DOWN)}}}    | One week forward.                      |
| {{{kbd(S-UP)}}}      | One week backward.                     |
| {{{kbd(M-S-RIGHT)}}} | One month forward.                     |
| {{{kbd(M-S-LEFT)}}}  | One month backward.                    |
| {{{kbd(>)}}}         | Scroll calendar forward by one month.  |
| {{{kbd(<)}}}         | Scroll calendar backward by one month. |
| {{{kbd(M-v)}}}       | Scroll calendar forward by 3 months.   |
| {{{kbd(C-v)}}}       | Scroll calendar backward by 3 months.  |

#+vindex: org-read-date-display-live
The actions of the date/time prompt may seem complex, but I assure you
they will grow on you, and you will start getting annoyed by pretty
much any other way of entering a date/time out there.  To help you
understand what is going on, the current interpretation of your input
is displayed live in the minibuffer[fn:64].

*** Custom time format
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Making dates look different.
:END:
#+cindex: custom date/time format
#+cindex: time format, custom
#+cindex: date format, custom

#+vindex: org-display-custom-times
#+vindex: org-time-stamp-custom-formats
Org mode uses the standard ISO notation for dates and times as it is
defined in ISO 8601.  If you cannot get used to this and require
another representation of date and time to keep you happy, you can get
it by customizing the variables ~org-display-custom-times~ and
~org-time-stamp-custom-formats~.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-t)}}} (~org-toggle-time-stamp-overlays~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x C-t
     #+findex: org-toggle-time-stamp-overlays
     Toggle the display of custom formats for dates and times.

Org mode needs the default format for scanning, so the custom
date/time format does not /replace/ the default format.  Instead, it
is put /over/ the default format using text properties.  This has the
following consequences:

- You cannot place point onto a timestamp anymore, only before or
  after.

- The {{{kbd(S-UP)}}} and {{{kbd(S-DOWN)}}} keys can no longer be used
  to adjust each component of a timestamp.  If point is at the
  beginning of the stamp, {{{kbd(S-UP)}}} and {{{kbd(S-DOWN)}}} change
  the stamp by one day, just like {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}}
  {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}}.  At the end of the stamp, change the time by one
  minute.

- If the timestamp contains a range of clock times or a repeater,
  these are not overlaid, but remain in the buffer as they were.

- When you delete a timestamp character-by-character, it only
  disappears from the buffer after /all/ (invisible) characters
  belonging to the ISO timestamp have been removed.

- If the custom timestamp format is longer than the default and you
  are using dates in tables, table alignment will be messed up.  If
  the custom format is shorter, things do work as expected.

** Deadlines and Scheduling
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Planning your work.
:END:

A timestamp may be preceded by special keywords to facilitate
planning.  Both the timestamp and the keyword have to be positioned
immediately after the task they refer to.

- =DEADLINE= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{DEADLINE} marker
     Meaning: the task (most likely a TODO item, though not
     necessarily) is supposed to be finished on that date.

     #+vindex: org-deadline-warning-days
     On the deadline date, the task is listed in the agenda.  In
     addition, the agenda for /today/ carries a warning about the
     approaching or missed deadline, starting
     ~org-deadline-warning-days~ before the due date, and continuing
     until the entry is marked DONE.  An example:

     #+begin_example
     ,*** TODO write article about the Earth for the Guide
         DEADLINE: <2004-02-29 Sun>
         The editor in charge is [[bbdb:Ford Prefect]]
     #+end_example

     #+vindex: org-agenda-skip-deadline-prewarning-if-scheduled
     You can specify a different lead time for warnings for a specific
     deadlines using the following syntax.  Here is an example with
     a warning period of 5 days =DEADLINE: <2004-02-29 Sun -5d>=.
     This warning is deactivated if the task gets scheduled and you
     set ~org-agenda-skip-deadline-prewarning-if-scheduled~ to ~t~.

- =SCHEDULED= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{SCHEDULED} marker
     Meaning: you are planning to start working on that task on the
     given date.

     #+vindex: org-agenda-skip-scheduled-if-done
     The headline is listed under the given date[fn:65].  In addition,
     a reminder that the scheduled date has passed is present in the
     compilation for /today/, until the entry is marked DONE, i.e.,
     the task is automatically forwarded until completed.

     #+begin_example
     ,*** TODO Call Trillian for a date on New Years Eve.
         SCHEDULED: <2004-12-25 Sat>
     #+end_example

     #+vindex: org-scheduled-delay-days
     #+vindex: org-agenda-skip-scheduled-delay-if-deadline
     If you want to /delay/ the display of this task in the agenda,
     use =SCHEDULED: <2004-12-25 Sat -2d>=: the task is still
     scheduled on the 25th but will appear two days later.  In case
     the task contains a repeater, the delay is considered to affect
     all occurrences; if you want the delay to only affect the first
     scheduled occurrence of the task, use =--2d= instead.  See
     ~org-scheduled-delay-days~ and
     ~org-agenda-skip-scheduled-delay-if-deadline~ for details on how
     to control this globally or per agenda.

     #+attr_texinfo: :tag Important
     #+begin_quote
     Scheduling an item in Org mode should /not/ be understood in the
     same way that we understand /scheduling a meeting/.  Setting
     a date for a meeting is just a simple appointment, you should
     mark this entry with a simple plain timestamp, to get this item
     shown on the date where it applies.  This is a frequent
     misunderstanding by Org users.  In Org mode, /scheduling/ means
     setting a date when you want to start working on an action item.
     #+end_quote

You may use timestamps with repeaters in scheduling and deadline
entries.  Org mode issues early and late warnings based on the
assumption that the timestamp represents the /nearest instance/ of the
repeater.  However, the use of diary S-exp entries like

: <%%(diary-float t 42)>

#+texinfo: @noindent
in scheduling and deadline timestamps is limited.  Org mode does not
know enough about the internals of each S-exp function to issue early
and late warnings.  However, it shows the item on each day where the
S-exp entry matches.

*** Inserting deadlines or schedules
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Planning items.
:ALT_TITLE: Inserting deadline/schedule
:END:

The following commands allow you to quickly insert a deadline or to
schedule an item:[fn:66]

- {{{kbd(C-c C-d)}}} (~org-deadline~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-d
     #+findex: org-deadline
     #+vindex: org-log-redeadline
     Insert =DEADLINE= keyword along with a stamp.  The insertion
     happens in the line directly following the headline.  Remove any
     =CLOSED= timestamp .  When called with a prefix argument, also
     remove any existing deadline from the entry.  Depending on the
     variable ~org-log-redeadline~, take a note when changing an
     existing deadline[fn:67].

- {{{kbd(C-c C-s)}}} (~org-schedule~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-s
     #+findex: org-schedule
     #+vindex: org-log-reschedule
     Insert =SCHEDULED= keyword along with a stamp.  The insertion
     happens in the line directly following the headline.  Remove any
     =CLOSED= timestamp.  When called with a prefix argument, also
     remove the scheduling date from the entry.  Depending on the
     variable ~org-log-reschedule~, take a note when changing an
     existing scheduling time[fn:68].

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-k)}}} (~org-mark-entry-for-agenda-action~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x C-k
     #+kindex: k a
     #+kindex: k s
     #+findex: org-mark-entry-for-agenda-action
     Mark the current entry for agenda action.  After you have marked
     the entry like this, you can open the agenda or the calendar to
     find an appropriate date.  With point on the selected date, press
     {{{kbd(k s)}}} or {{{kbd(k d)}}} to schedule the marked item.

- {{{kbd(C-c / d)}}} (~org-check-deadlines~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c / d
     #+findex: org-check-deadlines
     #+cindex: sparse tree, for deadlines
     #+vindex: org-deadline-warning-days
     Create a sparse tree with all deadlines that are either past-due,
     or which will become due within ~org-deadline-warning-days~.
     With {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix, show all deadlines in the file.  With
     a numeric prefix, check that many days.  For example, {{{kbd(C-1
     C-c / d)}}} shows all deadlines due tomorrow.

- {{{kbd(C-c / b)}}} (~org-check-before-date~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c / b
     #+findex: org-check-before-date
     Sparse tree for deadlines and scheduled items before a given
     date.

- {{{kbd(C-c / a)}}} (~org-check-after-date~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c / a
     #+findex: org-check-after-date
     Sparse tree for deadlines and scheduled items after a given date.

Note that ~org-schedule~ and ~org-deadline~ supports setting the date
by indicating a relative time e.g., =+1d= sets the date to the next
day after today, and =--1w= sets the date to the previous week before
any current timestamp.

*** Repeated tasks
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Items that show up again and again.
:END:
#+cindex: tasks, repeated
#+cindex: repeated tasks

Some tasks need to be repeated again and again.  Org mode helps to
organize such tasks using a so-called repeater in a =DEADLINE=,
=SCHEDULED=, or plain timestamp.  In the following example:

#+begin_example
,** TODO Pay the rent
   DEADLINE: <2005-10-01 Sat +1m>
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
the =+1m= is a repeater; the intended interpretation is that the task
has a deadline on =<2005-10-01>= and repeats itself every (one) month
starting from that time.  You can use yearly, monthly, weekly, daily
and hourly repeat cookies by using the ~y/w/m/d/h~ letters.  If you
need both a repeater and a special warning period in a deadline entry,
the repeater should come first and the warning period last: =DEADLINE:
<2005-10-01 Sat +1m -3d>=.

#+vindex: org-todo-repeat-to-state
Deadlines and scheduled items produce entries in the agenda when they
are over-due, so it is important to be able to mark such an entry as
DONE once you have done so.  When you mark a =DEADLINE= or a
=SCHEDULED= with the TODO keyword =DONE=, it no longer produces
entries in the agenda.  The problem with this is, however, is that
then also the /next/ instance of the repeated entry will not be
active.  Org mode deals with this in the following way: when you try
to mark such an entry DONE, using {{{kbd(C-c C-t)}}}, it shifts the
base date of the repeating timestamp by the repeater interval, and
immediately sets the entry state back to TODO[fn:69].  In the example
above, setting the state to DONE would actually switch the date like
this:

#+begin_example
,** TODO Pay the rent
   DEADLINE: <2005-11-01 Tue +1m>
#+end_example

To mark a task with a repeater as DONE, use {{{kbd(C-- 1 C-c C-t)}}},
i.e., ~org-todo~ with a numeric prefix argument of =-1=.

#+vindex: org-log-repeat
A timestamp[fn:70] is added under the deadline, to keep a record that
you actually acted on the previous instance of this deadline.

As a consequence of shifting the base date, this entry is no longer
visible in the agenda when checking past dates, but all future
instances will be visible.

With the =+1m= cookie, the date shift is always exactly one month.  So
if you have not paid the rent for three months, marking this entry
DONE still keeps it as an overdue deadline.  Depending on the task,
this may not be the best way to handle it.  For example, if you forgot
to call your father for 3 weeks, it does not make sense to call him
3 times in a single day to make up for it.  Finally, there are tasks
like changing batteries which should always repeat a certain time
/after/ the last time you did it.  For these tasks, Org mode has
special repeaters =++= and =.+=.  For example:

#+begin_example
,** TODO Call Father
   DEADLINE: <2008-02-10 Sun ++1w>
   Marking this DONE shifts the date by at least one week, but also
   by as many weeks as it takes to get this date into the future.
   However, it stays on a Sunday, even if you called and marked it
   done on Saturday.

,** TODO Empty kitchen trash
   DEADLINE: <2008-02-08 Fri 20:00 ++1d>
   Marking this DONE shifts the date by at least one day, and also
   by as many days as it takes to get the timestamp into the future.
   Since there is a time in the timestamp, the next deadline in the
   future will be on today's date if you complete the task before
   20:00.

,** TODO Check the batteries in the smoke detectors
   DEADLINE: <2005-11-01 Tue .+1m>
   Marking this DONE will shift the date to one month after today.
#+end_example

#+vindex: org-agenda-skip-scheduled-if-deadline-is-shown
You may have both scheduling and deadline information for a specific
task.  If the repeater is set for the scheduling information only, you
probably want the repeater to be ignored after the deadline.  If so,
set the variable ~org-agenda-skip-scheduled-if-deadline-is-shown~ to
~repeated-after-deadline~.  However, any scheduling information
without a repeater is no longer relevant once the task is done, and
thus, removed upon repeating the task.  If you want both scheduling
and deadline information to repeat after the same interval, set the
same repeater for both timestamps.

An alternative to using a repeater is to create a number of copies of
a task subtree, with dates shifted in each copy.  The command
{{{kbd(C-c C-x c)}}} was created for this purpose; it is described in
[[*Structure Editing]].

** Clocking Work Time
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Tracking how long you spend on a task.
:END:
#+cindex: clocking time
#+cindex: time clocking

Org mode allows you to clock the time you spend on specific tasks in
a project.  When you start working on an item, you can start the
clock.  When you stop working on that task, or when you mark the task
done, the clock is stopped and the corresponding time interval is
recorded.  It also computes the total time spent on each
subtree[fn:71] of a project.  And it remembers a history or tasks
recently clocked, to that you can jump quickly between a number of
tasks absorbing your time.

To save the clock history across Emacs sessions, use:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-clock-persist 'history)
(org-clock-persistence-insinuate)
#+end_src

#+vindex: org-clock-persist
When you clock into a new task after resuming Emacs, the incomplete
clock[fn:72] is retrieved (see [[*Resolving idle time]]) and you are
prompted about what to do with it.

*** Clocking commands
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Starting and stopping a clock.
:END:

#+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-i)}}} (~org-clock-in~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x C-i
     #+findex: org-clock-in
     #+vindex: org-clock-into-drawer
     #+vindex: org-clock-continuously
     #+cindex: @samp{LOG_INTO_DRAWER}, property
     Start the clock on the current item (clock-in).  This inserts the
     CLOCK keyword together with a timestamp.  If this is not the
     first clocking of this item, the multiple CLOCK lines are wrapped
     into a =LOGBOOK= drawer (see also the variable
     ~org-clock-into-drawer~).  You can also overrule the setting of
     this variable for a subtree by setting a =CLOCK_INTO_DRAWER= or
     =LOG_INTO_DRAWER= property.  When called with a {{{kbd(C-u)}}}
     prefix argument, select the task from a list of recently clocked
     tasks.  With two {{{kbd(C-u C-u)}}} prefixes, clock into the task
     at point and mark it as the default task; the default task is
     always be available with letter {{{kbd(d)}}} when selecting
     a clocking task.  With three {{{kbd(C-u C-u C-u)}}} prefixes,
     force continuous clocking by starting the clock when the last
     clock stopped.

     #+cindex: @samp{CLOCK_MODELINE_TOTAL}, property
     #+cindex: @samp{LAST_REPEAT}, property
     #+vindex: org-clock-mode-line-total
     #+vindex: org-clock-in-prepare-hook
     While the clock is running, Org shows the current clocking time
     in the mode line, along with the title of the task.  The clock
     time shown is all time ever clocked for this task and its
     children.  If the task has an effort estimate (see [[*Effort
     Estimates]]), the mode line displays the current clocking time
     against it[fn:73].  If the task is a repeating one (see [[*Repeated
     tasks]]), show only the time since the last reset of the
     task[fn:74].  You can exercise more control over show time with
     the =CLOCK_MODELINE_TOTAL= property.  It may have the values
     =current= to show only the current clocking instance, =today= to
     show all time clocked on this tasks today---see also the
     variable ~org-extend-today-until~, ~all~ to include all time, or
     ~auto~ which is the default[fn:75].  Clicking with
     {{{kbd(mouse-1)}}} onto the mode line entry pops up a menu with
     clocking options.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-o)}}} (~org-clock-out~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x C-o
     #+findex: org-clock-out
     #+vindex: org-log-note-clock-out
     Stop the clock (clock-out).  This inserts another timestamp at
     the same location where the clock was last started.  It also
     directly computes the resulting time in inserts it after the time
     range as ==>HH:MM=.  See the variable ~org-log-note-clock-out~
     for the possibility to record an additional note together with
     the clock-out timestamp[fn:76].

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-x)}}} (~org-clock-in-last~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x C-x
     #+findex: org-clock-in-last
     #+vindex: org-clock-continuously
     Re-clock the last clocked task.  With one {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix
     argument, select the task from the clock history.  With two
     {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefixes, force continuous clocking by starting
     the clock when the last clock stopped.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-e)}}} (~org-clock-modify-effort-estimate~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x C-e
     #+findex: org-clock-modify-effort-estimate
     Update the effort estimate for the current clock task.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-y)}}} (~org-evaluate-time-range~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-c
     #+kindex: C-c C-y
     #+findex: org-evaluate-time-range
     Recompute the time interval after changing one of the timestamps.
     This is only necessary if you edit the timestamps directly.  If
     you change them with {{{kbd(S-<cursor>)}}} keys, the update is
     automatic.

- {{{kbd(C-S-UP)}}} (~org-clock-timestamps-up~), {{{kbd(C-S-DOWN)}}} (~org-clock-timestamps-down~) ::

     #+kindex: C-S-UP
     #+findex: org-clock-timestamps-up
     #+kindex: C-S-DOWN
     #+findex: org-clock-timestamps-down
     On CLOCK log lines, increase/decrease both timestamps so that the
     clock duration keeps the same value.

- {{{kbd(S-M-UP)}}} (~org-timestamp-up~), {{{kbd(S-M-DOWN)}}} (~org-timestamp-down~) ::

     #+kindex: S-M-UP
     #+findex: org-clock-timestamp-up
     #+kindex: S-M-DOWN
     #+findex: org-clock-timestamp-down
     On =CLOCK= log lines, increase/decrease the timestamp at point
     and the one of the previous, or the next, clock timestamp by the
     same duration.  For example, if you hit {{{kbd(S-M-UP)}}} to
     increase a clocked-out timestamp by five minutes, then the
     clocked-in timestamp of the next clock is increased by five
     minutes.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-t)}}} (~org-todo~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-t
     #+findex: org-todo
     Changing the TODO state of an item to DONE automatically stops
     the clock if it is running in this same item.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-q)}}} (~org-clock-cancel~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x C-q
     #+findex: org-clock-cancel
     Cancel the current clock.  This is useful if a clock was started
     by mistake, or if you ended up working on something else.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-j)}}} (~org-clock-goto~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x C-j
     #+findex: or-clock-goto
     Jump to the headline of the currently clocked in task.  With
     a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix argument, select the target task from
     a list of recently clocked tasks.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-d)}}} (~org-clock-display~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x C-d
     #+findex: org-clock-display
     #+vindex: org-remove-highlights-with-change
     Display time summaries for each subtree in the current buffer.
     This puts overlays at the end of each headline, showing the total
     time recorded under that heading, including the time of any
     subheadings.  You can use visibility cycling to study the tree,
     but the overlays disappear when you change the buffer (see
     variable ~org-remove-highlights-with-change~) or press {{{kbd(C-c
     C-c)}}}.

The {{{kbd(l)}}} key may be used in the agenda (see [[*Weekly/daily
agenda]]) to show which tasks have been worked on or closed during
a day.

*Important:* note that both ~org-clock-out~ and ~org-clock-in-last~
can have a global keybinding and do not modify the window disposition.

*** The clock table
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Detailed reports.
:END:
#+cindex: clocktable, dynamic block
#+cindex: report, of clocked time

Org mode can produce quite complex reports based on the time clocking
information.  Such a report is called a /clock table/, because it is
formatted as one or several Org tables.

#+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-r)}}} (~org-clock-report~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x C-r
     #+findex: org-clock-report
     Insert a dynamic block (see [[*Dynamic Blocks]]) containing a clock
     report as an Org mode table into the current file.  When point is
     at an existing clock table, just update it.  When called with a
     prefix argument, jump to the first clock report in the current
     document and update it.  The clock table includes archived trees.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-u)}}} (~org-dblock-update~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-c
     #+kindex: C-c C-x C-u
     #+findex: org-dblock-update
     Update dynamic block at point.  Point needs to be in the =BEGIN=
     line of the dynamic block.

- {{{kbd(C-u C-c C-x C-u)}}} ::

     #+kindex: C-u C-c C-x C-u
     Update all dynamic blocks (see [[*Dynamic Blocks]]).  This is useful
     if you have several clock table blocks in a buffer.

- {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}}, {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}} (~org-clocktable-try-shift~) ::

     #+kindex: S-LEFT
     #+kindex: S-RIGHT
     #+findex: org-clocktable-try-shift
     Shift the current =:block= interval and update the table.  Point
     needs to be in the =#+BEGIN: clocktable= line for this command.
     If =:block= is =today=, it is shifted to =today-1=, etc.

Here is an example of the frame for a clock table as it is inserted
into the buffer with the {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-r)}}} command:

#+cindex: @samp{BEGIN clocktable}
#+begin_example
,#+BEGIN: clocktable :maxlevel 2 :emphasize nil :scope file
,#+END: clocktable
#+end_example

#+vindex: org-clocktable-defaults
The =#+BEGIN= line and specify a number of options to define the
scope, structure, and formatting of the report.  Defaults for all
these options can be configured in the variable
~org-clocktable-defaults~.

First there are options that determine which clock entries are to
be selected:

- =:maxlevel= ::

     Maximum level depth to which times are listed in the table.
     Clocks at deeper levels are summed into the upper level.

- =:scope= ::

     The scope to consider.  This can be any of the following:

     | =nil=                  | the current buffer or narrowed region                               |
     | =file=                 | the full current buffer                                             |
     | =subtree=              | the subtree where the clocktable is located                         |
     | =treeN=                | the surrounding level N tree, for example =tree3=                   |
     | =tree=                 | the surrounding level 1 tree                                        |
     | =agenda=               | all agenda files                                                    |
     | =("file" ...)=         | scan these files                                                    |
     | =FUNCTION=             | scan files returned by calling {{{var(FUNCTION)}}} with no argument |
     | =file-with-archives=   | current file and its archives                                       |
     | =agenda-with-archives= | all agenda files, including archives                                |

- =:block= ::

     The time block to consider.  This block is specified either
     absolutely, or relative to the current time and may be any of
     these formats:

     | =2007-12-31=                            | New year eve 2007     |
     | =2007-12=                               | December 2007         |
     | =2007-W50=                              | ISO-week 50 in 2007   |
     | =2007-Q2=                               | 2nd quarter in 2007   |
     | =2007=                                  | the year 2007         |
     | =today=, =yesterday=, =today-N=         | a relative day        |
     | =thisweek=, =lastweek=, =thisweek-N=    | a relative week       |
     | =thismonth=, =lastmonth=, =thismonth-N= | a relative month      |
     | =thisyear=, =lastyear=, =thisyear-N=    | a relative year       |
     | =untilnow=                              | all clocked time ever |

     #+vindex: org-clock-display-default-range
     When this option is not set, Org falls back to the value in
     ~org-clock-display-default-range~, which defaults to the current
     year.

     Use {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}} or {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}} to shift the time
     interval.

- =:tstart= ::

     A time string specifying when to start considering times.
     Relative times like ="<-2w>"= can also be used.  See [[*Matching
     tags and properties]] for relative time syntax.

- =:tend= ::

     A time string specifying when to stop considering times.
     Relative times like ="<now>"= can also be used.  See [[*Matching
     tags and properties]] for relative time syntax.

- =:wstart= ::

     The starting day of the week.  The default is 1 for Monday.

- =:mstart= ::

     The starting day of the month.  The default is 1 for the first.

- =:step= ::

     Set to ~week~ or ~day~ to split the table into chunks.  To use
     this, ~:block~ or ~:tstart~, ~:tend~ are needed.

- =:stepskip0= ::

     Do not show steps that have zero time.

- =:fileskip0= ::

     Do not show table sections from files which did not contribute.

- =:match= ::

     A tags match to select entries that should contribute.  See
     [[*Matching tags and properties]] for the match syntax.

#+findex: org-clocktable-write-default
Then there are options that determine the formatting of the table.
There options are interpreted by the function
~org-clocktable-write-default~, but you can specify your own function
using the =:formatter= parameter.

- =:emphasize= ::

     When ~t~, emphasize level one and level two items.

- =:lang= ::

     Language[fn:77] to use for descriptive cells like "Task".

- =:link= ::

     Link the item headlines in the table to their origins.

- =:narrow= ::

     An integer to limit the width of the headline column in the Org
     table.  If you write it like =50!=, then the headline is also
     shortened in export.

- =:indent= ::

     Indent each headline field according to its level.

- =:tcolumns= ::

     Number of columns to be used for times.  If this is smaller than
     =:maxlevel=, lower levels are lumped into one column.

- =:level= ::

     Should a level number column be included?

- =:sort= ::

     A cons cell containing the column to sort and a sorting type.
     E.g., =:sort (1 . ?a)= sorts the first column alphabetically.

- =:compact= ::

     Abbreviation for =:level nil :indent t :narrow 40! :tcolumns 1=.
     All are overwritten except if there is an explicit =:narrow=.

- =:timestamp= ::

     A timestamp for the entry, when available.  Look for =SCHEDULED=,
     =DEADLINE=, =TIMESTAMP= and =TIMESTAMP_IA= special properties
     (see [[*Special Properties]]), in this order.

- =:tags= ::

     When this flag is non-~nil~, show the headline's tags.

- =:properties= ::

     List of properties shown in the table.  Each property gets its
     own column.

- =:inherit-props= ::

     When this flag is non-~nil~, the values for =:properties= are
     inherited.

- =:formula= ::

     Content of a =TBLFM= keyword to be added and evaluated.  As
     a special case, =:formula %= adds a column with % time.  If you
     do not specify a formula here, any existing formula below the
     clock table survives updates and is evaluated.

- =:formatter= ::

     A function to format clock data and insert it into the buffer.

To get a clock summary of the current level 1 tree, for the current
day, you could write:

#+begin_example
,#+BEGIN: clocktable :maxlevel 2 :block today :scope tree1 :link t
,#+END: clocktable
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
To use a specific time range you could write[fn:78]

#+begin_example
,#+BEGIN: clocktable :tstart "<2006-08-10 Thu 10:00>"
                    :tend "<2006-08-10 Thu 12:00>"
,#+END: clocktable
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
A range starting a week ago and ending right now could be written as

#+begin_example
,#+BEGIN: clocktable :tstart "<-1w>" :tend "<now>"
,#+END: clocktable
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
A summary of the current subtree with % times would be

#+begin_example
,#+BEGIN: clocktable :scope subtree :link t :formula %
,#+END: clocktable
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
A horizontally compact representation of everything clocked during
last week would be

#+begin_example
,#+BEGIN: clocktable :scope agenda :block lastweek :compact t
,#+END: clocktable
#+end_example

*** Resolving idle time and continuous clocking
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Resolving time when you've been idle.
:ALT_TITLE: Resolving idle time
:END:

**** Resolving idle time
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

#+cindex: resolve idle time
#+cindex: idle, resolve, dangling

If you clock in on a work item, and then walk away from your
computer---perhaps to take a phone call---you often need to
"resolve" the time you were away by either subtracting it from the
current clock, or applying it to another one.

#+vindex: org-clock-idle-time
#+vindex: org-clock-x11idle-program-name
By customizing the variable ~org-clock-idle-time~ to some integer,
such as 10 or 15, Emacs can alert you when you get back to your
computer after being idle for that many minutes[fn:79], and ask what
you want to do with the idle time.  There will be a question waiting
for you when you get back, indicating how much idle time has passed
constantly updated with the current amount, as well as a set of
choices to correct the discrepancy:

- {{{kbd(k)}}} ::

     #+kindex: k
     To keep some or all of the minutes and stay clocked in, press
     {{{kbd(k)}}}.  Org asks how many of the minutes to keep.  Press
     {{{kbd(RET)}}} to keep them all, effectively changing nothing, or
     enter a number to keep that many minutes.

- {{{kbd(K)}}} ::

     #+kindex: K
     If you use the shift key and press {{{kbd(K)}}}, it keeps however
     many minutes you request and then immediately clock out of that
     task.  If you keep all of the minutes, this is the same as just
     clocking out of the current task.

- {{{kbd(s)}}} ::

     #+kindex: s
     To keep none of the minutes, use {{{kbd(s)}}} to subtract all the
     away time from the clock, and then check back in from the moment
     you returned.

- {{{kbd(S)}}} ::

     #+kindex: S
     To keep none of the minutes and just clock out at the start of
     the away time, use the shift key and press {{{kbd(S)}}}.
     Remember that using shift always leave you clocked out, no matter
     which option you choose.

- {{{kbd(C)}}} ::

     #+kindex: C
     To cancel the clock altogether, use {{{kbd(C)}}}.  Note that if
     instead of canceling you subtract the away time, and the
     resulting clock amount is less than a minute, the clock is still
     canceled rather than cluttering up the log with an empty entry.

What if you subtracted those away minutes from the current clock, and
now want to apply them to a new clock?  Simply clock in to any task
immediately after the subtraction.  Org will notice that you have
subtracted time "on the books", so to speak, and will ask if you want
to apply those minutes to the next task you clock in on.

There is one other instance when this clock resolution magic occurs.
Say you were clocked in and hacking away, and suddenly your cat chased
a mouse who scared a hamster that crashed into your UPS's power
button!  You suddenly lose all your buffers, but thanks to auto-save
you still have your recent Org mode changes, including your last clock
in.

If you restart Emacs and clock into any task, Org will notice that you
have a dangling clock which was never clocked out from your last
session.  Using that clock's starting time as the beginning of the
unaccounted-for period, Org will ask how you want to resolve that
time.  The logic and behavior is identical to dealing with away time
due to idleness; it is just happening due to a recovery event rather
than a set amount of idle time.

You can also check all the files visited by your Org agenda for
dangling clocks at any time using {{{kbd(M-x org-resolve-clocks
RET)}}} (or {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-z)}}}).

**** Continuous clocking
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:
#+cindex: continuous clocking

#+vindex: org-clock-continuously
You may want to start clocking from the time when you clocked out the
previous task.  To enable this systematically, set
~org-clock-continuously~ to non-~nil~.  Each time you clock in, Org
retrieves the clock-out time of the last clocked entry for this
session, and start the new clock from there.

If you only want this from time to time, use three universal prefix
arguments with ~org-clock-in~ and two {{{kbd(C-u C-u)}}} with
~org-clock-in-last~.

** Effort Estimates
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Planning work effort in advance.
:END:
#+cindex: effort estimates
#+cindex: @samp{EFFORT}, property
#+vindex: org-effort-property

If you want to plan your work in a very detailed way, or if you need
to produce offers with quotations of the estimated work effort, you
may want to assign effort estimates to entries.  If you are also
clocking your work, you may later want to compare the planned effort
with the actual working time, a great way to improve planning
estimates.  Effort estimates are stored in a special property
=EFFORT=.  You can set the effort for an entry with the following
commands:

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x e)}}}  (~org-set-effort~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x e
     #+findex: org-set-effort
     Set the effort estimate for the current entry.  With a prefix
     argument, set it to the next allowed value---see below.  This
     command is also accessible from the agenda with the {{{kbd(e)}}}
     key.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-e)}}} (~org-clock-modify-effort-estimate~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x C-e
     #+findex: org-clock-modify-effort-estimate
     Modify the effort estimate of the item currently being clocked.

Clearly the best way to work with effort estimates is through column
view (see [[*Column View]]).  You should start by setting up discrete
values for effort estimates, and a =COLUMNS= format that displays
these values together with clock sums---if you want to clock your
time.  For a specific buffer you can use:

#+begin_example
,#+PROPERTY: Effort_ALL 0 0:10 0:30 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00
,#+COLUMNS: %40ITEM(Task) %17Effort(Estimated Effort){:} %CLOCKSUM
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
#+vindex: org-global-properties
#+vindex: org-columns-default-format
or, even better, you can set up these values globally by customizing
the variables ~org-global-properties~ and
~org-columns-default-format~.  In particular if you want to use this
setup also in the agenda, a global setup may be advised.

The way to assign estimates to individual items is then to switch to
column mode, and to use {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}} and {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}} to
change the value.  The values you enter are immediately summed up in
the hierarchy.  In the column next to it, any clocked time is
displayed.

#+vindex: org-agenda-columns-add-appointments-to-effort-sum
If you switch to column view in the daily/weekly agenda, the effort
column summarizes the estimated work effort for each day[fn:80], and
you can use this to find space in your schedule.  To get an overview
of the entire part of the day that is committed, you can set the
option ~org-agenda-columns-add-appointments-to-effort-sum~.  The
appointments on a day that take place over a specified time interval
are then also added to the load estimate of the day.

Effort estimates can be used in secondary agenda filtering that is
triggered with the {{{kbd(/)}}} key in the agenda (see [[*Commands in
the Agenda Buffer]]).  If you have these estimates defined consistently,
two or three key presses narrow down the list to stuff that fits into
an available time slot.

** Taking Notes with a Relative Timer
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Notes with a running timer.
:ALT_TITLE: Timers
:END:
#+cindex: relative timer
#+cindex: countdown timer

Org provides two types of timers.  There is a relative timer that
counts up, which can be useful when taking notes during, for example,
a meeting or a video viewing.  There is also a countdown timer.

The relative and countdown are started with separate commands.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x 0)}}} (~org-timer-start~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x 0
     #+findex: org-timer-start
     Start or reset the relative timer.  By default, the timer is set
     to 0.  When called with a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix, prompt the user
     for a starting offset.  If there is a timer string at point, this
     is taken as the default, providing a convenient way to restart
     taking notes after a break in the process.  When called with
     a double prefix argument {{{kbd(C-u C-u)}}}, change all timer
     strings in the active region by a certain amount.  This can be
     used to fix timer strings if the timer was not started at exactly
     the right moment.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x ;)}}} (~org-timer-set-timer~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x ;
     #+findex: org-timer-set-timer
     #+vindex: org-timer-default-timer
     Start a countdown timer.  The user is prompted for a duration.
     ~org-timer-default-timer~ sets the default countdown value.
     Giving a numeric prefix argument overrides this default value.
     This command is available as {{{kbd(;)}}} in agenda buffers.

Once started, relative and countdown timers are controlled with the
same commands.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x .)}}} (~org-timer~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x .
     #+findex: org-timer
     Insert a relative time into the buffer.  The first time you use
     this, the timer starts.  Using a prefix argument restarts it.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x -)}}} (~org-timer-item~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x -
     #+findex: org-timer-item
     Insert a description list item with the current relative time.
     With a prefix argument, first reset the timer to 0.

- {{{kbd(M-RET)}}} (~org-insert-heading~) ::

     #+kindex: M-RET
     #+findex: org-insert-heading
     Once the timer list is started, you can also use
     {{{kbd(M-RET)}}} to insert new timer items.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x \,)}}} (~org-timer-pause-or-continue~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x ,
     #+findex: org-timer-pause-or-continue
     Pause the timer, or continue it if it is already paused.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x _)}}} (~org-timer-stop~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x _
     #+findex: org-timer-stop
     Stop the timer.  After this, you can only start a new timer, not
     continue the old one.  This command also removes the timer from
     the mode line.

* Capture, Refile, Archive
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: The ins and outs for projects.
:END:
#+cindex: capture

An important part of any organization system is the ability to quickly
capture new ideas and tasks, and to associate reference material with
them.  Org does this using a process called /capture/.  It also can
store files related to a task (/attachments/) in a special directory.
Once in the system, tasks and projects need to be moved around.
Moving completed project trees to an archive file keeps the system
compact and fast.

** Capture
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Capturing new stuff.
:END:
#+cindex: capture

Capture lets you quickly store notes with little interruption of your
work flow.  Org's method for capturing new items is heavily inspired
by John Wiegley's excellent Remember package.

*** Setting up capture
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Where notes will be stored.
:END:

The following customization sets a default target file for notes.

#+vindex: org-default-notes-file
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-default-notes-file (concat org-directory "/notes.org"))
#+end_src

You may also define a global key for capturing new material (see
[[*Activation]]).

*** Using capture
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Commands to invoke and terminate capture.
:END:

- {{{kbd(M-x org-capture)}}} (~org-capture~) ::

     #+findex: org-capture
     #+cindex: date tree
     Display the capture templates menu.  If you have templates
     defined (see [[*Capture templates]]), it offers these templates for
     selection or use a new Org outline node as the default template.
     It inserts the template into the target file and switch to an
     indirect buffer narrowed to this new node.  You may then insert
     the information you want.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} (~org-capture-finalize~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-c @r{(Capture buffer)}
     #+findex: org-capture-finalize
     Once you have finished entering information into the capture
     buffer, {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} returns you to the window
     configuration before the capture process, so that you can resume
     your work without further distraction.  When called with a prefix
     argument, finalize and then jump to the captured item.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-w)}}} (~org-capture-refile~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-w @r{(Capture buffer)}
     #+findex: org-capture-refile
     Finalize the capture process by refiling the note to a different
     place (see [[*Refile and Copy]]).  Please realize that this is a
     normal refiling command that will be executed---so point position
     at the moment you run this command is important.  If you have
     inserted a tree with a parent and children, first move point back
     to the parent.  Any prefix argument given to this command is
     passed on to the ~org-refile~ command.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-k)}}} (~org-capture-kill~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-k @r{(Capture buffer)}
     #+findex: org-capture-kill
     Abort the capture process and return to the previous state.

#+kindex: k c @r{(Agenda)}
You can also call ~org-capture~ in a special way from the agenda,
using the {{{kbd(k c)}}} key combination.  With this access, any
timestamps inserted by the selected capture template defaults to the
date at point in the agenda, rather than to the current date.

To find the locations of the last stored capture, use ~org-capture~
with prefix commands:

- {{{kbd(C-u M-x org-capture)}}} ::

     Visit the target location of a capture template.  You get to
     select the template in the usual way.

- {{{kbd(C-u C-u M-x org-capture)}}} ::

     Visit the last stored capture item in its buffer.

#+vindex: org-capture-bookmark
#+vindex: org-capture-last-stored
You can also jump to the bookmark ~org-capture-last-stored~, which is
automatically created unless you set ~org-capture-bookmark~ to ~nil~.

To insert the capture at point in an Org buffer, call ~org-capture~
with a ~C-0~ prefix argument.

*** Capture templates
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Define the outline of different note types.
:END:
#+cindex: templates, for Capture

You can use templates for different types of capture items, and for
different target locations.  The easiest way to create such templates
is through the customize interface.

- {{{kbd(C)}}} ::

     #+kindex: C @r{(Capture menu}
     #+vindex: org-capture-templates
     Customize the variable ~org-capture-templates~.

Before we give the formal description of template definitions, let's
look at an example.  Say you would like to use one template to create
general TODO entries, and you want to put these entries under the
heading =Tasks= in your file =~/org/gtd.org=.  Also, a date tree in
the file =journal.org= should capture journal entries.  A possible
configuration would look like:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-capture-templates
      '(("t" "Todo" entry (file+headline "~/org/gtd.org" "Tasks")
         "* TODO %?\n  %i\n  %a")
        ("j" "Journal" entry (file+datetree "~/org/journal.org")
         "* %?\nEntered on %U\n  %i\n  %a")))
#+end_src

#+texinfo: @noindent
If you then press {{{kbd(t)}}} from the capture menu, Org will prepare
the template for you like this:

#+begin_example
,* TODO
  [[file:LINK TO WHERE YOU INITIATED CAPTURE]]
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
During expansion of the template, ~%a~ has been replaced by a link to
the location from where you called the capture command.  This can be
extremely useful for deriving tasks from emails, for example.  You
fill in the task definition, press {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} and Org returns
you to the same place where you started the capture process.

To define special keys to capture to a particular template without
going through the interactive template selection, you can create your
key binding like this:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(define-key global-map "\C-cx"
  (lambda () (interactive) (org-capture nil "x")))
#+end_src

**** Template elements
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: What is needed for a complete template entry.
:END:

Now lets look at the elements of a template definition.  Each entry in
~org-capture-templates~ is a list with the following items:

- keys ::

     The keys that selects the template, as a string, characters only,
     for example ="a"=, for a template to be selected with a single
     key, or ="bt"= for selection with two keys.  When using several
     keys, keys using the same prefix key must be sequential in the
     list and preceded by a 2-element entry explaining the prefix key,
     for example:

     #+begin_src emacs-lisp
     ("b" "Templates for marking stuff to buy")
     #+end_src

     If you do not define a template for the {{{kbd(C)}}} key, this
     key opens the Customize buffer for this complex variable.

- description ::

     A short string describing the template, shown during selection.

- type ::

     The type of entry, a symbol.  Valid values are:

     - ~entry~ ::

          An Org mode node, with a headline.  Will be filed as the child
          of the target entry or as a top-level entry.  The target file
          should be an Org file.

     - ~item~ ::

          A plain list item, placed in the first plain list at the
          target location.  Again the target file should be an Org
          file.

     - ~checkitem~ ::

          A checkbox item.  This only differs from the plain list item
          by the default template.

     - ~table-line~ ::

          A new line in the first table at the target location.  Where
          exactly the line will be inserted depends on the properties
          ~:prepend~ and ~:table-line-pos~ (see below).

     - ~plain~ ::

          Text to be inserted as it is.

- target ::

     #+vindex: org-default-notes-file
     #+vindex: org-directory
     Specification of where the captured item should be placed.  In
     Org files, targets usually define a node.  Entries will become
     children of this node.  Other types will be added to the table or
     list in the body of this node.  Most target specifications
     contain a file name.  If that file name is the empty string, it
     defaults to ~org-default-notes-file~.  A file can also be given
     as a variable or as a function called with no argument.  When an
     absolute path is not specified for a target, it is taken as
     relative to ~org-directory~.

     Valid values are:

     - =(file "path/to/file")= ::

          Text will be placed at the beginning or end of that file.

     - =(id "id of existing org entry")= ::

          Filing as child of this entry, or in the body of the entry.

     - =(file+headline "filename" "node headline")= ::

          Fast configuration if the target heading is unique in the file.

     - =(file+olp "filename" "Level 1 heading" "Level 2" ...)= ::

          For non-unique headings, the full path is safer.

     - =(file+regexp "filename" "regexp to find location")= ::

          Use a regular expression to position point.

     - =(file+olp+datetree "filename" [ "Level 1 heading" ...])= ::

          This target[fn:81] creates a heading in a date tree[fn:82] for
          today's date.  If the optional outline path is given, the tree
          will be built under the node it is pointing to, instead of at
          top level.  Check out the ~:time-prompt~ and ~:tree-type~
          properties below for additional options.

     - ~(file+function "filename" function-finding-location)~ ::

          A function to find the right location in the file.

     - ~(clock)~ ::

          File to the entry that is currently being clocked.

     - ~(function function-finding-location)~ ::

          Most general way: write your own function which both visits the
          file and moves point to the right location.

- template ::

     The template for creating the capture item.  If you leave this
     empty, an appropriate default template will be used.  Otherwise
     this is a string with escape codes, which will be replaced
     depending on time and context of the capture call.  The string
     with escapes may be loaded from a template file, using the
     special syntax =(file "template filename")=.  See below for more
     details.

- properties ::

     The rest of the entry is a property list of additional options.
     Recognized properties are:

     - ~:prepend~ ::

          Normally new captured information will be appended at the
          target location (last child, last table line, last list item,
          ...).  Setting this property changes that.

     - ~:immediate-finish~ ::

          When set, do not offer to edit the information, just file it
          away immediately.  This makes sense if the template only needs
          information that can be added automatically.

     - ~:empty-lines~ ::

          Set this to the number of lines to insert before and after the
          new item.  Default 0, and the only other common value is 1.

     - ~:clock-in~ ::

          Start the clock in this item.

     - ~:clock-keep~ ::

          Keep the clock running when filing the captured entry.

     - ~:clock-resume~ ::

          If starting the capture interrupted a clock, restart that clock
          when finished with the capture.  Note that ~:clock-keep~ has
          precedence over ~:clock-resume~.  When setting both to
          non-~nil~, the current clock will run and the previous one will
          not be resumed.

     - ~:time-prompt~ ::

          Prompt for a date/time to be used for date/week trees and when
          filling the template.  Without this property, capture uses the
          current date and time.  Even if this property has not been set,
          you can force the same behavior by calling ~org-capture~ with
          a {{{kbd(C-1)}}} prefix argument.

     - ~:tree-type~ ::

          When ~week~, make a week tree instead of the month tree, i.e.,
          place the headings for each day under a heading with the
          current ISO week.

     - ~:unnarrowed~ ::

          Do not narrow the target buffer, simply show the full buffer.  Default
          is to narrow it so that you only see the new material.

     - ~:table-line-pos~ ::

          Specification of the location in the table where the new line
          should be inserted.  It should be a string like =II-3= meaning
          that the new line should become the third line before the
          second horizontal separator line.

     - ~:kill-buffer~ ::

          If the target file was not yet visited when capture was invoked, kill
          the buffer again after capture is completed.

**** Template expansion
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Filling in information about time and context.
:END:

In the template itself, special "%-escapes"[fn:83] allow dynamic
insertion of content.  The templates are expanded in the order given
here:

- ~%[FILE]~ ::

     Insert the contents of the file given by {{{var(FILE)}}}.

- ~%(SEXP)~ ::

     Evaluate Elisp SEXP and replace with the result.  The
     {{{var(SEXP)}}} must return a string.

- ~%<FORMAT>~ ::

     The result of format-time-string on the {{{var(FORMAT)}}}
     specification.

- ~%t~ ::

     Timestamp, date only.

- ~%T~ ::

     Timestamp, with date and time.

- ~%u~, ~%U~ ::

     Like ~%t~, ~%T~ above, but inactive timestamps.

- ~%i~ ::

     Initial content, the region when capture is called while the
     region is active.  The entire text will be indented like ~%i~
     itself.

- ~%a~ ::

     Annotation, normally the link created with ~org-store-link~.

- ~%A~ ::

     Like ~%a~, but prompt for the description part.

- ~%l~ ::

     Like ~%a~, but only insert the literal link.

- ~%c~ ::

     Current kill ring head.

- ~%x~ ::

     Content of the X clipboard.

- ~%k~ ::

     Title of the currently clocked task.

- ~%K~ ::

     Link to the currently clocked task.

- ~%n~ ::

     User name (taken from ~user-full-name~).

- ~%f~ ::

     File visited by current buffer when org-capture was called.

- ~%F~ ::

     Full path of the file or directory visited by current buffer.

- ~%:keyword~ ::

     Specific information for certain link types, see below.

- ~%^g~ ::

     Prompt for tags, with completion on tags in target file.

- ~%^G~ ::

     Prompt for tags, with completion all tags in all agenda files.

- ~%^t~ ::

     Like ~%t~, but prompt for date.  Similarly ~%^T~, ~%^u~, ~%^U~.  You may
     define a prompt like ~%^{Birthday}t~.

- ~%^C~ ::

     Interactive selection of which kill or clip to use.

- ~%^L~ ::

     Like ~%^C~, but insert as link.

- ~%^{PROP}p~ ::

     Prompt the user for a value for property PROP.

- ~%^{PROMPT}~ ::

     Prompt the user for a string and replace this sequence with it.
     You may specify a default value and a completion table with
     ~%^{prompt|default|completion2|completion3...}~.  The arrow keys
     access a prompt-specific history.

- ~%\n~ ::

     Insert the text entered at the Nth ~%^{PROMPT}~, where N is
     a number, starting from 1.

- ~%?~ ::

     After completing the template, position point here.

#+vindex: org-store-link-props
For specific link types, the following keywords are defined[fn:84]:

#+vindex: org-from-is-user-regexp
| Link type    | Available keywords                                       |
|--------------+----------------------------------------------------------|
| bbdb         | ~%:name~, ~%:company~                                    |
| irc          | ~%:server~, ~%:port~, ~%:nick~                           |
| mh, rmail    | ~%:type~, ~%:subject~, ~%:message-id~                    |
|              | ~%:from~, ~%:fromname~, ~%:fromaddress~                  |
|              | ~%:to~, ~%:toname~, ~%:toaddress~                        |
|              | ~%:date~ (message date header field)                     |
|              | ~%:date-timestamp~ (date as active timestamp)            |
|              | ~%:date-timestamp-inactive~ (date as inactive timestamp) |
|              | ~%:fromto~ (either "to NAME" or "from NAME")[fn:85]      |
| gnus         | ~%:group~, for messages also all email fields            |
| w3, w3m      | ~%:url~                                                  |
| info         | ~%:file~, ~%:node~                                       |
| calendar     | ~%:date~                                                 |
| org-protocol | ~%:link~, ~%:description~, ~%:annotation~                |

**** Templates in contexts
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Only show a template in a specific context.
:END:

#+vindex: org-capture-templates-contexts
To control whether a capture template should be accessible from
a specific context, you can customize
~org-capture-templates-contexts~.  Let's say, for example, that you
have a capture template "p" for storing Gnus emails containing
patches.  Then you would configure this option like this:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-capture-templates-contexts
      '(("p" (in-mode . "message-mode"))))
#+end_src

You can also tell that the command key {{{kbd(p)}}} should refer to
another template.  In that case, add this command key like this:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-capture-templates-contexts
      '(("p" "q" (in-mode . "message-mode"))))
#+end_src

See the docstring of the variable for more information.

** Attachments
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Add files to tasks.
:END:
#+cindex: attachments
#+vindex: org-attach-directory

It is often useful to associate reference material with an outline
node/task.  Small chunks of plain text can simply be stored in the
subtree of a project.  Hyperlinks (see [[*Hyperlinks]]) can establish
associations with files that live elsewhere on your computer or in the
cloud, like emails or source code files belonging to a project.
Another method is /attachments/, which are files located in a
directory belonging to an outline node.  Org uses directories either
named by the unique ID of each entry, or by the =ATTACH_DIR= property.
ID-based directories are by default located in the =data/= directory,
which lives in the same directory where your Org file lives[fn:86].
If you initialize this directory with =git init=, Org automatically
commits changes when it sees them.  The attachment system has been
contributed to Org by John Wiegley.

In cases where =ATTACH_DIR= property is used to declare attachments,
you can choose to either use absolute (default) or relative links.
You can also make children inherit the attachment directory from a
parent, so that an entire subtree uses the same attached directory.

See customization group =Org Attach= if you want to change the default
settings for attachments.

The following commands deal with attachments:

- {{{kbd(C-c C-a)}}} (~org-attach~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-a
     #+findex: org-attach
     The dispatcher for commands related to the attachment system.
     After these keys, a list of commands is displayed and you must
     press an additional key to select a command:

     - {{{kbd(a)}}} (~org-attach-attach~) ::

          #+kindex: C-c C-a a
          #+findex: org-attach-attach
          #+vindex: org-attach-method
          Select a file and move it into the task's attachment
          directory.  The file is copied, moved, or linked, depending
          on ~org-attach-method~.  Note that hard links are not
          supported on all systems.

     - {{{kbd(c)}}}/{{{kbd(m)}}}/{{{kbd(l)}}} ::

          #+kindex: C-c C-a c
          #+kindex: C-c C-a m
          #+kindex: C-c C-a l
          Attach a file using the copy/move/link method.  Note that
          hard links are not supported on all systems.

     - {{{kbd(n)}}} (~org-attach-new~) ::

          #+kindex: C-c C-a n
          #+findex: org-attach-new
          Create a new attachment as an Emacs buffer.

     - {{{kbd(z)}}} (~org-attach-sync~) ::

          #+kindex: C-c C-a z
          #+findex: org-attach-sync
          Synchronize the current task with its attachment directory, in case
          you added attachments yourself.

     - {{{kbd(o)}}} (~org-attach-open~) ::

          #+kindex: C-c C-a o
          #+findex: org-attach-open
          #+vindex: org-file-apps
          Open current task's attachment.  If there is more than one,
          prompt for a file name first.  Opening follows the rules set
          by ~org-file-apps~.  For more details, see the information
          on following hyperlinks (see [[*Handling Links]]).

     - {{{kbd(O)}}} (~org-attach-open-in-emacs~) ::

          #+kindex: C-c C-a O
          #+findex: org-attach-open-in-emacs
          Also open the attachment, but force opening the file in
          Emacs.

     - {{{kbd(f)}}} (~org-attach-reveal~) ::

          #+kindex: C-c C-a f
          #+findex: org-attach-reveal
          Open the current task's attachment directory.

     - {{{kbd(F)}}} (~org-attach-reveal-in-emacs~) ::

          #+kindex: C-c C-a F
          #+findex: org-attach-reveal-in-emacs
          Also open the directory, but force using Dired in Emacs.

     - {{{kbd(d)}}} (~org-attach-delete-one~) ::

          #+kindex: C-c C-a d
          Select and delete a single attachment.

     - {{{kbd(D)}}} (~org-attach-delete-all~) ::

          #+kindex: C-c C-a D
          Delete all of a task's attachments.  A safer way is to open
          the directory in Dired and delete from there.

     - {{{kbd(s)}}} (~org-attach-set-directory~) ::

          #+kindex: C-c C-a s
          #+cindex: @samp{ATTACH_DIR}, property
          Set a specific directory as the entry's attachment
          directory.  This works by putting the directory path into
          the =ATTACH_DIR= property.

     - {{{kbd(i)}}} (~org-attach-set-inherit~) ::

          #+kindex: C-c C-a i
          #+cindex: @samp{ATTACH_DIR_INHERIT}, property
          Set the =ATTACH_DIR_INHERIT= property, so that children use
          the same directory for attachments as the parent does.

#+cindex: attach from Dired
#+findex: org-attach-dired-to-subtree
It is possible to attach files to a subtree from a Dired buffer.  To
use this feature, have one window in Dired mode containing the file(s)
to be attached and another window with point in the subtree that shall
get the attachments.  In the Dired window, with point on a file,
{{{kbd(M-x org-attach-dired-to-subtree)}}} attaches the file to the
subtree using the attachment method set by variable
~org-attach-method~.  When files are marked in the Dired window then
all marked files get attached.

Add the following lines to the Emacs init file to have {{{kbd(C-c C-x
a)}}} attach files in Dired buffers.

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(add-hook 'dired-mode-hook
          (lambda ()
            (define-key dired-mode-map
              (kbd "C-c C-x a")
              #'org-attach-dired-to-subtree))))
#+end_src

The following code shows how to bind the previous command with
a specific attachment method.

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(add-hook 'dired-mode-hook
          (lambda ()
            (define-key dired-mode-map (kbd "C-c C-x c")
              (lambda ()
                (interactive)
                (let ((org-attach-method 'cp))
                  (call-interactively #'org-attach-dired-to-subtree))))))
#+end_src

** RSS Feeds
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Getting input from RSS feeds.
:END:
#+cindex: RSS feeds
#+cindex: Atom feeds

Org can add and change entries based on information found in RSS feeds
and Atom feeds.  You could use this to make a task out of each new
podcast in a podcast feed.  Or you could use a phone-based
note-creating service on the web to import tasks into Org.  To access
feeds, configure the variable ~org-feed-alist~.  The docstring of this
variable has detailed information.  With the following

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-feed-alist
      '(("Slashdot"
         "http://rss.slashdot.org/Slashdot/slashdot"
         "~/txt/org/feeds.org" "Slashdot Entries")))
#+end_src

#+texinfo: @noindent
new items from the feed provided by =rss.slashdot.org= result in new
entries in the file =~/org/feeds.org= under the heading =Slashdot
Entries=, whenever the following command is used:

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x g)}}} (~org-feed-update-all~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x g
     Collect items from the feeds configured in ~org-feed-alist~ and
     act upon them.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x G)}}} (~org-feed-goto-inbox~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x G
     Prompt for a feed name and go to the inbox configured for this feed.

Under the same headline, Org creates a drawer =FEEDSTATUS= in which it
stores information about the status of items in the feed, to avoid
adding the same item several times.

For more information, including how to read atom feeds, see
=org-feed.el= and the docstring of ~org-feed-alist~.

** Protocols for External Access
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: External access to Emacs and Org.
:ALT_TITLE: Protocols
:END:
#+cindex: protocols, for external access

Org protocol is a means to trigger custom actions in Emacs from
external applications.  Any application that supports calling external
programs with an URL as argument may be used with this functionality.
For example, you can configure bookmarks in your web browser to send
a link to the current page to Org and create a note from it using
capture (see [[*Capture]]).  You can also create a bookmark that tells
Emacs to open the local source file of a remote website you are
browsing.

#+cindex: Org protocol, set-up
#+cindex: Installing Org protocol
In order to use Org protocol from an application, you need to register
=org-protocol://= as a valid scheme-handler.  External calls are
passed to Emacs through the =emacsclient= command, so you also need to
ensure an Emacs server is running.  More precisely, when the
application calls

: emacsclient org-protocol://PROTOCOL?key1=val1&key2=val2

#+texinfo: @noindent
Emacs calls the handler associated to {{{var(PROTOCOL)}}} with
argument =(:key1 val1 :key2 val2)=.

#+cindex: protocol, new protocol
#+cindex: defining new protocols
Org protocol comes with three predefined protocols, detailed in the
following sections.  Configure ~org-protocol-protocol-alist~ to define
your own.

*** ~store-link~ protocol
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Store a link, push URL to kill-ring.
:END:
#+cindex: store-link protocol
#+cindex: protocol, store-link

Using ~store-link~ handler, you can copy links, insertable through
{{{kbd(M-x org-insert-link)}}} or yanking thereafter.  More precisely,
the command

: emacsclient org-protocol://store-link?url=URL&title=TITLE

#+texinfo: @noindent
stores the following link:

: [[URL][TITLE]]

In addition, {{{var(URL)}}} is pushed on the kill-ring for yanking.
You need to encode {{{var(URL)}}} and {{{var(TITLE)}}} if they contain
slashes, and probably quote those for the shell.

To use this feature from a browser, add a bookmark with an arbitrary
name, e.g., =Org: store-link= and enter this as /Location/:

#+begin_example
javascript:location.href='org-protocol://store-link?url='+
      encodeURIComponent(location.href);
#+end_example

*** ~capture~ protocol
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Fill a buffer with external information.
:END:
#+cindex: capture protocol
#+cindex: protocol, capture

Activating "capture" handler pops up a =Capture= buffer and fills the
capture template associated to the =X= key with them.

: emacsclient org-protocol://capture?template=X?url=URL?title=TITLE?body=BODY

To use this feature, add a bookmark with an arbitrary name, e.g.,
=Org: capture=, and enter this as =Location=:

#+begin_example
javascript:location.href='org-protocol://capture?template=x'+
      '&url='+encodeURIComponent(window.location.href)+
      '&title='+encodeURIComponent(document.title)+
      '&body='+encodeURIComponent(window.getSelection());
#+end_example

#+vindex: org-protocol-default-template-key
The result depends on the capture template used, which is set in the
bookmark itself, as in the example above, or in
~org-protocol-default-template-key~.

The following template placeholders are available:

#+begin_example
%:link          The URL
%:description   The webpage title
%:annotation    Equivalent to [[%:link][%:description]]
%i              The selected text
#+end_example

*** ~open-source~ protocol
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Edit published contents.
:END:
#+cindex: open-source protocol
#+cindex: protocol, open-source

The ~open-source~ handler is designed to help with editing local
sources when reading a document.  To that effect, you can use
a bookmark with the following location:

#+begin_example
javascript:location.href='org-protocol://open-source?&url='+
      encodeURIComponent(location.href)
#+end_example

#+vindex: org-protocol-project-alist
The variable ~org-protocol-project-alist~ maps URLs to local file
names, by stripping URL parameters from the end and replacing the
~:base-url~ with ~:working-directory~ and ~:online-suffix~ with
~:working-suffix~.  For example, assuming you own a local copy of
=https://orgmode.org/worg/= contents at =/home/user/worg=, you can set
~org-protocol-project-alist~ to the following

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-protocol-project-alist
      '(("Worg"
         :base-url "https://orgmode.org/worg/"
         :working-directory "/home/user/worg/"
         :online-suffix ".html"
         :working-suffix ".org")))
#+end_src

#+texinfo: @noindent
If you are now browsing
=https://orgmode.org/worg/org-contrib/org-protocol.html= and find
a typo or have an idea about how to enhance the documentation, simply
click the bookmark and start editing.

#+cindex: rewritten URL in open-source protocol
#+cindex: protocol, open-source rewritten URL
However, such mapping may not yield the desired results.  Suppose you
maintain an online store located at =http://example.com/=.  The local
sources reside in =/home/user/example/=.  It is common practice to
serve all products in such a store through one file and rewrite URLs
that do not match an existing file on the server.  That way, a request
to =http://example.com/print/posters.html= might be rewritten on the
server to something like
=http://example.com/shop/products.php/posters.html.php=.  The
~open-source~ handler probably cannot find a file named
=/home/user/example/print/posters.html.php= and fails.

Such an entry in ~org-protocol-project-alist~ may hold an additional
property ~:rewrites~.  This property is a list of cons cells, each of
which maps a regular expression to a path relative to the
~:working-directory~.

Now map the URL to the path =/home/user/example/products.php= by
adding ~:rewrites~ rules like this:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-protocol-project-alist
      '(("example.com"
         :base-url "http://example.com/"
         :working-directory "/home/user/example/"
         :online-suffix ".php"
         :working-suffix ".php"
         :rewrites (("example.com/print/" . "products.php")
                    ("example.com/$" . "index.php")))))
#+end_src

#+texinfo: @noindent
Since =example.com/$= is used as a regular expression, it maps
=http://example.com/=, =https://example.com=,
=http://www.example.com/= and similar to
=/home/user/example/index.php=.

The ~:rewrites~ rules are searched as a last resort if and only if no
existing file name is matched.

#+cindex: protocol, open-source, set-up mapping
#+cindex: mappings in open-source protocol
#+findex: org-protocol-create
#+findex: org-protocol-create-for-org
Two functions can help you filling ~org-protocol-project-alist~ with
valid contents: ~org-protocol-create~ and
~org-protocol-create-for-org~.  The latter is of use if you're editing
an Org file that is part of a publishing project.

** Refile and Copy
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Moving/copying a tree from one place to another.
:END:
#+cindex: refiling notes
#+cindex: copying notes

When reviewing the captured data, you may want to refile or to copy
some of the entries into a different list, for example into a project.
Cutting, finding the right location, and then pasting the note is
cumbersome.  To simplify this process, you can use the following
special command:

- {{{kbd(C-c M-w)}}} (~org-copy~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c M-w
     #+findex: org-copy
     Copying works like refiling, except that the original note is not
     deleted.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-w)}}} (~org-refile~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-w
     #+findex: org-refile
     #+vindex: org-reverse-note-order
     #+vindex: org-refile-targets
     #+vindex: org-refile-use-outline-path
     #+vindex: org-outline-path-complete-in-steps
     #+vindex: org-refile-allow-creating-parent-nodes
     #+vindex: org-log-refile
     Refile the entry or region at point.  This command offers
     possible locations for refiling the entry and lets you select one
     with completion.  The item (or all items in the region) is filed
     below the target heading as a subitem.  Depending on
     ~org-reverse-note-order~, it is either the first or last subitem.

     By default, all level 1 headlines in the current buffer are
     considered to be targets, but you can have more complex
     definitions across a number of files.  See the variable
     ~org-refile-targets~ for details.  If you would like to select
     a location via a file-path-like completion along the outline
     path, see the variables ~org-refile-use-outline-path~ and
     ~org-outline-path-complete-in-steps~.  If you would like to be
     able to create new nodes as new parents for refiling on the fly,
     check the variable ~org-refile-allow-creating-parent-nodes~.
     When the variable ~org-log-refile~[fn:87] is set, a timestamp or
     a note is recorded whenever an entry is refiled.

- {{{kbd(C-u C-c C-w)}}} ::

     #+kindex: C-u C-c C-w
     Use the refile interface to jump to a heading.

- {{{kbd(C-u C-u C-c C-w)}}} (~org-refile-goto-last-stored~) ::

     #+kindex: C-u C-u C-c C-w
     #+findex: org-refile-goto-last-stored
     Jump to the location where ~org-refile~ last moved a tree to.

- {{{kbd(C-2 C-c C-w)}}} ::

     #+kindex: C-2 C-c C-w
     Refile as the child of the item currently being clocked.

- {{{kbd(C-3 C-c C-w)}}} ::

     #+kindex: C-3 C-c C-w
     #+vindex: org-refile-keep
     Refile and keep the entry in place.  Also see ~org-refile-keep~
     to make this the default behavior, and beware that this may
     result in duplicated ~ID~ properties.

- {{{kbd(C-0 C-c C-w)}}} or {{{kbd(C-u C-u C-u C-c C-w)}}} (~org-refile-cache-clear~) ::

     #+kindex: C-u C-u C-u C-c C-w
     #+kindex: C-0 C-c C-w
     #+findex: org-refile-cache-clear
     #+vindex: org-refile-use-cache
     Clear the target cache.  Caching of refile targets can be turned
     on by setting ~org-refile-use-cache~.  To make the command see
     new possible targets, you have to clear the cache with this
     command.

** Archiving
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: What to do with finished products.
:END:
#+cindex: archiving

When a project represented by a (sub)tree is finished, you may want to
move the tree out of the way and to stop it from contributing to the
agenda.  Archiving is important to keep your working files compact and
global searches like the construction of agenda views fast.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-a)}}} (~org-archive-subtree-default~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x C-a
     #+findex: org-archive-subtree-default
     #+vindex: org-archive-default-command
     Archive the current entry using the command specified in the
     variable ~org-archive-default-command~.

*** Moving a tree to an archive file
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Moving a tree to an archive file.
:ALT_TITLE: Moving subtrees
:END:
#+cindex: external archiving

The most common archiving action is to move a project tree to another
file, the archive file.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-s)}}} or short {{{kbd(C-c $)}}} (~org-archive-subtree~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x C-s
     #+kindex: C-c $
     #+findex: org-archive-subtree
     #+vindex: org-archive-location
     Archive the subtree starting at point position to the location
     given by ~org-archive-location~.

- {{{kbd(C-u C-c C-x C-s)}}} ::

     #+kindex: C-u C-c C-x C-s
     Check if any direct children of the current headline could be
     moved to the archive.  To do this, check each subtree for open
     TODO entries.  If none is found, the command offers to move it to
     the archive location.  If point is /not/ on a headline when this
     command is invoked, check level 1 trees.

- {{{kbd(C-u C-u C-c C-x C-s)}}} ::

     #+kindex: C-u C-u C-c C-x C-s
     As above, but check subtree for timestamps instead of TODO
     entries.  The command offers to archive the subtree if it /does/
     contain a timestamp, and that timestamp is in the past.

#+cindex: archive locations
The default archive location is a file in the same directory as the
current file, with the name derived by appending =_archive= to the
current file name.  You can also choose what heading to file archived
items under, with the possibility to add them to a datetree in a file.
For information and examples on how to specify the file and the
heading, see the documentation string of the variable
~org-archive-location~.

There is also an in-buffer option for setting this variable, for
example:

#+cindex: @samp{ARCHIVE}, keyword
: #+ARCHIVE: %s_done::

#+cindex: ARCHIVE, property
If you would like to have a special archive location for a single
entry or a (sub)tree, give the entry an =ARCHIVE= property with the
location as the value (see [[*Properties and Columns]]).

#+vindex: org-archive-save-context-info
When a subtree is moved, it receives a number of special properties
that record context information like the file from where the entry
came, its outline path the archiving time etc.  Configure the variable
~org-archive-save-context-info~ to adjust the amount of information
added.

*** Internal archiving
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Switch off a tree but keep it in the file.
:END:

#+cindex: @samp{ARCHIVE}, tag
If you want to just switch off---for agenda views---certain subtrees
without moving them to a different file, you can use the =ARCHIVE=
tag.

A headline that is marked with the =ARCHIVE= tag (see [[*Tags]]) stays at
its location in the outline tree, but behaves in the following way:

-
  #+vindex: org-cycle-open-archived-trees
  It does not open when you attempt to do so with a visibility cycling
  command (see [[*Visibility Cycling]]).  You can force cycling archived
  subtrees with {{{kbd(C-TAB)}}}, or by setting the option
  ~org-cycle-open-archived-trees~.  Also normal outline commands, like
  ~outline-show-all~, open archived subtrees.

-
  #+vindex: org-sparse-tree-open-archived-trees
  During sparse tree construction (see [[*Sparse Trees]]), matches in
  archived subtrees are not exposed, unless you configure the option
  ~org-sparse-tree-open-archived-trees~.

-
  #+vindex: org-agenda-skip-archived-trees
  During agenda view construction (see [[*Agenda Views]]), the content of
  archived trees is ignored unless you configure the option
  ~org-agenda-skip-archived-trees~, in which case these trees are
  always included.  In the agenda you can press {{{kbd(v a)}}} to get
  archives temporarily included.

-
  #+vindex: org-export-with-archived-trees
  Archived trees are not exported (see [[*Exporting]]), only the headline
  is.  Configure the details using the variable
  ~org-export-with-archived-trees~.

-
  #+vindex: org-columns-skip-archived-trees
  Archived trees are excluded from column view unless the variable
  ~org-columns-skip-archived-trees~ is configured to ~nil~.

The following commands help manage the =ARCHIVE= tag:

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x a)}}} (~org-toggle-archive-tag~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x a
     #+findex: org-toggle-archive-tag
     Toggle the archive tag for the current headline.  When the tag is
     set, the headline changes to a shadowed face, and the subtree
     below it is hidden.

- {{{kbd(C-u C-c C-x a)}}} ::

     #+kindex: C-u C-c C-x a
     Check if any direct children of the current headline should be
     archived.  To do this, check each subtree for open TODO entries.
     If none is found, the command offers to set the =ARCHIVE= tag for
     the child.  If point is /not/ on a headline when this command is
     invoked, check the level 1 trees.

- {{{kbd(C-TAB)}}} (~org-force-cycle-archived~) ::

     #+kindex: C-TAB
     Cycle a tree even if it is tagged with =ARCHIVE=.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x A)}}} (~org-archive-to-archive-sibling~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x A
     #+findex: org-archive-to-archive-sibling
     Move the current entry to the /Archive Sibling/.  This is
     a sibling of the entry with the heading =Archive= and the archive
     tag.  The entry becomes a child of that sibling and in this way
     retains a lot of its original context, including inherited tags
     and approximate position in the outline.

* Agenda Views
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Collecting information into views.
:END:
#+cindex: agenda views

Due to the way Org works, TODO items, time-stamped items, and tagged
headlines can be scattered throughout a file or even a number of
files.  To get an overview of open action items, or of events that are
important for a particular date, this information must be collected,
sorted and displayed in an organized way.

Org can select items based on various criteria and display them in
a separate buffer.  Seven different view types are provided:

- an /agenda/ that is like a calendar and shows information for
  specific dates,

- a /TODO list/ that covers all unfinished action items,

- a /match view/, showings headlines based on the tags, properties,
  and TODO state associated with them,

- a /text search view/ that shows all entries from multiple files that
  contain specified keywords,

- a /stuck projects view/ showing projects that currently do not move
  along, and

- /custom views/ that are special searches and combinations of
  different views.

The extracted information is displayed in a special /agenda buffer/.
This buffer is read-only, but provides commands to visit the
corresponding locations in the original Org files, and even to edit
these files remotely.

#+vindex: org-agenda-skip-comment-trees
#+vindex: org-agenda-skip-archived-trees
#+cindex: commented entries, in agenda views
#+cindex: archived entries, in agenda views
By default, the report ignores commented (see [[*Comment Lines]]) and
archived (see [[*Internal archiving]]) entries.  You can override this by
setting ~org-agenda-skip-comment-trees~ and
~org-agenda-skip-archived-trees~ to ~nil~.

#+vindex: org-agenda-window-setup
#+vindex: org-agenda-restore-windows-after-quit
Two variables control how the agenda buffer is displayed and whether
the window configuration is restored when the agenda exits:
~org-agenda-window-setup~ and ~org-agenda-restore-windows-after-quit~.

** Agenda Files
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Files being searched for agenda information.
:END:
#+cindex: agenda files
#+cindex: files for agenda

#+vindex: org-agenda-files
The information to be shown is normally collected from all /agenda
files/, the files listed in the variable ~org-agenda-files~[fn:88].
If a directory is part of this list, all files with the extension
=.org= in this directory are part of the list.

Thus, even if you only work with a single Org file, that file should
be put into the list[fn:89].  You can customize ~org-agenda-files~,
but the easiest way to maintain it is through the following commands

#+attr_texinfo: :sep and
- {{{kbd(C-c [)}}} (~org-agenda-file-to-front~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c [
     #+findex: org-agenda-file-to-front
     #+cindex: files, adding to agenda list
     Add current file to the list of agenda files.  The file is added
     to the front of the list.  If it was already in the list, it is
     moved to the front.  With a prefix argument, file is added/moved
     to the end.

- {{{kbd(C-c ])}}} (~org-remove-file~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c ]
     #+findex: org-remove-file
     Remove current file from the list of agenda files.

- {{{kbd(C-')}}} and {{{kbd(C-\,)}}} (~org-cycle-agenda-files~) ::

     #+kindex: C-'
     #+kindex: C-,
     #+findex: org-cycle-agenda-files
     #+cindex: cycling, of agenda files
     Cycle through agenda file list, visiting one file after the other.

- {{{kbd(M-x org-switchb)}}} ::

     #+findex: org-switchb
     Command to use an iswitchb-like interface to switch to and
     between Org buffers.

#+texinfo: @noindent
The Org menu contains the current list of files and can be used to
visit any of them.

If you would like to focus the agenda temporarily on a file not in
this list, or on just one file in the list, or even on only a subtree
in a file, then this can be done in different ways.  For a single
agenda command, you may press {{{kbd(<)}}} once or several times in
the dispatcher (see [[*The Agenda Dispatcher]]).  To restrict the agenda
scope for an extended period, use the following commands:

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x <)}}} (~org-agenda-set-restriction-lock~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x <
     #+findex: org-agenda-set-restriction-lock
     Restrict the agenda to the current subtree.  If there already is
     a restriction at point, remove it.  When called with a universal
     prefix argument or with point before the first headline in
     a file, set the agenda scope to the entire file.  This
     restriction remains in effect until removed with {{{kbd(C-c C-x
     >)}}}, or by typing either {{{kbd(<)}}} or {{{kbd(>)}}} in the
     agenda dispatcher.  If there is a window displaying an agenda
     view, the new restriction takes effect immediately.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x >)}}} (~org-agenda-remove-restriction-lock~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x >
     #+findex: org-agenda-remove-restriction-lock
     Remove the restriction created by {{{kbd(C-c C-x <)}}}.

When working with Speedbar, you can use the following commands in the
Speedbar frame:

- {{{kbd(<)}}} (~org-speedbar-set-agenda-restriction~) ::

     #+findex: org-speedbar-set-agenda-restriction
     Restrict the agenda to the item---either an Org file or a subtree
     in such a file---at point in the Speedbar frame.  If agenda is
     already restricted there, remove the restriction.  If there is
     a window displaying an agenda view, the new restriction takes
     effect immediately.

- {{{kbd(>)}}} (~org-agenda-remove-restriction-lock~) ::

     #+findex: org-agenda-remove-restriction-lock
     Remove the restriction.

** The Agenda Dispatcher
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Keyboard access to agenda views.
:ALT_TITLE: Agenda Dispatcher
:END:
#+cindex: agenda dispatcher
#+cindex: dispatching agenda commands

The views are created through a dispatcher, accessible with {{{kbd(M-x
org-agenda)}}}, or, better, bound to a global key (see [[*Activation]]).
It displays a menu from which an additional letter is required to
execute a command.  The dispatcher offers the following default
commands:

- {{{kbd(a)}}} ::

     Create the calendar-like agenda (see [[*Weekly/daily agenda]]).

- {{{kbd(t)}}} or {{{kbd(T)}}} ::

     Create a list of all TODO items (see [[*The global TODO list]]).

- {{{kbd(m)}}} or {{{kbd(M)}}} ::

     Create a list of headlines matching a given expression (see
     [[*Matching tags and properties]]).

- {{{kbd(s)}}} ::

     #+kindex: s @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
     Create a list of entries selected by a boolean expression of
     keywords and/or regular expressions that must or must not occur
     in the entry.

- {{{kbd(/)}}} ::

     #+kindex: / @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
     #+vindex: org-agenda-text-search-extra-files
     Search for a regular expression in all agenda files and
     additionally in the files listed in
     ~org-agenda-text-search-extra-files~.  This uses the Emacs
     command ~multi-occur~.  A prefix argument can be used to specify
     the number of context lines for each match, default is
     1.

- {{{kbd(#)}}} or {{{kbd(!)}}} ::

     Create a list of stuck projects (see [[*Stuck projects]]).

- {{{kbd(<)}}} ::

     #+kindex: < @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
     Restrict an agenda command to the current buffer[fn:90].  After
     pressing {{{kbd(<)}}}, you still need to press the character
     selecting the command.

- {{{kbd(< <)}}} ::

     #+kindex: < < @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
     If there is an active region, restrict the following agenda
     command to the region.  Otherwise, restrict it to the current
     subtree[fn:91].  After pressing {{{kbd(< <)}}}, you still need to
     press the character selecting the command.

- {{{kbd(*)}}} ::

     #+kindex: * @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
     #+vindex: org-agenda-sticky
     #+findex: org-toggle-sticky-agenda
     Toggle sticky agenda views.  By default, Org maintains only
     a single agenda buffer and rebuilds it each time you change the
     view, to make sure everything is always up to date.  If you
     switch between views often and the build time bothers you, you
     can turn on sticky agenda buffers (make this the default by
     customizing the variable ~org-agenda-sticky~).  With sticky
     agendas, the dispatcher only switches to the selected view, you
     need to update it by hand with {{{kbd(r)}}} or {{{kbd(g)}}}.  You
     can toggle sticky agenda view any time with
     ~org-toggle-sticky-agenda~.

You can also define custom commands that are accessible through the
dispatcher, just like the default commands.  This includes the
possibility to create extended agenda buffers that contain several
blocks together, for example the weekly agenda, the global TODO list
and a number of special tags matches.  See [[*Custom Agenda Views]].

** The Built-in Agenda Views
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: What is available out of the box?
:ALT_TITLE: Built-in Agenda Views
:END:

In this section we describe the built-in views.

*** Weekly/daily agenda
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: The calendar page with current tasks.
:END:
#+cindex: agenda
#+cindex: weekly agenda
#+cindex: daily agenda

The purpose of the weekly/daily /agenda/ is to act like a page of
a paper agenda, showing all the tasks for the current week or day.

- {{{kbd(M-x org-agenda a)}}} (~org-agenda-list~) ::

     #+kindex: a @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
     #+findex: org-agenda-list
     #+cindex: org-agenda, command
     Compile an agenda for the current week from a list of Org files.
     The agenda shows the entries for each day.  With a numeric prefix
     argument[fn:92]---like {{{kbd(C-u 2 1 M-x org-agenda a)}}}---you
     may set the number of days to be displayed.

#+vindex: org-agenda-span
#+vindex: org-agenda-start-day
#+vindex: org-agenda-start-on-weekday
The default number of days displayed in the agenda is set by the
variable ~org-agenda-span~.  This variable can be set to any number of
days you want to see by default in the agenda, or to a span name, such
a ~day~, ~week~, ~month~ or ~year~.  For weekly agendas, the default
is to start on the previous Monday (see
~org-agenda-start-on-weekday~).  You can also set the start date using
a date shift: ~(setq org-agenda-start-day "+10d")~ starts the agenda
ten days from today in the future.

Remote editing from the agenda buffer means, for example, that you can
change the dates of deadlines and appointments from the agenda buffer.
The commands available in the Agenda buffer are listed in [[*Commands in
the Agenda Buffer]].

**** Calendar/Diary integration
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:
#+cindex: calendar integration
#+cindex: diary integration

Emacs contains the calendar and diary by Edward\nbsp{}M.\nbsp{}Reingold.  The
calendar displays a three-month calendar with holidays from different
countries and cultures.  The diary allows you to keep track of
anniversaries, lunar phases, sunrise/set, recurrent appointments
(weekly, monthly) and more.  In this way, it is quite complementary to
Org.  It can be very useful to combine output from Org with the diary.

In order to include entries from the Emacs diary into Org mode's
agenda, you only need to customize the variable

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-agenda-include-diary t)
#+end_src

#+texinfo: @noindent
After that, everything happens automatically.  All diary entries
including holidays, anniversaries, etc., are included in the agenda
buffer created by Org mode.  {{{kbd(SPC)}}}, {{{kbd(TAB)}}}, and
{{{kbd(RET)}}} can be used from the agenda buffer to jump to the diary
file in order to edit existing diary entries.  The {{{kbd(i)}}}
command to insert new entries for the current date works in the agenda
buffer, as well as the commands {{{kbd(S)}}}, {{{kbd(M)}}}, and
{{{kbd(C)}}} to display Sunrise/Sunset times, show lunar phases and to
convert to other calendars, respectively.  {{{kbd(c)}}} can be used to
switch back and forth between calendar and agenda.

If you are using the diary only for S-exp entries and holidays, it is
faster to not use the above setting, but instead to copy or even move
the entries into an Org file.  Org mode evaluates diary-style sexp
entries, and does it faster because there is no overhead for first
creating the diary display.  Note that the sexp entries must start at
the left margin, no whitespace is allowed before them, as seen in the
following segment of an Org file:[fn:93]

#+begin_example
,* Holidays
  :PROPERTIES:
  :CATEGORY: Holiday
  :END:
%%(org-calendar-holiday)   ; special function for holiday names

,* Birthdays
  :PROPERTIES:
  :CATEGORY: Ann
  :END:
%%(org-anniversary 1956  5 14) Arthur Dent is %d years old
%%(org-anniversary 1869 10  2) Mahatma Gandhi would be %d years old
#+end_example

**** Anniversaries from BBDB
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:
#+cindex: BBDB, anniversaries
#+cindex: anniversaries, from BBDB

#+findex: org-bbdb-anniversaries
If you are using the Insidious Big Brother Database to store your
contacts, you very likely prefer to store anniversaries in BBDB rather
than in a separate Org or diary file.  Org supports this and can show
BBDB anniversaries as part of the agenda.  All you need to do is to
add the following to one of your agenda files:

#+begin_example
,* Anniversaries
  :PROPERTIES:
  :CATEGORY: Anniv
  :END:
%%(org-bbdb-anniversaries)
#+end_example

You can then go ahead and define anniversaries for a BBDB record.
Basically, you need a field named =anniversary= for the BBDB record
which contains the date in the format =YYYY-MM-DD= or =MM-DD=,
followed by a space and the class of the anniversary (=birthday=,
=wedding=, or a format string).  If you omit the class, it defaults to
=birthday=.  Here are a few examples, the header for the file
=org-bbdb.el= contains more detailed information.

#+begin_example
1973-06-22
06-22
1955-08-02 wedding
2008-04-14 %s released version 6.01 of Org mode, %d years ago
#+end_example

After a change to BBDB, or for the first agenda display during an
Emacs session, the agenda display suffers a short delay as Org updates
its hash with anniversaries.  However, from then on things will be
very fast, much faster in fact than a long list of
=%%(diary-anniversary)= entries in an Org or Diary file.

#+findex: org-bbdb-anniversaries-future
If you would like to see upcoming anniversaries with a bit of
forewarning, you can use the following instead:

#+begin_example
,* Anniversaries
  :PROPERTIES:
  :CATEGORY: Anniv
  :END:
%%(org-bbdb-anniversaries-future 3)
#+end_example

That will give you three days' warning: on the anniversary date itself
and the two days prior.  The argument is optional: if omitted, it
defaults to 7.

**** Appointment reminders
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:
#+cindex: @file{appt.el}
#+cindex: appointment reminders
#+cindex: appointment
#+cindex: reminders

#+cindex: APPT_WARNTIME, keyword
Org can interact with Emacs appointments notification facility.  To
add the appointments of your agenda files, use the command
~org-agenda-to-appt~.  This command lets you filter through the list
of your appointments and add only those belonging to a specific
category or matching a regular expression.  It also reads
a =APPT_WARNTIME= property which overrides the value of
~appt-message-warning-time~ for this appointment.  See the docstring
for details.

*** The global TODO list
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: All unfinished action items.
:ALT_TITLE: Global TODO list
:END:
#+cindex: global TODO list
#+cindex: TODO list, global

The global TODO list contains all unfinished TODO items formatted and
collected into a single place.

- {{{kbd(M-x org-agenda t)}}} (~org-todo-list~) ::

     #+kindex: t @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
     #+findex: org-todo-list
     Show the global TODO list.  This collects the TODO items from all
     agenda files (see [[*Agenda Views]]) into a single buffer.  By
     default, this lists items with a state the is not a DONE state.
     The buffer is in ~agenda-mode~, so there are commands to examine
     and manipulate the TODO entries directly from that buffer (see
     [[*Commands in the Agenda Buffer]]).

- {{{kbd(M-x org-agenda T)}}} (~org-todo-list~) ::

     #+kindex: T @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
     #+findex: org-todo-list
     #+cindex: TODO keyword matching
     #+vindex: org-todo-keywords
     Like the above, but allows selection of a specific TODO keyword.
     You can also do this by specifying a prefix argument to
     {{{kbd(t)}}}.  You are prompted for a keyword, and you may also
     specify several keywords by separating them with =|= as the
     boolean OR operator.  With a numeric prefix, the Nth keyword in
     ~org-todo-keywords~ is selected.

     #+kindex: r
     The {{{kbd(r)}}} key in the agenda buffer regenerates it, and you
     can give a prefix argument to this command to change the selected
     TODO keyword, for example {{{kbd(3 r)}}}.  If you often need
     a search for a specific keyword, define a custom command for it
     (see [[*The Agenda Dispatcher]]).

     Matching specific TODO keywords can also be done as part of
     a tags search (see [[*Tag Searches]]).

Remote editing of TODO items means that you can change the state of
a TODO entry with a single key press.  The commands available in the
TODO list are described in [[*Commands in the Agenda Buffer]].

#+cindex: sublevels, inclusion into TODO list
Normally the global TODO list simply shows all headlines with TODO
keywords.  This list can become very long.  There are two ways to keep
it more compact:

-
  #+vindex: org-agenda-todo-ignore-scheduled
  #+vindex: org-agenda-todo-ignore-deadlines
  #+vindex: org-agenda-todo-ignore-timestamp
  #+vindex: org-agenda-todo-ignore-with-date
  Some people view a TODO item that has been /scheduled/ for execution
  or have a /deadline/ (see [[*Timestamps, Deadlines and Scheduling]]) as
  no longer /open/.  Configure the variables
  ~org-agenda-todo-ignore-scheduled~,
  ~org-agenda-todo-ignore-deadlines~,
  ~org-agenda-todo-ignore-timestamp~ and/or
  ~org-agenda-todo-ignore-with-date~ to exclude such items from the
  global TODO list.

-
  #+vindex: org-agenda-todo-list-sublevels
  TODO items may have sublevels to break up the task into subtasks.
  In such cases it may be enough to list only the highest level TODO
  headline and omit the sublevels from the global list.  Configure the
  variable ~org-agenda-todo-list-sublevels~ to get this behavior.

*** Matching tags and properties
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Structured information with fine-tuned search.
:END:
#+cindex: matching, of tags
#+cindex: matching, of properties
#+cindex: tags view
#+cindex: match view

If headlines in the agenda files are marked with /tags/ (see [[*Tags]]),
or have properties (see [[*Properties and Columns]]), you can select
headlines based on this metadata and collect them into an agenda
buffer.  The match syntax described here also applies when creating
sparse trees with {{{kbd(C-c / m)}}}.

- {{{kbd(M-x org-agenda m)}}} (~org-tags-view~) ::

     #+kindex: m @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
     #+findex: org-tags-view
     Produce a list of all headlines that match a given set of tags.
     The command prompts for a selection criterion, which is a boolean
     logic expression with tags, like =+work+urgent-withboss= or
     =work|home= (see [[*Tags]]).  If you often need a specific search,
     define a custom command for it (see [[*The Agenda Dispatcher]]).

- {{{kbd(M-x org-agenda M)}}} (~org-tags-view~) ::

     #+kindex: M @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
     #+findex: org-tags-view
     #+vindex: org-tags-match-list-sublevels
     #+vindex: org-agenda-tags-todo-honor-ignore-options
     Like {{{kbd(m)}}}, but only select headlines that are also TODO
     items and force checking subitems (see the variable
     ~org-tags-match-list-sublevels~).  To exclude scheduled/deadline
     items, see the variable
     ~org-agenda-tags-todo-honor-ignore-options~.  Matching specific
     TODO keywords together with a tags match is also possible, see
     [[*Tag Searches]].

The commands available in the tags list are described in [[*Commands in
the Agenda Buffer]].

#+cindex: boolean logic, for agenda searches
A search string can use Boolean operators =&= for AND and =|= for OR.
=&= binds more strongly than =|=.  Parentheses are currently not
implemented.  Each element in the search is either a tag, a regular
expression matching tags, or an expression like =PROPERTY OPERATOR
VALUE= with a comparison operator, accessing a property value.  Each
element may be preceded by =-= to select against it, and =+= is
syntactic sugar for positive selection.  The AND operator =&= is
optional when =+= or =-= is present.  Here are some examples, using
only tags.

- ~+work-boss~ ::

     Select headlines tagged =work=, but discard those also tagged
     =boss=.

- ~work|laptop~ ::

     Selects lines tagged =work= or =laptop=.

- ~work|laptop+night~ ::

     Like before, but require the =laptop= lines to be tagged
     also =night=.

#+cindex: regular expressions, with tags search
Instead of a tag, you may also specify a regular expression enclosed
in curly braces.  For example, =work+{^boss.*}= matches headlines that
contain the tag =:work:= and any tag /starting/ with =boss=.

#+cindex: group tags, as regular expressions
Group tags (see [[*Tag Hierarchy]]) are expanded as regular expressions.
E.g., if =work= is a group tag for the group =:work:lab:conf:=, then
searching for =work= also searches for ={\(?:work\|lab\|conf\)}= and
searching for =-work= searches for all headlines but those with one of
the tags in the group (i.e., =-{\(?:work\|lab\|conf\)}=).

#+cindex: TODO keyword matching, with tags search
#+cindex: level, for tags/property match
#+cindex: category, for tags/property match
#+vindex: org-odd-levels-only
You may also test for properties (see [[*Properties and Columns]]) at the
same time as matching tags.  The properties may be real properties, or
special properties that represent other metadata (see [[*Special
Properties]]).  For example, the property =TODO= represents the TODO
keyword of the entry.  Or, the property =LEVEL= represents the level
of an entry.  So searching =+LEVEL=3+boss-TODO​="DONE"= lists all level
three headlines that have the tag =boss= and are /not/ marked with the
TODO keyword =DONE=.  In buffers with ~org-odd-levels-only~ set,
=LEVEL= does not count the number of stars, but =LEVEL=2= corresponds
to 3 stars etc.

Here are more examples:

- =work+TODO​="WAITING"= ::

     Select =work=-tagged TODO lines with the specific TODO keyword
     =WAITING=.

- =work+TODO​="WAITING"|home+TODO​="WAITING"= ::

     Waiting tasks both at work and at home.

When matching properties, a number of different operators can be used
to test the value of a property.  Here is a complex example:

#+begin_example
+work-boss+PRIORITY="A"+Coffee="unlimited"+Effort<2
         +With={Sarah|Denny}+SCHEDULED>="<2008-10-11>"
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
The type of comparison depends on how the comparison value is written:

- If the comparison value is a plain number, a numerical comparison is
  done, and the allowed operators are =<=, ===, =>=, =<==, =>==, and
  =<>=.

- If the comparison value is enclosed in double-quotes, a string
  comparison is done, and the same operators are allowed.

- If the comparison value is enclosed in double-quotes /and/ angular
  brackets (like =DEADLINE<​="<2008-12-24 18:30>"=), both values are
  assumed to be date/time specifications in the standard Org way, and
  the comparison is done accordingly.  Valid values also include
  ="<now>"= for now (including time), ="<today>"=, and ="<tomorrow>"=
  for these days at 0:00 hours, i.e., without a time specification.
  You can also use strings like ="<+5d>"= or ="<-2m>"= with units =d=,
  =w=, =m=, and =y= for day, week, month, and year, respectively.

- If the comparison value is enclosed in curly braces, a regexp match
  is performed, with === meaning that the regexp matches the property
  value, and =<>= meaning that it does not match.

So the search string in the example finds entries tagged =work= but
not =boss=, which also have a priority value =A=, a =Coffee= property
with the value =unlimited=, an =EFFORT= property that is numerically
smaller than 2, a =With= property that is matched by the regular
expression =Sarah|Denny=, and that are scheduled on or after October
11, 2008.

You can configure Org mode to use property inheritance during
a search, but beware that this can slow down searches considerably.
See [[*Property Inheritance]], for details.

For backward compatibility, and also for typing speed, there is also
a different way to test TODO states in a search.  For this, terminate
the tags/property part of the search string (which may include several
terms connected with =|=) with a =/= and then specify a Boolean
expression just for TODO keywords.  The syntax is then similar to that
for tags, but should be applied with care: for example, a positive
selection on several TODO keywords cannot meaningfully be combined
with boolean AND.  However, /negative selection/ combined with AND can
be meaningful.  To make sure that only lines are checked that actually
have any TODO keyword (resulting in a speed-up), use {{{kbd(M-x
org-agenda M)}}}, or equivalently start the TODO part after the slash
with =!=.  Using {{{kbd(M-x org-agenda M)}}} or =/!= does not match
TODO keywords in a DONE state.  Examples:

- =work/WAITING= ::

     Same as =work+TODO​="WAITING"=.

- =work/!-WAITING-NEXT= ::

     Select =work=-tagged TODO lines that are neither =WAITING= nor
     =NEXT=.

- =work/!+WAITING|+NEXT= ::

     Select =work=-tagged TODO lines that are either =WAITING= or
     =NEXT=.

*** Search view
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Find entries by searching for text.
:END:
#+cindex: search view
#+cindex: text search
#+cindex: searching, for text

This agenda view is a general text search facility for Org mode
entries.  It is particularly useful to find notes.

- {{{kbd(M-x org-agenda s)}}} (~org-search-view~) ::

     #+kindex: s @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
     #+findex: org-search-view
     This is a special search that lets you select entries by matching
     a substring or specific words using a boolean logic.

For example, the search string =computer equipment= matches entries
that contain =computer equipment= as a substring, even if the two
words are separated by more space or a line break.

Search view can also search for specific keywords in the entry, using
Boolean logic.  The search string =+computer
+wifi -ethernet -{8\.11[bg]}= matches note entries that contain the
keywords =computer= and =wifi=, but not the keyword =ethernet=, and
which are also not matched by the regular expression =8\.11[bg]=,
meaning to exclude both =8.11b= and =8.11g=.  The first =+= is
necessary to turn on boolean search, other =+= characters are
optional.  For more details, see the docstring of the command
~org-search-view~.

You can incrementally adjust a boolean search with the following keys

#+attr_texinfo: :columns 0.1 0.6
| {{{kbd([)}}} | Add a positive search word        |
| {{{kbd(])}}} | Add a negative search word        |
| {{{kbd({)}}} | Add a positive regular expression |
| {{{kbd(})}}} | Add a negative regular expression |

#+vindex: org-agenda-text-search-extra-files
Note that in addition to the agenda files, this command also searches
the files listed in ~org-agenda-text-search-extra-files~.

*** Stuck projects
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Find projects you need to review.
:END:
#+pindex: GTD, Getting Things Done

If you are following a system like David Allen's GTD to organize your
work, one of the "duties" you have is a regular review to make sure
that all projects move along.  A /stuck/ project is a project that has
no defined next actions, so it never shows up in the TODO lists Org
mode produces.  During the review, you need to identify such projects
and define next actions for them.

- {{{kbd(M-x org-agenda #)}}} (~org-agenda-list-stuck-projects~) ::

     #+kindex: # @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
     #+findex: org-agenda-list-stuck-projects
     List projects that are stuck.

- {{{kbd(M-x org-agenda !)}}} ::

     #+kindex: ! @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
     #+vindex: org-stuck-projects
     Customize the variable ~org-stuck-projects~ to define what
     a stuck project is and how to find it.

You almost certainly need to configure this view before it works for
you.  The built-in default assumes that all your projects are level-2
headlines, and that a project is not stuck if it has at least one
entry marked with a TODO keyword =TODO= or =NEXT= or =NEXTACTION=.

Let's assume that you, in your own way of using Org mode, identify
projects with a tag =:PROJECT:=, and that you use a TODO keyword
=MAYBE= to indicate a project that should not be considered yet.
Let's further assume that the TODO keyword =DONE= marks finished
projects, and that =NEXT= and =TODO= indicate next actions.  The tag
=:@shop:= indicates shopping and is a next action even without the
NEXT tag.  Finally, if the project contains the special word =IGNORE=
anywhere, it should not be listed either.  In this case you would
start by identifying eligible projects with a tags/TODO match (see
[[*Tag Searches]]) =+PROJECT/-MAYBE-DONE=, and then check for =TODO=,
=NEXT=, =@shop=, and =IGNORE= in the subtree to identify projects that
are not stuck.  The correct customization for this is:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-stuck-projects
      '("+PROJECT/-MAYBE-DONE" ("NEXT" "TODO") ("@shop")
        "\\<IGNORE\\>"))
#+end_src

Note that if a project is identified as non-stuck, the subtree of this
entry is searched for stuck projects.

** Presentation and Sorting
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: How agenda items are prepared for display.
:END:
#+cindex: presentation, of agenda items

#+vindex: org-agenda-prefix-format
#+vindex: org-agenda-tags-column
Before displaying items in an agenda view, Org mode visually prepares
the items and sorts them.  Each item occupies a single line.  The line
starts with a /prefix/ that contains the /category/ (see [[*Categories]])
of the item and other important information.  You can customize in
which column tags are displayed through ~org-agenda-tags-column~.  You
can also customize the prefix using the option
~org-agenda-prefix-format~.  This prefix is followed by a cleaned-up
version of the outline headline associated with the item.

*** Categories
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Not all tasks are equal.
:END:
#+cindex: category
#+cindex: @samp{CATEGORY}, keyword

The category is a broad label assigned to each agenda item.  By
default, the category is simply derived from the file name, but you
can also specify it with a special line in the buffer, like
this:

: #+CATEGORY: Thesis

#+cindex: @samp{CATEGORY}, property
If you would like to have a special category for a single entry or
a (sub)tree, give the entry a =CATEGORY= property with the special
category you want to apply as the value.

The display in the agenda buffer looks best if the category is not
longer than 10 characters.

#+vindex: org-agenda-category-icon-alist
You can set up icons for category by customizing the
~org-agenda-category-icon-alist~ variable.

*** Time-of-day specifications
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: How the agenda knows the time.
:END:
#+cindex: time-of-day specification

Org mode checks each agenda item for a time-of-day specification.  The
time can be part of the timestamp that triggered inclusion into the
agenda, for example

: <2005-05-10 Tue 19:00>

#+texinfo: @noindent
Time ranges can be specified with two timestamps:

: <2005-05-10 Tue 20:30>--<2005-05-10 Tue 22:15>

#+vindex: org-agenda-search-headline-for-time
In the headline of the entry itself, a time(range)---like =12:45= or
a =8:30-1pm=---may also appear as plain text[fn:94].

If the agenda integrates the Emacs diary (see [[*Weekly/daily agenda]]),
time specifications in diary entries are recognized as well.

For agenda display, Org mode extracts the time and displays it in
a standard 24 hour format as part of the prefix.  The example times in
the previous paragraphs would end up in the agenda like this:

#+begin_example
 8:30-13:00 Arthur Dent lies in front of the bulldozer
12:45...... Ford Prefect arrives and takes Arthur to the pub
19:00...... The Vogon reads his poem
20:30-22:15 Marvin escorts the Hitchhikers to the bridge
#+end_example

#+cindex: time grid
If the agenda is in single-day mode, or for the display of today, the
timed entries are embedded in a time grid, like

#+begin_example
 8:00...... ------------------
 8:30-13:00 Arthur Dent lies in front of the bulldozer
10:00...... ------------------
12:00...... ------------------
12:45...... Ford Prefect arrives and takes Arthur to the pub
14:00...... ------------------
16:00...... ------------------
18:00...... ------------------
19:00...... The Vogon reads his poem
20:00...... ------------------
20:30-22:15 Marvin escorts the Hitchhikers to the bridge
#+end_example

#+vindex: org-agenda-use-time-grid
#+vindex: org-agenda-time-grid
The time grid can be turned on and off with the variable
~org-agenda-use-time-grid~, and can be configured with
~org-agenda-time-grid~.

*** Sorting of agenda items
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: The order of things.
:END:
#+cindex: sorting, of agenda items
#+cindex: priorities, of agenda items

Before being inserted into a view, the items are sorted.  How this is
done depends on the type of view.

-
  #+vindex: org-agenda-files
  For the daily/weekly agenda, the items for each day are sorted.  The
  default order is to first collect all items containing an explicit
  time-of-day specification.  These entries are shown at the beginning
  of the list, as a /schedule/ for the day.  After that, items remain
  grouped in categories, in the sequence given by ~org-agenda-files~.
  Within each category, items are sorted by priority (see
  [[*Priorities]]), which is composed of the base priority (2000 for
  priority =A=, 1000 for =B=, and 0 for =C=), plus additional
  increments for overdue scheduled or deadline items.

- For the TODO list, items remain in the order of categories, but
  within each category, sorting takes place according to priority (see
  [[*Priorities]]).  The priority used for sorting derives from the
  priority cookie, with additions depending on how close an item is to
  its due or scheduled date.

- For tags matches, items are not sorted at all, but just appear in
  the sequence in which they are found in the agenda files.

#+vindex: org-agenda-sorting-strategy
Sorting can be customized using the variable
~org-agenda-sorting-strategy~, and may also include criteria based on
the estimated effort of an entry (see [[*Effort Estimates]]).

*** Filtering/limiting agenda times
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Dynamically narrow the agenda.
:END:

Agenda built-in or customized commands are statically defined.  Agenda
filters and limits provide two ways of dynamically narrowing down the
list of agenda entries: /filters/ and /limits/.  Filters only act on
the display of the items, while limits take effect before the list of
agenda entries is built.  Filters are more often used interactively,
while limits are mostly useful when defined as local variables within
custom agenda commands.

**** Filtering in the agenda
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:
#+cindex: agenda filtering
#+cindex: filtering entries, in agenda
#+cindex: tag filtering, in agenda
#+cindex: category filtering, in agenda
#+cindex: top headline filtering, in agenda
#+cindex: effort filtering, in agenda
#+cindex: query editing, in agenda

- {{{kbd(/)}}} (~org-agenda-filter-by-tag~) ::

     #+findex: org-agenda-filter-by-tag
     #+vindex: org-agenda-tag-filter-preset
     Filter the agenda view with respect to a tag and/or effort
     estimates.  The difference between this and a custom agenda
     command is that filtering is very fast, so that you can switch
     quickly between different filters without having to recreate the
     agenda.[fn:95]

     You are prompted for a tag selection letter; {{{kbd(SPC)}}} means
     any tag at all.  Pressing {{{kbd(TAB)}}} at that prompt offers
     completion to select a tag, including any tags that do not have
     a selection character.  The command then hides all entries that
     do not contain or inherit this tag.  When called with prefix
     argument, remove the entries that /do/ have the tag.  A second
     {{{kbd(/)}}} at the prompt turns off the filter and shows any
     hidden entries.  Pressing {{{kbd(+)}}} or {{{kbd(-)}}} switches
     between filtering and excluding the next tag.

     #+vindex: org-agenda-auto-exclude-function
     Org also supports automatic, context-aware tag filtering.  If the
     variable ~org-agenda-auto-exclude-function~ is set to
     a user-defined function, that function can decide which tags
     should be excluded from the agenda automatically.  Once this is
     set, the {{{kbd(/)}}} command then accepts {{{kbd(RET)}}} as
     a sub-option key and runs the auto exclusion logic.  For example,
     let's say you use a =Net= tag to identify tasks which need
     network access, an =Errand= tag for errands in town, and a =Call=
     tag for making phone calls.  You could auto-exclude these tags
     based on the availability of the Internet, and outside of
     business hours, with something like this:

     #+begin_src emacs-lisp
     (defun org-my-auto-exclude-function (tag)
       (and (cond
             ((string= tag "Net")
              (/= 0 (call-process "/sbin/ping" nil nil nil
                                  "-c1" "-q" "-t1" "mail.gnu.org")))
             ((or (string= tag "Errand") (string= tag "Call"))
              (let ((hour (nth 2 (decode-time))))
                (or (< hour 8) (> hour 21)))))
            (concat "-" tag)))

     (setq org-agenda-auto-exclude-function 'org-my-auto-exclude-function)
     #+end_src

- {{{kbd(<)}}} (~org-agenda-filter-by-category~) ::

     #+findex: org-agenda-filter-by-category
     Filter the current agenda view with respect to the category of
     the item at point.  Pressing {{{kbd(<)}}} another time removes
     this filter.  When called with a prefix argument exclude the
     category of the item at point from the agenda.

     #+vindex: org-agenda-category-filter-preset
     You can add a filter preset in custom agenda commands through the
     option ~org-agenda-category-filter-preset~.  See [[*Setting options
     for custom commands]].

- {{{kbd(^)}}} (~org-agenda-filter-by-top-headline~) ::

     #+findex: org-agenda-filter-by-top-headline
     Filter the current agenda view and only display the siblings and
     the parent headline of the one at point.

- {{{kbd(=)}}} (~org-agenda-filter-by-regexp~) ::

     #+findex: org-agenda-filter-by-regexp
     Filter the agenda view by a regular expression: only show agenda
     entries matching the regular expression the user entered.  When
     called with a prefix argument, it filters /out/ entries matching
     the regexp.  Called in a regexp-filtered agenda view, remove the
     filter, unless there are two universal prefix arguments, in which
     case filters are cumulated.

     #+vindex: org-agenda-regexp-filter-preset
     You can add a filter preset in custom agenda commands through the
     option ~org-agenda-regexp-filter-preset~.  See [[*Setting options
     for custom commands]].

- {{{kbd(_)}}} (~org-agenda-filter-by-effort~) ::

     #+findex: org-agenda-filter-by-effort
     Filter the agenda view with respect to effort estimates.  You
     first need to set up allowed efforts globally, for example

     #+begin_src emacs-lisp
     (setq org-global-properties
           '(("Effort_ALL". "0 0:10 0:30 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00")))
     #+end_src

     #+vindex: org-sort-agenda-noeffort-is-high
     You can then filter for an effort by first typing an operator,
     one of {{{kbd(<)}}}, {{{kbd(>)}}} and {{{kbd(=)}}}, and then the
     one-digit index of an effort estimate in your array of allowed
     values, where {{{kbd(0)}}} means the 10th value.  The filter then
     restricts to entries with effort smaller-or-equal, equal, or
     larger-or-equal than the selected value.  For application of the
     operator, entries without a defined effort are treated according
     to the value of ~org-sort-agenda-noeffort-is-high~.

     When called with a prefix argument, it removes entries matching
     the condition.  With two universal prefix arguments, it clears
     effort filters, which can be accumulated.

     #+vindex: org-agenda-effort-filter-preset
     You can add a filter preset in custom agenda commands through the
     option ~org-agenda-effort-filter-preset~.  See [[*Setting options
     for custom commands]].

- {{{kbd(|)}}} (~org-agenda-filter-remove-all~) ::

     Remove all filters in the current agenda view.

**** Setting limits for the agenda
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:
#+cindex: limits, in agenda

Here is a list of options that you can set, either globally, or
locally in your custom agenda views (see [[*Custom Agenda Views]]).

- ~org-agenda-max-entries~ ::

     #+vindex: org-agenda-max-entries
     Limit the number of entries.

- ~org-agenda-max-effort~ ::

     #+vindex: org-agenda-max-effort
     Limit the duration of accumulated efforts (as minutes).

- ~org-agenda-max-todos~ ::

     #+vindex: org-agenda-max-todos
     Limit the number of entries with TODO keywords.

- ~org-agenda-max-tags~ ::

     #+vindex: org-agenda-max-tags
     Limit the number of tagged entries.

When set to a positive integer, each option excludes entries from
other categories: for example, ~(setq org-agenda-max-effort 100)~
limits the agenda to 100 minutes of effort and exclude any entry that
has no effort property.  If you want to include entries with no effort
property, use a negative value for ~org-agenda-max-effort~.  One
useful setup is to use ~org-agenda-max-entries~ locally in a custom
command.  For example, this custom command displays the next five
entries with a =NEXT= TODO keyword.

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-agenda-custom-commands
      '(("n" todo "NEXT"
         ((org-agenda-max-entries 5)))))
#+end_src

Once you mark one of these five entry as DONE, rebuilding the agenda
will again the next five entries again, including the first entry that
was excluded so far.

You can also dynamically set temporary limits, which are lost when
rebuilding the agenda:

- {{{kbd(~ )}}} (~org-agenda-limit-interactively~) ::

     #+findex: org-agenda-limit-interactively
     This prompts for the type of limit to apply and its value.

** Commands in the Agenda Buffer
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Remote editing of Org trees.
:ALT_TITLE: Agenda Commands
:END:
#+cindex: commands, in agenda buffer

Entries in the agenda buffer are linked back to the Org file or diary
file where they originate.  You are not allowed to edit the agenda
buffer itself, but commands are provided to show and jump to the
original entry location, and to edit the Org files "remotely" from the
agenda buffer.  In this way, all information is stored only once,
removing the risk that your agenda and note files may diverge.

Some commands can be executed with mouse clicks on agenda lines.  For
the other commands, point needs to be in the desired line.

*** Motion
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:
#+cindex: motion commands in agenda

- {{{kbd(n)}}} (~org-agenda-next-line~) ::

     #+kindex: n
     #+findex: org-agenda-next-line
     Next line (same as {{{kbd(DOWN)}}} and {{{kbd(C-n)}}}).

- {{{kbd(p)}}} (~org-agenda-previous-line~) ::

     #+kindex: p
     #+findex: org-agenda-previous-line
     Previous line (same as {{{kbd(UP)}}} and {{{kbd(C-p)}}}).

*** View/Go to Org file
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:
#+cindex: view file commands in agenda

- {{{kbd(SPC)}}} or {{{kbd(mouse-3)}}} (~org-agenda-show-and-scroll-up~) ::

     #+kindex: SPC
     #+kindex: mouse-3
     #+findex: org-agenda-show-and-scroll-up
     Display the original location of the item in another window.
     With a prefix argument, make sure that drawers stay folded.

- {{{kbd(L)}}} (~org-agenda-recenter~) ::

     #+findex: org-agenda-recenter
     Display original location and recenter that window.

- {{{kbd(TAB)}}} or {{{kbd(mouse-2)}}} (~org-agenda-goto~) ::

     #+kindex: TAB
     #+kindex: mouse-2
     #+findex: org-agenda-goto
     Go to the original location of the item in another window.

- {{{kbd(RET)}}} (~org-agenda-switch-to~) ::

     #+kindex: RET
     #+findex: org-agenda-switch-to
     Go to the original location of the item and delete other windows.

- {{{kbd(F)}}} (~org-agenda-follow-mode~) ::

     #+kindex: F
     #+findex: org-agenda-follow-mode
     #+vindex: org-agenda-start-with-follow-mode
     Toggle Follow mode.  In Follow mode, as you move point through
     the agenda buffer, the other window always shows the
     corresponding location in the Org file.  The initial setting for
     this mode in new agenda buffers can be set with the variable
     ~org-agenda-start-with-follow-mode~.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x b)}}} (~org-agenda-tree-to-indirect-buffer~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x b
     #+findex: org-agenda-tree-to-indirect-buffer
     Display the entire subtree of the current item in an indirect
     buffer.  With a numeric prefix argument N, go up to level N and
     then take that tree.  If N is negative, go up that many levels.
     With a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix, do not remove the previously used
     indirect buffer.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-o)}}} (~org-agenda-open-link~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-o
     #+findex: org-agenda-open-link
     Follow a link in the entry.  This offers a selection of any links
     in the text belonging to the referenced Org node.  If there is
     only one link, follow it without a selection prompt.

*** Change display
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:
#+cindex: change agenda display
#+cindex: display changing, in agenda

#+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
- {{{kbd(A)}}} ::

     #+kindex: A
     Interactively select another agenda view and append it to the
     current view.

- {{{kbd(o)}}} ::

     #+kindex: o
     Delete other windows.

- {{{kbd(v d)}}} or short {{{kbd(d)}}} (~org-agenda-day-view~) ::

     #+kindex: v d
     #+kindex: d
     #+findex: org-agenda-day-view
     Switch to day view.  When switching to day view, this setting
     becomes the default for subsequent agenda refreshes.  A numeric
     prefix argument may be used to jump directly to a specific day of
     the year.  For example, {{{kbd(32 d)}}} jumps to February 1st.
     When setting day view, a year may be encoded in the prefix
     argument as well.  For example, {{{kbd(200712 d)}}} jumps to
     January 12, 2007.  If such a year specification has only one or
     two digits, it is expanded into one of the 30 next years or the
     last 69 years.

- {{{kbd(v w)}}} or short {{{kbd(w)}}} (~org-agenda-week-view~) ::

     #+kindex: v w
     #+kindex: w
     #+findex: org-agenda-week-view
     Switch to week view.  When switching week view, this setting
     becomes the default for subsequent agenda refreshes.  A numeric
     prefix argument may be used to jump directly to a specific day of
     the ISO week.  For example {{{kbd(9 w)}}} to ISO week number 9.
     When setting week view, a year may be encoded in the prefix
     argument as well.  For example, {{{kbd(200712 w)}}} jumps to week
     12 in 2007.  If such a year specification has only one or two
     digits, it is expanded into one of the 30 next years or the last
     69 years.

- {{{kbd(v m)}}} (~org-agenda-month-view~) ::

     #+kindex: v m
     #+findex: org-agenda-month-view
     Switch to month view.  Because month views are slow to create,
     they do not become the default for subsequent agenda refreshes.
     A numeric prefix argument may be used to jump directly to
     a specific day of the month.  When setting month view, a year may
     be encoded in the prefix argument as well.  For example,
     {{{kbd(200712 m)}}} jumps to December, 2007.  If such a year
     specification has only one or two digits, it is expanded into one
     of the 30 next years or the last 69 years.

- {{{kbd(v y)}}} (~org-agenda-year-view~) ::

     #+kindex: v y
     #+findex: org-agenda-year-view
     Switch to year view.  Because year views are slow to create, they
     do not become the default for subsequent agenda refreshes.
     A numeric prefix argument may be used to jump directly to
     a specific day of the year.

- {{{kbd(v SPC)}}} (~org-agenda-reset-view~) ::

     #+kindex: v SPC
     #+findex: org-agenda-reset-view
     #+vindex: org-agenda-span
     Reset the current view to ~org-agenda-span~.

- {{{kbd(f)}}} (~org-agenda-later~) ::

     #+kindex: f
     #+findex: org-agenda-later
     Go forward in time to display the span following the current one.
     For example, if the display covers a week, switch to the
     following week.  With a prefix argument, repeat that many times.

- {{{kbd(b)}}} (~org-agenda-earlier~) ::

     #+kindex: b
     #+findex: org-agenda-earlier
     Go backward in time to display earlier dates.

- {{{kbd(.)}}} (~org-agenda-goto-today~) ::

     #+kindex: .
     #+findex: org-agenda-goto-today
     Go to today.

- {{{kbd(j)}}} (~org-agenda-goto-date~) ::

     #+kindex: j
     #+findex: org-agenda-goto-date
     Prompt for a date and go there.

- {{{kbd(J)}}} (~org-agenda-clock-goto~) ::

     #+kindex: J
     #+findex: org-agenda-clock-goto
     Go to the currently clocked-in task /in the agenda buffer/.

- {{{kbd(D)}}} (~org-agenda-toggle-diary~) ::

     #+kindex: D
     #+findex: org-agenda-toggle-diary
     Toggle the inclusion of diary entries.  See [[*Weekly/daily agenda]].

- {{{kbd(v l)}}} or {{{kbd(v L)}}} or short {{{kbd(l)}}} (~org-agenda-log-mode~) ::

     #+kindex: v l
     #+kindex: l
     #+kindex: v L
     #+findex: org-agenda-log-mode
     #+vindex: org-log-done
     #+vindex: org-agenda-log-mode-items
     Toggle Logbook mode.  In Logbook mode, entries that were marked
     DONE while logging was on (see the variable ~org-log-done~) are
     shown in the agenda, as are entries that have been clocked on
     that day.  You can configure the entry types that should be
     included in log mode using the variable
     ~org-agenda-log-mode-items~.  When called with a {{{kbd(C-u)}}}
     prefix, show all possible logbook entries, including state
     changes.  When called with two prefix arguments {{{kbd(C-u
     C-u)}}}, show only logging information, nothing else.  {{{kbd(v
     L)}}} is equivalent to {{{kbd(C-u v l)}}}.

- {{{kbd(v [)}}} or short {{{kbd([)}}} (~org-agenda-manipulate-query-add~) ::

     #+kindex: v [
     #+kindex: [
     #+findex: org-agenda-manipulate-query-add
     Include inactive timestamps into the current view.  Only for
     weekly/daily agenda.

- {{{kbd(v a)}}} (~org-agenda-archives-mode~) ::

     #+kindex: v a
     #+findex: org-agenda-archives-mode
     Toggle Archives mode.  In Archives mode, trees that are archived
     (see [[*Internal archiving]]) are also scanned when producing the
     agenda.  To exit archives mode, press {{{kbd(v a)}}} again.

- {{{kbd(v A)}}} ::

     #+kindex: v A
     Toggle Archives mode.  Include all archive files as well.

- {{{kbd(v R)}}} or short {{{kbd(R)}}} (~org-agenda-clockreport-mode~) ::

     #+kindex: v R
     #+kindex: R
     #+findex: org-agenda-clockreport-mode
     #+vindex: org-agenda-start-with-clockreport-mode
     #+vindex: org-clock-report-include-clocking-task
     Toggle Clockreport mode.  In Clockreport mode, the daily/weekly
     agenda always shows a table with the clocked times for the time
     span and file scope covered by the current agenda view.  The
     initial setting for this mode in new agenda buffers can be set
     with the variable ~org-agenda-start-with-clockreport-mode~.  By
     using a prefix argument when toggling this mode (i.e., {{{kbd(C-u
     R)}}}), the clock table does not show contributions from entries
     that are hidden by agenda filtering[fn:96].  See also the
     variable ~org-clock-report-include-clocking-task~.

- {{{kbd(v c)}}} ::

     #+kindex: v c
     #+vindex: org-agenda-clock-consistency-checks
     Show overlapping clock entries, clocking gaps, and other clocking
     problems in the current agenda range.  You can then visit
     clocking lines and fix them manually.  See the variable
     ~org-agenda-clock-consistency-checks~ for information on how to
     customize the definition of what constituted a clocking problem.
     To return to normal agenda display, press {{{kbd(l)}}} to exit
     Logbook mode.

- {{{kbd(v E)}}} or short {{{kbd(E)}}} (~org-agenda-entry-text-mode~) ::

     #+kindex: v E
     #+kindex: E
     #+findex: org-agenda-entry-text-mode
     #+vindex: org-agenda-start-with-entry-text-mode
     #+vindex: org-agenda-entry-text-maxlines
     Toggle entry text mode.  In entry text mode, a number of lines
     from the Org outline node referenced by an agenda line are
     displayed below the line.  The maximum number of lines is given
     by the variable ~org-agenda-entry-text-maxlines~.  Calling this
     command with a numeric prefix argument temporarily modifies that
     number to the prefix value.

- {{{kbd(G)}}} (~org-agenda-toggle-time-grid~) ::

     #+kindex: G
     #+vindex: org-agenda-use-time-grid
     #+vindex: org-agenda-time-grid
     Toggle the time grid on and off.  See also the variables
     ~org-agenda-use-time-grid~ and ~org-agenda-time-grid~.

- {{{kbd(r)}}} (~org-agenda-redo~), {{{kbd(g)}}} ::

     #+kindex: r
     #+kindex: g
     #+findex: org-agenda-redo
     Recreate the agenda buffer, for example to reflect the changes
     after modification of the timestamps of items with
     {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}} and {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}}.  When the
     buffer is the global TODO list, a prefix argument is interpreted
     to create a selective list for a specific TODO keyword.

- {{{kbd(C-x C-s)}}} or short {{{kbd(s)}}} (~org-save-all-org-buffers~) ::

     #+kindex: C-x C-s
     #+findex: org-save-all-org-buffers
     #+kindex: s
     Save all Org buffers in the current Emacs session, and also the
     locations of IDs.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-c)}}} (~org-agenda-columns~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x C-c
     #+findex: org-agenda-columns
     #+vindex: org-columns-default-format
     Invoke column view (see [[*Column View]]) in the agenda buffer.  The
     column view format is taken from the entry at point, or, if there
     is no entry at point, from the first entry in the agenda view.
     So whatever the format for that entry would be in the original
     buffer (taken from a property, from a =COLUMNS= keyword, or from
     the default variable ~org-columns-default-format~) is used in the
     agenda.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x >)}}} (~org-agenda-remove-restriction-lock~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x >
     #+findex: org-agenda-remove-restriction-lock
     Remove the restriction lock on the agenda, if it is currently
     restricted to a file or subtree (see [[*Agenda Files]]).

- {{{kbd(M-UP)}}} (~org-agenda-drag-line-backward~) ::

     #+kindex: M-UP
     #+findex: org-agenda-drag-line-backward
     Drag the line at point backward one line.  With a numeric prefix
     argument, drag backward by that many lines.

     Moving agenda lines does not persist after an agenda refresh and
     does not modify the contributing Org files.

- {{{kbd(M-DOWN)}}} (~org-agenda-drag-line-forward~) ::

     #+kindex: M-DOWN
     #+findex: org-agenda-drag-line-forward
     Drag the line at point forward one line.  With a numeric prefix
     argument, drag forward by that many lines.

*** Remote editing
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:
#+cindex: remote editing, from agenda

- {{{kbd(0--9)}}} ::

     Digit argument.

- {{{kbd(C-_)}}} (~org-agenda-undo~) ::

     #+kindex: C-_
     #+findex: org-agenda-undo
     #+cindex: undoing remote-editing events
     #+cindex: remote editing, undo
     Undo a change due to a remote editing command.  The change is
     undone both in the agenda buffer and in the remote buffer.

- {{{kbd(t)}}} (~org-agenda-todo~) ::

     #+kindex: t
     #+findex: org-agenda-todo
     Change the TODO state of the item, both in the agenda and in the
     original Org file.

- {{{kbd(C-S-RIGHT)}}} (~org-agenda-todo-nextset~) ::

     #+kindex: C-S-RIGHT
     #+findex: org-agenda-todo-nextset
     Switch to the next set of TODO keywords.

- {{{kbd(C-S-LEFT)}}}, ~org-agenda-todo-previousset~ ::

     #+kindex: C-S-LEFT
     Switch to the previous set of TODO keywords.

- {{{kbd(C-k)}}} (~org-agenda-kill~) ::

     #+kindex: C-k
     #+findex: org-agenda-kill
     #+vindex: org-agenda-confirm-kill
     Delete the current agenda item along with the entire subtree
     belonging to it in the original Org file.  If the text to be
     deleted remotely is longer than one line, the kill needs to be
     confirmed by the user.  See variable ~org-agenda-confirm-kill~.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-w)}}} (~org-agenda-refile~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-w
     #+findex: org-agenda-refile
     Refile the entry at point.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-a)}}} or short {{{kbd(a)}}} (~org-agenda-archive-default-with-confirmation~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x C-a
     #+kindex: a
     #+findex: org-agenda-archive-default-with-confirmation
     #+vindex: org-archive-default-command
     Archive the subtree corresponding to the entry at point using the
     default archiving command set in ~org-archive-default-command~.
     When using the {{{kbd(a)}}} key, confirmation is required.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x a)}}} (~org-agenda-toggle-archive-tag~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x a
     #+findex: org-agenda-toggle-archive-tag
     Toggle the archive tag (see [[*Internal archiving]]) for the current
     headline.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x A)}}} (~org-agenda-archive-to-archive-sibling~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x A
     #+findex: org-agenda-archive-to-archive-sibling
     Move the subtree corresponding to the current entry to its
     /archive sibling/.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-s)}}} or short {{{kbd($)}}} (~org-agenda-archive~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x C-s
     #+kindex: $
     #+findex: org-agenda-archive
     Archive the subtree corresponding to the current headline.  This
     means the entry is moved to the configured archive location, most
     likely a different file.

- {{{kbd(T)}}} (~org-agenda-show-tags~) ::

     #+kindex: T
     #+findex: org-agenda-show-tags
     #+vindex: org-agenda-show-inherited-tags
     Show all tags associated with the current item.  This is useful
     if you have turned off ~org-agenda-show-inherited-tags~, but
     still want to see all tags of a headline occasionally.

- {{{kbd(:)}}} (~org-agenda-set-tags~) ::

     #+kindex: :
     #+findex: org-agenda-set-tags
     Set tags for the current headline.  If there is an active region
     in the agenda, change a tag for all headings in the region.

- {{{kbd(\,)}}} (~org-agenda-priority~) ::

     #+kindex: ,
     #+findex: org-agenda-priority
     Set the priority for the current item.  Org mode prompts for the
     priority character.  If you reply with {{{kbd(SPC)}}}, the
     priority cookie is removed from the entry.

- {{{kbd(P)}}} (~org-agenda-show-priority~) ::

     #+kindex: P
     #+findex: org-agenda-show-priority
     Display weighted priority of current item.

- {{{kbd(+)}}} or {{{kbd(S-UP)}}} (~org-agenda-priority-up~) ::

     #+kindex: +
     #+kindex: S-UP
     #+findex: org-agenda-priority-up
     Increase the priority of the current item.  The priority is
     changed in the original buffer, but the agenda is not resorted.
     Use the {{{kbd(r)}}} key for this.

- {{{kbd(-)}}} or {{{kbd(S-DOWN)}}} (~org-agenda-priority-down~) ::

     #+kindex: -
     #+kindex: S-DOWN
     #+findex: org-agenda-priority-down
     Decrease the priority of the current item.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-z)}}} or short {{{kbd(z)}}} (~org-agenda-add-note~) ::

     #+kindex: z
     #+kindex: C-c C-z
     #+findex: org-agenda-add-note
     #+vindex: org-log-into-drawer
     Add a note to the entry.  This note is recorded, and then filed
     to the same location where state change notes are put.  Depending
     on ~org-log-into-drawer~, this may be inside a drawer.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-a)}}} (~org-attach~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-a
     #+findex: org-attach
     Dispatcher for all command related to attachments.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-s)}}} (~org-agenda-schedule~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-s
     #+findex: org-agenda-schedule
     Schedule this item.  With a prefix argument, remove the
     scheduling timestamp

- {{{kbd(C-c C-d)}}} (~org-agenda-deadline~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-d
     #+findex: org-agenda-deadline
     Set a deadline for this item.  With a prefix argument, remove the
     deadline.

- {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}} (~org-agenda-do-date-later~) ::

     #+kindex: S-RIGHT
     #+findex: org-agenda-do-date-later
     Change the timestamp associated with the current line by one day
     into the future.  If the date is in the past, the first call to
     this command moves it to today.  With a numeric prefix argument,
     change it by that many days.  For example, {{{kbd(3
     6 5 S-RIGHT)}}} changes it by a year.  With a {{{kbd(C-u)}}}
     prefix, change the time by one hour.  If you immediately repeat
     the command, it will continue to change hours even without the
     prefix argument.  With a double {{{kbd(C-u C-u)}}} prefix, do the
     same for changing minutes.  The stamp is changed in the original
     Org file, but the change is not directly reflected in the agenda
     buffer.  Use {{{kbd(r)}}} or {{{kbd(g)}}} to update the buffer.

- {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}} (~org-agenda-do-date-earlier~) ::

     #+kindex: S-LEFT
     #+findex: org-agenda-do-date-earlier
     Change the timestamp associated with the current line by one day
     into the past.

- {{{kbd(>)}}} (~org-agenda-date-prompt~) ::

     #+kindex: >
     #+findex: org-agenda-date-prompt
     Change the timestamp associated with the current line.  The key
     {{{kbd(>)}}} has been chosen, because it is the same as
     {{{kbd(S-.)}}}  on my keyboard.

- {{{kbd(I)}}} (~org-agenda-clock-in~) ::

     #+kindex: I
     #+findex: org-agenda-clock-in
     Start the clock on the current item.  If a clock is running
     already, it is stopped first.

- {{{kbd(O)}}} (~org-agenda-clock-out~) ::

     #+kindex: O
     #+findex: org-agenda-clock-out
     Stop the previously started clock.

- {{{kbd(X)}}} (~org-agenda-clock-cancel~) ::

     #+kindex: X
     #+findex: org-agenda-clock-cancel
     Cancel the currently running clock.

- {{{kbd(J)}}} (~org-agenda-clock-goto~) ::

     #+kindex: J
     #+findex: org-agenda-clock-goto
     Jump to the running clock in another window.

- {{{kbd(k)}}} (~org-agenda-capture~) ::

     #+kindex: k
     #+findex: org-agenda-capture
     #+cindex: capturing, from agenda
     #+vindex: org-capture-use-agenda-date
     Like ~org-capture~, but use the date at point as the default date
     for the capture template.  See ~org-capture-use-agenda-date~ to
     make this the default behavior of ~org-capture~.

*** Bulk remote editing selected entries
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:
#+cindex: remote editing, bulk, from agenda
#+vindex: org-agenda-bulk-custom-functions

- {{{kbd(m)}}} (~org-agenda-bulk-mark~) ::
     #+kindex: m
     #+findex: org-agenda-bulk-mark

     Mark the entry at point for bulk action.  If there is an active
     region in the agenda, mark the entries in the region.  With
     numeric prefix argument, mark that many successive entries.

- {{{kbd(*)}}} (~org-agenda-bulk-mark-all~) ::
     #+kindex: *
     #+findex: org-agenda-bulk-mark-all

     Mark all visible agenda entries for bulk action.

- {{{kbd(u)}}} (~org-agenda-bulk-unmark~) ::
     #+kindex: u
     #+findex: org-agenda-bulk-unmark

     Unmark entry for bulk action.

- {{{kbd(U)}}} (~org-agenda-bulk-remove-all-marks~) ::
     #+kindex: U
     #+findex: org-agenda-bulk-remove-all-marks

     Unmark all marked entries for bulk action.

- {{{kbd(M-m)}}} (~org-agenda-bulk-toggle~) ::
     #+kindex: M-m
     #+findex: org-agenda-bulk-toggle

     Toggle mark of the entry at point for bulk action.

- {{{kbd(M-*)}}} (~org-agenda-bulk-toggle-all~) ::
     #+kindex: M-*
     #+findex: org-agenda-bulk-toggle-all

     Mark entries matching a regular expression for bulk action.

- {{{kbd(%)}}} (~org-agenda-bulk-mark-regexp~) ::
     #+kindex: %
     #+findex: org-agenda-bulk-mark-regexp

     Mark entries matching a regular expression for bulk action.

- {{{kbd(B)}}} (~org-agenda-bulk-action~) ::
     #+kindex: B
     #+findex: org-agenda-bulk-action
     #+vindex: org-agenda-bulk-persistent-marks

     Bulk action: act on all marked entries in the agenda.  This
     prompts for another key to select the action to be applied.  The
     prefix argument to {{{kbd(B)}}} is passed through to the
     {{{kbd(s)}}} and {{{kbd(d)}}} commands, to bulk-remove these
     special timestamps.  By default, marks are removed after the
     bulk.  If you want them to persist, set
     ~org-agenda-bulk-persistent-marks~ to ~t~ or hit {{{kbd(p)}}} at
     the prompt.

     - {{{kbd(*)}}} ::

          Toggle persistent marks.

     - {{{kbd($)}}} ::

          Archive all selected entries.

     - {{{kbd(A)}}} ::

          Archive entries by moving them to their respective archive
          siblings.

     - {{{kbd(t)}}} ::

          Change TODO state.  This prompts for a single TODO keyword and
          changes the state of all selected entries, bypassing blocking
          and suppressing logging notes---but not timestamps.

     - {{{kbd(+)}}} ::

          Add a tag to all selected entries.

     - {{{kbd(-)}}} ::

          Remove a tag from all selected entries.

     - {{{kbd(s)}}} ::

          Schedule all items to a new date.  To shift existing schedule
          dates by a fixed number of days, use something starting with
          double plus at the prompt, for example =++8d= or =++2w=.

     - {{{kbd(d)}}} ::

          Set deadline to a specific date.

     - {{{kbd(r)}}} ::

          Prompt for a single refile target and move all entries.  The
          entries are no longer in the agenda; refresh ({{{kbd(g)}}}) to
          bring them back.

     - {{{kbd(S)}}} ::

          Reschedule randomly into the coming N days.  N is prompted for.
          With a prefix argument ({{{kbd(C-u B S)}}}), scatter only
          across weekdays.

     - {{{kbd(f)}}} ::

          #+vindex: org-agenda-bulk-custom-functions
          Apply a function[fn:97] to marked entries.  For example, the
          function below sets the =CATEGORY= property of the entries to
          =web=.

          #+begin_src emacs-lisp
          (defun set-category ()
            (interactive "P")
            (let ((marker (or (org-get-at-bol 'org-hd-marker)
                              (org-agenda-error))))
              (org-with-point-at marker
                (org-back-to-heading t)
                (org-set-property "CATEGORY" "web"))))
          #+end_src

*** Calendar commands
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:
#+cindex: calendar commands, from agenda

- {{{kbd(c)}}} (~org-agenda-goto-calendar~) ::

     #+kindex: c
     #+findex: org-agenda-goto-calendar
     Open the Emacs calendar and go to the date at point in the
     agenda.

- {{{kbd(c)}}} (~org-calendar-goto-agenda~) ::

     #+kindex: c
     #+findex: org-calendar-goto-agenda
     When in the calendar, compute and show the Org agenda for the
     date at point.

- {{{kbd(i)}}} (~org-agenda-diary-entry~) ::
     #+kindex: i
     #+findex: org-agenda-diary-entry

     #+cindex: diary entries, creating from agenda
     Insert a new entry into the diary, using the date at point and
     (for block entries) the date at the mark.  This adds to the Emacs
     diary file[fn:98], in a way similar to the {{{kbd(i)}}} command
     in the calendar.  The diary file pops up in another window, where
     you can add the entry.

     #+vindex: org-agenda-diary-file
     If you configure ~org-agenda-diary-file~ to point to an Org file,
     Org creates entries in that file instead.  Most entries are
     stored in a date-based outline tree that will later make it easy
     to archive appointments from previous months/years.  The tree is
     built under an entry with a =DATE_TREE= property, or else with
     years as top-level entries.  Emacs prompts you for the entry
     text---if you specify it, the entry is created in
     ~org-agenda-diary-file~ without further interaction.  If you
     directly press {{{kbd(RET)}}} at the prompt without typing text,
     the target file is shown in another window for you to finish the
     entry there.  See also the {{{kbd(k r)}}} command.

- {{{kbd(M)}}} (~org-agenda-phases-of-moon~) ::

     #+kindex: M
     #+findex: org-agenda-phases-of-moon
     Show the phases of the moon for the three months around current
     date.

- {{{kbd(S)}}} (~org-agenda-sunrise-sunset~) ::

     #+kindex: S
     #+findex: org-agenda-sunrise-sunset
     Show sunrise and sunset times.  The geographical location must be
     set with calendar variables, see the documentation for the Emacs
     calendar.

- {{{kbd(C)}}} (~org-agenda-convert-date~) ::

     #+kindex: C
     #+findex: org-agenda-convert-date
     Convert the date at point into many other cultural and historic
     calendars.

- {{{kbd(H)}}} (~org-agenda-holidays~) ::

     #+kindex: H
     #+findex: org-agenda-holidays
     Show holidays for three months around point date.

*** Quit and exit
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

- {{{kbd(q)}}} (~org-agenda-quit~) ::
     #+kindex: q
     #+findex: org-agenda-quit

     Quit agenda, remove the agenda buffer.

- {{{kbd(x)}}} (~org-agenda-exit~) ::
     #+kindex: x
     #+findex: org-agenda-exit

     #+cindex: agenda files, removing buffers
     Exit agenda, remove the agenda buffer and all buffers loaded by
     Emacs for the compilation of the agenda.  Buffers created by the
     user to visit Org files are not removed.

** Custom Agenda Views
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Defining special searches and views.
:END:
#+cindex: custom agenda views
#+cindex: agenda views, custom

Custom agenda commands serve two purposes: to store and quickly access
frequently used TODO and tags searches, and to create special
composite agenda buffers.  Custom agenda commands are accessible
through the dispatcher (see [[*The Agenda Dispatcher]]), just like the
default commands.

*** Storing searches
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Type once, use often.
:END:

The first application of custom searches is the definition of keyboard
shortcuts for frequently used searches, either creating an agenda
buffer, or a sparse tree (the latter covering of course only the
current buffer).

#+kindex: C @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
#+vindex: org-agenda-custom-commands
#+cindex: agenda views, main example
#+cindex: agenda, as an agenda views
#+cindex: agenda*, as an agenda views
#+cindex: tags, as an agenda view
#+cindex: todo, as an agenda view
#+cindex: tags-todo
#+cindex: todo-tree
#+cindex: occur-tree
#+cindex: tags-tree
Custom commands are configured in the variable
~org-agenda-custom-commands~.  You can customize this variable, for
example by pressing {{{kbd(C)}}} from the agenda dispatcher (see [[*The
Agenda Dispatcher]]).  You can also directly set it with Emacs Lisp in
the Emacs init file.  The following example contains all valid agenda
views:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-agenda-custom-commands
      '(("x" agenda)
        ("y" agenda*)
        ("w" todo "WAITING")
        ("W" todo-tree "WAITING")
        ("u" tags "+boss-urgent")
        ("v" tags-todo "+boss-urgent")
        ("U" tags-tree "+boss-urgent")
        ("f" occur-tree "\\<FIXME\\>")
        ("h" . "HOME+Name tags searches") ;description for "h" prefix
        ("hl" tags "+home+Lisa")
        ("hp" tags "+home+Peter")
        ("hk" tags "+home+Kim")))
#+end_src

#+texinfo: @noindent
The initial string in each entry defines the keys you have to press
after the dispatcher command in order to access the command.  Usually
this will be just a single character, but if you have many similar
commands, you can also define two-letter combinations where the first
character is the same in several combinations and serves as a prefix
key[fn:99].  The second parameter is the search type, followed by the
string or regular expression to be used for the matching.  The example
above will therefore define:

- {{{kbd(x)}}} ::

     as a global search for agenda entries planned[fn:100] this
     week/day.

- {{{kbd(y)}}} ::

     as the same search, but only for entries with an hour
     specification like =[h]h:mm=---think of them as appointments.

- {{{kbd(w)}}} ::

     as a global search for TODO entries with =WAITING= as the TODO
     keyword.

- {{{kbd(W)}}} ::

     as the same search, but only in the current buffer and displaying
     the results as a sparse tree.

- {{{kbd(u)}}} ::

     as a global tags search for headlines tagged =boss= but not
     =urgent=.

- {{{kbd(v)}}} ::

     The same search, but limiting it to headlines that are also TODO
     items.

- {{{kbd(U)}}} ::

     as the same search, but only in the current buffer and displaying
     the result as a sparse tree.

- {{{kbd(f)}}} ::

     to create a sparse tree (again, current buffer only) with all
     entries containing the word =FIXME=.

- {{{kbd(h)}}} ::

     as a prefix command for a =HOME= tags search where you have to
     press an additional key ({{{kbd(l)}}}, {{{kbd(p)}}} or
     {{{kbd(k)}}}) to select a name (Lisa, Peter, or Kim) as
     additional tag to match.

Note that ~*-tree~ agenda views need to be called from an Org buffer
as they operate on the current buffer only.

*** Block agenda
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: All the stuff you need in a single buffer.
:END:
#+cindex: block agenda
#+cindex: agenda, with block views

Another possibility is the construction of agenda views that comprise
the results of /several/ commands, each of which creates a block in
the agenda buffer.  The available commands include ~agenda~ for the
daily or weekly agenda (as created with {{{kbd(a)}}}) , ~alltodo~ for
the global TODO list (as constructed with {{{kbd(t)}}}), and the
matching commands discussed above: ~todo~, ~tags~, and ~tags-todo~.
Here are two examples:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-agenda-custom-commands
      '(("h" "Agenda and Home-related tasks"
         ((agenda "")
          (tags-todo "home")
          (tags "garden")))
        ("o" "Agenda and Office-related tasks"
         ((agenda "")
          (tags-todo "work")
          (tags "office")))))
#+end_src

#+texinfo: @noindent
This defines {{{kbd(h)}}} to create a multi-block view for stuff you
need to attend to at home.  The resulting agenda buffer contains your
agenda for the current week, all TODO items that carry the tag =home=,
and also all lines tagged with =garden=.  Finally the command
{{{kbd(o)}}} provides a similar view for office tasks.

*** Setting options for custom commands
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Changing the rules.
:ALT_TITLE: Setting options
:END:
#+cindex: options, for custom agenda views

#+vindex: org-agenda-custom-commands
Org mode contains a number of variables regulating agenda construction
and display.  The global variables define the behavior for all agenda
commands, including the custom commands.  However, if you want to
change some settings just for a single custom view, you can do so.
Setting options requires inserting a list of variable names and values
at the right spot in ~org-agenda-custom-commands~.  For example:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-agenda-custom-commands
      '(("w" todo "WAITING"
         ((org-agenda-sorting-strategy '(priority-down))
          (org-agenda-prefix-format "  Mixed: ")))
        ("U" tags-tree "+boss-urgent"
         ((org-show-context-detail 'minimal)))
        ("N" search ""
         ((org-agenda-files '("~org/notes.org"))
          (org-agenda-text-search-extra-files nil)))))
#+end_src

#+texinfo: @noindent
Now the {{{kbd(w)}}} command sorts the collected entries only by
priority, and the prefix format is modified to just say =Mixed:=
instead of giving the category of the entry.  The sparse tags tree of
{{{kbd(U)}}} now turns out ultra-compact, because neither the headline
hierarchy above the match, nor the headline following the match are
shown.  The command {{{kbd(N)}}} does a text search limited to only
a single file.

For command sets creating a block agenda, ~org-agenda-custom-commands~
has two separate spots for setting options.  You can add options that
should be valid for just a single command in the set, and options that
should be valid for all commands in the set.  The former are just
added to the command entry; the latter must come after the list of
command entries.  Going back to the block agenda example (see [[*Block
agenda]]), let's change the sorting strategy for the {{{kbd(h)}}}
commands to ~priority-down~, but let's sort the results for =garden=
tags query in the opposite order, ~priority-up~.  This would look like
this:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-agenda-custom-commands
      '(("h" "Agenda and Home-related tasks"
         ((agenda)
          (tags-todo "home")
          (tags "garden"
                ((org-agenda-sorting-strategy '(priority-up)))))
         ((org-agenda-sorting-strategy '(priority-down))))
        ("o" "Agenda and Office-related tasks"
         ((agenda)
          (tags-todo "work")
          (tags "office")))))
#+end_src

As you see, the values and parentheses setting is a little complex.
When in doubt, use the customize interface to set this variable---it
fully supports its structure.  Just one caveat: when setting options
in this interface, the /values/ are just Lisp expressions.  So if the
value is a string, you need to add the double-quotes around the value
yourself.

#+vindex: org-agenda-custom-commands-contexts
To control whether an agenda command should be accessible from
a specific context, you can customize
~org-agenda-custom-commands-contexts~.  Let's say for example that you
have an agenda command {{{kbd(o)}}} displaying a view that you only
need when reading emails.  Then you would configure this option like
this:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-agenda-custom-commands-contexts
      '(("o" (in-mode . "message-mode"))))
#+end_src

You can also tell that the command key {{{kbd(o)}}} should refer to
another command key {{{kbd(r)}}}.  In that case, add this command key
like this:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-agenda-custom-commands-contexts
      '(("o" "r" (in-mode . "message-mode"))))
#+end_src

See the docstring of the variable for more information.

** Exporting Agenda Views
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Writing a view to a file.
:END:
#+cindex: agenda views, exporting

If you are away from your computer, it can be very useful to have
a printed version of some agenda views to carry around.  Org mode can
export custom agenda views as plain text, HTML[fn:101], Postscript,
PDF[fn:102], and iCalendar files.  If you want to do this only
occasionally, use the following command:

- {{{kbd(C-x C-w)}}} (~org-agenda-write~) ::
     #+kindex: C-x C-w
     #+findex: org-agenda-write
     #+cindex: exporting agenda views
     #+cindex: agenda views, exporting

     #+vindex: org-agenda-exporter-settings
     Write the agenda view to a file.

If you need to export certain agenda views frequently, you can
associate any custom agenda command with a list of output file
names[fn:103].  Here is an example that first defines custom commands
for the agenda and the global TODO list, together with a number of
files to which to export them.  Then we define two block agenda
commands and specify file names for them as well.  File names can be
relative to the current working directory, or absolute.

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-agenda-custom-commands
      '(("X" agenda "" nil ("agenda.html" "agenda.ps"))
        ("Y" alltodo "" nil ("todo.html" "todo.txt" "todo.ps"))
        ("h" "Agenda and Home-related tasks"
         ((agenda "")
          (tags-todo "home")
          (tags "garden"))
         nil
         ("~/views/home.html"))
        ("o" "Agenda and Office-related tasks"
         ((agenda)
          (tags-todo "work")
          (tags "office"))
         nil
         ("~/views/office.ps" "~/calendars/office.ics"))))
#+end_src

The extension of the file name determines the type of export.  If it
is =.html=, Org mode uses the htmlize package to convert the buffer to
HTML and save it to this file name.  If the extension is =.ps=,
~ps-print-buffer-with-faces~ is used to produce Postscript output.  If
the extension is =.ics=, iCalendar export is run export over all files
that were used to construct the agenda, and limit the export to
entries listed in the agenda.  Any other extension produces a plain
ASCII file.

The export files are /not/ created when you use one of those
commands interactively because this might use too much overhead.
Instead, there is a special command to produce /all/ specified
files in one step:

- {{{kbd(e)}}} (~org-store-agenda-views~) ::

     #+kindex: e @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
     #+findex: org-store-agenda-views
     Export all agenda views that have export file names associated
     with them.

You can use the options section of the custom agenda commands to also
set options for the export commands.  For example:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-agenda-custom-commands
      '(("X" agenda ""
         ((ps-number-of-columns 2)
          (ps-landscape-mode t)
          (org-agenda-prefix-format " [ ] ")
          (org-agenda-with-colors nil)
          (org-agenda-remove-tags t))
         ("theagenda.ps"))))
#+end_src

#+texinfo: @noindent
#+vindex: org-agenda-exporter-settings
This command sets two options for the Postscript exporter, to make it
print in two columns in landscape format---the resulting page can be
cut in two and then used in a paper agenda.  The remaining settings
modify the agenda prefix to omit category and scheduling information,
and instead include a checkbox to check off items.  We also remove the
tags to make the lines compact, and we do not want to use colors for
the black-and-white printer.  Settings specified in
~org-agenda-exporter-settings~ also apply, e.g.,

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-agenda-exporter-settings
      '((ps-number-of-columns 2)
        (ps-landscape-mode t)
        (org-agenda-add-entry-text-maxlines 5)
        (htmlize-output-type 'css)))
#+end_src

#+texinfo: @noindent
but the settings in ~org-agenda-custom-commands~ take precedence.

From the command line you may also use:

#+begin_src shell
emacs -eval (org-batch-store-agenda-views) -kill
#+end_src

#+texinfo: @noindent
or, if you need to modify some parameters[fn:104]

#+begin_src shell
emacs -eval '(org-batch-store-agenda-views                      \
              org-agenda-span (quote month)                     \
              org-agenda-start-day "2007-11-01"                 \
              org-agenda-include-diary nil                      \
              org-agenda-files (quote ("~/org/project.org")))'  \
      -kill
#+end_src

#+texinfo: @noindent
which creates the agenda views restricted to the file
=~/org/project.org=, without diary entries and with a 30-day extent.

You can also extract agenda information in a way that allows further
processing by other programs.  See [[*Extracting Agenda Information]], for
more information.

** Using Column View in the Agenda
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Using column view for collected entries.
:ALT_TITLE: Agenda Column View
:END:
#+cindex: column view, in agenda
#+cindex: agenda, column view

Column view (see [[*Column View]]) is normally used to view and edit
properties embedded in the hierarchical structure of an Org file.  It
can be quite useful to use column view also from the agenda, where
entries are collected by certain criteria.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-c)}}} (~org-agenda-columns~) ::
     #+kindex: C-c C-x C-c
     #+findex: org-agenda-columns

     Turn on column view in the agenda.

To understand how to use this properly, it is important to realize
that the entries in the agenda are no longer in their proper outline
environment.  This causes the following issues:

1.
   #+vindex: org-columns-default-format
   #+vindex: org-overriding-columns-format
   Org needs to make a decision which columns format to use.  Since
   the entries in the agenda are collected from different files, and
   different files may have different columns formats, this is
   a non-trivial problem.  Org first checks if the variable
   ~org-agenda-overriding-columns-format~ is currently set, and if so,
   takes the format from there.  Otherwise it takes the format
   associated with the first item in the agenda, or, if that item does
   not have a specific format (defined in a property, or in its file),
   it uses ~org-columns-default-format~.

2.
   #+cindex: @samp{CLOCKSUM}, special property
   If any of the columns has a summary type defined (see [[*Column
   attributes]]), turning on column view in the agenda visits all
   relevant agenda files and make sure that the computations of this
   property are up to date.  This is also true for the special
   =CLOCKSUM= property.  Org then sums the values displayed in the
   agenda.  In the daily/weekly agenda, the sums cover a single day;
   in all other views they cover the entire block.

   It is important to realize that the agenda may show the same entry
   /twice/---for example as scheduled and as a deadline---and it may
   show two entries from the same hierarchy (for example a /parent/
   and its /child/).  In these cases, the summation in the agenda
   leads to incorrect results because some values count double.

3. When the column view in the agenda shows the =CLOCKSUM= property,
   that is always the entire clocked time for this item.  So even in
   the daily/weekly agenda, the clocksum listed in column view may
   originate from times outside the current view.  This has the
   advantage that you can compare these values with a column listing
   the planned total effort for a task---one of the major
   applications for column view in the agenda.  If you want
   information about clocked time in the displayed period use clock
   table mode (press {{{kbd(R)}}} in the agenda).

4.
   #+cindex: @samp{CLOCKSUM_T}, special property
   When the column view in the agenda shows the =CLOCKSUM_T= property,
   that is always today's clocked time for this item.  So even in the
   weekly agenda, the clocksum listed in column view only originates
   from today.  This lets you compare the time you spent on a task for
   today, with the time already spent---via =CLOCKSUM=---and with
   the planned total effort for it.

* Markup for Rich Contents
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Compose beautiful documents.
:END:

Org is primarily about organizing and searching through your
plain-text notes.  However, it also provides a lightweight yet robust
markup language for rich text formatting and more.  For instance, you
may want to center or emphasize text.  Or you may need to insert
a formula or image in your writing.  Org offers syntax for all of this
and more.  Used in conjunction with the export framework (see
[[*Exporting]]), you can author beautiful documents in Org---like the fine
manual you are currently reading.

** Paragraphs
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: The basic unit of text.
:END:

#+cindex: paragraphs, markup rules
Paragraphs are separated by at least one empty line.  If you need to
enforce a line break within a paragraph, use =\\= at the end of
a line.

#+cindex: line breaks, markup rules
To preserve the line breaks, indentation and blank lines in a region,
but otherwise use normal formatting, you can use this construct, which
can also be used to format poetry.

#+cindex: @samp{BEGIN_VERSE}
#+cindex: verse blocks
#+begin_example
,#+BEGIN_VERSE
 Great clouds overhead
 Tiny black birds rise and fall
 Snow covers Emacs

    ---AlexSchroeder
,#+END_VERSE
#+end_example

When quoting a passage from another document, it is customary to
format this as a paragraph that is indented on both the left and the
right margin.  You can include quotations in Org documents like this:

#+cindex: @samp{BEGIN_QUOTE}
#+cindex: quote blocks
#+begin_example
,#+BEGIN_QUOTE
Everything should be made as simple as possible,
but not any simpler ---Albert Einstein
,#+END_QUOTE
#+end_example

If you would like to center some text, do it like this:

#+cindex: @samp{BEGIN_CENTER}
#+cindex: center blocks
#+begin_example
,#+BEGIN_CENTER
Everything should be made as simple as possible, \\
but not any simpler
,#+END_CENTER
#+end_example

** Emphasis and Monospace
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Bold, italic, etc.
:END:
#+cindex: underlined text, markup rules
#+cindex: bold text, markup rules
#+cindex: italic text, markup rules
#+cindex: verbatim text, markup rules
#+cindex: code text, markup rules
#+cindex: strike-through text, markup rules

You can make words =*bold*=, =/italic/=, =_underlined_=, ==verbatim==
and =~code~=, and, if you must, =+strike-through+=.  Text in the code
and verbatim string is not processed for Org mode specific syntax; it
is exported verbatim.

#+vindex: org-fontify-emphasized-text
To turn off fontification for marked up text, you can set
~org-fontify-emphasized-text~ to ~nil~.  To narrow down the list of
available markup syntax, you can customize ~org-emphasis-alist~.

** Subscripts and Superscripts
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Simple syntax for raising/lowering text.
:END:
#+cindex: subscript
#+cindex: superscript

=^= and =_= are used to indicate super- and subscripts.  To increase
the readability of ASCII text, it is not necessary, but OK, to
surround multi-character sub- and superscripts with curly braces.  For
example

#+begin_example
The radius of the sun is R_sun = 6.96 x 10^8 m.  On the other hand,
the radius of Alpha Centauri is R_{Alpha Centauri} = 1.28 x R_{sun}.
#+end_example

#+vindex: org-use-sub-superscripts
If you write a text where the underscore is often used in a different
context, Org's convention to always interpret these as subscripts can
get in your way.  Configure the variable ~org-use-sub-superscripts~ to
change this convention.  For example, when setting this variable to
~{}~, =a_b= is not interpreted as a subscript, but =a_{b}= is.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x \)}}} (~org-toggle-pretty-entities~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x \
     #+findex: org-toggle-pretty-entities
     This command formats sub- and superscripts in a WYSIWYM way.

** Special Symbols
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Greek letters and other symbols.
:END:
#+cindex: math symbols
#+cindex: special symbols
#+cindex: entities

You can use LaTeX-like syntax to insert special symbols---named
entities---like =\alpha= to indicate the Greek letter, or =\to= to indicate
an arrow.  Completion for these symbols is available, just type =\=
and maybe a few letters, and press {{{kbd(M-TAB)}}} to see possible
completions.  If you need such a symbol inside a word, terminate it
with a pair of curly brackets.  For example

#+begin_example
Pro tip: Given a circle \Gamma of diameter d, the length of its
circumference is \pi{}d.
#+end_example

#+findex: org-entities-help
#+vindex: org-entities-user
A large number of entities is provided, with names taken from both
HTML and LaTeX; you can comfortably browse the complete list from
a dedicated buffer using the command ~org-entities-help~.  It is also
possible to provide your own special symbols in the variable
~org-entities-user~.

During export, these symbols are transformed into the native format of
the exporter back-end.  Strings like =\alpha= are exported as =&alpha;= in
the HTML output, and as =\(\alpha\)= in the LaTeX output.  Similarly, =\nbsp=
becomes =&nbsp;= in HTML and =~= in LaTeX.

#+cindex: special symbols, in-buffer display
If you would like to see entities displayed as UTF-8 characters, use
the following command[fn:105]:

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x \)}}} (~org-toggle-pretty-entities~) ::
     #+kindex: C-c C-x \
     #+findex: org-toggle-pretty-entities

     Toggle display of entities as UTF-8 characters.  This does not
     change the buffer content which remains plain ASCII, but it
     overlays the UTF-8 character for display purposes only.

#+cindex: shy hyphen, special symbol
#+cindex: dash, special symbol
#+cindex: ellipsis, special symbol
In addition to regular entities defined above, Org exports in
a special way[fn:106] the following commonly used character
combinations: =\-= is treated as a shy hyphen, =--= and =---= are
converted into dashes, and =...= becomes a compact set of dots.

** Embedded LaTeX
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: LaTeX can be freely used inside Org documents.
:END:
#+cindex: @TeX{} interpretation
#+cindex: @LaTeX{} interpretation

Plain ASCII is normally sufficient for almost all note taking.
Exceptions include scientific notes, which often require mathematical
symbols and the occasional formula.  LaTeX[fn:107] is widely used to
typeset scientific documents.  Org mode supports embedding LaTeX code
into its files, because many academics are used to writing and reading
LaTeX source code, and because it can be readily processed to produce
pretty output for a number of export back-ends.

*** LaTeX fragments
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Complex formulas made easy.
:END:
#+cindex: @LaTeX{} fragments

#+vindex: org-format-latex-header
Org mode can contain LaTeX math fragments, and it supports ways to
process these for several export back-ends.  When exporting to LaTeX,
the code is left as it is.  When exporting to HTML, Org can use either
[[http://www.mathjax.org][MathJax]] (see [[*Math formatting in HTML export]]) or transcode the math
into images (see [[*Previewing LaTeX fragments]]).

LaTeX fragments do not need any special marking at all.  The following
snippets are identified as LaTeX source code:

- Environments of any kind[fn:108].  The only requirement is that the
  =\begin= statement appears on a new line, preceded by only
  whitespace.

- Text within the usual LaTeX math delimiters.  To avoid conflicts
  with currency specifications, single =$= characters are only
  recognized as math delimiters if the enclosed text contains at most
  two line breaks, is directly attached to the =$= characters with no
  whitespace in between, and if the closing =$= is followed by
  whitespace, punctuation or a dash.  For the other delimiters, there
  is no such restriction, so when in doubt, use =\(...\)= as inline
  math delimiters.

#+texinfo: @noindent
For example:

#+begin_example
\begin{equation}                        % arbitrary environments,
x=\sqrt{b}                              % even tables, figures
\end{equation}                          % etc

If $a^2=b$ and \( b=2 \), then the solution must be
either $$ a=+\sqrt{2} $$ or \[ a=-\sqrt{2} \].
#+end_example

#+vindex: org-export-with-latex
LaTeX processing can be configured with the variable
~org-export-with-latex~.  The default setting is ~t~ which means
MathJax for HTML, and no processing for ASCII and LaTeX back-ends.
You can also set this variable on a per-file basis using one of these
lines:

| =#+OPTIONS: tex:t=        | Do the right thing automatically (MathJax) |
| =#+OPTIONS: tex:nil=      | Do not process LaTeX fragments at all      |
| =#+OPTIONS: tex:verbatim= | Verbatim export, for jsMath or so          |

*** Previewing LaTeX fragments
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: What will this snippet look like?
:END:
#+cindex: @LaTeX{} fragments, preview

#+vindex: org-preview-latex-default-process
If you have a working LaTeX installation and =dvipng=, =dvisvgm= or
=convert= installed[fn:109], LaTeX fragments can be processed to
produce images of the typeset expressions to be used for inclusion
while exporting to HTML (see [[*LaTeX fragments]]), or for inline
previewing within Org mode.

#+vindex: org-format-latex-options
#+vindex: org-format-latex-header
You can customize the variables ~org-format-latex-options~ and
~org-format-latex-header~ to influence some aspects of the preview.
In particular, the ~:scale~ (and for HTML export, ~:html-scale~)
property of the former can be used to adjust the size of the preview
images.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-l)}}} (~org-toggle-latex-fragment~) ::
     #+kindex: C-c C-x C-l
     #+findex: org-toggle-latex-fragment

     Produce a preview image of the LaTeX fragment at point and
     overlay it over the source code.  If there is no fragment at
     point, process all fragments in the current entry (between two
     headlines).  When called with a prefix argument, process the
     entire subtree.  When called with two prefix arguments, or when
     point is before the first headline, process the entire buffer.

#+vindex: org-startup-with-latex-preview
You can turn on the previewing of all LaTeX fragments in a file with

: #+STARTUP: latexpreview

To disable it, simply use

: #+STARTUP: nolatexpreview

*** Using CDLaTeX to enter math
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Speed up entering of formulas.
:ALT_TITLE: CDLaTeX mode
:END:
#+cindex: CD@LaTeX{}

CDLaTeX mode is a minor mode that is normally used in combination with
a major LaTeX mode like AUCTeX in order to speed-up insertion of
environments and math templates.  Inside Org mode, you can make use of
some of the features of CDLaTeX mode.  You need to install
=cdlatex.el= and =texmathp.el= (the latter comes also with AUCTeX)
from [[http://www.astro.uva.nl/~dominik/Tools/cdlatex]].  Do not use
CDLaTeX mode itself under Org mode, but use the light version
~org-cdlatex-mode~ that comes as part of Org mode.  Turn it on for the
current buffer with {{{kbd(M-x org-cdlatex-mode)}}}, or for all Org
files with

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(add-hook 'org-mode-hook 'turn-on-org-cdlatex)
#+end_src

When this mode is enabled, the following features are present (for
more details see the documentation of CDLaTeX mode):

#+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
- {{{kbd(C-c {)}}} ::
     #+kindex: C-c @{

     Insert an environment template.

- {{{kbd(TAB)}}} ::
     #+kindex: TAB

     The {{{kbd(TAB)}}} key expands the template if point is inside
     a LaTeX fragment[fn:110].  For example, {{{kbd(TAB)}}} expands
     =fr= to =\frac{}{}= and position point correctly inside the first
     brace.  Another {{{kbd(TAB)}}} gets you into the second brace.

     Even outside fragments, {{{kbd(TAB)}}} expands environment
     abbreviations at the beginning of a line.  For example, if you
     write =equ= at the beginning of a line and press {{{kbd(TAB)}}},
     this abbreviation is expanded to an =equation= environment.  To
     get a list of all abbreviations, type {{{kbd(M-x
     cdlatex-command-help)}}}.

- {{{kbd(^)}}}, {{{kbd(_)}}} ::
     #+kindex: _
     #+kindex: ^
     #+vindex: cdlatex-simplify-sub-super-scripts

     Pressing {{{kbd(_)}}} and {{{kbd(^)}}} inside a LaTeX fragment
     inserts these characters together with a pair of braces.  If you
     use {{{kbd(TAB)}}} to move out of the braces, and if the braces
     surround only a single character or macro, they are removed again
     (depending on the variable ~cdlatex-simplify-sub-super-scripts~).

- {{{kbd(`)}}} ::
     #+kindex: `

     Pressing the backquote followed by a character inserts math
     macros, also outside LaTeX fragments.  If you wait more than 1.5
     seconds after the backquote, a help window pops up.

- {{{kbd(')}}} ::
     #+kindex: '

     Pressing the single-quote followed by another character modifies
     the symbol before point with an accent or a font.  If you wait
     more than 1.5 seconds after the single-quote, a help window pops
     up.  Character modification works only inside LaTeX fragments;
     outside the quote is normal.

** Literal Examples
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Source code examples with special formatting.
:END:
#+cindex: literal examples, markup rules
#+cindex: code line references, markup rules

You can include literal examples that should not be subjected to
markup.  Such examples are typeset in monospace, so this is well
suited for source code and similar examples.

#+cindex: @samp{BEGIN_EXAMPLE}
#+cindex: example block
#+begin_example
,#+BEGIN_EXAMPLE
  Some example from a text file.
,#+END_EXAMPLE
#+end_example

Note that such blocks may be /indented/ in order to align nicely with
indented text and in particular with plain list structure (see
[[*Plain Lists]]).  For simplicity when using small examples, you can
also start the example lines with a colon followed by a space.  There
may also be additional whitespace before the colon:

#+begin_example
Here is an example
   : Some example from a text file.
#+end_example

#+cindex: formatting source code, markup rules
#+vindex: org-latex-listings
If the example is source code from a programming language, or any
other text that can be marked up by Font Lock in Emacs, you can ask
for the example to look like the fontified Emacs buffer[fn:111].  This
is done with the code block, where you also need to specify the name
of the major mode that should be used to fontify the example[fn:112],
see [[*Structure Templates]] for shortcuts to easily insert code blocks.

#+cindex: @samp{BEGIN_SRC}
#+cindex: source block
#+begin_example
,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
  (defun org-xor (a b)
    "Exclusive or."
    (if a (not b) b))
 ,#+END_SRC
#+end_example

Both in =example= and in =src= snippets, you can add a =-n= switch to
the end of the =#+BEGIN= line, to get the lines of the example
numbered.  The =-n= takes an optional numeric argument specifying the
starting line number of the block.  If you use a =+n= switch, the
numbering from the previous numbered snippet is continued in the
current one.  The =+n= switch can also take a numeric argument.  This
adds the value of the argument to the last line of the previous block
to determine the starting line number.

#+begin_example
,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp -n 20
  ;; This exports with line number 20.
  (message "This is line 21")
,#+END_SRC

,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp +n 10
  ;; This is listed as line 31.
  (message "This is line 32")
,#+END_SRC
#+end_example

In literal examples, Org interprets strings like =(ref:name)= as
labels, and use them as targets for special hyperlinks like
=[[(name)]]=---i.e., the reference name enclosed in single parenthesis.
In HTML, hovering the mouse over such a link remote-highlights the
corresponding code line, which is kind of cool.

You can also add a =-r= switch which /removes/ the labels from the
source code[fn:113].  With the =-n= switch, links to these references
are labeled by the line numbers from the code listing.  Otherwise
links use the labels with no parentheses.  Here is an example:

#+begin_example -l "(dumb-reference:%s)"
,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp -n -r
  (save-excursion                 (ref:sc)
     (goto-char (point-min))      (ref:jump)
,#+END_SRC
In line [[(sc)]] we remember the current position. [[(jump)][Line (jump)]]
jumps to point-min.
#+end_example

#+cindex: indentation, in source blocks
Finally, you can use =-i= to preserve the indentation of a specific
code block (see [[*Editing Source Code]]).

#+vindex: org-coderef-label-format
If the syntax for the label format conflicts with the language syntax,
use a =-l= switch to change the format, for example

: #+BEGIN_SRC pascal -n -r -l "((%s))"

#+texinfo: @noindent
See also the variable ~org-coderef-label-format~.

HTML export also allows examples to be published as text areas (see
[[*Text areas in HTML export]]).

Because the =#+BEGIN= ... =#+END= patterns need to be added so often,
a shortcut is provided (see [[*Structure Templates]]).

- {{{kbd(C-c ')}}} (~org-edit-special~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c '
     #+findex: org-edit-special
     Edit the source code example at point in its native mode.  This
     works by switching to a temporary buffer with the source code.
     You need to exit by pressing {{{kbd(C-c ')}}} again[fn:114].  The
     edited version then replaces the old version in the Org buffer.
     Fixed-width regions---where each line starts with a colon
     followed by a space---are edited using ~artist-mode~[fn:115] to
     allow creating ASCII drawings easily.  Using this command in an
     empty line creates a new fixed-width region.

#+cindex: storing link, in a source code buffer
Calling ~org-store-link~ (see [[*Handling Links]]) while editing a source
code example in a temporary buffer created with {{{kbd(C-c ')}}}
prompts for a label.  Make sure that it is unique in the current
buffer, and insert it with the proper formatting like =(ref:label)= at
the end of the current line.  Then the label is stored as a link
=(label)=, for retrieval with {{{kbd(C-c C-l)}}}.

** Images
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Display an image.
:END:

#+cindex: inlining images
#+cindex: images, markup rules
An image is a link to an image file[fn:116] that does not have
a description part, for example

: ./img/cat.jpg

If you wish to define a caption for the image (see [[*Captions]]) and
maybe a label for internal cross references (see [[*Internal Links]]),
make sure that the link is on a line by itself and precede it with
=CAPTION= and =NAME= keywords as follows:

#+begin_example
,#+CAPTION: This is the caption for the next figure link (or table)
,#+NAME:   fig:SED-HR4049
[[./img/a.jpg]]
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
Such images can be displayed within the buffer with the following
command:

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-v)}}} (~org-toggle-inline-images~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x C-v
     #+findex: org-toggle-inline-images
     #+vindex: org-startup-with-inline-images
     Toggle the inline display of linked images.  When called with
     a prefix argument, also display images that do have a link
     description.  You can ask for inline images to be displayed at
     startup by configuring the variable
     ~org-startup-with-inline-images~[fn:117].

** Captions
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Describe tables, images...
:END:
#+cindex: captions, markup rules
#+cindex: @samp{CAPTION}, keyword

You can assign a caption to a specific part of a document by inserting
a =CAPTION= keyword immediately before it:

#+begin_example
,#+CAPTION: This is the caption for the next table (or link)
| ... | ... |
|-----+-----|
#+end_example

Optionally, the caption can take the form:

: #+CAPTION[Short caption]: Longer caption.

Even though images and tables are prominent examples of captioned
structures, the same caption mechanism can apply to many
others---e.g., LaTeX equations, source code blocks.  Depending on the
export back-end, those may or may not be handled.

** Horizontal Rules
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Make a line.
:END:

#+cindex: horizontal rules, markup rules
A line consisting of only dashes, and at least 5 of them, is exported
as a horizontal line.

* Exporting
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Sharing and publishing notes.
:END:
#+cindex: exporting

At some point you might want to print your notes, publish them on the
web, or share them with people not using Org.  Org can convert and
export documents to a variety of other formats while retaining as much
structure (see [[*Document Structure]]) and markup (see [[*Markup for Rich
Contents]]) as possible.

#+cindex: export back-end
The libraries responsible for translating Org files to other formats
are called /back-ends/.  Org ships with support for the following
back-ends:

- /ascii/ (ASCII format)
- /beamer/ (LaTeX Beamer format)
- /html/ (HTML format)
- /icalendar/ (iCalendar format)
- /latex/ (LaTeX format)
- /md/ (Markdown format)
- /odt/ (OpenDocument Text format)
- /org/ (Org format)
- /texinfo/ (Texinfo format)
- /man/ (Man page format)

Users can install libraries for additional formats from the Emacs
packaging system. For easy discovery, these packages have a common
naming scheme: ~ox-NAME~, where {{{var(NAME)}}} is a format.  For
example, ~ox-koma-letter~ for /koma-letter/ back-end.  More libraries
can be found in the =contrib/= directory (see [[*Installation]]).

#+vindex: org-export-backends
Org only loads back-ends for the following formats by default: ASCII,
HTML, iCalendar, LaTeX, and ODT.  Additional back-ends can be loaded
in either of two ways: by configuring the ~org-export-backends~
variable, or by requiring libraries in the Emacs init file.  For
example, to load the Markdown back-end, add this to your Emacs config:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(require 'ox-md)
#+end_src

** The Export Dispatcher
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: The main interface.
:END:
#+cindex: dispatcher, for export commands
#+cindex: export, dispatcher

The export dispatcher is the main interface for Org's exports.
A hierarchical menu presents the currently configured export formats.
Options are shown as easy toggle switches on the same screen.

#+vindex: org-export-dispatch-use-expert-ui
Org also has a minimal prompt interface for the export dispatcher.
When the variable ~org-export-dispatch-use-expert-ui~ is set to
a non-~nil~ value, Org prompts in the minibuffer.  To switch back to
the hierarchical menu, press {{{kbd(?)}}}.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-e)}}} (~org-export~) ::
     #+kindex: C-c C-e
     #+findex: org-export

     Invokes the export dispatcher interface.  The options show
     default settings.  The {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix argument preserves
     options from the previous export, including any sub-tree
     selections.

Org exports the entire buffer by default.  If the Org buffer has an
active region, then Org exports just that region.

Within the dispatcher interface, the following key combinations can
further alter what is exported, and how.

- {{{kbd(C-a)}}} ::
     #+kindex: C-c C-e C-a

     Toggle asynchronous export.  Asynchronous export uses an external
     Emacs process with a specially configured initialization file to
     complete the exporting process in the background, without tying-up
     Emacs.  This is particularly useful when exporting long documents.

     Output from an asynchronous export is saved on the /export
     stack/.  To view this stack, call the export dispatcher with
     a double {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix argument.  If already in the
     export dispatcher menu, {{{kbd(&)}}} displays the stack.

     #+vindex: org-export-in-background
     You can make asynchronous export the default by setting
     ~org-export-in-background~.

     #+vindex: org-export-async-init-file
     You can set the initialization file used by the background process
     by setting ~org-export-async-init-file~.

- {{{kbd(C-b)}}} ::
     #+kindex: C-c C-e C-b

     Toggle body-only export.  Useful for excluding headers and
     footers in the export.  Affects only those back-end formats that
     have sections like =<head>...</head>= in HTML.

- {{{kbd(C-s)}}} ::
     #+kindex: C-c C-e C-s

     Toggle sub-tree export.  When turned on, Org exports only the
     sub-tree starting from point position at the time the export
     dispatcher was invoked.  Org uses the top heading of this
     sub-tree as the document's title.  If point is not on a heading,
     Org uses the nearest enclosing header.  If point is in the
     document preamble, Org signals an error and aborts export.

     #+vindex: org-export-initial-scope
     To make sub-tree export the default, customize the variable
     ~org-export-initial-scope~.

- {{{kbd(C-v)}}} ::
     #+kindex: C-c C-e C-v

     Toggle visible-only export.  This is useful for exporting only certain
     parts of an Org document by adjusting the visibility
     of particular headings.

** Export Settings
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Common export settings.
:END:
#+cindex: options, for export
#+cindex: Export, settings

#+cindex: @samp{OPTIONS}, keyword
Export options can be set: globally with variables; for an individual
file by making variables buffer-local with in-buffer settings (see
[[*Summary of In-Buffer Settings]]); by setting individual keywords or
specifying them in compact form with the =OPTIONS= keyword; or for
a tree by setting properties (see [[*Properties and Columns]]).  Options
set at a specific level override options set at a more general level.

#+cindex: @samp{SETUPFILE}, keyword
In-buffer settings may appear anywhere in the file, either directly or
indirectly through a file included using =#+SETUPFILE: filename or
URL= syntax.  Option keyword sets tailored to a particular back-end
can be inserted from the export dispatcher (see [[*The Export
Dispatcher]]) using the =Insert template= command by pressing
{{{kbd(#)}}}.  To insert keywords individually, a good way to make
sure the keyword is correct is to type =#+= and then to use
{{{kbd(M-TAB)}}}[fn:16] for completion.

The export keywords available for every back-end, and their equivalent
global variables, include:

- =AUTHOR= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{AUTHOR}, keyword
     #+vindex: user-full-name
     The document author (~user-full-name~).

- =CREATOR= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{CREATOR}, keyword
     #+vindex: org-expot-creator-string
     Entity responsible for output generation
     (~org-export-creator-string~).

- =DATE= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{DATE}, keyword
     #+vindex: org-export-date-timestamp-format
     A date or a time-stamp[fn:118].

- =EMAIL= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{EMAIL}, keyword
     #+vindex: user-mail-address
     The email address (~user-mail-address~).

- =LANGUAGE= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{LANGUAGE}, keyword
     #+vindex: org-export-default-language
     Language to use for translating certain strings
     (~org-export-default-language~).  With =#+LANGUAGE: fr=, for
     example, Org translates =Table of contents= to the French =Table
     des matières=.

- =SELECT_TAGS= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{SELECT_TAGS}, keyword
     #+vindex: org-export-select-tags
     The default value is ~("export")~.  When a tree is tagged with
     =export= (~org-export-select-tags~), Org selects that tree and
     its sub-trees for export.  Org excludes trees with =noexport=
     tags, see below.  When selectively exporting files with =export=
     tags set, Org does not export any text that appears before the
     first headline.

- =EXCLUDE_TAGS= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{EXCLUDE_TAGS}, keyword
     #+vindex: org-export-exclude-tags
     The default value is ~("noexport")~.  When a tree is tagged with
     =noexport= (~org-export-exclude-tags~), Org excludes that tree
     and its sub-trees from export.  Entries tagged with =noexport=
     are unconditionally excluded from the export, even if they have
     an =export= tag.  Even if a sub-tree is not exported, Org
     executes any code blocks contained there.

- =TITLE= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{TITLE}, keyword
     #+cindex: document title
     Org displays this title.  For long titles, use multiple =#+TITLE=
     lines.

- =EXPORT_FILE_NAME= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{EXPORT_FILE_NAME}, keyword
     The name of the output file to be generated.  Otherwise, Org
     generates the file name based on the buffer name and the
     extension based on the back-end format.

The =OPTIONS= keyword is a compact form.  To configure multiple
options, use several =OPTIONS= lines.  =OPTIONS= recognizes the
following arguments.

- ~'~ ::

     #+vindex: org-export-with-smart-quotes
     Toggle smart quotes (~org-export-with-smart-quotes~).  Depending
     on the language used, when activated, Org treats pairs of double
     quotes as primary quotes, pairs of single quotes as secondary
     quotes, and single quote marks as apostrophes.

- ~*~ ::

     #+vindex: org-export-with-emphasize
     Toggle emphasized text (~org-export-with-emphasize~).

- ~-~ ::

     #+vindex: org-export-with-special-strings
     Toggle conversion of special strings
     (~org-export-with-special-strings~).

- ~:~ ::

     #+vindex: org-export-with-fixed-width
     Toggle fixed-width sections (~org-export-with-fixed-width~).

- ~<~ ::

     #+vindex: org-export-with-timestamps
     Toggle inclusion of time/date active/inactive stamps
     (~org-export-with-timestamps~).

- ~\n~ ::

     #+vindex: org-export-preserve-breaks
     Toggles whether to preserve line breaks
     (~org-export-preserve-breaks~).

- ~^~ ::

     #+vindex: org-export-with-sub-superscripts
     Toggle TeX-like syntax for sub- and superscripts.  If you write
     =^:{}=, =a_{b}= is interpreted, but the simple =a_b= is left as
     it is (~org-export-with-sub-superscripts~).

- ~arch~ ::

     #+vindex: org-export-with-archived-trees
     Configure how archived trees are exported.  When set to
     ~headline~, the export process skips the contents and processes
     only the headlines (~org-export-with-archived-trees~).

- ~author~ ::

     #+vindex: org-export-with-author
     Toggle inclusion of author name into exported file
     (~org-export-with-author~).

- ~broken-links~ ::

     #+vindex: org-export-with-broken-links
     Toggles if Org should continue exporting upon finding a broken
     internal link.  When set to ~mark~, Org clearly marks the problem
     link in the output (~org-export-with-broken-links~).

- ~c~ ::

     #+vindex: org-export-with-clocks
     Toggle inclusion of CLOCK keywords (~org-export-with-clocks~).

- ~creator~ ::

     #+vindex: org-export-with-creator
     Toggle inclusion of creator information in the exported file
     (~org-export-with-creator~).

- ~d~ ::

     #+vindex: org-export-with-drawers
     Toggles inclusion of drawers, or list of drawers to include, or
     list of drawers to exclude (~org-export-with-drawers~).

- ~date~ ::

     #+vindex: org-export-with-date
     Toggle inclusion of a date into exported file
     (~org-export-with-date~).

- ~e~ ::

     #+vindex: org-export-with-entities
     Toggle inclusion of entities (~org-export-with-entities~).

- ~email~ ::

     #+vindex: org-export-with-email
     Toggle inclusion of the author's e-mail into exported file
     (~org-export-with-email~).

- ~f~ ::

     #+vindex: org-export-with-footnotes
     Toggle the inclusion of footnotes (~org-export-with-footnotes~).

- ~H~ ::

     #+vindex: org-export-headline-levels
     Set the number of headline levels for export
     (~org-export-headline-levels~).  Below that level, headlines are
     treated differently.  In most back-ends, they become list items.

- ~inline~ ::

     #+vindex: org-export-with-inlinetasks
     Toggle inclusion of inlinetasks (~org-export-with-inlinetasks~).

- ~num~ ::

     #+vindex: org-export-with-section-numbers
     #+cindex: @samp{UNNUMBERED}, property
     Toggle section-numbers (~org-export-with-section-numbers~).  When
     set to number N, Org numbers only those headlines at level N or
     above.  Set =UNNUMBERED= property to non-~nil~ to disable
     numbering of heading and subheadings entirely.  Moreover, when
     the value is =notoc= the headline, and all its children, do not
     appear in the table of contents either (see [[*Table of Contents]]).

- ~p~ ::

     #+vindex: org-export-with-planning
     Toggle export of planning information
     (~org-export-with-planning~).  "Planning information" comes from
     lines located right after the headline and contain any
     combination of these cookies: =SCHEDULED=, =DEADLINE=, or
     =CLOSED=.

- ~pri~ ::

     #+vindex: org-export-with-priority
     Toggle inclusion of priority cookies
     (~org-export-with-priority~).

- ~prop~ ::

     #+vindex: org-export-with-properties
     Toggle inclusion of property drawers, or list the properties to
     include (~org-export-with-properties~).

- ~stat~ ::

     #+vindex: org-export-with-statistics-cookies
     Toggle inclusion of statistics cookies
     (~org-export-with-statistics-cookies~).

- ~tags~ ::

     #+vindex: org-export-with-tags
     Toggle inclusion of tags, may also be ~not-in-toc~
     (~org-export-with-tags~).

- ~tasks~ ::

     #+vindex: org-export-with-tasks
     Toggle inclusion of tasks (TODO items); or ~nil~ to remove all
     tasks; or ~todo~ to remove DONE tasks; or list the keywords to
     keep (~org-export-with-tasks~).

- ~tex~ ::

     #+vindex: org-export-with-latex
     ~nil~ does not export; ~t~ exports; ~verbatim~ keeps everything
     in verbatim (~org-export-with-latex~).

- ~timestamp~ ::

     #+vindex: org-export-time-stamp-file
     Toggle inclusion of the creation time in the exported file
     (~org-export-time-stamp-file~).

- ~title~ ::

     #+vindex: org-export-with-title
     Toggle inclusion of title (~org-export-with-title~).

- ~toc~ ::

     #+vindex: org-export-with-toc
     Toggle inclusion of the table of contents, or set the level limit
     (~org-export-with-toc~).

- ~todo~ ::

     #+vindex: org-export-with-todo-keywords
     Toggle inclusion of TODO keywords into exported text
     (~org-export-with-todo-keywords~).

- ~|~ ::

     #+vindex: org-export-with-tables
     Toggle inclusion of tables (~org-export-with-tables~).

When exporting sub-trees, special node properties can override the
above keywords.  These properties have an =EXPORT_= prefix.  For
example, =DATE= becomes, =EXPORT_DATE= when used for a specific
sub-tree.  Except for =SETUPFILE=, all other keywords listed above
have an =EXPORT_= equivalent.

#+cindex: @samp{BIND}, keyword
#+vindex: org-export-allow-bind-keywords
If ~org-export-allow-bind-keywords~ is non-~nil~, Emacs variables can
become buffer-local during export by using the =BIND= keyword.  Its
syntax is =#+BIND: variable value=.  This is particularly useful for
in-buffer settings that cannot be changed using keywords.

** Table of Contents
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: The if and where of the table of contents.
:END:
#+cindex: table of contents
#+cindex: list of tables
#+cindex: list of listings

#+cindex: @samp{toc}, in @samp{OPTIONS} keyword
#+vindex: org-export-with-toc
The table of contents includes all headlines in the document.  Its
depth is therefore the same as the headline levels in the file.  If
you need to use a different depth, or turn it off entirely, set the
~org-export-with-toc~ variable accordingly.  You can achieve the same
on a per file basis, using the following =toc= item in =OPTIONS=
keyword:

#+begin_example
,#+OPTIONS: toc:2          (only include two levels in TOC)
,#+OPTIONS: toc:nil        (no default TOC at all)
#+end_example

#+cindex: excluding entries from table of contents
#+cindex: table of contents, exclude entries
Org includes both numbered and unnumbered headlines in the table of
contents[fn:119].  If you need to exclude an unnumbered headline,
along with all its children, set the =UNNUMBERED= property to =notoc=
value.

#+begin_example
,* Subtree not numbered, not in table of contents either
  :PROPERTIES:
  :UNNUMBERED: notoc
  :END:
#+end_example

#+cindex: @samp{TOC}, keyword
Org normally inserts the table of contents directly before the first
headline of the file.  To move the table of contents to a different
location, first turn off the default with ~org-export-with-toc~
variable or with =#+OPTIONS: toc:nil=.  Then insert =#+TOC: headlines
N= at the desired location(s).

#+begin_example
,#+OPTIONS: toc:nil
...
,#+TOC: headlines 2
#+end_example

To adjust the table of contents depth for a specific section of the
Org document, append an additional =local= parameter.  This parameter
becomes a relative depth for the current level.  The following example
inserts a local table of contents, with direct children only.

#+begin_example
,* Section
,#+TOC: headlines 1 local
#+end_example

Note that for this feature to work properly in LaTeX export, the Org
file requires the inclusion of the titletoc package.  Because of
compatibility issues, titletoc has to be loaded /before/ hyperref.
Customize the ~org-latex-default-packages-alist~ variable.

Use the =TOC= keyword to generate list of tables---respectively, all
listings---with captions.

#+begin_example
,#+TOC: listings
,#+TOC: tables
#+end_example

#+cindex: @samp{ALT_TITLE}, property
Normally Org uses the headline for its entry in the table of contents.
But with =ALT_TITLE= property, a different entry can be specified for
the table of contents.

** Include Files
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Include additional files into a document.
:END:
#+cindex: include files, during export
#+cindex: export, include files
#+cindex: @samp{INCLUDE}, keyword

During export, you can include the content of another file.  For
example, to include your =.emacs= file, you could use:

: #+INCLUDE: "~/.emacs" src emacs-lisp

#+texinfo: @noindent
The first parameter is the file name to include.  The optional second
parameter specifies the block type: =example=, =export= or =src=.  The
optional third parameter specifies the source code language to use for
formatting the contents.  This is relevant to both =export= and =src=
block types.

If an included file is specified as having a markup language, Org
neither checks for valid syntax nor changes the contents in any way.
For example and source blocks, Org code-escapes the contents before
inclusion.

#+cindex: @samp{minlevel}, include
If an included file is not specified as having any markup language,
Org assumes it be in Org format and proceeds as usual with a few
exceptions.  Org makes the footnote labels (see [[*Creating Footnotes]])
in the included file local to that file.  The contents of the included
file belong to the same structure---headline, item---containing the
=INCLUDE= keyword.  In particular, headlines within the file become
children of the current section.  That behavior can be changed by
providing an additional keyword parameter, =:minlevel=.  It shifts the
headlines in the included file to become the lowest level.  For
example, this syntax makes the included file a sibling of the current
top-level headline:

: #+INCLUDE: "~/my-book/chapter2.org" :minlevel 1

#+cindex: @samp{lines}, include
Inclusion of only portions of files are specified using ranges
parameter with =:lines= keyword.  The line at the upper end of the
range will not be included.  The start and/or the end of the range may
be omitted to use the obvious defaults.

| =#+INCLUDE: "~/.emacs" :lines "5-10"= | Include lines 5 to 10, 10 excluded |
| =#+INCLUDE: "~/.emacs" :lines "-10"=  | Include lines 1 to 10, 10 excluded |
| =#+INCLUDE: "~/.emacs" :lines "10-"=  | Include lines from 10 to EOF       |

Inclusions may specify a file-link to extract an object matched by
~org-link-search~[fn:120] (see [[*Search Options in File Links]]).  The
ranges for =:lines= keyword are relative to the requested element.
Therefore,

: #+INCLUDE: "./paper.org::*conclusion" :lines 1-20

#+texinfo: @noindent
includes the first 20 lines of the headline named =conclusion=.

#+cindex: @samp{only-contents}, include
To extract only the contents of the matched object, set
=:only-contents= property to non-~nil~.  This omits any planning lines
or property drawers.  For example, to include the body of the heading
with the custom ID =theory=, you can use

: #+INCLUDE: "./paper.org::#theory" :only-contents t

The following command allows navigating back and forth to the included
document:

- {{{kbd(C-c ')}}} (~org-edit~special~) ::
     #+kindex: C-c '
     #+findex: org-edit-special

     Visit the included file at point.

** Macro Replacement
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Use macros to create templates.
:END:
#+cindex: macro replacement, during export
#+cindex: @samp{MACRO}, keyword

#+vindex: org-export-global-macros
Macros replace text snippets during export.  Macros are defined
globally in ~org-export-global-macros~, or document-wise with the
following syntax:

: #+MACRO: name   replacement text; $1, $2 are arguments

#+texinfo: @noindent
which can be referenced using ={{{name(arg1, arg2)}}}=[fn:121].  For
example

#+begin_example
,#+MACRO: poem The rose is $1, The violet's $2. Life's ordered: Org assists you.
{{{poem(red,blue)}}}
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
becomes

: The rose is red, The violet's blue. Life's ordered: Org assists you.

As a special case, Org parses any replacement text starting with
=(eval= as an Emacs Lisp expression and evaluates it accordingly.
Within such templates, arguments become strings.  Thus, the following
macro

: #+MACRO: gnucheck (eval (concat "GNU/" (capitalize $1)))

#+texinfo: @noindent
turns ={{{gnucheck(linux)}}}= into =GNU/Linux= during export.

Org recognizes macro references in following Org markup areas:
paragraphs, headlines, verse blocks, tables cells and lists.  Org also
recognizes macro references in keywords, such as =CAPTION=, =TITLE=,
=AUTHOR=, =DATE=, and for some back-end specific export options.

Org comes with following pre-defined macros:

#+attr_texinfo: :sep ;
- ={{{keyword(NAME)}}}=; ={{{title}}}=; ={{{author}}}=; ={{{email}}}= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{keyword}, macro
     #+cindex: @samp{title}, macro
     #+cindex: @samp{author}, macro
     #+cindex: @samp{email}, macro
     The =keyword= macro collects all values from {{{var(NAME)}}}
     keywords throughout the buffer, separated with white space.
     =title=, =author= and =email= macros are shortcuts for,
     respectively, ={{{keyword(TITLE)}}}=, ={{{keyword(AUTHOR)}}}= and
     ={{{keyword(EMAIL)}}}=.

- ={{{date}}}=; ={{{date(FORMAT)}}}= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{date}, macro
     This macro refers to the =DATE= keyword.  {{{var(FORMAT)}}} is an
     optional argument to the =date= macro that is used only if =DATE=
     is a single timestamp.  {{{var(FORMAT)}}} should be a format
     string understood by ~format-time-string~.

- ={{{time(FORMAT)}}}=; ={{{modification-time(FORMAT, VC)}}}= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{time}, macro
     #+cindex: @samp{modification-time}, macro
     These macros refer to the document's date and time of export and
     date and time of modification.  {{{var(FORMAT)}}} is a string
     understood by ~format-time-string~.  If the second argument to
     the ~modification-time~ macro is non-~nil~, Org uses =vc.el= to
     retrieve the document's modification time from the version
     control system.  Otherwise Org reads the file attributes.

- ={{{input-file}}}= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{input-file}, macro
     This macro refers to the filename of the exported file.

- ={{{property(PROPERTY-NAME)}}}=; ={{{property(PROPERTY-NAME, SEARCH OPTION)}}}= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{property}, macro
     This macro returns the value of property {{{var(PROPERTY-NAME)}}}
     in the current entry.  If {{{var(SEARCH-OPTION)}}} (see [[*Search
     Options in File Links]]) refers to a remote entry, use it instead.

- ={{{n}}}=; ={{{n(NAME)}}}=; ={{{n(NAME, ACTION)}}}= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{n}, macro
     #+cindex: counter, macro
     This macro implements custom counters by returning the number of
     times the macro has been expanded so far while exporting the
     buffer.  You can create more than one counter using different
     {{{var(NAME)}}} values.  If {{{var(ACTION)}}} is =-=, previous
     value of the counter is held, i.e., the specified counter is not
     incremented.  If the value is a number, the specified counter is
     set to that value.  If it is any other non-empty string, the
     specified counter is reset to 1.  You may leave {{{var(NAME)}}}
     empty to reset the default counter.

#+cindex: @samp{results}, macro
Moreover, inline source blocks (see [[*Structure of Code Blocks]]) use the
special =results= macro to mark their output.  As such, you are
advised against re-defining it, unless you know what you are doing.

#+vindex: org-hide-macro-markers
The surrounding brackets can be made invisible by setting
~org-hide-macro-markers~ to a non-~nil~ value.

Org expands macros at the very beginning of the export process.

** Comment Lines
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: What will not be exported.
:END:
#+cindex: exporting, not

#+cindex: comment lines
Lines starting with zero or more whitespace characters followed by one
=#= and a whitespace are treated as comments and, as such, are not
exported.

#+cindex: @samp{BEGIN_COMMENT}
#+cindex: comment block
Likewise, regions surrounded by =#+BEGIN_COMMENT= ... =#+END_COMMENT=
are not exported.

#+cindex: comment trees
Finally, a =COMMENT= keyword at the beginning of an entry, but after
any other keyword or priority cookie, comments out the entire subtree.
In this case, the subtree is not exported and no code block within it
is executed either[fn:122].  The command below helps changing the
comment status of a headline.

- {{{kbd(C-c ;)}}} (~org-toggle-comment~) ::
     #+kindex: C-c ;
     #+findex: org-toggle-comment

     Toggle the =COMMENT= keyword at the beginning of an entry.

** ASCII/Latin-1/UTF-8 export
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Exporting to flat files with encoding.
:END:
#+cindex: ASCII export
#+cindex: Latin-1 export
#+cindex: UTF-8 export

ASCII export produces an output file containing only plain ASCII
characters.  This is the simplest and most direct text output.  It
does not contain any Org markup.  Latin-1 and UTF-8 export use
additional characters and symbols available in these encoding
standards.  All three of these export formats offer the most basic of
text output for maximum portability.

#+vindex: org-ascii-text-width
On export, Org fills and justifies text according to the text width
set in ~org-ascii-text-width~.

#+vindex: org-ascii-links-to-notes
Org exports links using a footnote-like style where the descriptive
part is in the text and the link is in a note before the next heading.
See the variable ~org-ascii-links-to-notes~ for details.

*** ASCII export commands
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

#+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
- {{{kbd(C-c C-e t a)}}} (~org-ascii-export-to-ascii~), {{{kbd(C-c C-e t l)}}}, {{{kbd(C-c C-e t u)}}} ::
     #+kindex: C-c C-e t a
     #+kindex: C-c C-e t l
     #+kindex: C-c C-e t u
     #+findex: org-ascii-export-to-ascii

     Export as an ASCII file with a =.txt= extension.  For
     =myfile.org=, Org exports to =myfile.txt=, overwriting without
     warning.  For =myfile.txt=, Org exports to =myfile.txt.txt= in
     order to prevent data loss.

#+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
- {{{kbd(C-c C-e t A)}}} (~org-ascii-export-to-ascii~), {{{kbd(C-c C-e t L)}}}, {{{kbd(C-c C-e t U)}}} ::
     #+kindex: C-c C-e t A
     #+kindex: C-c C-e t L
     #+kindex: C-c C-e t U
     #+findex: org-ascii-export-to-ascii

     Export to a temporary buffer.  Does not create a file.

*** ASCII specific export settings
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

The ASCII export back-end has one extra keyword for customizing ASCII
output.  Setting this keyword works similar to the general options
(see [[*Export Settings]]).

- =SUBTITLE= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{SUBTITLE}, keyword
     The document subtitle.  For long subtitles, use multiple
     =#+SUBTITLE= lines in the Org file.  Org prints them on one
     continuous line, wrapping into multiple lines if necessary.

*** Header and sectioning structure
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

Org converts the first three outline levels into headlines for ASCII
export.  The remaining levels are turned into lists.  To change this
cut-off point where levels become lists, see [[*Export Settings]].

*** Quoting ASCII text
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

To insert text within the Org file by the ASCII back-end, use one the
following constructs, inline, keyword, or export block:

#+cindex: @samp{ASCII}, keyword
#+cindex: @samp{BEGIN_EXPORT ascii}
#+begin_example
Inline text @@ascii:and additional text@@ within a paragraph.

,#+ASCII: Some text

,#+BEGIN_EXPORT ascii
Org exports text in this block only when using ASCII back-end.
,#+END_EXPORT
#+end_example

*** ASCII specific attributes
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:
#+cindex: @samp{ATTR_ASCII}, keyword
#+cindex: horizontal rules, in ASCII export

ASCII back-end recognizes only one attribute, =:width=, which
specifies the width of a horizontal rule in number of characters.  The
keyword and syntax for specifying widths is:

#+begin_example
,#+ATTR_ASCII: :width 10
-----
#+end_example

*** ASCII special blocks
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:
#+cindex: special blocks, in ASCII export
#+cindex: @samp{BEGIN_JUSTIFYLEFT}
#+cindex: @samp{BEGIN_JUSTIFYRIGHT}

Besides =#+BEGIN_CENTER= blocks (see [[*Paragraphs]]), ASCII back-end has
these two left and right justification blocks:

#+begin_example
,#+BEGIN_JUSTIFYLEFT
It's just a jump to the left...
,#+END_JUSTIFYLEFT

,#+BEGIN_JUSTIFYRIGHT
...and then a step to the right.
,#+END_JUSTIFYRIGHT
#+end_example

** Beamer Export
#+cindex: Beamer export

Org uses Beamer export to convert an Org file tree structure into
high-quality interactive slides for presentations.  Beamer is a LaTeX
document class for creating presentations in PDF, HTML, and other
popular display formats.

*** Beamer export commands
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: For creating Beamer documents.
:END:

- {{{kbd(C-c C-e l b)}}} (~org-beamer-export-to-latex~) ::
     #+kindex: C-c C-e l b
     #+findex: org-beamer-export-to-latex

     Export as LaTeX file with a =.tex= extension.  For =myfile.org=,
     Org exports to =myfile.tex=, overwriting without warning.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-e l B)}}} (~org-beamer-export-as-latex~) ::
     #+kindex: C-c C-e l B
     #+findex: org-beamer-export-as-latex

     Export to a temporary buffer.  Does not create a file.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-e l P)}}} (~org-beamer-export-to-pdf~) ::
     #+kindex: C-c C-e l P
     #+findex: org-beamer-export-to-pdf

     Export as LaTeX file and then convert it to PDF format.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-e l O)}}} ::
     #+kindex: C-c C-e l O

     Export as LaTeX file, convert it to PDF format, and then open the
     PDF file.

*** Beamer specific export settings
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: For customizing Beamer export.
:END:

Beamer export back-end has several additional keywords for customizing
Beamer output.  These keywords work similar to the general options
settings (see [[*Export Settings]]).

- =BEAMER_THEME= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{BEAMER_THEME}, keyword
     #+vindex: org-beamer-theme
     The Beamer layout theme (~org-beamer-theme~).  Use square
     brackets for options.  For example:

     : #+BEAMER_THEME: Rochester [height=20pt]

- =BEAMER_FONT_THEME= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{BEAMER_FONT_THEME}, keyword
     The Beamer font theme.

- =BEAMER_INNER_THEME= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{BEAMER_INNER_THEME}, keyword
     The Beamer inner theme.

- =BEAMER_OUTER_THEME= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{BEAMER_OUTER_THEME}, keyword
     The Beamer outer theme.

- =BEAMER_HEADER= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{BEAMER_HEADER}, keyword
     Arbitrary lines inserted in the preamble, just before the
     =hyperref= settings.

- =DESCRIPTION= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{DESCRIPTION}, keyword
     The document description.  For long descriptions, use multiple
     =DESCRIPTION= keywords.  By default, =hyperref= inserts
     =DESCRIPTION= as metadata.  Use ~org-latex-hyperref-template~ to
     configure document metadata.  Use ~org-latex-title-command~ to
     configure typesetting of description as part of front matter.

- =KEYWORDS= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{KEYWORDS}, keyword
     The keywords for defining the contents of the document.  Use
     multiple =KEYWORDS= lines if necessary.  By default, =hyperref=
     inserts =KEYWORDS= as metadata.  Use
     ~org-latex-hyperref-template~ to configure document metadata.
     Use ~org-latex-title-command~ to configure typesetting of
     keywords as part of front matter.

- =SUBTITLE= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{SUBTITLE}, keyword
     Document's subtitle.  For typesetting, use
     ~org-beamer-subtitle-format~ string.  Use
     ~org-latex-hyperref-template~ to configure document metadata.
     Use ~org-latex-title-command~ to configure typesetting of
     subtitle as part of front matter.

*** Frames and Blocks in Beamer
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: For composing Beamer slides.
:END:

Org transforms heading levels into Beamer's sectioning elements,
frames and blocks.  Any Org tree with a not-too-deep-level nesting
should in principle be exportable as a Beamer presentation.

-
  #+vindex: org-beamer-frame-level
  Org headlines become Beamer frames when the heading level in Org is
  equal to ~org-beamer-frame-level~ or =H= value in a =OPTIONS= line
  (see [[*Export Settings]]).

  #+cindex: @samp{BEAMER_ENV}, property
  Org overrides headlines to frames conversion for the current tree of
  an Org file if it encounters the =BEAMER_ENV= property set to
  =frame= or =fullframe=.  Org ignores whatever
  ~org-beamer-frame-level~ happens to be for that headline level in
  the Org tree.  In Beamer terminology, a full frame is a frame
  without its title.

- Org exports a Beamer frame's objects as block environments.  Org can
  enforce wrapping in special block types when =BEAMER_ENV= property
  is set[fn:123].  For valid values see
  ~org-beamer-environments-default~.  To add more values, see
  ~org-beamer-environments-extra~.
  #+vindex: org-beamer-environments-default
  #+vindex: org-beamer-environments-extra

-
  #+cindex: @samp{BEAMER_REF}, property
  If =BEAMER_ENV= is set to =appendix=, Org exports the entry as an
  appendix.  When set to =note=, Org exports the entry as a note
  within the frame or between frames, depending on the entry's heading
  level.  When set to =noteNH=, Org exports the entry as a note
  without its title.  When set to =againframe=, Org exports the entry
  with =\againframe= command, which makes setting the =BEAMER_REF=
  property mandatory because =\againframe= needs frame to resume.

  When =ignoreheading= is set, Org export ignores the entry's headline
  but not its content.  This is useful for inserting content between
  frames.  It is also useful for properly closing a =column=
  environment.  @end itemize

  #+cindex: @samp{BEAMER_ACT}, property
  #+cindex: @samp{BEAMER_OPT}, property
  When =BEAMER_ACT= is set for a headline, Org export translates that
  headline as an overlay or action specification.  When enclosed in
  square brackets, Org export makes the overlay specification
  a default.  Use =BEAMER_OPT= to set any options applicable to the
  current Beamer frame or block.  The Beamer export back-end wraps
  with appropriate angular or square brackets.  It also adds the
  =fragile= option for any code that may require a verbatim block.

  #+cindex: @samp{BEAMER_COL}, property
  To create a column on the Beamer slide, use the =BEAMER_COL=
  property for its headline in the Org file.  Set the value of
  =BEAMER_COL= to a decimal number representing the fraction of the
  total text width.  Beamer export uses this value to set the column's
  width and fills the column with the contents of the Org entry.  If
  the Org entry has no specific environment defined, Beamer export
  ignores the heading.  If the Org entry has a defined environment,
  Beamer export uses the heading as title.  Behind the scenes, Beamer
  export automatically handles LaTeX column separations for contiguous
  headlines.  To manually adjust them for any unique configurations
  needs, use the =BEAMER_ENV= property.

*** Beamer specific syntax
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: For using in Org documents.
:END:

Since Org's Beamer export back-end is an extension of the LaTeX
back-end, it recognizes other LaTeX specific syntax---for example,
=#+LATEX:= or =#+ATTR_LATEX:=.  See [[*LaTeX Export]], for details.

Beamer export wraps the table of contents generated with =toc:t=
=OPTION= keyword in a =frame= environment.  Beamer export does not
wrap the table of contents generated with =TOC= keyword (see [[*Table of
Contents]]).  Use square brackets for specifying options.

: #+TOC: headlines [currentsection]

Insert Beamer-specific code using the following constructs:

#+cindex: @samp{BEAMER}, keyword
#+cindex: @samp{BEGIN_EXPORT beamer}
#+begin_example
,#+BEAMER: \pause

,#+BEGIN_EXPORT beamer
  Only Beamer export back-end exports this.
,#+END_BEAMER

Text @@beamer:some code@@ within a paragraph.
#+end_example

Inline constructs, such as the last one above, are useful for adding
overlay specifications to objects with ~bold~, ~item~, ~link~,
~radio-target~ and ~target~ types.  Enclose the value in angular
brackets and place the specification at the beginning of the object as
shown in this example:

:  A *@@beamer:<2->@@useful* feature

#+cindex: @samp{ATTR_BEAMER}, keyword
Beamer export recognizes the =ATTR_BEAMER= keyword with the following
attributes from Beamer configurations: =:environment= for changing
local Beamer environment, =:overlay= for specifying Beamer overlays in
angular or square brackets, and =:options= for inserting optional
arguments.

#+begin_example
,#+ATTR_BEAMER: :environment nonindentlist
- item 1, not indented
- item 2, not indented
- item 3, not indented
#+end_example

#+begin_example
,#+ATTR_BEAMER: :overlay <+->
- item 1
- item 2
#+end_example

#+begin_example
,#+ATTR_BEAMER: :options [Lagrange]
Let $G$ be a finite group, and let $H$ be
a subgroup of $G$.  Then the order of $H$ divides the order of $G$.
#+end_example

*** Editing support
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Editing support.
:END:

The ~org-beamer-mode~ is a special minor mode for faster editing of
Beamer documents.

: #+STARTUP: beamer

- {{{kbd(C-c C-b)}}} (~org-beamer-select-environment~) ::
     #+kindex: C-c C-b
     #+findex: org-beamer-select-environment

     The ~org-beamer-mode~ provides this key for quicker selections in
     Beamer normal environments, and for selecting the =BEAMER_COL=
     property.

*** A Beamer example
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: A complete presentation.
:END:

Here is an example of an Org document ready for Beamer export.

#+begin_example
;#+TITLE: Example Presentation
;#+AUTHOR: Carsten Dominik
;#+OPTIONS: H:2 toc:t num:t
;#+LATEX_CLASS: beamer
;#+LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS: [presentation]
;#+BEAMER_THEME: Madrid
;#+COLUMNS: %45ITEM %10BEAMER_ENV(Env) %10BEAMER_ACT(Act) %4BEAMER_COL(Col) %8BEAMER_OPT(Opt)

,* This is the first structural section

,** Frame 1
,*** Thanks to Eric Fraga                                           :B_block:
    :PROPERTIES:
    :BEAMER_COL: 0.48
    :BEAMER_ENV: block
    :END:
    for the first viable Beamer setup in Org
,*** Thanks to everyone else                                        :B_block:
    :PROPERTIES:
    :BEAMER_COL: 0.48
    :BEAMER_ACT: <2->
    :BEAMER_ENV: block
    :END:
    for contributing to the discussion
,**** This will be formatted as a beamer note                       :B_note:
     :PROPERTIES:
     :BEAMER_env: note
     :END:
,** Frame 2 (where we will not use columns)
,*** Request
    Please test this stuff!
#+end_example

** HTML Export
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Exporting to HTML.
:END:
#+cindex: HTML export

Org mode contains an HTML exporter with extensive HTML formatting
compatible with XHTML 1.0 strict standard.

*** HTML export commands
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Invoking HTML export.
:END:

- {{{kbd(C-c C-e h h)}}} (~org-html-export-to-html~) ::
     #+kindex: C-c C-e h h
     #+kindex: C-c C-e h o
     #+findex: org-html-export-to-html

     Export as HTML file with a =.html= extension.  For =myfile.org=,
     Org exports to =myfile.html=, overwriting without warning.
     {{{kbd{C-c C-e h o)}}} exports to HTML and opens it in a web
     browser.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-e h H)}}} (~org-html-export-as-html~) ::
     #+kindex: C-c C-e h H
     #+findex: org-html-export-as-html

     Exports to a temporary buffer.  Does not create a file.

*** HTML specific export settings
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Settings for HTML export.
:END:

HTML export has a number of keywords, similar to the general options
settings described in [[*Export Settings]].

- =DESCRIPTION= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{DESCRIPTION}, keyword
     This is the document's description, which the HTML exporter
     inserts it as a HTML meta tag in the HTML file.  For long
     descriptions, use multiple =DESCRIPTION= lines.  The exporter
     takes care of wrapping the lines properly.

- =HTML_DOCTYPE= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{HTML_DOCTYPE}, keyword
     #+vindex: org-html-doctype
     Specify the document type, for example: HTML5
     (~org-html-doctype~).

- =HTML_CONTAINER= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{HTML_CONTAINER}, keyword
     #+vindex: org-html-container-element
     Specify the HTML container, such as =div=, for wrapping sections
     and elements (~org-html-container-element~).

- =HTML_LINK_HOME= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{HTML_LINK_HOME}, keyword
     #+vindex: org-html-link-home
     The URL for home link (~org-html-link-home~).

- =HTML_LINK_UP= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{HTML_LINK_UP}, keyword
     #+vindex: org-html-link-up
     The URL for the up link of exported HTML pages
     (~org-html-link-up~).

- =HTML_MATHJAX= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{HTML_MATHJAX}, keyword
     #+vindex: org-html-mathjax-options
     Options for MathJax (~org-html-mathjax-options~).  MathJax is
     used to typeset LaTeX math in HTML documents.  See [[*Math
     formatting in HTML export]], for an example.

- =HTML_HEAD= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{HTML_HEAD}, keyword
     #+vindex: org-html-head
     Arbitrary lines for appending to the HTML document's head
     (~org-html-head~).

- =HTML_HEAD_EXTRA= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{HTML_HEAD_EXTRA}, keyword
     #+vindex: org-html-head-extra
     More arbitrary lines for appending to the HTML document's head
     (~org-html-head-extra~).

- =KEYWORDS= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{KEYWORDS}, keyword
     Keywords to describe the document's content.  HTML exporter
     inserts these keywords as HTML meta tags.  For long keywords, use
     multiple =KEYWORDS= lines.

- =LATEX_HEADER= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{LATEX_HEADER}, keyword
     Arbitrary lines for appending to the preamble; HTML exporter
     appends when transcoding LaTeX fragments to images (see [[*Math
     formatting in HTML export]]).

- =SUBTITLE= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{SUBTITLE}, keyword
     The document's subtitle.  HTML exporter formats subtitle if
     document type is =HTML5= and the CSS has a =subtitle= class.

Some of these keywords are explained in more detail in the following
sections of the manual.

*** HTML doctypes
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Exporting various (X)HTML flavors.
:END:

Org can export to various (X)HTML flavors.

#+vindex: org-html-doctype
#+vindex: org-html-doctype-alist
Set the ~org-html-doctype~ variable for different (X)HTML variants.
Depending on the variant, the HTML exporter adjusts the syntax of HTML
conversion accordingly.  Org includes the following ready-made
variants:

- ~"html4-strict"~
- ~"html4-transitional"~
- ~"html4-frameset"~
- ~"xhtml-strict"~
- ~"xhtml-transitional"~
- ~"xhtml-frameset"~
- ~"xhtml-11"~
- ~"html5"~
- ~"xhtml5"~

#+texinfo: @noindent
See the variable ~org-html-doctype-alist~ for details.  The default is
~"xhtml-strict"~.

#+vindex: org-html-html5-fancy
#+cindex: @samp{HTML5}, export new elements
Org's HTML exporter does not by default enable new block elements
introduced with the HTML5 standard.  To enable them, set
~org-html-html5-fancy~ to non-~nil~.  Or use an =OPTIONS= line in the
file to set =html5-fancy=.

HTML5 documents can now have arbitrary =#+BEGIN= ... =#+END= blocks.
For example:

#+begin_example
,#+BEGIN_aside
  Lorem ipsum
,#+END_aside
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
exports to:

#+begin_src html
<aside>
  <p>Lorem ipsum</p>
</aside>
#+end_src

#+texinfo: @noindent
while this:

#+begin_example
,#+ATTR_HTML: :controls controls :width 350
,#+BEGIN_video
,#+HTML: <source src="movie.mp4" type="video/mp4">
,#+HTML: <source src="movie.ogg" type="video/ogg">
Your browser does not support the video tag.
,#+END_video
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
exports to:

#+begin_src html
<video controls="controls" width="350">
  <source src="movie.mp4" type="video/mp4">
    <source src="movie.ogg" type="video/ogg">
      <p>Your browser does not support the video tag.</p>
</video>
#+end_src

#+vindex: org-html-html5-elements
When special blocks do not have a corresponding HTML5 element, the
HTML exporter reverts to standard translation (see
~org-html-html5-elements~).  For example, =#+BEGIN_lederhosen= exports
to ~<div class="lederhosen">~.

Special blocks cannot have headlines.  For the HTML exporter to wrap
the headline and its contents in ~<section>~ or ~<article>~ tags, set
the =HTML_CONTAINER= property for the headline.

*** HTML preamble and postamble
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Inserting preamble and postamble.
:END:
#+vindex: org-html-preamble
#+vindex: org-html-postamble
#+vindex: org-html-preamble-format
#+vindex: org-html-postamble-format
#+vindex: org-html-validation-link
#+vindex: org-export-creator-string
#+vindex: org-export-time-stamp-file

The HTML exporter has delineations for preamble and postamble.  The
default value for ~org-html-preamble~ is ~t~, which makes the HTML
exporter insert the preamble.  See the variable
~org-html-preamble-format~ for the format string.

Set ~org-html-preamble~ to a string to override the default format
string.  If the string is a function, the HTML exporter expects the
function to return a string upon execution.  The HTML exporter inserts
this string in the preamble.  The HTML exporter does not insert
a preamble if ~org-html-preamble~ is set ~nil~.

The default value for ~org-html-postamble~ is ~auto~, which makes the
HTML exporter build a postamble from looking up author's name, email
address, creator's name, and date.  Set ~org-html-postamble~ to ~t~ to
insert the postamble in the format specified in the
~org-html-postamble-format~ variable.  The HTML exporter does not
insert a postamble if ~org-html-postamble~ is set to ~nil~.

*** Quoting HTML tags
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Using direct HTML in Org files.
:END:

The HTML export back-end transforms =<= and =>= to =&lt;= and =&gt;=.

To include raw HTML code in the Org file so the HTML export back-end
can insert that HTML code in the output, use this inline syntax:
=@@html:...@@=.  For example:

: @@html:<b>@@bold text@@html:</b>@@

#+cindex: @samp{HTML}, keyword
#+cindex: @samp{BEGIN_EXPORT html}
For larger raw HTML code blocks, use these HTML export code blocks:

#+begin_example
,#+HTML: Literal HTML code for export

,#+BEGIN_EXPORT html
  All lines between these markers are exported literally
,#+END_EXPORT
#+end_example

*** Links in HTML export
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Inserting and formatting links.
:END:
#+cindex: links, in HTML export
#+cindex: internal links, in HTML export
#+cindex: external links, in HTML export

The HTML export back-end transforms Org's internal links (see
[[*Internal Links]]) to equivalent HTML links in the output.  The back-end
similarly handles Org's automatic links created by radio targets (see
[[*Radio Targets]]) similarly.  For Org links to external files, the
back-end transforms the links to /relative/ paths.

#+vindex: org-html-link-org-files-as-html
For Org links to other =.org= files, the back-end automatically
changes the file extension to =.html= and makes file paths relative.
If the =.org= files have an equivalent =.html= version at the same
location, then the converted links should work without any further
manual intervention.  However, to disable this automatic path
translation, set ~org-html-link-org-files-as-html~ to ~nil~.  When
disabled, the HTML export back-end substitutes the ID-based links in
the HTML output.  For more about linking files when publishing to
a directory, see [[*Publishing links]].

Org files can also have special directives to the HTML export
back-end.  For example, by using =#+ATTR_HTML= lines to specify new
format attributes to ~<a>~ or ~<img>~ tags.  This example shows
changing the link's title and style:

#+cindex: @samp{ATTR_HTML}, keyword
#+begin_example
,#+ATTR_HTML: :title The Org mode homepage :style color:red;
[[https://orgmode.org]]
#+end_example

*** Tables in HTML export
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: How to modify the formatting of tables.
:END:
#+cindex: tables, in HTML
#+vindex: org-export-html-table-tag

The HTML export back-end uses ~org-html-table-default-attributes~ when
exporting Org tables to HTML.  By default, the exporter does not draw
frames and cell borders.  To change for this for a table, use the
following lines before the table in the Org file:

#+cindex: @samp{CAPTION}, keyword
#+cindex: @samp{ATTR_HTML}, keyword
#+begin_example
,#+CAPTION: This is a table with lines around and between cells
,#+ATTR_HTML: border="2" rules="all" frame="border"
#+end_example

The HTML export back-end preserves column groupings in Org tables (see
[[*Column Groups]]) when exporting to HTML.

Additional options for customizing tables for HTML export.

- ~org-html-table-align-individual-fields~ ::

     #+vindex: org-html-table-align-individual-fields
     Non-~nil~ attaches style attributes for alignment to each table
     field.

- ~org-html-table-caption-above~ ::

     #+vindex: org-html-table-caption-above
     Non-~nil~ places caption string at the beginning of the table.

- ~org-html-table-data-tags~ ::

     #+vindex: org-html-table-data-tags
     Opening and ending tags for table data fields.

- ~org-html-table-default-attributes~ ::

     #+vindex: org-html-table-default-attributes
     Default attributes and values for table tags.

- ~org-html-table-header-tags~ ::

     #+vindex: org-html-table-header-tags
     Opening and ending tags for table's header fields.

- ~org-html-table-row-tags~ ::

     #+vindex: org-html-table-row-tags
     Opening and ending tags for table rows.

- ~org-html-table-use-header-tags-for-first-column~ ::

     #+vindex: org-html-table-use-header-tags-for-first-column
     Non-~nil~ formats column one in tables with header tags.

*** Images in HTML export
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: How to insert figures into HTML output.
:END:
#+cindex: images, inline in HTML
#+cindex: inlining images in HTML

The HTML export back-end has features to convert Org image links to
HTML inline images and HTML clickable image links.

#+vindex: org-html-inline-images
When the link in the Org file has no description, the HTML export
back-end by default in-lines that image.  For example:
=[[file:myimg.jpg]]= is in-lined, while =[[file:myimg.jpg][the image]]= links to the text,
=the image=.  For more details, see the variable
~org-html-inline-images~.

On the other hand, if the description part of the Org link is itself
another link, such as =file:= or =http:= URL pointing to an image, the
HTML export back-end in-lines this image and links to the main image.
This Org syntax enables the back-end to link low-resolution thumbnail
to the high-resolution version of the image, as shown in this example:

: [[file:highres.jpg][file:thumb.jpg]]

To change attributes of in-lined images, use =#+ATTR_HTML= lines in
the Org file.  This example shows realignment to right, and adds ~alt~
and ~title~ attributes in support of text viewers and modern web
accessibility standards.

#+cindex: @samp{CAPTION}, keyword
#+cindex: @samp{ATTR_HTML}, keyword
#+begin_example
,#+CAPTION: A black cat stalking a spider
,#+ATTR_HTML: :alt cat/spider image :title Action! :align right
[[./img/a.jpg]]
#+end_example

The HTML export back-end copies the =http= links from the Org file
as-is.

*** Math formatting in HTML export
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Beautiful math also on the web.
:END:
#+cindex: MathJax
#+cindex: dvipng
#+cindex: dvisvgm
#+cindex: ImageMagick

#+vindex: org-html-mathjax-options~
LaTeX math snippets (see [[*LaTeX fragments]]) can be displayed in two
different ways on HTML pages.  The default is to use the [[http://www.mathjax.org][MathJax]],
which should work out of the box with Org[fn:124][fn:125].  Some MathJax
display options can be configured via ~org-html-mathjax-options~, or
in the buffer.  For example, with the following settings,

#+begin_example
,#+HTML_MATHJAX: align: left indent: 5em tagside: left font: Neo-Euler
,#+HTML_MATHJAX: cancel.js noErrors.js
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
equation labels are displayed on the left margin and equations are
five em from the left margin.  In addition, it loads the two MathJax
extensions =cancel.js= and =noErrors.js=[fn:126].

#+vindex: org-html-mathjax-template
See the docstring of ~org-html-mathjax-options~ for all supported
variables.  The MathJax template can be configure via
~org-html-mathjax-template~.

If you prefer, you can also request that LaTeX fragments are processed
into small images that will be inserted into the browser page.  Before
the availability of MathJax, this was the default method for Org
files.  This method requires that the dvipng program, dvisvgm or
ImageMagick suite is available on your system.  You can still get this
processing with

: #+OPTIONS: tex:dvipng

: #+OPTIONS: tex:dvisvgm

#+texinfo: @noindent
or

: #+OPTIONS: tex:imagemagick

*** Text areas in HTML export
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: An alternate way to show an example.
:END:

#+cindex: text areas, in HTML
Before Org mode's Babel, one popular approach to publishing code in
HTML was by using =:textarea=.  The advantage of this approach was
that copying and pasting was built into browsers with simple
JavaScript commands.  Even editing before pasting was made simple.

The HTML export back-end can create such text areas.  It requires an
=#+ATTR_HTML= line as shown in the example below with the =:textarea=
option.  This must be followed by either an example or a source code
block.  Other Org block types do not honor the =:textarea= option.

By default, the HTML export back-end creates a text area 80 characters
wide and height just enough to fit the content.  Override these
defaults with =:width= and =:height= options on the =#+ATTR_HTML=
line.

#+begin_example
,#+ATTR_HTML: :textarea t :width 40
,#+BEGIN_EXAMPLE
  (defun org-xor (a b)
     "Exclusive or."
     (if a (not b) b))
,#+END_EXAMPLE
#+end_example

*** CSS support
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Changing the appearance of the output.
:END:
#+cindex: CSS, for HTML export
#+cindex: HTML export, CSS

#+vindex: org-export-html-todo-kwd-class-prefix
#+vindex: org-export-html-tag-class-prefix
You can modify the CSS style definitions for the exported file.  The
HTML exporter assigns the following special CSS classes[fn:127] to
appropriate parts of the document---your style specifications may
change these, in addition to any of the standard classes like for
headlines, tables, etc.

| ~p.author~           | author information, including email                    |
| ~p.date~             | publishing date                                        |
| ~p.creator~          | creator info, about org mode version                   |
| ~.title~             | document title                                         |
| ~.subtitle~          | document subtitle                                      |
| ~.todo~              | TODO keywords, all not-done states                     |
| ~.done~              | the DONE keywords, all states that count as done       |
| ~.WAITING~           | each TODO keyword also uses a class named after itself |
| ~.timestamp~         | timestamp                                              |
| ~.timestamp-kwd~     | keyword associated with a timestamp, like =SCHEDULED=  |
| ~.timestamp-wrapper~ | span around keyword plus timestamp                     |
| ~.tag~               | tag in a headline                                      |
| ~._HOME~             | each tag uses itself as a class, "@" replaced by "_"   |
| ~.target~            | target for links                                       |
| ~.linenr~            | the line number in a code example                      |
| ~.code-highlighted~  | for highlighting referenced code lines                 |
| ~div.outline-N~      | div for outline level N (headline plus text)           |
| ~div.outline-text-N~ | extra div for text at outline level N                  |
| ~.section-number-N~  | section number in headlines, different for each level  |
| ~.figure-number~     | label like "Figure 1:"                                 |
| ~.table-number~      | label like "Table 1:"                                  |
| ~.listing-number~    | label like "Listing 1:"                                |
| ~div.figure~         | how to format an in-lined image                        |
| ~pre.src~            | formatted source code                                  |
| ~pre.example~        | normal example                                         |
| ~p.verse~            | verse paragraph                                        |
| ~div.footnotes~      | footnote section headline                              |
| ~p.footnote~         | footnote definition paragraph, containing a footnote   |
| ~.footref~           | a footnote reference number (always a <sup>)           |
| ~.footnum~           | footnote number in footnote definition (always <sup>)  |
| ~.org-svg~           | default class for a linked =.svg= image                |

#+vindex: org-html-style-default
#+vindex: org-html-head
#+vindex: org-html-head-extra
#+cindex: @samp{HTML_INCLUDE_STYLE}, keyword
The HTML export back-end includes a compact default style in each
exported HTML file.  To override the default style with another style,
use these keywords in the Org file.  They will replace the global
defaults the HTML exporter uses.

#+cindex: @samp{HTML_HEAD}, keyword
#+cindex: @samp{HTML_HEAD_EXTRA}, keyword
#+begin_example
,#+HTML_HEAD: <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style1.css" />
,#+HTML_HEAD_EXTRA: <link rel="alternate stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style2.css" />
#+end_example

#+vindex: org-html-head-include-default-style
To just turn off the default style, customize
~org-html-head-include-default-style~ variable, or use this option
line in the Org file.

#+cindex: @samp{html-style}, @samp{OPTIONS} item
: #+OPTIONS: html-style:nil

For longer style definitions, either use several =HTML_HEAD= and
=HTML_HEAD_EXTRA= keywords, or use ~<style> ... </style>~ blocks
around them.  Both of these approaches can avoid referring to an
external file.

#+cindex: @samp{HTML_CONTAINER_CLASS}, property
In order to add styles to a sub-tree, use the =HTML_CONTAINER_CLASS=
property to assign a class to the tree.  In order to specify CSS
styles for a particular headline, you can use the ID specified in
a =CUSTOM_ID= property.

Never change the ~org-html-style-default~ constant.  Instead use other
simpler ways of customizing as described above.

*** JavaScript supported display of web pages
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Info and folding in a web browser.
:ALT_TITLE: JavaScript support
:END:

Sebastian Rose has written a JavaScript program especially designed to
enhance the web viewing experience of HTML files created with Org.
This program enhances large files in two different ways of viewing.
One is an /Info/-like mode where each section is displayed separately
and navigation can be done with the {{{kbd(n)}}} and {{{kbd(p)}}}
keys, and some other keys as well, press {{{kbd(?)}}} for an overview
of the available keys.  The second one has a /folding/ view, much like
Org provides inside Emacs.  The script is available at
https://orgmode.org/org-info.js and the documentation at
https://orgmode.org/worg/code/org-info-js/.  The script is hosted on
https://orgmode.org, but for reliability, prefer installing it on your
own web server.

To use this program, just add this line to the Org file:

#+cindex: @samp{INFOJS_OPT}, keyword
: #+INFOJS_OPT: view:info toc:nil

#+texinfo: @noindent
The HTML header now has the code needed to automatically invoke the
script.  For setting options, use the syntax from the above line for
options described below:

- =path:= ::

     The path to the script.  The default is to grab the script from
     [[https://orgmode.org/org-info.js]], but you might want to have
     a local copy and use a path like =../scripts/org-info.js=.

- =view:= ::

     Initial view when the website is first shown.  Possible values are:

     | =info=     | Info-like interface with one section per page          |
     | =overview= | Folding interface, initially showing only top-level    |
     | =content=  | Folding interface, starting with all headlines visible |
     | =showall=  | Folding interface, all headlines and text visible      |

- =sdepth:= ::

     Maximum headline level still considered as an independent section
     for info and folding modes.  The default is taken from
     ~org-export-headline-levels~, i.e., the =H= switch in =OPTIONS=.
     If this is smaller than in ~org-export-headline-levels~, each
     info/folding section can still contain child headlines.

- =toc:= ::

     Should the table of contents /initially/ be visible?  Even when
     =nil=, you can always get to the "toc" with {{{kbd(i)}}}.

- =tdepth:= ::

     The depth of the table of contents.  The defaults are taken from
     the variables ~org-export-headline-levels~ and
     ~org-export-with-toc~.

- =ftoc:= ::

     Does the CSS of the page specify a fixed position for the "toc"?
     If yes, the toc is displayed as a section.

- =ltoc:= ::

     Should there be short contents (children) in each section?  Make
     this =above= if the section should be above initial text.

- =mouse:= ::

     Headings are highlighted when the mouse is over them.  Should be
     =underline= (default) or a background color like =#cccccc=.

- =buttons:= ::

     Should view-toggle buttons be everywhere?  When =nil= (the
     default), only one such button is present.

#+vindex: org-infojs-options
#+vindex: org-export-html-use-infojs
You can choose default values for these options by customizing the
variable ~org-infojs-options~.  If you always want to apply the script
to your pages, configure the variable ~org-export-html-use-infojs~.

** LaTeX Export
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Exporting to @LaTeX{} and processing to PDF.
:END:
#+cindex: @LaTeX{} export
#+cindex: PDF export

The LaTeX export back-end can handle complex documents, incorporate
standard or custom LaTeX document classes, generate documents using
alternate LaTeX engines, and produce fully linked PDF files with
indexes, bibliographies, and tables of contents, destined for
interactive online viewing or high-quality print publication.

While the details are covered in-depth in this section, here are some
quick references to variables for the impatient: for engines, see
~org-latex-compiler~; for build sequences, see
~org-latex-pdf-process~; for packages, see
~org-latex-default-packages-alist~ and ~org-latex-packages-alist~.

An important note about the LaTeX export back-end: it is sensitive to
blank lines in the Org document.  That's because LaTeX itself depends
on blank lines to tell apart syntactical elements, such as paragraphs.

*** LaTeX/PDF export commands
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: For producing @LaTeX{} and PDF documents.
:END:

- {{{kbd(C-c C-e l l)}}} (~org-latex-export-to-latex~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-e l l
     #+findex: org-latex-export-to-latex~
     Export to a LaTeX file with a =.tex= extension.  For
     =myfile.org=, Org exports to =myfile.tex=, overwriting without
     warning.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-e l L)}}} (~org-latex-export-as-latex~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-e l L
     #+findex: org-latex-export-as-latex
     Export to a temporary buffer.  Do not create a file.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-e l p)}}} (~org-latex-export-to-pdf~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-e l p
     #+findex: org-latex-export-to-pdf
     Export as LaTeX file and convert it to PDF file.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-e l o)}}} ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-e l o
     Export as LaTeX file and convert it to PDF, then open the PDF
     using the default viewer.

- {{{kbd(M-x org-export-region-as-latex)}}} ::

     Convert the region to LaTeX under the assumption that it was in Org
     mode syntax before.  This is a global command that can be invoked in
     any buffer.

#+vindex: org-latex-compiler
#+vindex: org-latex-bibtex-compiler
#+vindex: org-latex-default-packages-alist
#+cindex: pdflatex
#+cindex: xelatex
#+cindex: lualatex
#+cindex: @samp{LATEX_COMPILER}, keyword
The LaTeX export back-end can use any of these LaTeX engines:
=pdflatex=, =xelatex=, and =lualatex=.  These engines compile LaTeX
files with different compilers, packages, and output options.  The
LaTeX export back-end finds the compiler version to use from
~org-latex-compiler~ variable or the =#+LATEX_COMPILER= keyword in the
Org file.  See the docstring for the
~org-latex-default-packages-alist~ for loading packages with certain
compilers.  Also see ~org-latex-bibtex-compiler~ to set the
bibliography compiler[fn:128].

*** LaTeX specific export settings
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Unique to this @LaTeX{} back-end.
:END:

The LaTeX export back-end has several additional keywords for
customizing LaTeX output.  Setting these keywords works similar to the
general options (see [[*Export Settings]]).

#+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
- =DESCRIPTION= ::
     #+cindex: @samp{DESCRIPTION}, keyword
     #+vindex: org-latex-hyperref-template
     #+vindex: org-latex-title-command
     The document's description.  The description along with author
     name, keywords, and related file metadata are inserted in the
     output file by the hyperref package.  See
     ~org-latex-hyperref-template~ for customizing metadata items.
     See ~org-latex-title-command~ for typesetting description into
     the document's front matter.  Use multiple =DESCRIPTION= keywords
     for long descriptions.

- =LATEX_CLASS= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{LATEX_CLASS}, keyword
     #+vindex: org-latex-default-class
     #+vindex: org-latex-classes
     This is LaTeX document class, such as /article/, /report/,
     /book/, and so on, which contain predefined preamble and headline
     level mapping that the LaTeX export back-end needs.  The back-end
     reads the default class name from the ~org-latex-default-class~
     variable.  Org has /article/ as the default class.  A valid
     default class must be an element of ~org-latex-classes~.

- =LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS}, keyword
     Options the LaTeX export back-end uses when calling the LaTeX
     document class.

- =LATEX_COMPILER= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{LATEX_COMPILER}, keyword
     #+vindex: org-latex-compiler
     The compiler, such as =pdflatex=, =xelatex=, =lualatex=, for
     producing the PDF.  See ~org-latex-compiler~.

- =LATEX_HEADER=, =LATEX_HEADER_EXTRA= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{LATEX_HEADER}, keyword
     #+cindex: @samp{LATEX_HEADER_EXTRA}, keyword
     #+vindex: org-latex-classes
     Arbitrary lines to add to the document's preamble, before the
     hyperref settings.  See ~org-latex-classes~ for adjusting the
     structure and order of the LaTeX headers.

- =KEYWORDS= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{KEYWORDS}, keyword
     #+vindex: org-latex-hyperref-template
     #+vindex: org-latex-title-command
     The keywords for the document.  The description along with author
     name, keywords, and related file metadata are inserted in the
     output file by the hyperref package.  See
     ~org-latex-hyperref-template~ for customizing metadata items.
     See ~org-latex-title-command~ for typesetting description into
     the document's front matter.  Use multiple =KEYWORDS= lines if
     necessary.

- =SUBTITLE= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{SUBTITLE}, keyword
     #+vindex: org-latex-subtitle-separate
     #+vindex: org-latex-subtitle-format
     The document's subtitle.  It is typeset as per
     ~org-latex-subtitle-format~.  If ~org-latex-subtitle-separate~ is
     non-~nil~, it is typed as part of the ~\title~ macro.  See
     ~org-latex-hyperref-template~ for customizing metadata items.
     See ~org-latex-title-command~ for typesetting description
     into the document's front matter.

The following sections have further details.

*** LaTeX header and sectioning structure
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Setting up the export file structure.
:ALT_TITLE: LaTeX header and sectioning
:END:
#+cindex: @LaTeX{} class
#+cindex: @LaTeX{} sectioning structure
#+cindex: @LaTeX{} header
#+cindex: header, for @LaTeX{} files
#+cindex: sectioning structure, for @LaTeX{} export

The LaTeX export back-end converts the first three of Org's outline
levels into LaTeX headlines.  The remaining Org levels are exported as
lists.  To change this globally for the cut-off point between levels
and lists, (see [[*Export Settings]]).

By default, the LaTeX export back-end uses the /article/ class.

#+vindex: org-latex-default-class
#+vindex: org-latex-classes
#+vindex: org-latex-default-packages-alist
#+vindex: org-latex-packages-alist
To change the default class globally, edit ~org-latex-default-class~.
To change the default class locally in an Org file, add option lines
=#+LATEX_CLASS: myclass=.  To change the default class for just a part
of the Org file, set a sub-tree property, =EXPORT_LATEX_CLASS=.  The
class name entered here must be valid member of ~org-latex-classes~.
This variable defines a header template for each class into which the
exporter splices the values of ~org-latex-default-packages-alist~ and
~org-latex-packages-alist~.  Use the same three variables to define
custom sectioning or custom classes.

#+cindex: @samp{LATEX_CLASS}, keyword
#+cindex: @samp{LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS}, keyword
#+cindex: @samp{EXPORT_LATEX_CLASS}, property
#+cindex: @samp{EXPORT_LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS}, property
The LaTeX export back-end sends the =LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS= keyword and
=EXPORT_LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS= property as options to the LaTeX
~\documentclass~ macro.  The options and the syntax for specifying
them, including enclosing them in square brackets, follow LaTeX
conventions.

: #+LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS: [a4paper,11pt,twoside,twocolumn]

#+cindex: @samp{LATEX_HEADER}, keyword
#+cindex: @samp{LATEX_HEADER_EXTRA}, keyword
The LaTeX export back-end appends values from =LATEX_HEADER= and
=LATEX_HEADER_EXTRA= keywords to the LaTeX header.  The docstring for
~org-latex-classes~ explains in more detail.  Also note that LaTeX
export back-end does not append =LATEX_HEADER_EXTRA= to the header
when previewing LaTeX snippets (see [[*Previewing LaTeX fragments]]).

A sample Org file with the above headers:

#+begin_example
,#+LATEX_CLASS: article
,#+LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS: [a4paper]
,#+LATEX_HEADER: \usepackage{xyz}

,* Headline 1
  some text
,* Headline 2
  some more text
#+end_example

*** Quoting LaTeX code
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Incorporating literal @LaTeX{} code.
:END:

The LaTeX export back-end can insert any arbitrary LaTeX code, see
[[*Embedded LaTeX]].  There are three ways to embed such code in the Org
file and they all use different quoting syntax.

#+cindex: inline, in @LaTeX{} export
Inserting in-line quoted with @ symbols:

: Code embedded in-line @@latex:any arbitrary LaTeX code@@ in a paragraph.

#+cindex: @samp{LATEX}, keyword
Inserting as one or more keyword lines in the Org file:

: #+LATEX: any arbitrary LaTeX code

#+cindex: @samp{BEGIN_EXPORT latex}
Inserting as an export block in the Org file, where the back-end
exports any code between begin and end markers:

#+begin_example
,#+BEGIN_EXPORT latex
  any arbitrary LaTeX code
,#+END_EXPORT
#+end_example

*** Tables in LaTeX export
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Options for exporting tables to @LaTeX{}.
:END:
#+cindex: tables, in @LaTeX{} export

The LaTeX export back-end can pass several LaTeX attributes for table
contents and layout.  Besides specifying a label (see [[*Internal Links]])
and a caption (see [[*Captions]]), the other valid LaTeX attributes
include:

#+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
- =:mode= ::

     #+vindex: org-latex-default-table-mode
     The LaTeX export back-end wraps the table differently depending
     on the mode for accurate rendering of math symbols.  Mode is
     either =table=, =math=, =inline-math= or =verbatim=.

     For =math= or =inline-math= mode, LaTeX export back-end wraps the
     table in a math environment, but every cell in it is exported
     as-is.  The LaTeX export back-end determines the default mode
     from ~org-latex-default-table-mode~.  The LaTeX export back-end
     merges contiguous tables in the same mode into a single
     environment.

- =:environment= ::

     #+vindex: org-latex-default-table-environment
     Set the default LaTeX table environment for the LaTeX export
     back-end to use when exporting Org tables.  Common LaTeX table
     environments are provided by these packages: tabularx, longtable,
     array, tabu, and bmatrix.  For packages, such as tabularx and
     tabu, or any newer replacements, include them in the
     ~org-latex-packages-alist~ variable so the LaTeX export back-end
     can insert the appropriate load package headers in the converted
     LaTeX file.  Look in the docstring for the
     ~org-latex-packages-alist~ variable for configuring these
     packages for LaTeX snippet previews, if any.

- =:caption= ::

     Use =CAPTION= keyword to set a simple caption for a table (see
     [[*Captions]]).  For custom captions, use =:caption= attribute, which
     accepts raw LaTeX code.  =:caption= value overrides =CAPTION=
     value.

- =:float=, =:placement= ::

     The table environments by default are not floats in LaTeX.  To
     make them floating objects use =:float= with one of the following
     options: =sideways=, =multicolumn=, =t=, and =nil=.

     LaTeX floats can also have additional layout =:placement=
     attributes.  These are the usual =[h t b p ! H]= permissions
     specified in square brackets.  Note that for =:float sideways=
     tables, the LaTeX export back-end ignores =:placement=
     attributes.

- =:align=, =:font=, =:width= ::

     The LaTeX export back-end uses these attributes for regular
     tables to set their alignments, fonts, and widths.

- =:spread= ::

     When =:spread= is non-~nil~, the LaTeX export back-end spreads or
     shrinks the table by the =:width= for tabu and longtabu
     environments.  =:spread= has no effect if =:width= is not set.

- =:booktabs=, =:center=, =:rmlines= ::

     #+vindex: org-latex-tables-booktabs
     #+vindex: org-latex-tables-centered
     All three commands are toggles.  =:booktabs= brings in modern
     typesetting enhancements to regular tables.  The booktabs package
     has to be loaded through ~org-latex-packages-alist~.  =:center=
     is for centering the table.  =:rmlines= removes all but the very
     first horizontal line made of ASCII characters from "table.el"
     tables only.

- =:math-prefix=, =:math-suffix=, =:math-arguments= ::

     The LaTeX export back-end inserts =:math-prefix= string value in
     a math environment before the table.  The LaTeX export back-end
     inserts =:math-suffix= string value in a math environment after
     the table.  The LaTeX export back-end inserts =:math-arguments=
     string value between the macro name and the table's contents.
     =:math-arguments= comes in use for matrix macros that require
     more than one argument, such as =qbordermatrix=.

LaTeX table attributes help formatting tables for a wide range of
situations, such as matrix product or spanning multiple pages:

#+begin_example
,#+ATTR_LATEX: :environment longtable :align l|lp{3cm}r|l
| ... | ... |
| ... | ... |

,#+ATTR_LATEX: :mode math :environment bmatrix :math-suffix \times
| a | b |
| c | d |
,#+ATTR_LATEX: :mode math :environment bmatrix
| 1 | 2 |
| 3 | 4 |
#+end_example

Set the caption with the LaTeX command
=\bicaption{HeadingA}{HeadingB}=:

#+begin_example
,#+ATTR_LATEX: :caption \bicaption{HeadingA}{HeadingB}
| ... | ... |
| ... | ... |
#+end_example

*** Images in LaTeX export
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: How to insert figures into @LaTeX{} output.
:END:
#+cindex: images, inline in LaTeX
#+cindex: inlining images in LaTeX
#+cindex: @samp{ATTR_LATEX}, keyword

The LaTeX export back-end processes image links in Org files that do
not have descriptions, such as these links =[[file:img.jpg]]= or
=[[./img.jpg]]=, as direct image insertions in the final PDF output.  In
the PDF, they are no longer links but actual images embedded on the
page.  The LaTeX export back-end uses =\includegraphics= macro to
insert the image.  But for TikZ (http://sourceforge.net/projects/pgf/)
images, the back-end uses an ~\input~ macro wrapped within
a ~tikzpicture~ environment.

For specifying image =:width=, =:height=, and other =:options=, use
this syntax:

#+begin_example
,#+ATTR_LATEX: :width 5cm :options angle=90
[[./img/sed-hr4049.pdf]]
#+end_example

For custom commands for captions, use the =:caption= attribute.  It
overrides the default =#+CAPTION= value:

#+begin_example
,#+ATTR_LATEX: :caption \bicaption{HeadingA}{HeadingB}
[[./img/sed-hr4049.pdf]]
#+end_example

When captions follow the method as described in [[*Captions]], the LaTeX
export back-end wraps the picture in a floating =figure= environment.
To float an image without specifying a caption, set the =:float=
attribute to one of the following:

- =t= ::

     For a standard =figure= environment; used by default whenever an
     image has a caption.

- =multicolumn= ::

     To span the image across multiple columns of a page; the back-end
     wraps the image in a =figure*= environment.

- =wrap= ::

     For text to flow around the image on the right; the figure
     occupies the left half of the page.

- =sideways= ::

     For a new page with the image sideways, rotated ninety degrees,
     in a =sidewaysfigure= environment; overrides =:placement=
     setting.

- =nil= ::

     To avoid a =:float= even if using a caption.

Use the =placement= attribute to modify a floating environment's
placement.

#+begin_example
,#+ATTR_LATEX: :float wrap :width 0.38\textwidth :placement {r}{0.4\textwidth}
[[./img/hst.png]]
#+end_example

#+vindex: org-latex-images-centered
#+cindex: center image in LaTeX export
#+cindex: image, centering in LaTeX export
The LaTeX export back-end centers all images by default.  Setting
=:center= to =nil= disables centering.  To disable centering globally,
set ~org-latex-images-centered~ to =t=.

Set the =:comment-include= attribute to non-~nil~ value for the LaTeX
export back-end to comment out the =\includegraphics= macro.

*** Plain lists in LaTeX export
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Attributes specific to lists.
:END:

#+cindex: plain lists, in @LaTeX{} export
#+cindex: @samp{ATTR_LATEX}, keyword
The LaTeX export back-end accepts the =environment= and =options=
attributes for plain lists.  Both attributes work together for
customizing lists, as shown in the examples:

#+begin_example
,#+LATEX_HEADER: \usepackage[inline]{enumitem}
Some ways to say "Hello":
,#+ATTR_LATEX: :environment itemize*
,#+ATTR_LATEX: :options [label={}, itemjoin={,}, itemjoin*={, and}]
- Hola
- Bonjour
- Guten Tag.
#+end_example

Since LaTeX supports only four levels of nesting for lists, use an
external package, such as =enumitem= in LaTeX, for levels deeper than
four:

#+begin_example
,#+LATEX_HEADER: \usepackage{enumitem}
,#+LATEX_HEADER: \renewlist{itemize}{itemize}{9}
,#+LATEX_HEADER: \setlist[itemize]{label=$\circ$}
- One
  - Two
    - Three
      - Four
        - Five
#+end_example

*** Source blocks in LaTeX export
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Attributes specific to source code blocks.
:END:
#+cindex: source blocks, in @LaTeX{} export
#+cindex: @samp{ATTR_LATEX}, keyword

The LaTeX export back-end can make source code blocks into floating
objects through the attributes =:float= and =:options=.  For =:float=:

- =t= ::

     Makes a source block float; by default floats any source block
     with a caption.

- =multicolumn= ::

     Spans the source block across multiple columns of a page.

- =nil= ::

     Avoids a =:float= even if using a caption; useful for source code
     blocks that may not fit on a page.

#+begin_example
,#+ATTR_LATEX: :float nil
,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
  Lisp code that may not fit in a single page.
,#+END_SRC
#+end_example

#+vindex: org-latex-listings-options
#+vindex: org-latex-minted-options
The LaTeX export back-end passes string values in =:options= to LaTeX
packages for customization of that specific source block.  In the
example below, the =:options= are set for Minted.  Minted is a source
code highlighting LaTeX package with many configurable options.

#+begin_example
,#+ATTR_LATEX: :options commentstyle=\bfseries
,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
  (defun Fib (n)
    (if (< n 2) n (+ (Fib (- n 1)) (Fib (- n 2)))))
,#+END_SRC
#+end_example

To apply similar configuration options for all source blocks in
a file, use the ~org-latex-listings-options~ and
~org-latex-minted-options~ variables.

*** Example blocks in LaTeX export
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Attributes specific to example blocks.
:END:
#+cindex: example blocks, in @LaTeX{} export
#+cindex: verbatim blocks, in @LaTeX{} export
#+cindex: @samp{ATTR_LATEX}, keyword

The LaTeX export back-end wraps the contents of example blocks in
a =verbatim= environment.  To change this behavior to use another
environment globally, specify an appropriate export filter (see
[[*Advanced Export Configuration]]).  To change this behavior to use
another environment for each block, use the =:environment= parameter
to specify a custom environment.

#+begin_example
,#+ATTR_LATEX: :environment myverbatim
,#+BEGIN_EXAMPLE
  This sentence is false.
,#+END_EXAMPLE
#+end_example

*** Special blocks in LaTeX export
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Attributes specific to special blocks.
:END:

#+cindex: special blocks, in @LaTeX{} export
#+cindex: abstract, in @LaTeX{} export
#+cindex: proof, in @LaTeX{} export
#+cindex: @samp{ATTR_LATEX}, keyword

For other special blocks in the Org file, the LaTeX export back-end
makes a special environment of the same name.  The back-end also takes
=:options=, if any, and appends as-is to that environment's opening
string.  For example:

#+begin_example
,#+BEGIN_abstract
  We demonstrate how to solve the Syracuse problem.
,#+END_abstract

,#+ATTR_LATEX: :options [Proof of important theorem]
,#+BEGIN_proof
  ...
  Therefore, any even number greater than 2 is the sum of two primes.
,#+END_proof
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
exports to

#+begin_example
\begin{abstract}
  We demonstrate how to solve the Syracuse problem.
\end{abstract}

\begin{proof}[Proof of important theorem]
  ...
  Therefore, any even number greater than 2 is the sum of two primes.
\end{proof}
#+end_example

If you need to insert a specific caption command, use =:caption=
attribute.  It overrides standard =CAPTION= value, if any.  For
example:

#+begin_example
,#+ATTR_LATEX: :caption \MyCaption{HeadingA}
,#+BEGIN_proof
  ...
,#+END_proof
#+end_example

*** Horizontal rules in LaTeX export
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Attributes specific to horizontal rules.
:END:
#+cindex: horizontal rules, in @LaTeX{} export
#+cindex: @samp{ATTR_LATEX}, keyword

The LaTeX export back-end converts horizontal rules by the specified
=:width= and =:thickness= attributes.  For example:

#+begin_example
,#+ATTR_LATEX: :width .6\textwidth :thickness 0.8pt
-----
#+end_example

** Markdown Export
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Exporting to Markdown.
:END:
#+cindex: Markdown export

The Markdown export back-end, "md", converts an Org file to Markdown
format, as defined at http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/.

Since it is built on top of the HTML back-end (see [[*HTML Export]]), it
converts every Org construct not defined in Markdown syntax, such as
tables, to HTML.

*** Markdown export commands
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

- {{{kbd(C-c C-e m m)}}} (~org-md-export-to-markdown~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-c m m
     #+findex: org-md-export-to-markdown
     Export to a text file with Markdown syntax.  For =myfile.org=,
     Org exports to =myfile.md=, overwritten without warning.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-e m M)}}} (~org-md-export-as-markdown~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-c m M
     #+findex: org-md-export-as-markdown
     Export to a temporary buffer.  Does not create a file.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-e m o)}}} ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-e m o
     Export as a text file with Markdown syntax, then open it.

*** Header and sectioning structure
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

#+vindex: org-md-headline-style
Based on ~org-md-headline-style~, Markdown export can generate
headlines of both /atx/ and /setext/ types.  /atx/ limits headline
levels to two whereas /setext/ limits headline levels to six.  Beyond
these limits, the export back-end converts headlines to lists.  To set
a limit to a level before the absolute limit (see [[*Export Settings]]).

** OpenDocument Text Export
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Exporting to OpenDocument Text.
:END:
#+cindex: ODT
#+cindex: OpenDocument
#+cindex: export, OpenDocument
#+cindex: LibreOffice

The ODT export back-end handles creating of OpenDocument Text (ODT)
format.  Documents created by this exporter use the
{{{cite(OpenDocument-v1.2 specification)}}}[fn:129] and are compatible
with LibreOffice 3.4.

*** Pre-requisites for ODT export
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Required packages.
:END:
#+cindex: zip

The ODT export back-end relies on the zip program to create the final
compressed ODT output.  Check if =zip= is locally available and
executable.  Without it, export cannot finish.

*** ODT export commands
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Invoking export.
:END:

- {{{kbd(C-c C-e o o)}}} (~org-export-to-odt~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-e o o
     #+findex: org-export-to-odt
     Export as OpenDocument Text file.

     #+cindex: @samp{EXPORT_FILE_NAME}, property
     #+vindex: org-odt-preferred-output-format

     If ~org-odt-preferred-output-format~ is specified, the ODT export
     back-end automatically converts the exported file to that format.

     For =myfile.org=, Org exports to =myfile.odt=, overwriting
     without warning.  The ODT export back-end exports a region only
     if a region was active.

     If the selected region is a single tree, the ODT export back-end
     makes the tree head the document title.  Incidentally, {{{kbd(C-c
     @)}}} selects the current sub-tree.  If the tree head entry has,
     or inherits, an =EXPORT_FILE_NAME= property, the ODT export
     back-end uses that for file name.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-e o O)}}} ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-e o O
     Export as an OpenDocument Text file and open the resulting file.

     #+vindex: org-export-odt-preferred-output-format
     If ~org-export-odt-preferred-output-format~ is specified, open
     the converted file instead.  See [[*Automatically exporting to
     other formats]].

*** ODT specific export settings
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Configuration options.
:END:

The ODT export back-end has several additional keywords for
customizing ODT output.  Setting these keywords works similar to the
general options (see [[*Export Settings]]).

- =DESCRIPTION= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{DESCRIPTION}, keyword
     This is the document's description, which the ODT export back-end
     inserts as document metadata.  For long descriptions, use
     multiple lines, prefixed with =DESCRIPTION=.

- =KEYWORDS= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{KEYWORDS}, keyword
     The keywords for the document.  The ODT export back-end inserts
     the description along with author name, keywords, and related
     file metadata as metadata in the output file.  Use multiple
     =KEYWORDS= if necessary.

- =ODT_STYLES_FILE= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{ODT_STYLES_FILE}, keyword
     #+vindex: org-odt-styles-file
     The ODT export back-end uses the ~org-odt-styles-file~ by
     default.  See [[*Applying custom styles]] for details.

- =SUBTITLE= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{SUBTITLE}, keyword
     The document subtitle.

*** Extending ODT export
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Producing DOC, PDF files.
:END:

The ODT export back-end can produce documents in other formats besides
ODT using a specialized ODT converter process.  Its common interface
works with popular converters to produce formats such as =doc=, or
convert a document from one format, say =csv=, to another format, say
=xls=.

#+cindex: @file{unoconv}
#+vindex: org-odt-convert-process
Customize ~org-odt-convert-process~ variable to point to =unoconv=,
which is the ODT's preferred converter.  Working installations of
LibreOffice would already have =unoconv= installed.  Alternatively,
other converters may be substituted here.  See [[*Configuring
a document converter]].

**** Automatically exporting to other formats
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

#+vindex: org-odt-preferred-output-format
If ODT format is just an intermediate step to get to other formats,
such as =doc=, =docx=, =rtf=, or =pdf=, etc., then extend the ODT
export back-end to directly produce that format.  Specify the final
format in the ~org-odt-preferred-output-format~ variable.  This is one
way to extend (see [[*ODT export commands]]).

**** Converting between document formats
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

The Org export back-end is made to be inter-operable with a wide range
of text document format converters.  Newer generation converters, such
as LibreOffice and Pandoc, can handle hundreds of formats at once.
Org provides a consistent interaction with whatever converter is
installed.  Here are some generic commands:

- {{{kbd(M-x org-odt-convert)}}} ::

     #+findex: org-odt-convert
     Convert an existing document from one format to another.  With
     a prefix argument, opens the newly produced file.

*** Applying custom styles
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Styling the output.
:END:
#+cindex: styles, custom
#+cindex: template, custom

The ODT export back-end comes with many OpenDocument styles (see
[[*Working with OpenDocument style files]]).  To expand or further
customize these built-in style sheets, either edit the style sheets
directly or generate them using an application such as LibreOffice.
The example here shows creating a style using LibreOffice.

**** Applying custom styles: the easy way
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

1. Create a sample =example.org= file with settings as shown below,
   and export it to ODT format.

   : #+OPTIONS: H:10 num:t

2. Open the above =example.odt= using LibreOffice.  Use the /Stylist/
   to locate the target styles, which typically have the "Org" prefix.
   Open one, modify, and save as either OpenDocument Text (ODT) or
   OpenDocument Template (OTT) file.

3.
   #+vindex: org-odt-styles-file
   Customize the variable ~org-odt-styles-file~ and point it to the
   newly created file.  For additional configuration options, see
   [[x-overriding-factory-styles][Overriding factory styles]].

   #+cindex: @samp{ODT_STYLES_FILE}, keyword
   To apply an ODT style to a particular file, use the
   =ODT_STYLES_FILE= keyword as shown in the example below:

   : #+ODT_STYLES_FILE: "/path/to/example.ott"

   #+texinfo: @noindent
   or

   : #+ODT_STYLES_FILE: ("/path/to/file.ott" ("styles.xml" "image/hdr.png"))

**** Using third-party styles and templates
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

The ODT export back-end relies on many templates and style names.
Using third-party styles and templates can lead to mismatches.
Templates derived from built in ODT templates and styles seem to have
fewer problems.

*** Links in ODT export
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Handling and formatting links.
:END:
#+cindex: links, in ODT export

ODT exporter creates native cross-references for internal links.  It
creates Internet-style links for all other links.

A link with no description and pointing to a regular, un-itemized,
outline heading is replaced with a cross-reference and section number
of the heading.

A =\ref{label}=-style reference to an image, table etc., is replaced
with a cross-reference and sequence number of the labeled entity.  See
[[*Labels and captions in ODT export]].

*** Tables in ODT export
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Org tables conversions.
:END:

#+cindex: tables, in ODT export

The ODT export back-end handles native Org mode tables (see [[*Tables]])
and simple =table.el= tables.  Complex =table.el= tables having column
or row spans are not supported.  Such tables are stripped from the
exported document.

By default, the ODT export back-end exports a table with top and
bottom frames and with ruled lines separating row and column groups
(see [[*Column Groups]]).  All tables are typeset to occupy the same
width.  The ODT export back-end honors any table alignments and
relative widths for columns (see [[*Column Width and Alignment]]).

Note that the ODT export back-end interprets column widths as weighted
ratios, the default weight being 1.

#+cindex: @samp{ATTR_ODT}, keyword
Specifying =:rel-width= property on an =ATTR_ODT= line controls the
width of the table.  For example:

#+begin_example
,#+ATTR_ODT: :rel-width 50
| Area/Month    |   Jan |   Feb |   Mar |   Sum |
|---------------+-------+-------+-------+-------|
| /             |     < |       |       |     < |
| <l13>         |  <r5> |  <r5> |  <r5> |  <r6> |
| North America |     1 |    21 |   926 |   948 |
| Middle East   |     6 |    75 |   844 |   925 |
| Asia Pacific  |     9 |    27 |   790 |   826 |
|---------------+-------+-------+-------+-------|
| Sum           |    16 |   123 |  2560 |  2699 |
#+end_example

On export, the above table takes 50% of text width area.  The exporter
sizes the columns in the ratio: 13:5:5:5:6.  The first column is
left-aligned and rest of the columns, right-aligned.  Vertical rules
separate the header and the last column.  Horizontal rules separate
the header and the last row.

For even more customization, create custom table styles and associate
them with a table using the =ATTR_ODT= keyword.  See [[*Customizing
tables in ODT export]].

*** Images in ODT export
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Inserting images.
:END:
#+cindex: images, embedding in ODT
#+cindex: embedding images in ODT

**** Embedding images
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

The ODT export back-end processes image links in Org files that do not
have descriptions, such as these links =[[file:img.jpg]]= or =[[./img.jpg]]=,
as direct image insertions in the final output.  Either of these
examples works:

: [[file:img.png]]

: [[./img.png]]

**** Embedding clickable images
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

For clickable images, provide a link whose description is another link
to an image file.  For example, to embed an image
=org-mode-unicorn.png= which when clicked jumps to https://orgmode.org
website, do the following

: [[https://orgmode.org][./org-mode-unicorn.png]]

**** Sizing and scaling of embedded images
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

#+cindex: @samp{ATTR_ODT}, keyword

Control the size and scale of the embedded images with the =ATTR_ODT=
attribute.

#+cindex: identify, ImageMagick
#+vindex: org-odt-pixels-per-inch
The ODT export back-end starts with establishing the size of the image
in the final document.  The dimensions of this size are measured in
centimeters.  The back-end then queries the image file for its
dimensions measured in pixels.  For this measurement, the back-end
relies on ImageMagick's identify program or Emacs ~create-image~ and
~image-size~ API.  ImageMagick is the preferred choice for large file
sizes or frequent batch operations.  The back-end then converts the
pixel dimensions using ~org-odt-pixels-per-inch~ into the familiar 72
dpi or 96 dpi.  The default value for this is in
~display-pixels-per-inch~, which can be tweaked for better results
based on the capabilities of the output device.  Here are some common
image scaling operations:

- Explicitly size the image ::

     To embed =img.png= as a 10 cm x 10 cm image, do the following:

     #+begin_example
     ,#+ATTR_ODT: :width 10 :height 10
     [[./img.png]]
     #+end_example

- Scale the image ::

     To embed =img.png= at half its size, do the following:

     #+begin_example
     ,#+ATTR_ODT: :scale 0.5
     [[./img.png]]
     #+end_example

- Scale the image to a specific width ::

     To embed =img.png= with a width of 10 cm while retaining the
     original height:width ratio, do the following:

     #+begin_example
     ,#+ATTR_ODT: :width 10
     [[./img.png]]
     #+end_example

- Scale the image to a specific height ::

     To embed =img.png= with a height of 10 cm while retaining the
     original height:width ratio, do the following:

     #+begin_example
     ,#+ATTR_ODT: :height 10
     [[./img.png]]
     #+end_example

**** Anchoring of images
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

#+cindex: @samp{ATTR_ODT}, keyword
The ODT export back-end can anchor images to =as-char=, =paragraph=,
or =page=.  Set the preferred anchor using the =:anchor= property of
the =ATTR_ODT= line.

To create an image that is anchored to a page:

#+begin_example
,#+ATTR_ODT: :anchor page
[[./img.png]]
#+end_example

*** Math formatting in ODT export
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Formatting @LaTeX{} fragments.
:END:

The ODT exporter has special support for handling math.

**** LaTeX math snippets
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Embedding in @LaTeX{} format.
:END:

LaTeX math snippets (see [[*LaTeX fragments]]) can be embedded in the ODT
document in one of the following ways:

- MathML ::

     #+cindex: MathML
     Add this line to the Org file.  This option is activated on
     a per-file basis.

     : #+OPTIONS: tex:t

     With this option, LaTeX fragments are first converted into MathML
     fragments using an external LaTeX-to-MathML converter program.
     The resulting MathML fragments are then embedded as an
     OpenDocument Formula in the exported document.

     #+vindex: org-latex-to-mathml-convert-command
     #+vindex: org-latex-to-mathml-jar-file
     You can specify the LaTeX-to-MathML converter by customizing the
     variables ~org-latex-to-mathml-convert-command~ and
     ~org-latex-to-mathml-jar-file~.

     If you prefer to use MathToWeb[fn:130] as your converter, you can
     configure the above variables as shown below.

     #+begin_src emacs-lisp
     (setq org-latex-to-mathml-convert-command
           "java -jar %j -unicode -force -df %o %I"
           org-latex-to-mathml-jar-file
           "/path/to/mathtoweb.jar")
     #+end_src

     To use LaTeX​ML[fn:131] use

     #+begin_src emacs-lisp
     (setq org-latex-to-mathml-convert-command
           "latexmlmath \"%i\" --presentationmathml=%o")
     #+end_src

     To quickly verify the reliability of the LaTeX-to-MathML
     converter, use the following commands:

     - {{{kbd(M-x org-export-as-odf)}}} ::

          Convert a LaTeX math snippet to an OpenDocument formula
          (=.odf=) file.

     - {{{kbd(M-x org-export-as-odf-and-open)}}} ::

          Convert a LaTeX math snippet to an OpenDocument formula
          (=.odf=) file and open the formula file with the
          system-registered application.

- PNG images ::

     #+cindex: dvipng
     #+cindex: dvisvgm
     #+cindex: ImageMagick
     Add this line to the Org file.  This option is activated on
     a per-file basis.

     : #+OPTIONS: tex:dvipng

     : #+OPTIONS: tex:dvisvgm

     #+texinfo: @noindent
     or

     : #+OPTIONS: tex:imagemagick

     Under this option, LaTeX fragments are processed into PNG or SVG
     images and the resulting images are embedded in the exported
     document.  This method requires dvipng program, dvisvgm or
     ImageMagick programs.

**** MathML and OpenDocument formula files
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Embedding in native format.
:END:

When embedding LaTeX math snippets in ODT documents is not reliable,
there is one more option to try.  Embed an equation by linking to its
MathML (=.mml=) source or its OpenDocument formula (=.odf=) file as
shown below:

: [[./equation.mml]]

#+texinfo: @noindent
or

: [[./equation.odf]]

*** Labels and captions in ODT export
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Rendering objects.
:END:

ODT format handles labeling and captioning of objects based on their
types.  Inline images, tables, LaTeX fragments, and Math formulas are
numbered and captioned separately.  Each object also gets a unique
sequence number based on its order of first appearance in the Org
file.  Each category has its own sequence.  A caption is just a label
applied to these objects.

#+begin_example
,#+CAPTION: Bell curve
,#+NAME:   fig:SED-HR4049
[[./img/a.png]]
#+end_example

When rendered, it may show as follows in the exported document:

: Figure 2: Bell curve

#+vindex: org-odt-category-map-alist
To modify the category component of the caption, customize the option
~org-odt-category-map-alist~.  For example, to tag embedded images
with the string "Illustration" instead of the default string "Figure",
use the following setting:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-odt-category-map-alist
      '(("__Figure__" "Illustration" "value" "Figure" org-odt--enumerable-image-p)))
#+end_src

With the above modification, the previous example changes to:

: Illustration 2: Bell curve

*** Literal examples in ODT export
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: For source code and example blocks.
:END:

The ODT export back-end supports literal examples (see [[*Literal
Examples]]) with full fontification.  Internally, the ODT export
back-end relies on =htmlfontify.el= to generate the style definitions
needed for fancy listings.  The auto-generated styles get =OrgSrc=
prefix and inherit colors from the faces used by Emacs Font Lock
library for that source language.

#+vindex: org-odt-fontify-srcblocks
For custom fontification styles, customize the
~org-odt-create-custom-styles-for-srcblocks~ option.

#+vindex: org-odt-create-custom-styles-for-srcblocks
To turn off fontification of literal examples, customize the
~org-odt-fontify-srcblocks~ option.

*** Advanced topics in ODT export
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: For power users.
:END:

The ODT export back-end has extensive features useful for power users
and frequent uses of ODT formats.

**** Configuring a document converter
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Registering a document converter.
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:
#+cindex: convert
#+cindex: doc, docx, rtf
#+cindex: converter

The ODT export back-end works with popular converters with little or
no extra configuration.  See [[*Extending ODT export]].  The following is
for unsupported converters or tweaking existing defaults.

- Register the converter ::

     #+vindex: org-export-odt-convert-processes
     Add the name of the converter to the ~org-odt-convert-processes~
     variable.  Note that it also requires how the converter is
     invoked on the command line.  See the variable's docstring for
     details.

- Configure its capabilities ::

     #+vindex: org-export-odt-convert-capabilities
     Specify which formats the converter can handle by customizing the
     variable ~org-odt-convert-capabilities~.  Use the entry for the
     default values in this variable for configuring the new
     converter.  Also see its docstring for details.

- Choose the converter ::

     #+vindex: org-export-odt-convert-process
     Select the newly added converter as the preferred one by
     customizing the option ~org-odt-convert-process~.

**** Working with OpenDocument style files
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Exploring internals.
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:
#+cindex: styles, custom
#+cindex: template, custom

This section explores the internals of the ODT exporter; the means by which
it produces styled documents; the use of automatic and custom OpenDocument
styles.

The ODT exporter relies on two files for generating its output.  These
files are bundled with the distribution under the directory pointed to
by the variable ~org-odt-styles-dir~.  The two files are:

- =OrgOdtStyles.xml= <<x-orgodtstyles-xml>> ::

     This file contributes to the =styles.xml= file of the final ODT
     document.  This file gets modified for the following purposes:

     1. To control outline numbering based on user settings;

     2. To add styles generated by =htmlfontify.el= for fontification of
        code blocks.

- =OrgOdtContentTemplate.xml= <<x-orgodtcontenttemplate-xml>> ::

     This file contributes to the =content.xml= file of the final ODT
     document.  The contents of the Org outline are inserted between the
     =<office:text>= ... =</office:text>= elements of this file.

     Apart from serving as a template file for the final =content.xml=,
     the file serves the following purposes:

     1. It contains automatic styles for formatting of tables which are
        referenced by the exporter;

     2. It contains =<text:sequence-decl>= ... =</text:sequence-decl>=
        elements that control numbering of tables, images, equations, and
        similar entities.

<<x-overriding-factory-styles>> The following two variables control
the location from where the ODT exporter picks up the custom styles
and content template files.  Customize these variables to override the
factory styles used by the exporter.

- ~org-odt-styles-file~ ::

     The ODT export back-end uses the file pointed to by this
     variable, such as =styles.xml=, for the final output.  It can
     take one of the following values:

     - =FILE.xml= ::

          Use this file instead of the default =styles.xml=

     - =FILE.odt= or =FILE.ott= ::

          Use the =styles.xml= contained in the specified OpenDocument
          Text or Template file

     - =FILE.odt= or =FILE.ott= and a subset of included files ::

          Use the =styles.xml= contained in the specified OpenDocument
          Text or Template file.  Additionally extract the specified
          member files and embed those within the final ODT document.

          Use this option if the =styles.xml= file references additional
          files like header and footer images.

     - ~nil~ ::

          Use the default =styles.xml=.

- ~org-odt-content-template-file~ ::

     Use this variable to specify the blank =content.xml= used in the
     final output.

**** Creating one-off styles
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Customizing styles, highlighting...
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

The ODT export back-end can read embedded raw OpenDocument XML from
the Org file.  Such direct formatting is useful for one-off instances.

- Embedding ODT tags as part of regular text ::

     Enclose OpenDocument syntax in =@@odt:...@@= for inline markup.
     For example, to highlight a region of text do the following:

     #+begin_example
     @@odt:<text:span text:style-name="Highlight">This is highlighted
     text</text:span>@@.  But this is regular text.
     #+end_example

     *Hint:* To see the above example in action, edit the =styles.xml=
     (see [[x-orgodtstyles-xml][Factory styles]]) and add a custom /Highlight/ style as shown
     below:

     #+begin_example
     <style:style style:name="Highlight" style:family="text">
       <style:text-properties fo:background-color="#ff0000"/>
     </style:style>
     #+end_example

- Embedding a one-line OpenDocument XML ::

     #+cindex: @samp{ODT}, keyword
     The ODT export back-end can read one-liner options with =#+ODT:=
     in the Org file.  For example, to force a page break:

     #+begin_example
     ,#+ODT: <text:p text:style-name="PageBreak"/>
     #+end_example

     *Hint:* To see the above example in action, edit your
     =styles.xml= (see [[x-orgodtstyles-xml][Factory styles]]) and add a custom =PageBreak=
     style as shown below.

     #+begin_example
     <style:style style:name="PageBreak" style:family="paragraph"
                  style:parent-style-name="Text_20_body">
       <style:paragraph-properties fo:break-before="page"/>
     </style:style>
     #+end_example

- Embedding a block of OpenDocument XML ::

     The ODT export back-end can also read ODT export blocks for
     OpenDocument XML.  Such blocks use the =#+BEGIN_EXPORT odt=
     ... =#+END_EXPORT= constructs.

     For example, to create a one-off paragraph that uses bold text,
     do the following:

     #+begin_example
     ,#+BEGIN_EXPORT odt
       <text:p text:style-name="Text_20_body_20_bold">
       This paragraph is specially formatted and uses bold text.
       </text:p>
     ,#+END_EXPORT
     #+end_example

**** Customizing tables in ODT export
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Defining table templates.
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:
#+cindex: tables, in ODT export
#+cindex: @samp{ATTR_ODT}, keyword

Override the default table format by specifying a custom table style
with the =#+ATTR_ODT= line.  For a discussion on default formatting of
tables, see [[*Tables in ODT export]].

This feature closely mimics the way table templates are defined in the
OpenDocument-v1.2 specification.[fn:132]

#+vindex: org-odt-table-styles
For quick preview of this feature, install the settings below and export the
table that follows:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-export-odt-table-styles
      (append org-export-odt-table-styles
              '(("TableWithHeaderRowAndColumn" "Custom"
                 ((use-first-row-styles . t)
                  (use-first-column-styles . t)))
                ("TableWithFirstRowandLastRow" "Custom"
                 ((use-first-row-styles . t)
                  (use-last-row-styles . t))))))
#+end_src

#+begin_example
,#+ATTR_ODT: :style TableWithHeaderRowAndColumn
| Name  | Phone | Age |
| Peter |  1234 |  17 |
| Anna  |  4321 |  25 |
#+end_example

The example above used =Custom= template and installed two table
styles =TableWithHeaderRowAndColumn= and
=TableWithFirstRowandLastRow=.  *Important:* The OpenDocument styles
needed for producing the above template were pre-defined.  They are
available in the section marked =Custom Table Template= in
=OrgOdtContentTemplate.xml= (see [[x-orgodtcontenttemplate-xml][Factory styles]]).  For adding new
templates, define new styles there.

To use this feature proceed as follows:

1. Create a table template[fn:133].

   A table template is set of =table-cell= and =paragraph= styles for
   each of the following table cell categories:

   - Body
   - First column
   - Last column
   - First row
   - Last row
   - Even row
   - Odd row
   - Even column
   - Odd Column

   The names for the above styles must be chosen based on the name of
   the table template using a well-defined convention.

   The naming convention is better illustrated with an example.  For
   a table template with the name =Custom=, the needed style names are
   listed in the following table.

   | Cell type    | Cell style                   | Paragraph style                   |
   |--------------+------------------------------+-----------------------------------|
   | Body         | =CustomTableCell=            | =CustomTableParagraph=            |
   | First column | =CustomFirstColumnTableCell= | =CustomFirstColumnTableParagraph= |
   | Last column  | =CustomLastColumnTableCell=  | =CustomLastColumnTableParagraph=  |
   | First row    | =CustomFirstRowTableCell=    | =CustomFirstRowTableParagraph=    |
   | Last row     | =CustomLastRowTableCell=     | =CustomLastRowTableParagraph=     |
   | Even row     | =CustomEvenRowTableCell=     | =CustomEvenRowTableParagraph=     |
   | Odd row      | =CustomOddRowTableCell=      | =CustomOddRowTableParagraph=      |
   | Even column  | =CustomEvenColumnTableCell=  | =CustomEvenColumnTableParagraph=  |
   | Odd column   | =CustomOddColumnTableCell=   | =CustomOddColumnTableParagraph=   |

   To create a table template with the name =Custom=, define the above
   styles in the =<office:automatic-styles>= ...
   =</office:automatic-styles>= element of the content template file
   (see [[x-orgodtcontenttemplate-xml][Factory styles]]).

2. Define a table style[fn:134].

   #+vindex: org-odt-table-styles
   To define a table style, create an entry for the style in the
   variable ~org-odt-table-styles~ and specify the following:

   - the name of the table template created in step (1),
   - the set of cell styles in that template that are to be activated.

   For example, the entry below defines two different table styles
   =TableWithHeaderRowAndColumn= and =TableWithFirstRowandLastRow=
   based on the same template =Custom=.  The styles achieve their
   intended effect by selectively activating the individual cell
   styles in that template.

   #+begin_src emacs-lisp
   (setq org-export-odt-table-styles
         (append org-export-odt-table-styles
                 '(("TableWithHeaderRowAndColumn" "Custom"
                    ((use-first-row-styles . t)
                     (use-first-column-styles . t)))
                   ("TableWithFirstRowandLastRow" "Custom"
                    ((use-first-row-styles . t)
                     (use-last-row-styles . t))))))
   #+end_src

3. Associate a table with the table style.

   To do this, specify the table style created in step (2) as part of
   the =ATTR_ODT= line as shown below.

   #+begin_example
   ,#+ATTR_ODT: :style TableWithHeaderRowAndColumn
   | Name  | Phone | Age |
   | Peter |  1234 |  17 |
   | Anna  |  4321 |  25 |
   #+end_example

**** Validating OpenDocument XML
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Debugging corrupted OpenDocument files.
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

Sometimes ODT format files may not open due to =.odt= file corruption.
To verify if such a file is corrupt, validate it against the
OpenDocument Relax NG Compact (RNC) syntax schema.  But first the
=.odt= files have to be decompressed using =zip=.  Note that =.odt=
files are ZIP archives: [[info:emacs::File Archives]].  The contents of
ODT files are in XML.  For general help with validation---and
schema-sensitive editing---of XML files:
[[info:nxml-mode::Introduction]].

#+vindex: org-export-odt-schema-dir
Customize ~org-odt-schema-dir~ to point to a directory with
OpenDocument RNC files and the needed schema-locating rules.  The ODT
export back-end takes care of updating the
~rng-schema-locating-files~.

** Org Export
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Exporting to Org.
:END:

#+cindex: Org export
/org/ export back-end creates a normalized version of the Org document
in current buffer.  The exporter evaluates Babel code (see [[*Evaluating
Code Blocks]]) and removes content specific to other back-ends.

*** Org export commands
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

- {{{kbd(C-c C-e O o)}}} (~org-org-export-to-org~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-e O o
     #+findex: org-org-export-to-org
     Export as an Org file with a =.org= extension.  For =myfile.org=,
     Org exports to =myfile.org.org=, overwriting without warning.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-e O v)}}} (~~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-e O v
     Export to an Org file, then open it.

** Texinfo Export
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Exporting to Texinfo.
:END:

*** Texinfo export commands
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Invoking commands.
:END:

- {{{kbd(C-c C-e i t)}}} (~org-texinfo-export-to-texinfo~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-e i t
     #+findex: org-texinfo-export-to-texinfo
     Export as a Texinfo file with =.texi= extension.  For
     =myfile.org=, Org exports to =myfile.texi=, overwriting without
     warning.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-e i i)}}} (~org-texinfo-export-to-info~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-e i i
     #+findex: org-texinfo-export-to-info
     #+vindex: org-texinfo-info-process
     Export to Texinfo format first and then process it to make an
     Info file.  To generate other formats, such as DocBook, customize
     the ~org-texinfo-info-process~ variable.

*** Texinfo specific export settings
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Setting the environment.
:END:

The Texinfo export back-end has several additional keywords for
customizing Texinfo output.  Setting these keywords works similar to
the general options (see [[*Export Settings]]).

- =SUBTITLE= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{SUBTITLE}, keyword
     The document subtitle.

- =SUBAUTHOR= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{SUBAUTHOR}, keyword
     Additional authors for the document.

- =TEXINFO_FILENAME= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{TEXINFO_FILENAME}, keyword
     The Texinfo filename.

- =TEXINFO_CLASS= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{TEXINFO_CLASS}, keyword
     #+vindex: org-texinfo-default-class
     The default document class (~org-texinfo-default-class~), which
     must be a member of ~org-texinfo-classes~.

- =TEXINFO_HEADER= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{TEXINFO_HEADER}, keyword
     Arbitrary lines inserted at the end of the header.

- =TEXINFO_POST_HEADER= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{TEXINFO_POST_HEADER}, keyword
     Arbitrary lines inserted after the end of the header.

- =TEXINFO_DIR_CATEGORY= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{TEXINFO_DIR_CATEGORY}, keyword
     The directory category of the document.

- =TEXINFO_DIR_TITLE= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{TEXINFO_DIR_TITLE}, keyword
     The directory title of the document.

- =TEXINFO_DIR_DESC= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{TEXINFO_DIR_DESC}, keyword
     The directory description of the document.

- =TEXINFO_PRINTED_TITLE= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{TEXINFO_PRINTED_TITLE}, keyword
     The printed title of the document.

*** Texinfo file header
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Generating the header.
:END:

#+cindex: @samp{TEXINFO_FILENAME}, keyword
After creating the header for a Texinfo file, the Texinfo back-end
automatically generates a name and destination path for the Info file.
To override this default with a more sensible path and name, specify
the =TEXINFO_FILENAME= keyword.

#+vindex: org-texinfo-coding-system
#+cindex: @samp{TEXINFO_HEADER}, keyword
Along with the output's file name, the Texinfo header also contains
language details (see [[*Export Settings]]) and encoding system as set in
the ~org-texinfo-coding-system~ variable.  Insert =TEXINFO_HEADER=
keywords for each additional command in the header, for example:

: #+TEXINFO_HEADER: @synindex

#+cindex: @samp{TEXINFO_CLASS}, keyword
#+vindex: org-texinfo-classes
Instead of repeatedly installing the same set of commands, define
a class in ~org-texinfo-classes~ once, and then activate it in the
document by setting the =TEXINFO_CLASS= keyword to that class.

*** Texinfo title and copyright page
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Creating preamble pages.
:END:

#+cindex: @samp{TEXINFO_PRINTED_TITLE}, keyword
The default template for hard copy output has a title page with
=TITLE= and =AUTHOR= keywords (see [[*Export Settings]]).  To replace the
regular title with something different for the printed version, use
the =TEXINFO_PRINTED_TITLE= and =SUBTITLE= keywords.  Both expect raw
Texinfo code for setting their values.

#+cindex: @samp{SUBAUTHOR}, keyword
If one =AUTHOR= line is not sufficient, add multiple =SUBAUTHOR=
keywords.  They have to be set in raw Texinfo code.

#+begin_example
,#+AUTHOR: Jane Smith
,#+SUBAUTHOR: John Doe
,#+TEXINFO_PRINTED_TITLE: This Long Title@@inlinefmt{tex,@*} Is Broken in @TeX{}
#+end_example

#+cindex: @samp{COPYING}, property
Copying material is defined in a dedicated headline with a non-~nil~
=COPYING= property.  The back-end inserts the contents within
a =@copying= command at the beginning of the document.  The heading
itself does not appear in the structure of the document.

Copyright information is printed on the back of the title page.

#+begin_example
,* Legalese
  :PROPERTIES:
  :COPYING: t
  :END:

  This is a short example of a complete Texinfo file, version 1.0.

  Copyright \copy 2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
#+end_example

*** Info directory file
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Installing a manual in Info file hierarchy.
:END:

#+cindex: @samp{dir} file, in Texinfo export
#+cindex: Info directory file, in Texinfo export
#+cindex: @code{install-info}, in Texinfo export

#+cindex: @samp{TEXINFO_DIR_CATEGORY}, keyword
#+cindex: @samp{TEXINFO_DIR_TITLE}, keyword
#+cindex: @samp{TEXINFO_DIR_DESC}, keyword
The end result of the Texinfo export process is the creation of an
Info file.  This Info file's metadata has variables for category,
title, and description: =TEXINFO_DIR_CATEGORY=, =TEXINFO_DIR_TITLE=,
and =TEXINFO_DIR_DESC= keywords that establish where in the Info
hierarchy the file fits.

Here is an example that writes to the Info directory file:

#+begin_example
,#+TEXINFO_DIR_CATEGORY: Emacs
,#+TEXINFO_DIR_TITLE: Org Mode: (org)
,#+TEXINFO_DIR_DESC: Outline-based notes management and organizer
#+end_example

*** Headings and sectioning structure
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Building document structure.
:END:

#+vindex: org-texinfo-classes
#+vindex: org-texinfo-default-class
#+cindex: @samp{TEXINFO_CLASS}, keyword
The Texinfo export back-end uses a pre-defined scheme to convert Org
headlines to equivalent Texinfo structuring commands.  A scheme like
this maps top-level headlines to numbered chapters tagged as
~@chapter~ and lower-level headlines to unnumbered chapters tagged as
~@unnumbered~.  To override such mappings to introduce ~@part~ or
other Texinfo structuring commands, define a new class in
~org-texinfo-classes~.  Activate the new class with the
=TEXINFO_CLASS= keyword.  When no new class is defined and activated,
the Texinfo export back-end defaults to the
~org-texinfo-default-class~.

If an Org headline's level has no associated Texinfo structuring
command, or is below a certain threshold (see [[*Export Settings]]), then
the Texinfo export back-end makes it into a list item.

#+cindex: @samp{APPENDIX}, property
The Texinfo export back-end makes any headline with a non-~nil~
=APPENDIX= property into an appendix.  This happens independent of the
Org headline level or the =TEXINFO_CLASS= keyword.

#+cindex: @samp{ALT_TITLE}, property
#+cindex: @samp{DESCRIPTION}, property
The Texinfo export back-end creates a menu entry after the Org
headline for each regular sectioning structure.  To override this with
a shorter menu entry, use the =ALT_TITLE= property (see [[*Table of
Contents]]).  Texinfo menu entries also have an option for a longer
=DESCRIPTION= property.  Here's an example that uses both to override
the default menu entry:

#+begin_example
,* Controlling Screen Display
  :PROPERTIES:
  :ALT_TITLE: Display
  :DESCRIPTION: Controlling Screen Display
  :END:
#+end_example

#+cindex: Top node, in Texinfo export
The text before the first headline belongs to the /Top/ node, i.e.,
the node in which a reader enters an Info manual.  As such, it is
expected not to appear in printed output generated from the =.texi=
file.  See [[info:texinfo::The%20Top%20Node]], for more information.

*** Indices
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Creating indices.
:END:

#+cindex: @samp{CINDEX}, keyword
#+cindex: concept index, in Texinfo export
#+cindex: @samp{FINDEX}, keyword
#+cindex: function index, in Texinfo export
#+cindex: @samp{KINDEX}, keyword
#+cindex: keystroke index, in Texinfo export
#+cindex: @samp{PINDEX}, keyword
#+cindex: program index, in Texinfo export
#+cindex: @samp{TINDEX}, keyword
#+cindex: data type index, in Texinfo export
#+cindex: @samp{VINDEX}, keyword
#+cindex: variable index, in Texinfo export
The Texinfo export back-end recognizes these indexing keywords if used
in the Org file: =CINDEX=, =FINDEX=, =KINDEX=, =PINDEX=, =TINDEX= and
=VINDEX=.  Write their value as verbatim Texinfo code; in particular,
={=, =}= and =@= characters need to be escaped with =@= if they do not
belong to a Texinfo command.

: #+CINDEX: Defining indexing entries

#+cindex: @samp{INDEX}, property
For the back-end to generate an index entry for a headline, set the
=INDEX= property to =cp= or =vr=.  These abbreviations come from
Texinfo that stand for concept index and variable index.  The Texinfo
manual has abbreviations for all other kinds of indexes.  The back-end
exports the headline as an unnumbered chapter or section command, and
then inserts the index after its contents.

#+begin_example
,* Concept Index
  :PROPERTIES:
  :INDEX: cp
  :END:
#+end_example

*** Quoting Texinfo code
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Incorporating literal Texinfo code.
:END:

Use any of the following three methods to insert or escape raw Texinfo
code:

#+cindex: @samp{TEXINFO}, keyword
#+cindex: @samp{BEGIN_EXPORT texinfo}
#+begin_example
Richard @@texinfo:@sc{@@Stallman@@texinfo:}@@ commence' GNU.

,#+TEXINFO: @need800
This paragraph is preceded by...

,#+BEGIN_EXPORT texinfo
  @auindex Johnson, Mark
  @auindex Lakoff, George
,#+END_EXPORT
#+end_example

*** Plain lists in Texinfo export
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: List attributes.
:END:

#+cindex: @samp{ATTR_TEXINFO}, keyword
#+cindex: two-column tables, in Texinfo export

#+cindex: table types, in Texinfo export
The Texinfo export back-end by default converts description lists in
the Org file using the default command =@table=, which results in
a table with two columns.  To change this behavior, specify
=:table-type= with =ftable= or =vtable= attributes.  For more
information, see [[info:texinfo::Two-column Tables]].

#+vindex: org-texinfo-table-default-markup
The Texinfo export back-end by default also applies a text highlight
based on the defaults stored in ~org-texinfo-table-default-markup~.
To override the default highlight command, specify another one with
the =:indic= attribute.

#+cindex: multiple items in Texinfo lists
Org syntax is limited to one entry per list item.  Nevertheless, the
Texinfo export back-end can split that entry according to any text
provided through the =:sep= attribute.  Each part then becomes a new
entry in the first column of the table.

The following example illustrates all the attributes above:

#+begin_example
,#+ATTR_TEXINFO: :table-type vtable :sep , :indic asis
- foo, bar :: This is the common text for variables foo and bar.
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
becomes

#+begin_example
@vtable @asis
@item foo
@itemx bar
This is the common text for variables foo and bar.
@end table
#+end_example

*** Tables in Texinfo export
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Table attributes.
:END:

#+cindex: @samp{ATTR_TEXINFO}, keyword
When exporting tables, the Texinfo export back-end uses the widest
cell width in each column.  To override this and instead specify as
fractions of line length, use the =:columns= attribute.  See example
below.

#+begin_example
,#+ATTR_TEXINFO: :columns .5 .5
| a cell | another cell |
#+end_example

*** Images in Texinfo export
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Image attributes.
:END:

#+cindex: @samp{ATTR_TEXINFO}, keyword
Insert a file link to the image in the Org file, and the Texinfo
export back-end inserts the image.  These links must have the usual
supported image extensions and no descriptions.  To scale the image,
use =:width= and =:height= attributes.  For alternate text, use =:alt=
and specify the text using Texinfo code, as shown in the example:

#+begin_example
,#+ATTR_TEXINFO: :width 1in :alt Alternate @i{text}
[[ridt.pdf]]
#+end_example

*** Quotations in Texinfo export
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Quote block attributes.
:END:

#+cindex: @samp{ATTR_TEXINFO}, keyword
You can write the text of a quotation within a quote block (see
[[*Paragraphs]]).  You may also emphasize some text at the beginning of
the quotation with the =:tag= attribute.

#+begin_example
,#+ATTR_TEXINFO: :tag Warning
,#+BEGIN_QUOTE
Striking your thumb with a hammer may cause severe pain and discomfort.
,#+END_QUOTE
#+end_example

To specify the author of the quotation, use the =:author= attribute.

#+begin_example
,#+ATTR_TEXINFO: :author King Arthur
,#+BEGIN_QUOTE
The Lady of the Lake, her arm clad in the purest shimmering samite,
held aloft Excalibur from the bosom of the water, signifying by divine
providence that I, Arthur, was to carry Excalibur. That is why I am
your king.
,#+END_QUOTE
#+end_example

*** Special blocks in Texinfo export
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Special block attributes.
:END:

#+cindex: @samp{ATTR_TEXINFO}, keyword

The Texinfo export back-end converts special blocks to commands with
the same name.  It also adds any =:options= attributes to the end of
the command, as shown in this example:

#+begin_example
,#+ATTR_TEXINFO: :options org-org-export-to-org ...
,#+BEGIN_defun
  A somewhat obsessive function name.
,#+END_defun
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
becomes

#+begin_example
@defun org-org-export-to-org ...
  A somewhat obsessive function name.
@end defun
#+end_example

*** A Texinfo example
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Processing Org to Texinfo.
:END:

Here is a more detailed example Org file.  See
[[info:texinfo::GNU%20Sample%20Texts]] for an equivalent example using
Texinfo code.

#+begin_example
,#+TITLE: GNU Sample {{{version}}}
,#+SUBTITLE: for version {{{version}}}, {{{updated}}}
,#+AUTHOR: A.U. Thor
,#+EMAIL: bug-sample@gnu.org

,#+OPTIONS: ':t toc:t author:t email:t
,#+LANGUAGE: en

,#+MACRO: version 2.0
,#+MACRO: updated last updated 4 March 2014

,#+TEXINFO_FILENAME: sample.info
,#+TEXINFO_HEADER: @syncodeindex pg cp

,#+TEXINFO_DIR_CATEGORY: Texinfo documentation system
,#+TEXINFO_DIR_TITLE: sample: (sample)
,#+TEXINFO_DIR_DESC: Invoking sample

,#+TEXINFO_PRINTED_TITLE: GNU Sample

This manual is for GNU Sample (version {{{version}}},
{{{updated}}}).

,* Copying
  :PROPERTIES:
  :COPYING:  t
  :END:

  This manual is for GNU Sample (version {{{version}}},
  {{{updated}}}), which is an example in the Texinfo documentation.

  Copyright \copy 2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

  ,#+BEGIN_QUOTE
  Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
  document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
  Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software
  Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts,
  and with no Back-Cover Texts.  A copy of the license is included in
  the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
  ,#+END_QUOTE

,* Invoking sample

  ,#+PINDEX: sample
  ,#+CINDEX: invoking @command{sample}

  This is a sample manual.  There is no sample program to invoke, but
  if there were, you could see its basic usage and command line
  options here.

,* GNU Free Documentation License
  :PROPERTIES:
  :APPENDIX: t
  :END:

  ,#+TEXINFO: @include fdl.texi

,* Index
  :PROPERTIES:
  :INDEX:    cp
  :END:
#+end_example

** iCalendar Export
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Exporting to iCalendar.
:END:
#+cindex: iCalendar export

A large part of Org mode's interoperability success is its ability to
easily export to or import from external applications.  The iCalendar
export back-end takes calendar data from Org files and exports to the
standard iCalendar format.

#+vindex: org-icalendar-include-todo
#+vindex: org-icalendar-use-deadline
#+vindex: org-icalendar-use-scheduled
The iCalendar export back-end can also incorporate TODO entries based
on the configuration of the ~org-icalendar-include-todo~ variable.
The back-end exports plain timestamps as =VEVENT=, TODO items as
=VTODO=, and also create events from deadlines that are in non-TODO
items.  The back-end uses the deadlines and scheduling dates in Org
TODO items for setting the start and due dates for the iCalendar TODO
entry.  Consult the ~org-icalendar-use-deadline~ and
~org-icalendar-use-scheduled~ variables for more details.

#+vindex: org-icalendar-categories
#+vindex: org-icalendar-alarm-time
For tags on the headline, the iCalendar export back-end makes them
into iCalendar categories.  To tweak the inheritance of tags and TODO
states, configure the variable ~org-icalendar-categories~.  To assign
clock alarms based on time, configure the ~org-icalendar-alarm-time~
variable.

#+vindex: org-icalendar-store-UID
#+cindex: @samp{ID}, property
The iCalendar format standard requires globally unique identifier---or
UID---for each entry.  The iCalendar export back-end creates UIDs
during export.  To save a copy of the UID in the Org file set the
variable ~org-icalendar-store-UID~.  The back-end looks for the =ID=
property of the entry for re-using the same UID for subsequent
exports.

Since a single Org entry can result in multiple iCalendar
entries---timestamp, deadline, scheduled item, or TODO item---Org adds
prefixes to the UID, depending on which part of the Org entry
triggered the creation of the iCalendar entry.  Prefixing ensures UIDs
remains unique, yet enable synchronization programs trace the
connections.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-e c f)}}} (~org-icalendar-export-to-ics~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-e c f
     #+findex: org-icalendar-export-to-ics
     Create iCalendar entries from the current Org buffer and store
     them in the same directory, using a file extension =.ics=.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-e c a)}}} (~org-icalendar-export-agenda-files~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-e c a
     #+findex: org-icalendar-export-agenda-files
     Create iCalendar entries from Org files in ~org-agenda-files~ and
     store in a separate iCalendar file for each Org file.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-e c c)}}} (~org-icalendar-combine-agenda-files~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-e c c
     #+findex: org-icalendar-combine-agenda-files
     #+vindex: org-icalendar-combined-agenda-file
     Create a combined iCalendar file from Org files in
     ~org-agenda-files~ and write it to
     ~org-icalendar-combined-agenda-file~ file name.

#+cindex: @samp{SUMMARY}, property
#+cindex: @samp{DESCRIPTION}, property
#+cindex: @samp{LOCATION}, property
#+cindex: @samp{TIMEZONE}, property
The iCalendar export back-end includes =SUMMARY=, =DESCRIPTION=,
=LOCATION= and =TIMEZONE= properties from the Org entries when
exporting.  To force the back-end to inherit the =LOCATION= and
=TIMEZONE= properties, configure the ~org-use-property-inheritance~
variable.

#+vindex: org-icalendar-include-body
When Org entries do not have =SUMMARY=, =DESCRIPTION= and =LOCATION=
properties, the iCalendar export back-end derives the summary from the
headline, and derives the description from the body of the Org item.
The ~org-icalendar-include-body~ variable limits the maximum number of
characters of the content are turned into its description.

The =TIMEZONE= property can be used to specify a per-entry time zone,
and is applied to any entry with timestamp information.  Time zones
should be specified as per the IANA time zone database format, e.g.,
=Asia/Almaty=.  Alternately, the property value can be =UTC=, to force
UTC time for this entry only.

Exporting to iCalendar format depends in large part on the
capabilities of the destination application.  Some are more lenient
than others.  Consult the Org mode FAQ for advice on specific
applications.

** Other Built-in Back-ends
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Exporting to a man page.
:END:

Other export back-ends included with Org are:

- =ox-man.el=: Export to a man page.

To activate such back-ends, either customize ~org-export-backends~ or
load directly with ~(require 'ox-man)~.  On successful load, the
back-end adds new keys in the export dispatcher (see [[*The Export
Dispatcher]]).

Follow the comment section of such files, for example, =ox-man.el=,
for usage and configuration details.

** Advanced Export Configuration
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Fine-tuning the export output.
:END:

*** Hooks
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

#+vindex: org-export-before-processing-hook
#+vindex: org-export-before-parsing-hook
The export process executes two hooks before the actual exporting
begins.  The first hook, ~org-export-before-processing-hook~, runs
before any expansions of macros, Babel code, and include keywords in
the buffer.  The second hook, ~org-export-before-parsing-hook~, runs
before the buffer is parsed.

Functions added to these hooks are called with a single argument: the
export back-end actually used, as a symbol.  You may use them for
heavy duty structural modifications of the document.  For example, you
can remove every headline in the buffer during export like this:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(defun my-headline-removal (backend)
  "Remove all headlines in the current buffer.
BACKEND is the export back-end being used, as a symbol."
  (org-map-entries
   (lambda () (delete-region (point) (line-beginning-position 2)))))

(add-hook 'org-export-before-parsing-hook 'my-headline-removal)
#+end_src

*** Filters
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

#+cindex: Filters, exporting
Filters are lists of functions to be applied to certain parts for
a given back-end.  The output from the first function in the filter is
passed on to the next function in the filter.  The final output is the
output from the final function in the filter.

The Org export process has many filter sets applicable to different
types of objects, plain text, parse trees, export options, and final
output formats.  The filters are named after the element type or
object type: ~org-export-filter-TYPE-functions~, where {{{var(TYPE)}}}
is the type targeted by the filter.  Valid types are:

#+attr_texinfo: :columns 0.33 0.33 0.33
| body                | bold               | babel-call       |
| center-block        | clock              | code             |
| diary-sexp          | drawer             | dynamic-block    |
| entity              | example-block      | export-block     |
| export-snippet      | final-output       | fixed-width      |
| footnote-definition | footnote-reference | headline         |
| horizontal-rule     | inline-babel-call  | inline-src-block |
| inlinetask          | italic             | item             |
| keyword             | latex-environment  | latex-fragment   |
| line-break          | link               | node-property    |
| options             | paragraph          | parse-tree       |
| plain-list          | plain-text         | planning         |
| property-drawer     | quote-block        | radio-target     |
| section             | special-block      | src-block        |
| statistics-cookie   | strike-through     | subscript        |
| superscript         | table              | table-cell       |
| table-row           | target             | timestamp        |
| underline           | verbatim           | verse-block      |

Here is an example filter that replaces non-breaking spaces ~ ~ in the
Org buffer with =~= for the LaTeX back-end.

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(defun my-latex-filter-nobreaks (text backend info)
  "Ensure \" \" are properly handled in LaTeX export."
  (when (org-export-derived-backend-p backend 'latex)
    (replace-regexp-in-string " " "~" text)))

(add-to-list 'org-export-filter-plain-text-functions
             'my-latex-filter-nobreaks)
#+end_src

A filter requires three arguments: the code to be transformed, the
name of the back-end, and some optional information about the export
process.  The third argument can be safely ignored.  Note the use of
~org-export-derived-backend-p~ predicate that tests for /latex/
back-end or any other back-end, such as /beamer/, derived from
/latex/.

*** Defining filters for individual files
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

The Org export can filter not just for back-ends, but also for
specific files through the =BIND= keyword.  Here is an example with
two filters; one removes brackets from time stamps, and the other
removes strike-through text.  The filter functions are defined in
a code block in the same Org file, which is a handy location for
debugging.

#+begin_example
,#+BIND: org-export-filter-timestamp-functions (tmp-f-timestamp)
,#+BIND: org-export-filter-strike-through-functions (tmp-f-strike-through)
,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :exports results :results none
  (defun tmp-f-timestamp (s backend info)
    (replace-regexp-in-string "&[lg]t;\\|[][]" "" s))
  (defun tmp-f-strike-through (s backend info) "")
,#+END_SRC
#+end_example

*** Extending an existing back-end
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

Some parts of the conversion process can be extended for certain
elements so as to introduce a new or revised translation.  That is how
the HTML export back-end was extended to handle Markdown format.  The
extensions work seamlessly so any aspect of filtering not done by the
extended back-end is handled by the original back-end.  Of all the
export customization in Org, extending is very powerful as it operates
at the parser level.

For this example, make the /ascii/ back-end display the language used
in a source code block.  Also make it display only when some attribute
is non-~nil~, like the following:

: #+ATTR_ASCII: :language t

Then extend ASCII back-end with a custom "my-ascii" back-end.

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(defun my-ascii-src-block (src-block contents info)
  "Transcode a SRC-BLOCK element from Org to ASCII.
CONTENTS is nil.  INFO is a plist used as a communication
channel."
  (if (not (org-export-read-attribute :attr_ascii src-block :language))
      (org-export-with-backend 'ascii src-block contents info)
    (concat
     (format ",--[ %s ]--\n%s`----"
             (org-element-property :language src-block)
             (replace-regexp-in-string
              "^" "| "
              (org-element-normalize-string
               (org-export-format-code-default src-block info)))))))

(org-export-define-derived-backend 'my-ascii 'ascii
  :translate-alist '((src-block . my-ascii-src-block)))
#+end_src

The ~my-ascii-src-block~ function looks at the attribute above the
current element.  If not true, hands over to /ascii/ back-end.  If
true, which it is in this example, it creates a box around the code
and leaves room for the inserting a string for language.  The last
form creates the new back-end that springs to action only when
translating ~src-block~ type elements.

To use the newly defined back-end, evaluate the following from an Org
buffer:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(org-export-to-buffer 'my-ascii "*Org MY-ASCII Export*")
#+end_src

Further steps to consider would be an interactive function,
self-installing an item in the export dispatcher menu, and other
user-friendly improvements.

** Export in Foreign Buffers
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Author tables and lists in Org syntax.
:END:

The export back-ends in Org often include commands to convert selected
regions.  A convenient feature of this in-place conversion is that the
exported output replaces the original source.  Here are such
functions:

- ~org-ascii-convert-region-to-ascii~ ::

     #+findex: org-ascii-convert-region-to-ascii
     Convert the selected region into ASCII.

- ~org-ascii-convert-region-to-utf8~ ::

     #+findex: org-ascii-convert-region-to-utf8
     Convert the selected region into UTF-8.

- ~org-html-convert-region-to-html~ ::

     #+findex: org-html-convert-region-to-html
     Convert the selected region into HTML.

- ~org-latex-convert-region-to-latex~ ::

     #+findex: org-latex-convert-region-to-latex
     Convert the selected region into LaTeX.

- ~org-texinfo-convert-region-to-texinfo~ ::

     #+findex: org-texinfo-convert-region-to-texinfo
     Convert the selected region into Texinfo.

- ~org-md-convert-region-to-md~ ::

     #+findex: org-md-convert-region-to-md
     Convert the selected region into Markdown.

In-place conversions are particularly handy for quick conversion of
tables and lists in foreign buffers.  For example, in an HTML buffer,
write a list in Org syntax, select it, and convert it to HTML with
{{{kbd(M-x org-html-convert-region-to-html)}}}.

* Publishing
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Create a web site of linked Org files.
:END:
#+cindex: publishing

Org includes a publishing management system that allows you to
configure automatic HTML conversion of /projects/ composed of
interlinked Org files.  You can also configure Org to automatically
upload your exported HTML pages and related attachments, such as
images and source code files, to a web server.

You can also use Org to convert files into PDF, or even combine HTML
and PDF conversion so that files are available in both formats on the
server.

Publishing has been contributed to Org by David O'Toole.

** Configuration
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Defining projects.
:END:
Publishing needs significant configuration to specify files,
destination and many other properties of a project.

*** The variable ~org-publish-project-alist~
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: The central configuration variable.
:ALT_TITLE: Project alist
:END:
#+cindex: projects, for publishing

#+vindex: org-publish-project-alist
Publishing is configured almost entirely through setting the value of
one variable, called ~org-publish-project-alist~.  Each element of the
list configures one project, and may be in one of the two following
forms:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
("project-name" :property value :property value ...)
#+end_src

#+texinfo: @noindent
i.e., a well-formed property list with alternating keys and values,
or:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
("project-name" :components ("project-name" "project-name" ...))
#+end_src

In both cases, projects are configured by specifying property values.
A project defines the set of files that are to be published, as well
as the publishing configuration to use when publishing those files.
When a project takes the second form listed above, the individual
members of the ~:components~ property are taken to be sub-projects,
which group together files requiring different publishing options.
When you publish such a "meta-project", all the components are also
published, in the sequence given.

*** Sources and destinations for files
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: From here to there.
:ALT_TITLE: Sources and destinations
:END:
#+cindex: directories, for publishing

Most properties are optional, but some should always be set.  In
particular, Org needs to know where to look for source files, and
where to put published files.

- ~:base-directory~ ::

     Directory containing publishing source files.

- ~:publishing-directory~ ::

     Directory where output files are published.  You can directly
     publish to a webserver using a file name syntax appropriate for
     the Emacs tramp package.  Or you can publish to a local directory
     and use external tools to upload your website (see [[*Uploading
     Files]]).

- ~:preparation-function~ ::

     Function or list of functions to be called before starting the
     publishing process, for example, to run =make= for updating files
     to be published.  Each preparation function is called with
     a single argument, the project property list.

- ~:completion-function~ ::

     Function or list of functions called after finishing the
     publishing process, for example, to change permissions of the
     resulting files.  Each completion function is called with
     a single argument, the project property list.

*** Selecting files
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: What files are part of the project?
:END:
#+cindex: files, selecting for publishing

By default, all files with extension =.org= in the base directory are
considered part of the project.  This can be modified by setting the
following properties

- ~:base-extension~ ::

     Extension---without the dot---of source files.  This actually
     is a regular expression.  Set this to the symbol ~any~ if you
     want to get all files in ~:base-directory~, even without
     extension.

- ~:exclude~ ::

     Regular expression to match file names that should not be published,
     even though they have been selected on the basis of their extension.

- ~:include~ ::

     List of files to be included regardless of ~:base-extension~ and
     ~:exclude~.

- ~:recursive~ ::

     Non-~nil~ means, check base-directory recursively for files to
     publish.

*** Publishing action
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Setting the function doing the publishing.
:END:
#+cindex: action, for publishing

Publishing means that a file is copied to the destination directory
and possibly transformed in the process.  The default transformation
is to export Org files as HTML files, and this is done by the function
~org-publish-org-to-html~ which calls the HTML exporter (see [[*HTML
Export]]).  But you can also publish your content as PDF files using
~org-publish-org-to-pdf~, or as ASCII, Texinfo, etc., using the
corresponding functions.

If you want to publish the Org file as an =.org= file but with
/archived/, /commented/, and /tag-excluded/ trees removed, use
~org-publish-org-to-org~.  This produces =file.org= and put it in the
publishing directory.  If you want a htmlized version of this file,
set the parameter ~:htmlized-source~ to ~t~.  It produces
=file.org.html= in the publishing directory[fn:135].

Other files like images only need to be copied to the publishing
destination; for this you can use ~org-publish-attachment~.  For
non-Org files, you always need to specify the publishing function:

- ~:publishing-function~ ::

     Function executing the publication of a file.  This may also be
     a list of functions, which are all called in turn.

- ~:htmlized-source~ ::

     Non-~nil~ means, publish htmlized source.

The function must accept three arguments: a property list containing
at least a ~:publishing-directory~ property, the name of the file to
be published, and the path to the publishing directory of the output
file.  It should take the specified file, make the necessary
transformation, if any, and place the result into the destination
folder.

*** Options for the exporters
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Tweaking HTML/@LaTeX{} export.
:ALT_TITLE: Publishing options
:END:
#+cindex: options, for publishing
#+cindex: publishing options

The property list can be used to set many export options for the HTML
and LaTeX exporters.  In most cases, these properties correspond to
user variables in Org.  The table below lists these properties along
with the variable they belong to.  See the documentation string for
the respective variable for details.

#+vindex: org-publish-project-alist
When a property is given a value in ~org-publish-project-alist~, its
setting overrides the value of the corresponding user variable, if
any, during publishing.  Options set within a file (see [[*Export
Settings]]), however, override everything.

**** Generic properties
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

| ~:archived-trees~       | ~org-export-with-archived-trees~   |
| ~:exclude-tags~         | ~org-export-exclude-tags~          |
| ~:headline-levels~      | ~org-export-headline-levels~       |
| ~:language~             | ~org-export-default-language~      |
| ~:preserve-breaks~      | ~org-export-preserve-breaks~       |
| ~:section-numbers~      | ~org-export-with-section-numbers~  |
| ~:select-tags~          | ~org-export-select-tags~           |
| ~:with-author~          | ~org-export-with-author~           |
| ~:with-broken-links~    | ~org-export-with-broken-links~     |
| ~:with-clocks~          | ~org-export-with-clocks~           |
| ~:with-creator~         | ~org-export-with-creator~          |
| ~:with-date~            | ~org-export-with-date~             |
| ~:with-drawers~         | ~org-export-with-drawers~          |
| ~:with-email~           | ~org-export-with-email~            |
| ~:with-emphasize~       | ~org-export-with-emphasize~        |
| ~:with-fixed-width~     | ~org-export-with-fixed-width~      |
| ~:with-footnotes~       | ~org-export-with-footnotes~        |
| ~:with-latex~           | ~org-export-with-latex~            |
| ~:with-planning~        | ~org-export-with-planning~         |
| ~:with-priority~        | ~org-export-with-priority~         |
| ~:with-properties~      | ~org-export-with-properties~       |
| ~:with-special-strings~ | ~org-export-with-special-strings~  |
| ~:with-sub-superscript~ | ~org-export-with-sub-superscripts~ |
| ~:with-tables~          | ~org-export-with-tables~           |
| ~:with-tags~            | ~org-export-with-tags~             |
| ~:with-tasks~           | ~org-export-with-tasks~            |
| ~:with-timestamps~      | ~org-export-with-timestamps~       |
| ~:with-title~           | ~org-export-with-title~            |
| ~:with-toc~             | ~org-export-with-toc~              |
| ~:with-todo-keywords~   | ~org-export-with-todo-keywords~    |

**** ASCII specific properties
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

| ~:ascii-bullets~                       | ~org-ascii-bullets~                       |
| ~:ascii-caption-above~                 | ~org-ascii-caption-above~                 |
| ~:ascii-charset~                       | ~org-ascii-charset~                       |
| ~:ascii-global-margin~                 | ~org-ascii-global-margin~                 |
| ~:ascii-format-drawer-function~        | ~org-ascii-format-drawer-function~        |
| ~:ascii-format-inlinetask-function~    | ~org-ascii-format-inlinetask-function~    |
| ~:ascii-headline-spacing~              | ~org-ascii-headline-spacing~              |
| ~:ascii-indented-line-width~           | ~org-ascii-indented-line-width~           |
| ~:ascii-inlinetask-width~              | ~org-ascii-inlinetask-width~              |
| ~:ascii-inner-margin~                  | ~org-ascii-inner-margin~                  |
| ~:ascii-links-to-notes~                | ~org-ascii-links-to-notes~                |
| ~:ascii-list-margin~                   | ~org-ascii-list-margin~                   |
| ~:ascii-paragraph-spacing~             | ~org-ascii-paragraph-spacing~             |
| ~:ascii-quote-margin~                  | ~org-ascii-quote-margin~                  |
| ~:ascii-table-keep-all-vertical-lines~ | ~org-ascii-table-keep-all-vertical-lines~ |
| ~:ascii-table-use-ascii-art~           | ~org-ascii-table-use-ascii-art~           |
| ~:ascii-table-widen-columns~           | ~org-ascii-table-widen-columns~           |
| ~:ascii-text-width~                    | ~org-ascii-text-width~                    |
| ~:ascii-underline~                     | ~org-ascii-underline~                     |
| ~:ascii-verbatim-format~               | ~org-ascii-verbatim-format~               |

**** Beamer specific properties
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

| ~:beamer-theme~                 | ~org-beamer-theme~                 |
| ~:beamer-column-view-format~    | ~org-beamer-column-view-format~    |
| ~:beamer-environments-extra~    | ~org-beamer-environments-extra~    |
| ~:beamer-frame-default-options~ | ~org-beamer-frame-default-options~ |
| ~:beamer-outline-frame-options~ | ~org-beamer-outline-frame-options~ |
| ~:beamer-outline-frame-title~   | ~org-beamer-outline-frame-title~   |
| ~:beamer-subtitle-format~       | ~org-beamer-subtitle-format~       |

**** HTML specific properties
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

| ~:html-allow-name-attribute-in-anchors~        | ~org-html-allow-name-attribute-in-anchors~        |
| ~:html-checkbox-type~                          | ~org-html-checkbox-type~                          |
| ~:html-container~                              | ~org-html-container-element~                      |
| ~:html-divs~                                   | ~org-html-divs~                                   |
| ~:html-doctype~                                | ~org-html-doctype~                                |
| ~:html-extension~                              | ~org-html-extension~                              |
| ~:html-footnote-format~                        | ~org-html-footnote-format~                        |
| ~:html-footnote-separator~                     | ~org-html-footnote-separator~                     |
| ~:html-footnotes-section~                      | ~org-html-footnotes-section~                      |
| ~:html-format-drawer-function~                 | ~org-html-format-drawer-function~                 |
| ~:html-format-headline-function~               | ~org-html-format-headline-function~               |
| ~:html-format-inlinetask-function~             | ~org-html-format-inlinetask-function~             |
| ~:html-head-extra~                             | ~org-html-head-extra~                             |
| ~:html-head-include-default-style~             | ~org-html-head-include-default-style~             |
| ~:html-head-include-scripts~                   | ~org-html-head-include-scripts~                   |
| ~:html-head~                                   | ~org-html-head~                                   |
| ~:html-home/up-format~                         | ~org-html-home/up-format~                         |
| ~:html-html5-fancy~                            | ~org-html-html5-fancy~                            |
| ~:html-indent~                                 | ~org-html-indent~                                 |
| ~:html-infojs-options~                         | ~org-html-infojs-options~                         |
| ~:html-infojs-template~                        | ~org-html-infojs-template~                        |
| ~:html-inline-image-rules~                     | ~org-html-inline-image-rules~                     |
| ~:html-inline-images~                          | ~org-html-inline-images~                          |
| ~:html-link-home~                              | ~org-html-link-home~                              |
| ~:html-link-org-files-as-html~                 | ~org-html-link-org-files-as-html~                 |
| ~:html-link-up~                                | ~org-html-link-up~                                |
| ~:html-link-use-abs-url~                       | ~org-html-link-use-abs-url~                       |
| ~:html-mathjax-options~                        | ~org-html-mathjax-options~                        |
| ~:html-mathjax-template~                       | ~org-html-mathjax-template~                       |
| ~:html-metadata-timestamp-format~              | ~org-html-metadata-timestamp-format~              |
| ~:html-postamble-format~                       | ~org-html-postamble-format~                       |
| ~:html-postamble~                              | ~org-html-postamble~                              |
| ~:html-preamble-format~                        | ~org-html-preamble-format~                        |
| ~:html-preamble~                               | ~org-html-preamble~                               |
| ~:html-table-align-individual-field~           | ~de{org-html-table-align-individual-fields~       |
| ~:html-table-attributes~                       | ~org-html-table-default-attributes~               |
| ~:html-table-caption-above~                    | ~org-html-table-caption-above~                    |
| ~:html-table-data-tags~                        | ~org-html-table-data-tags~                        |
| ~:html-table-header-tags~                      | ~org-html-table-header-tags~                      |
| ~:html-table-row-tags~                         | ~org-html-table-row-tags~                         |
| ~:html-table-use-header-tags-for-first-column~ | ~org-html-table-use-header-tags-for-first-column~ |
| ~:html-tag-class-prefix~                       | ~org-html-tag-class-prefix~                       |
| ~:html-text-markup-alist~                      | ~org-html-text-markup-alist~                      |
| ~:html-todo-kwd-class-prefix~                  | ~org-html-todo-kwd-class-prefix~                  |
| ~:html-toplevel-hlevel~                        | ~org-html-toplevel-hlevel~                        |
| ~:html-use-infojs~                             | ~org-html-use-infojs~                             |
| ~:html-validation-link~                        | ~org-html-validation-link~                        |
| ~:html-viewport~                               | ~org-html-viewport~                               |
| ~:html-xml-declaration~                        | ~org-html-xml-declaration~                        |

**** LaTeX specific properties
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

| ~:latex-active-timestamp-format~       | ~org-latex-active-timestamp-format~       |
| ~:latex-caption-above~                 | ~org-latex-caption-above~                 |
| ~:latex-classes~                       | ~org-latex-classes~                       |
| ~:latex-class~                         | ~org-latex-default-class~                 |
| ~:latex-compiler~                      | ~org-latex-compiler~                      |
| ~:latex-default-figure-position~       | ~org-latex-default-figure-position~       |
| ~:latex-default-table-environment~     | ~org-latex-default-table-environment~     |
| ~:latex-default-table-mode~            | ~org-latex-default-table-mode~            |
| ~:latex-diary-timestamp-format~        | ~org-latex-diary-timestamp-format~        |
| ~:latex-footnote-defined-format~       | ~org-latex-footnote-defined-format~       |
| ~:latex-footnote-separator~            | ~org-latex-footnote-separator~            |
| ~:latex-format-drawer-function~        | ~org-latex-format-drawer-function~        |
| ~:latex-format-headline-function~      | ~org-latex-format-headline-function~      |
| ~:latex-format-inlinetask-function~    | ~org-latex-format-inlinetask-function~    |
| ~:latex-hyperref-template~             | ~org-latex-hyperref-template~             |
| ~:latex-image-default-height~          | ~org-latex-image-default-height~          |
| ~:latex-image-default-option~          | ~org-latex-image-default-option~          |
| ~:latex-image-default-width~           | ~org-latex-image-default-width~           |
| ~:latex-images-centered~               | ~org-latex-images-centered~               |
| ~:latex-inactive-timestamp-format~     | ~org-latex-inactive-timestamp-format~     |
| ~:latex-inline-image-rules~            | ~org-latex-inline-image-rules~            |
| ~:latex-link-with-unknown-path-format~ | ~org-latex-link-with-unknown-path-format~ |
| ~:latex-listings-langs~                | ~org-latex-listings-langs~                |
| ~:latex-listings-options~              | ~org-latex-listings-options~              |
| ~:latex-listings~                      | ~org-latex-listings~                      |
| ~:latex-minted-langs~                  | ~org-latex-minted-langs~                  |
| ~:latex-minted-options~                | ~org-latex-minted-options~                |
| ~:latex-prefer-user-labels~            | ~org-latex-prefer-user-labels~            |
| ~:latex-subtitle-format~               | ~org-latex-subtitle-format~               |
| ~:latex-subtitle-separate~             | ~org-latex-subtitle-separate~             |
| ~:latex-table-scientific-notation~     | ~org-latex-table-scientific-notation~     |
| ~:latex-tables-booktabs~               | ~org-latex-tables-booktabs~               |
| ~:latex-tables-centered~               | ~org-latex-tables-centered~               |
| ~:latex-text-markup-alist~             | ~org-latex-text-markup-alist~             |
| ~:latex-title-command~                 | ~org-latex-title-command~                 |
| ~:latex-toc-command~                   | ~org-latex-toc-command~                   |

**** Markdown specific properties
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

| ~:md-footnote-format~   | ~org-md-footnote-format~   |
| ~:md-footnotes-section~ | ~org-md-footnotes-section~ |
| ~:md-headline-style~    | ~org-md-headline-style~    |

**** ODT specific properties
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

| ~:odt-content-template-file~      | ~org-odt-content-template-file~      |
| ~:odt-display-outline-level~      | ~org-odt-display-outline-level~      |
| ~:odt-fontify-srcblocks~          | ~org-odt-fontify-srcblocks~          |
| ~:odt-format-drawer-function~     | ~org-odt-format-drawer-function~     |
| ~:odt-format-headline-function~   | ~org-odt-format-headline-function~   |
| ~:odt-format-inlinetask-function~ | ~org-odt-format-inlinetask-function~ |
| ~:odt-inline-formula-rules~       | ~org-odt-inline-formula-rules~       |
| ~:odt-inline-image-rules~         | ~org-odt-inline-image-rules~         |
| ~:odt-pixels-per-inch~            | ~org-odt-pixels-per-inch~            |
| ~:odt-styles-file~                | ~org-odt-styles-file~                |
| ~:odt-table-styles~               | ~org-odt-table-styles~               |
| ~:odt-use-date-fields~            | ~org-odt-use-date-fields~            |

**** Texinfo specific properties
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

| ~:texinfo-active-timestamp-format~       | ~org-texinfo-active-timestamp-format~       |
| ~:texinfo-classes~                       | ~org-texinfo-classes~                       |
| ~:texinfo-class~                         | ~org-texinfo-default-class~                 |
| ~:texinfo-table-default-markup~          | ~org-texinfo-table-default-markup~          |
| ~:texinfo-diary-timestamp-format~        | ~org-texinfo-diary-timestamp-format~        |
| ~:texinfo-filename~                      | ~org-texinfo-filename~                      |
| ~:texinfo-format-drawer-function~        | ~org-texinfo-format-drawer-function~        |
| ~:texinfo-format-headline-function~      | ~org-texinfo-format-headline-function~      |
| ~:texinfo-format-inlinetask-function~    | ~org-texinfo-format-inlinetask-function~    |
| ~:texinfo-inactive-timestamp-format~     | ~org-texinfo-inactive-timestamp-format~     |
| ~:texinfo-link-with-unknown-path-format~ | ~org-texinfo-link-with-unknown-path-format~ |
| ~:texinfo-node-description-column~       | ~org-texinfo-node-description-column~       |
| ~:texinfo-table-scientific-notation~     | ~org-texinfo-table-scientific-notation~     |
| ~:texinfo-tables-verbatim~               | ~org-texinfo-tables-verbatim~               |
| ~:texinfo-text-markup-alist~             | ~org-texinfo-text-markup-alist~             |

*** Publishing links
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Which links keep working after publishing?
:END:
#+cindex: links, publishing

To create a link from one Org file to another, you would use something
like =[[file:foo.org][The foo]]= or simply =[[file:foo.org]]= (see [[*External Links]]).  When
published, this link becomes a link to =foo.html=.  You can thus
interlink the pages of your "Org web" project and the links will work
as expected when you publish them to HTML.  If you also publish the
Org source file and want to link to it, use an =http= link instead of
a =file:= link, because =file= links are converted to link to the
corresponding =.html= file.

You may also link to related files, such as images.  Provided you are
careful with relative file names, and provided you have also
configured Org to upload the related files, these links will work too.
See [[*Example: complex publishing configuration]], for an example of this
usage.

Eventually, links between published documents can contain some search
options (see [[*Search Options in File Links]]), which will be resolved to
the appropriate location in the linked file.  For example, once
published to HTML, the following links all point to a dedicated anchor
in =foo.html=.

#+begin_example
[[file:foo.org::*heading]]
[[file:foo.org::#custom-id]]
[[file:foo.org::target]]
#+end_example

*** Generating a sitemap
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Generating a list of all pages.
:ALT_TITLE: Site map
:END:
#+cindex: sitemap, of published pages

The following properties may be used to control publishing of
a map of files for a given project.

- ~:auto-sitemap~ ::

     When non-~nil~, publish a sitemap during
     ~org-publish-current-project~ or ~org-publish-all~.

- ~:sitemap-filename~ ::

     Filename for output of sitemap.  Defaults to =sitemap.org=, which
     becomes =sitemap.html=.

- ~:sitemap-title~ ::

     Title of sitemap page.  Defaults to name of file.

- ~:sitemap-format-entry~ ::

     #+findex: org-publish-find-date
     #+findex: org-publish-find-property
     #+findex: org-publish-find-title
     With this option one can tell how a site-map entry is formatted
     in the site-map.  It is a function called with three arguments:
     the file or directory name relative to base directory of the
     project, the site-map style and the current project.  It is
     expected to return a string.  Default value turns file names into
     links and use document titles as descriptions.  For specific
     formatting needs, one can use ~org-publish-find-date~,
     ~org-publish-find-title~ and ~org-publish-find-property~, to
     retrieve additional information about published documents.

- ~:sitemap-function~ ::

     Plug-in function to use for generation of the sitemap.  It is
     called with two arguments: the title of the site-map and
     a representation of the files and directories involved in the
     project as a nested list, which can further be transformed using
     ~org-list-to-generic~, ~org-list-to-subtree~ and alike.  Default
     value generates a plain list of links to all files in the
     project.

- ~:sitemap-sort-folders~ ::

     Where folders should appear in the sitemap.  Set this to ~first~
     (default) or ~last~ to display folders first or last,
     respectively.  When set to ~ignore~, folders are ignored
     altogether.  Any other value mixes files and folders.  This
     variable has no effect when site-map style is ~tree~.

- ~:sitemap-sort-files~ ::

     How the files are sorted in the site map.  Set this to
     ~alphabetically~ (default), ~chronologically~ or
     ~anti-chronologically~.  ~chronologically~ sorts the files with
     older date first while ~anti-chronologically~ sorts the files
     with newer date first.  ~alphabetically~ sorts the files
     alphabetically.  The date of a file is retrieved with
     ~org-publish-find-date~.

- ~:sitemap-ignore-case~ ::

     Should sorting be case-sensitive?  Default ~nil~.

- ~:sitemap-file-entry-format~ ::

     With this option one can tell how a sitemap's entry is formatted
     in the sitemap.  This is a format string with some escape
     sequences: ~%t~ stands for the title of the file, ~%a~ stands for
     the author of the file and ~%d~ stands for the date of the file.
     The date is retrieved with the ~org-publish-find-date~ function
     and formatted with ~org-publish-sitemap-date-format~.  Default
     ~%t~.

- ~:sitemap-date-format~ ::

     Format string for the ~format-time-string~ function that tells
     how a sitemap entry's date is to be formatted.  This property
     bypasses ~org-publish-sitemap-date-format~ which defaults to
     ~%Y-%m-%d~.

*** Generating an index
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: An index that reaches across pages.
:END:
#+cindex: index, in a publishing project

Org mode can generate an index across the files of a publishing project.

- ~:makeindex~ ::

     When non-~nil~, generate in index in the file =theindex.org= and
     publish it as =theindex.html=.

The file is created when first publishing a project with the
~:makeindex~ set.  The file only contains a statement =#+INCLUDE:
"theindex.inc"=.  You can then build around this include statement by
adding a title, style information, etc.

#+cindex: @samp{INDEX}, keyword
Index entries are specified with =INDEX= keyword.  An entry that
contains an exclamation mark creates a sub item.

#+begin_example
,*** Curriculum Vitae
,#+INDEX: CV
,#+INDEX: Application!CV
#+end_example

** Uploading Files
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: How to get files up on the server.
:END:
#+cindex: rsync
#+cindex: unison

For those people already utilizing third party sync tools such as
Rsync or Unison, it might be preferable not to use the built-in remote
publishing facilities of Org mode which rely heavily on Tramp.  Tramp,
while very useful and powerful, tends not to be so efficient for
multiple file transfer and has been known to cause problems under
heavy usage.

Specialized synchronization utilities offer several advantages.  In
addition to timestamp comparison, they also do content and
permissions/attribute checks.  For this reason you might prefer to
publish your web to a local directory---possibly even /in place/ with
your Org files---and then use Unison or Rsync to do the
synchronization with the remote host.

Since Unison, for example, can be configured as to which files to
transfer to a certain remote destination, it can greatly simplify the
project publishing definition.  Simply keep all files in the correct
location, process your Org files with ~org-publish~ and let the
synchronization tool do the rest.  You do not need, in this scenario,
to include attachments such as JPG, CSS or PNG files in the project
definition since the third-party tool syncs them.

Publishing to a local directory is also much faster than to a remote
one, so that you can afford more easily to republish entire projects.
If you set ~org-publish-use-timestamps-flag~ to ~nil~, you gain the
main benefit of re-including any changed external files such as source
example files you might include with =INCLUDE= keyword.  The timestamp
mechanism in Org is not smart enough to detect if included files have
been modified.

** Sample Configuration
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Example projects.
:END:

Below we provide two example configurations.  The first one is
a simple project publishing only a set of Org files.  The second
example is more complex, with a multi-component project.

*** Example: simple publishing configuration
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: One-component publishing.
:ALT_TITLE: Simple example
:END:

This example publishes a set of Org files to the =public_html=
directory on the local machine.

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-publish-project-alist
      '(("org"
         :base-directory "~/org/"
         :publishing-directory "~/public_html"
         :section-numbers nil
         :table-of-contents nil
         :style "<link rel=\"stylesheet\"
                href=\"../other/mystyle.css\"
                type=\"text/css\"/>")))
#+end_src

*** Example: complex publishing configuration
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: A multi-component publishing example.
:ALT_TITLE: Complex example
:END:

This more complicated example publishes an entire website, including
Org files converted to HTML, image files, Emacs Lisp source code, and
style sheets.  The publishing directory is remote and private files
are excluded.

To ensure that links are preserved, care should be taken to replicate
your directory structure on the web server, and to use relative file
paths.  For example, if your Org files are kept in =~/org/= and your
publishable images in =~/images/=, you would link to an image with

: file:../images/myimage.png

On the web server, the relative path to the image should be the same.
You can accomplish this by setting up an =images/= folder in the right
place on the web server, and publishing images to it.

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-publish-project-alist
      '(("orgfiles"
         :base-directory "~/org/"
         :base-extension "org"
         :publishing-directory "/ssh:user@host:~/html/notebook/"
         :publishing-function org-html-publish-to-html
         :exclude "PrivatePage.org" ;; regexp
         :headline-levels 3
         :section-numbers nil
         :with-toc nil
         :html-head "<link rel=\"stylesheet\"
                  href=\"../other/mystyle.css\" type=\"text/css\"/>"
         :html-preamble t)

        ("images"
         :base-directory "~/images/"
         :base-extension "jpg\\|gif\\|png"
         :publishing-directory "/ssh:user@host:~/html/images/"
         :publishing-function org-publish-attachment)

        ("other"
         :base-directory "~/other/"
         :base-extension "css\\|el"
         :publishing-directory "/ssh:user@host:~/html/other/"
         :publishing-function org-publish-attachment)
        ("website" :components ("orgfiles" "images" "other"))))
#+end_src

** Triggering Publication
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Publication commands.
:END:

Once properly configured, Org can publish with the following commands:

- {{{kbd(C-c C-e X)}}} (~org-publish~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-e X
     #+findex: org-publish
     Prompt for a specific project and publish all files that belong
     to it.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-e P)}}} (~org-publish-current-project~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-e P
     #+findex: org-publish-current-project
     Publish the project containing the current file.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-e F)}}} (~org-publish-current-file~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-e F
     #+findex: org-publish-current-file
     Publish only the current file.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-e E)}}} (~org-publish-all~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-e E
     #+findex: org-publish-all
     Publish every project.

#+vindex: org-publish-use-timestamps-flag
Org uses timestamps to track when a file has changed.  The above
functions normally only publish changed files.  You can override this
and force publishing of all files by giving a prefix argument to any
of the commands above, or by customizing the variable
~org-publish-use-timestamps-flag~.  This may be necessary in
particular if files include other files via =SETUPFILE= or =INCLUDE=
keywords.

* Working with Source Code
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Export, evaluate, and tangle code blocks.
:END:
#+cindex: source code, working with

Source code here refers to any plain text collection of computer
instructions, possibly with comments, written using a human-readable
programming language.  Org can manage source code in an Org document
when the source code is identified with begin and end markers.
Working with source code begins with identifying source code blocks.
A source code block can be placed almost anywhere in an Org document;
it is not restricted to the preamble or the end of the document.
However, Org cannot manage a source code block if it is placed inside
an Org comment or within a fixed width section.

Here is an example source code block in the Emacs Lisp language:

#+begin_example
,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
  (defun org-xor (a b)
     "Exclusive or."
     (if a (not b) b))
,#+END_SRC
#+end_example

Org can manage the source code in the block delimited by =#+BEGIN_SRC=
... =#+END_SRC= in several ways that can simplify housekeeping tasks
essential to modern source code maintenance.  Org can edit, format,
extract, export, and publish source code blocks.  Org can also compile
and execute a source code block, then capture the results.  The Org
mode literature sometimes refers to source code blocks as /live code/
blocks because they can alter the content of the Org document or the
material that it exports.  Users can control how live they want each
source code block by tweaking the header arguments (see [[*Using
Header Arguments]]) for compiling, execution, extraction, and
exporting.

Source code blocks are one of many Org block types, which also include
"center", "comment", "dynamic", "example", "export", "quote",
"special", and "verse".  This section pertains to blocks between
=#+BEGIN_SRC= and =#+END_SRC=.

For editing and formatting a source code block, Org uses an
appropriate Emacs major mode that includes features specifically
designed for source code in that language.

Org can extract one or more source code blocks and write them to one
or more source files---a process known as /tangling/ in literate
programming terminology.

For exporting and publishing, Org's back-ends can format a source code
block appropriately, often with native syntax highlighting.

For executing and compiling a source code block, the user can
configure Org to select the appropriate compiler.  Org provides
facilities to collect the result of the execution or compiler output,
insert it into the Org document, and/or export it.  In addition to
text results, Org can insert links to other data types, including
audio, video, and graphics.  Org can also link a compiler error
message to the appropriate line in the source code block.

An important feature of Org's management of source code blocks is the
ability to pass variables, functions, and results to one another using
a common syntax for source code blocks in any language.  Although most
literate programming facilities are restricted to one language or
another, Org's language-agnostic approach lets the literate programmer
match each programming task with the appropriate computer language and
to mix them all together in a single Org document.  This
interoperability among languages explains why Org's source code
management facility was named /Org Babel/ by its originators, Eric
Schulte and Dan Davison.

Org mode fulfills the promise of easy verification and maintenance of
publishing reproducible research by keeping text, data, code,
configuration settings of the execution environment, the results of
the execution, and associated narratives, claims, references, and
internal and external links in a single Org document.

Details of Org's facilities for working with source code are described
in the following sections.

** Structure of Code Blocks
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Code block syntax described.
:END:
#+cindex: code block, structure
#+cindex: source code, block structure
#+cindex: @samp{NAME} keyword, in source blocks
#+cindex: @samp{BEGIN_SRC}

Org offers two ways to structure source code in Org documents: in
a source code block, and directly inline.  Both specifications are
shown below.

A source code block conforms to this structure:

#+begin_example
,#+NAME: <name>
,#+BEGIN_SRC <language> <switches> <header arguments>
  <body>
,#+END_SRC
#+end_example

Do not be put-off by having to remember the source block syntax.  Org
mode offers a command for wrapping existing text in a block (see
[[*Structure Templates]]).  Org also works with other completion systems
in Emacs, some of which predate Org and have custom domain-specific
languages for defining templates.  Regular use of templates reduces
errors, increases accuracy, and maintains consistency.

#+cindex: source code, inline
An inline code block conforms to this structure:

: src_<language>{<body>}

#+texinfo: @noindent
or

: src_<language>[<header arguments>]{<body>}

- =#+NAME: <name>= ::

     Optional.  Names the source block so it can be called, like
     a function, from other source blocks or inline code to evaluate
     or to capture the results.  Code from other blocks, other files,
     and from table formulas (see [[*The Spreadsheet]]) can use the name
     to reference a source block.  This naming serves the same purpose
     as naming Org tables.  Org mode requires unique names.  For
     duplicate names, Org mode's behavior is undefined.

- =#+BEGIN_SRC= ... =#+END_SRC= ::

     Mandatory.  They mark the start and end of a block that Org
     requires.  The =#+BEGIN_SRC= line takes additional arguments, as
     described next.

- =<language>= ::

     #+cindex: language, in code blocks
     Mandatory.  It is the identifier of the source code language in
     the block.  See [[*Languages]], for identifiers of supported
     languages.

- =<switches>= ::

     #+cindex: switches, in code blocks
     Optional.  Switches provide finer control of the code execution,
     export, and format (see the discussion of switches in [[*Literal
     Examples]]).

- =<header arguments>= ::

     #+cindex: header arguments, in code blocks
     Optional.  Heading arguments control many aspects of evaluation,
     export and tangling of code blocks (see [[*Using Header Arguments]]).
     Using Org's properties feature, header arguments can be
     selectively applied to the entire buffer or specific sub-trees of
     the Org document.

- =<body>= ::

     Source code in the dialect of the specified language identifier.

** Using Header Arguments
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Different ways to set header arguments.
:END:

Org comes with many header arguments common to all languages.  New
header arguments are added for specific languages as they become
available for use in source code blocks.  A header argument is
specified with an initial colon followed by the argument's name in
lowercase.

Since header arguments can be set in several ways, Org prioritizes
them in case of overlaps or conflicts by giving local settings
a higher priority.  Header values in function calls, for example,
override header values from global defaults.

*** System-wide header arguments
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:
#+vindex: org-babel-default-header-args

#+vindex: org-babel-default-header-args
System-wide values of header arguments can be specified by customizing
the ~org-babel-default-header-args~ variable, which defaults to the
following values:

#+begin_example
:session    => "none"
:results    => "replace"
:exports    => "code"
:cache      => "no"
:noweb      => "no"
#+end_example

The example below sets =:noweb= header arguments to =yes=, which makes
Org expand =:noweb= references by default.

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-babel-default-header-args
      (cons '(:noweb . "yes")
            (assq-delete-all :noweb org-babel-default-header-args)))
#+end_src

#+cindex: language specific default header arguments
#+cindex: default header arguments per language
Each language can have separate default header arguments by
customizing the variable ~org-babel-default-header-args:<LANG>~, where
{{{var(<LANG>)}}} is the name of the language.  For details, see the
language-specific online documentation at
https://orgmode.org/worg/org-contrib/babel/.

*** Header arguments in Org mode properties
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

For header arguments applicable to the buffer, use =PROPERTY= keyword
anywhere in the Org file (see [[*Property Syntax]]).

The following example makes all the R code blocks execute in the same
session.  Setting =:results= to =silent= ignores the results of
executions for all blocks, not just R code blocks; no results inserted
for any block.

#+begin_example
,#+PROPERTY: header-args:R  :session *R*
,#+PROPERTY: header-args    :results silent
#+end_example

#+vindex: org-use-property-inheritance
Header arguments set through Org's property drawers (see [[*Property
Syntax]]) apply at the sub-tree level on down.  Since these property
drawers can appear anywhere in the file hierarchy, Org uses outermost
call or source block to resolve the values.  Org ignores
~org-use-property-inheritance~ setting.

In this example, =:cache= defaults to =yes= for all code blocks in the
sub-tree.

#+begin_example
,* sample header
  :PROPERTIES:
  :header-args:    :cache yes
  :END:
#+end_example

#+kindex: C-c C-x p
#+findex: org-set-property
Properties defined through ~org-set-property~ function, bound to
{{{kbd(C-c C-x p)}}}, apply to all active languages.  They override
properties set in ~org-babel-default-header-args~.

#+cindex: language specific header arguments properties
#+cindex: header arguments per language
Language-specific header arguments are also read from properties
=header-args:<LANG>= where {{{var(<LANG>)}}} is the language
identifier.  For example,

#+begin_example
,* Heading
  :PROPERTIES:
  :header-args:clojure:    :session *clojure-1*
  :header-args:R:          :session *R*
  :END:
,** Subheading
  :PROPERTIES:
  :header-args:clojure:    :session *clojure-2*
  :END:
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
would force separate sessions for Clojure blocks in =Heading= and
=Subheading=, but use the same session for all R blocks.  Blocks in
=Subheading= inherit settings from =Heading=.

*** Code block specific header arguments
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

Header arguments are most commonly set at the source code block level,
on the =#+BEGIN_SRC= line.  Arguments set at this level take
precedence over those set in the ~org-babel-default-header-args~
variable, and also those set as header properties.

In the following example, setting =:results= to =silent= makes it
ignore results of the code execution.  Setting =:exports= to =code=
exports only the body of the code block to HTML or LaTeX.

#+begin_example
,#+NAME: factorial
,#+BEGIN_SRC haskell :results silent :exports code :var n=0
  fac 0 = 1
  fac n = n * fac (n-1)
,#+END_SRC
#+end_example

The same header arguments in an inline code block:

: src_haskell[:exports both]{fac 5}

#+cindex: @samp{HEADER}, keyword
Code block header arguments can span multiple lines using =#+HEADER:=
on each line.  Note that Org currently accepts the plural spelling of
=#+HEADER:= only as a convenience for backward-compatibility.  It may
be removed at some point.

Multi-line header arguments on an unnamed code block:

#+begin_example
,#+HEADER: :var data1=1
,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var data2=2
   (message "data1:%S, data2:%S" data1 data2)
,#+END_SRC

,#+RESULTS:
: data1:1, data2:2
#+end_example

Multi-line header arguments on a named code block:

#+begin_example
,#+NAME: named-block
,#+HEADER: :var data=2
,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
  (message "data:%S" data)
,#+END_SRC

,#+RESULTS: named-block
  : data:2
#+end_example

*** Header arguments in function calls
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

Header arguments in function calls are the most specific and override
all other settings in case of an overlap.  They get the highest
priority.  Two =#+CALL:= examples are shown below.  For the complete
syntax of =CALL= keyword, see [[*Evaluating Code Blocks]].

In this example, =:exports results= header argument is applied to the
evaluation of the =#+CALL:= line.

: #+CALL: factorial(n=5) :exports results

In this example, =:session special= header argument is applied to the
evaluation of =factorial= code block.

: #+CALL: factorial[:session special](n=5)

** Environment of a Code Block
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Arguments, sessions, working directory...
:END:

*** Passing arguments
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

#+cindex: passing arguments to code blocks
#+cindex: arguments, in code blocks
#+cindex: @samp{var}, header argument
Use =var= for passing arguments to source code blocks.  The specifics
of variables in code blocks vary by the source language and are
covered in the language-specific documentation.  The syntax for =var=,
however, is the same for all languages.  This includes declaring
a variable, and assigning a default value.

The following syntax is used to pass arguments to code blocks using
the =var= header argument.

: :var NAME=ASSIGN

#+texinfo: @noindent
{{{var(NAME)}}} is the name of the variable bound in the code block
body.  {{{var(ASSIGN)}}} is a literal value, such as a string,
a number, a reference to a table, a list, a literal example, another
code block---with or without arguments---or the results of evaluating
a code block.

Here are examples of passing values by reference:

- table ::

     A table named with a =NAME= keyword.

     #+begin_example
     ,#+NAME: example-table
     | 1 |
     | 2 |
     | 3 |
     | 4 |

     ,#+NAME: table-length
     ,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var table=example-table
       (length table)
     ,#+END_SRC

     ,#+RESULTS: table-length
     : 4
     #+end_example

     When passing a table, you can treat specially the row, or the
     column, containing labels for the columns, or the rows, in the
     table.

     #+cindex: @samp{colnames}, header argument
     The =colnames= header argument accepts =yes=, =no=, or =nil=
     values.  The default value is =nil=: if an input table has column
     names---because the second row is a horizontal rule---then Org
     removes the column names, processes the table, puts back the
     column names, and then writes the table to the results block.
     Using =yes=, Org does the same to the first row, even if the
     initial table does not contain any horizontal rule.  When set to
     =no=, Org does not pre-process column names at all.

     #+begin_example
     ,#+NAME: less-cols
     | a |
     |---|
     | b |
     | c |

     ,#+BEGIN_SRC python :var tab=less-cols :colnames nil
       return [[val + '*' for val in row] for row in tab]
     ,#+END_SRC

     ,#+RESULTS:
     | a  |
     |----|
     | b* |
     | c* |
     #+end_example

     #+cindex: @samp{rownames}, header argument
     Similarly, the =rownames= header argument can take two values:
     =yes= or =no=.  When set to =yes=, Org removes the first column,
     processes the table, puts back the first column, and then writes
     the table to the results block.  The default is =no=, which means
     Org does not pre-process the first column.  Note that Emacs Lisp
     code blocks ignore =rownames= header argument because of the ease
     of table-handling in Emacs.

     #+begin_example
     ,#+NAME: with-rownames
     | one | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |  5 |
     | two | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |

     ,#+BEGIN_SRC python :var tab=with-rownames :rownames yes
       return [[val + 10 for val in row] for row in tab]
     ,#+END_SRC

     ,#+RESULTS:
     | one | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
     | two | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |
     #+end_example

- list ::

     A simple named list.

     #+begin_example
     ,#+NAME: example-list
     - simple
       - not
       - nested
     - list

     ,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var x=example-list
       (print x)
     ,#+END_SRC

     ,#+RESULTS:
     | simple | list |
     #+end_example

     Note that only the top level list items are passed along.  Nested
     list items are ignored.

- code block without arguments ::

     A code block name, as assigned by =NAME= keyword from the example
     above, optionally followed by parentheses.

     #+begin_example
     ,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var length=table-length()
       (* 2 length)
     ,#+END_SRC

     ,#+RESULTS:
     : 8
     #+end_example

- code block with arguments ::

     A code block name, as assigned by =NAME= keyword, followed by
     parentheses and optional arguments passed within the parentheses.

     #+begin_example
     ,#+NAME: double
     ,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var input=8
       (* 2 input)
     ,#+END_SRC

     ,#+RESULTS: double
     : 16

     ,#+NAME: squared
     ,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var input=double(input=1)
       (* input input)
     ,#+END_SRC

     ,#+RESULTS: squared
     : 4
     #+end_example

- literal example ::

     A literal example block named with a =NAME= keyword.

     #+begin_example
     ,#+NAME: literal-example
     ,#+BEGIN_EXAMPLE
       A literal example
       on two lines
     ,#+END_EXAMPLE

     ,#+NAME: read-literal-example
     ,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var x=literal-example
       (concatenate #'string x " for you.")
     ,#+END_SRC

     ,#+RESULTS: read-literal-example
     : A literal example
     : on two lines for you.
     #+end_example

Indexing variable values enables referencing portions of a variable.
Indexes are 0 based with negative values counting backwards from the
end.  If an index is separated by commas then each subsequent section
indexes as the next dimension.  Note that this indexing occurs
/before/ other table-related header arguments are applied, such as
=hlines=, =colnames= and =rownames=.  The following example assigns
the last cell of the first row the table =example-table= to the
variable =data=:

#+begin_example
,#+NAME: example-table
| 1 | a |
| 2 | b |
| 3 | c |
| 4 | d |

,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var data=example-table[0,-1]
  data
,#+END_SRC

,#+RESULTS:
: a
#+end_example

Two integers separated by a colon reference a range of variable
values.  In that case the entire inclusive range is referenced.  For
example the following assigns the middle three rows of =example-table=
to =data=.

#+begin_example
,#+NAME: example-table
| 1 | a |
| 2 | b |
| 3 | c |
| 4 | d |
| 5 | 3 |

,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var data=example-table[1:3]
  data
,#+END_SRC

,#+RESULTS:
| 2 | b |
| 3 | c |
| 4 | d |
#+end_example

To pick the entire range, use an empty index, or the single character
=*=.  =0:-1= does the same thing.  Example below shows how to
reference the first column only.

#+begin_example
,#+NAME: example-table
| 1 | a |
| 2 | b |
| 3 | c |
| 4 | d |

,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var data=example-table[,0]
  data
,#+END_SRC

,#+RESULTS:
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
#+end_example

Index referencing can be used for tables and code blocks.  Index
referencing can handle any number of dimensions.  Commas delimit
multiple dimensions, as shown below.

#+begin_example
,#+NAME: 3D
,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
  '(((1  2  3)  (4  5  6)  (7  8  9))
    ((10 11 12) (13 14 15) (16 17 18))
    ((19 20 21) (22 23 24) (25 26 27)))
,#+END_SRC

,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var data=3D[1,,1]
  data
,#+END_SRC

,#+RESULTS:
| 11 | 14 | 17 |
#+end_example

Note that row names and column names are not removed prior to variable
indexing.  You need to take them into account, even when =colnames= or
=rownames= header arguments remove them.

Emacs lisp code can also set the values for variables.  To
differentiate a value from Lisp code, Org interprets any value
starting with =(=, =[=, ='= or =`= as Emacs Lisp code.  The result of
evaluating that code is then assigned to the value of that variable.
The following example shows how to reliably query and pass the file
name of the Org mode buffer to a code block using headers.  We need
reliability here because the file's name could change once the code in
the block starts executing.

#+begin_example
,#+BEGIN_SRC sh :var filename=(buffer-file-name) :exports both
  wc -w $filename
,#+END_SRC
#+end_example

Note that values read from tables and lists are not mistakenly
evaluated as Emacs Lisp code, as illustrated in the following example.

#+begin_example
,#+NAME: table
| (a b c) |

,#+HEADER: :var data=table[0,0]
,#+BEGIN_SRC perl
  $data
,#+END_SRC

,#+RESULTS:
: (a b c)
#+end_example

*** Using sessions
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

#+cindex: using sessions in code blocks
#+cindex: @samp{session}, header argument
Two code blocks can share the same environment.  The =session= header
argument is for running multiple source code blocks under one session.
Org runs code blocks with the same session name in the same
interpreter process.

- =none= ::

     Default.  Each code block gets a new interpreter process to
     execute.  The process terminates once the block is evaluated.

- {{{var(STRING)}}} ::

     Any string besides =none= turns that string into the name of that
     session.  For example, =:session STRING= names it =STRING=.  If
     =session= has no value, then the session name is derived from the
     source language identifier.  Subsequent blocks with the same
     source code language use the same session.  Depending on the
     language, state variables, code from other blocks, and the
     overall interpreted environment may be shared.  Some interpreted
     languages support concurrent sessions when subsequent source code
     language blocks change session names.

Only languages that provide interactive evaluation can have session
support.  Not all languages provide this support, such as C and ditaa.
Even languages, such as Python and Haskell, that do support
interactive evaluation impose limitations on allowable language
constructs that can run interactively.  Org inherits those limitations
for those code blocks running in a session.

*** Choosing a working directory
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

#+cindex: working directory, in a code block
#+cindex: @samp{dir}, header argument
The =dir= header argument specifies the default directory during code
block execution.  If it is absent, then the directory associated with
the current buffer is used.  In other words, supplying =:dir PATH=
temporarily has the same effect as changing the current directory with
{{{kbd(M-x cd PATH)}}}, and then not setting =dir=.  Under the
surface, =dir= simply sets the value of the Emacs variable
~default-directory~.

For example, to save the plot file in the =Work/= folder of the home
directory---notice tilde is expanded:

#+begin_example
,#+BEGIN_SRC R :file myplot.png :dir ~/Work
  matplot(matrix(rnorm(100), 10), type="l")
,#+END_SRC
#+end_example

To evaluate the code block on a remote machine, supply a remote
directory name using Tramp syntax.  For example:

#+begin_example
,#+BEGIN_SRC R :file plot.png :dir /scp:dand@yakuba.princeton.edu:
  plot(1:10, main=system("hostname", intern=TRUE))
,#+END_SRC
#+end_example

Org first captures the text results as usual for insertion in the Org
file.  Then Org also inserts a link to the remote file, thanks to
Emacs Tramp.  Org constructs the remote path to the file name from
=dir= and ~default-directory~, as illustrated here:

: [[file:/scp:dand@yakuba.princeton.edu:/home/dand/plot.png][plot.png]]

When =dir= is used with =session=, Org sets the starting directory for
a new session.  But Org does not alter the directory of an already
existing session.

Do not use =dir= with =:exports results= or with =:exports both= to
avoid Org inserting incorrect links to remote files.  That is because
Org does not expand ~default directory~ to avoid some underlying
portability issues.

*** Inserting headers and footers
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

#+cindex: headers, in code blocks
#+cindex: footers, in code blocks
#+cindex: @samp{prologue}, header argument
The =prologue= header argument is for appending to the top of the code
block for execution, like a reset instruction.  For example, you may
use =:prologue "reset"= in a Gnuplot code block or, for every such
block:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(add-to-list 'org-babel-default-header-args:gnuplot
             '((:prologue . "reset")))

#+end_src

#+cindex: @samp{epilogue}, header argument
Likewise, the value of the =epilogue= header argument is for appending
to the end of the code block for execution.

** Evaluating Code Blocks
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Place results of evaluation in the Org buffer.
:END:
#+cindex: code block, evaluating
#+cindex: source code, evaluating
#+cindex: @samp{RESULTS}, keyword

A note about security: With code evaluation comes the risk of harm.
Org safeguards by prompting for user's permission before executing any
code in the source block.  To customize this safeguard, or disable it,
see [[*Code Evaluation and Security Issues]].

*** How to evaluate source code
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

Org captures the results of the code block evaluation and inserts them
in the Org file, right after the code block.  The insertion point is
after a newline and the =RESULTS= keyword.  Org creates the =RESULTS=
keyword if one is not already there.

By default, Org enables only Emacs Lisp code blocks for execution.
See [[*Languages]] to enable other languages.

#+kindex: C-c C-c
#+kindex: C-c C-v e
#+findex: org-babel-execute-src-block
Org provides many ways to execute code blocks.  {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} or
{{{kbd(C-c C-v e)}}} with the point on a code block[fn:136] calls the
~org-babel-execute-src-block~ function, which executes the code in the
block, collects the results, and inserts them in the buffer.

#+cindex: @samp{CALL}, keyword
#+vindex: org-babel-inline-result-wrap
By calling a named code block[fn:137] from an Org mode buffer or
a table.  Org can call the named code blocks from the current Org mode
buffer or from the "Library of Babel" (see [[*Library of Babel]]).

The syntax for =CALL= keyword is:

#+begin_example
,#+CALL: <name>(<arguments>)
,#+CALL: <name>[<inside header arguments>](<arguments>) <end header arguments>
#+end_example

The syntax for inline named code blocks is:

#+begin_example
... call_<name>(<arguments>) ...
... call_<name>[<inside header arguments>](<arguments>)[<end header arguments>] ...
#+end_example

When inline syntax is used, the result is wrapped based on the
variable ~org-babel-inline-result-wrap~, which by default is set to
~"=%s="~ to produce verbatim text suitable for markup.

- =<name>= ::

     This is the name of the code block (see [[*Structure of Code
     Blocks]]) to be evaluated in the current document.  If the block is
     located in another file, start =<name>= with the file name
     followed by a colon. For example, in order to execute a block
     named =clear-data= in =file.org=, you can write the following:

     : #+CALL: file.org:clear-data()

- =<arguments>= ::

     Org passes arguments to the code block using standard function
     call syntax.  For example, a =#+CALL:= line that passes =4= to
     a code block named =double=, which declares the header argument
     =:var n=2=, would be written as:

     : #+CALL: double(n=4)

     #+texinfo: @noindent
     Note how this function call syntax is different from the header
     argument syntax.

- =<inside header arguments>= ::

     Org passes inside header arguments to the named code block using
     the header argument syntax.  Inside header arguments apply to
     code block evaluation.  For example, =[:results output]= collects
     results printed to stdout during code execution of that block.
     Note how this header argument syntax is different from the
     function call syntax.

- =<end header arguments>= ::

     End header arguments affect the results returned by the code
     block.  For example, =:results html= wraps the results in
     a =#+BEGIN_EXPORT html= block before inserting the results in the
     Org buffer.

*** Limit code block evaluation
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

#+cindex: @samp{eval}, header argument
#+cindex: control code block evaluation
The =eval= header argument can limit evaluation of specific code
blocks and =CALL= keyword.  It is useful for protection against
evaluating untrusted code blocks by prompting for a confirmation.

- =never= or =no= ::

     Org never evaluates the source code.

- =query= ::

     Org prompts the user for permission to evaluate the source code.

- =never-export= or =no-export= ::

     Org does not evaluate the source code when exporting, yet the
     user can evaluate it interactively.

- =query-export= ::

     Org prompts the user for permission to evaluate the source code
     during export.

If =eval= header argument is not set, then Org determines whether to
evaluate the source code from the ~org-confirm-babel-evaluate~
variable (see [[*Code Evaluation and Security Issues]]).

*** Cache results of evaluation
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

#+cindex: @samp{cache}, header argument
#+cindex: cache results of code evaluation
The =cache= header argument is for caching results of evaluating code
blocks.  Caching results can avoid re-evaluating a code block that
have not changed since the previous run.  To benefit from the cache
and avoid redundant evaluations, the source block must have a result
already present in the buffer, and neither the header
arguments---including the value of =var= references---nor the text of
the block itself has changed since the result was last computed.  This
feature greatly helps avoid long-running calculations.  For some edge
cases, however, the cached results may not be reliable.

The caching feature is best for when code blocks are pure functions,
that is functions that return the same value for the same input
arguments (see [[*Environment of a Code Block]]), and that do not have
side effects, and do not rely on external variables other than the
input arguments.  Functions that depend on a timer, file system
objects, and random number generators are clearly unsuitable for
caching.

A note of warning: when =cache= is used in a session, caching may
cause unexpected results.

When the caching mechanism tests for any source code changes, it does
not expand Noweb style references (see [[*Noweb Reference Syntax]]).  For
reasons why, see http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.emacs.orgmode/79046.

The =cache= header argument can have one of two values: =yes= or =no=.

- =no= ::

     Default.  No caching of results; code block evaluated every
     time.

- =yes= ::

     Whether to run the code or return the cached results is
     determined by comparing the SHA1 hash value of the combined code
     block and arguments passed to it.  This hash value is packed on
     the =#+RESULTS:= line from previous evaluation.  When hash values
     match, Org does not evaluate the code block.  When hash values
     mismatch, Org evaluates the code block, inserts the results,
     recalculates the hash value, and updates =#+RESULTS:= line.

In this example, both functions are cached.  But =caller= runs only if
the result from =random= has changed since the last run.

#+begin_example
,#+NAME: random
,#+BEGIN_SRC R :cache yes
  runif(1)
,#+END_SRC

,#+RESULTS[a2a72cd647ad44515fab62e144796432793d68e1]: random
0.4659510825295

,#+NAME: caller
,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var x=random :cache yes
  x
,#+END_SRC

,#+RESULTS[bec9c8724e397d5df3b696502df3ed7892fc4f5f]: caller
0.254227238707244
#+end_example

** Results of Evaluation
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Choosing a results type, post-processing...
:END:
#+cindex: code block, results of evaluation
#+cindex: source code, results of evaluation

#+cindex: @samp{results}, header argument
How Org handles results of a code block execution depends on many
header arguments working together.  The primary determinant, however,
is the =results= header argument.  It accepts four classes of options.
Each code block can take only one option per class:

- collection ::

     For how the results should be collected from the code block;

- type ::

     For which type of result the code block will return; affects how
     Org processes and inserts results in the Org buffer;

- format ::

     For the result; affects how Org processes and inserts results in
     the Org buffer;

- handling ::

     For processing results after evaluation of the code block;

*** Collection
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

Collection options specify the results.  Choose one of the options;
they are mutually exclusive.

- =value= ::

     Default.  Functional mode.  Org gets the value by wrapping the
     code in a function definition in the language of the source
     block.  That is why when using =:results value=, code should
     execute like a function and return a value.  For languages like
     Python, an explicit ~return~ statement is mandatory when using
     =:results value=.  Result is the value returned by the last
     statement in the code block.

     When evaluating the code block in a session (see [[*Environment of
     a Code Block]]), Org passes the code to an interpreter running as
     an interactive Emacs inferior process. Org gets the value from
     the source code interpreter's last statement output.  Org has to
     use language-specific methods to obtain the value.  For example,
     from the variable ~_~ in Python and Ruby, and the value of
     ~.Last.value~ in R.

- =output= ::

     Scripting mode.  Org passes the code to an external process
     running the interpreter.  Org returns the contents of the
     standard output stream as text results.

     When using a session, Org passes the code to the interpreter
     running as an interactive Emacs inferior process.  Org
     concatenates any text output from the interpreter and returns the
     collection as a result.

     Note that this collection is not the same as that would be
     collected from stdout of a non-interactive interpreter running as
     an external process.  Compare for example these two blocks:

     #+begin_example
     ,#+BEGIN_SRC python :results output
       print "hello"
       2
       print "bye"
     ,#+END_SRC

     ,#+RESULTS:
     : hello
     : bye
     #+end_example

     In the above non-session mode, the "2" is not printed; so it does
     not appear in results.

     #+begin_example
     ,#+BEGIN_SRC python :results output :session
       print "hello"
       2
       print "bye"
     ,#+END_SRC

     ,#+RESULTS:
     : hello
     : 2
     : bye
     #+end_example

     In the above session, the interactive interpreter receives and
     prints "2".  Results show that.

*** Type
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

Type tells what result types to expect from the execution of the code
block.  Choose one of the options; they are mutually exclusive.  The
default behavior is to automatically determine the result type.

#+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
- =table=, =vector= ::

     Interpret the results as an Org table.  If the result is a single
     value, create a table with one row and one column.  Usage
     example: =:results value table=.

     #+cindex: @samp{hlines}, header argument
     In-between each table row or below the table headings, sometimes
     results have horizontal lines, which are also known as "hlines".
     The =hlines= argument with the default =no= value strips such
     lines from the input table.  For most code, this is desirable, or
     else those =hline= symbols raise unbound variable errors.
     A =yes= accepts such lines, as demonstrated in the following
     example.

     #+begin_example
     ,#+NAME: many-cols
     | a | b | c |
     |---+---+---|
     | d | e | f |
     |---+---+---|
     | g | h | i |

     ,#+NAME: no-hline
     ,#+BEGIN_SRC python :var tab=many-cols :hlines no
       return tab
     ,#+END_SRC

     ,#+RESULTS: no-hline
     | a | b | c |
     | d | e | f |
     | g | h | i |

     ,#+NAME: hlines
     ,#+BEGIN_SRC python :var tab=many-cols :hlines yes
       return tab
     ,#+END_SRC

     ,#+RESULTS: hlines
     | a | b | c |
     |---+---+---|
     | d | e | f |
     |---+---+---|
     | g | h | i |
     #+end_example

- =list= ::

     Interpret the results as an Org list.  If the result is a single
     value, create a list of one element.

- =scalar=, =verbatim= ::

     Interpret literally and insert as quoted text.  Do not create
     a table.  Usage example: =:results value verbatim=.

- =file= ::

     Interpret as a filename.  Save the results of execution of the
     code block to that file, then insert a link to it.  You can
     control both the filename and the description associated to the
     link.

     #+cindex: @samp{file}, header argument
     #+cindex: @samp{output-dir}, header argument
     Org first tries to generate the filename from the value of the
     =file= header argument and the directory specified using the
     =output-dir= header arguments.  If =output-dir= is not specified,
     Org assumes it is the current directory.

     #+begin_example
     ,#+BEGIN_SRC asymptote :results value file :file circle.pdf :output-dir img/
       size(2cm);
       draw(unitcircle);
     ,#+END_SRC
     #+end_example

     #+cindex: @samp{file-ext}, header argument
     If =file= is missing, Org generates the base name of the output
     file from the name of the code block, and its extension from the
     =file-ext= header argument.  In that case, both the name and the
     extension are mandatory[fn:138].

     #+begin_example
     ,#+name: circle
     ,#+BEGIN_SRC asymptote :results value file :file-ext pdf
       size(2cm);
       draw(unitcircle);
     ,#+END_SRC
     #+end_example

     #+cindex: @samp{file-desc}, header argument
     The =file-desc= header argument defines the description (see
     [[*Link Format]]) for the link.  If =file-desc= has no value, Org
     uses the generated file name for both the "link" and
     "description" parts of the link.

     #+cindex: @samp{sep}, header argument
     By default, Org assumes that a table written to a file has
     TAB-delimited output.  You can choose a different separator with
     the =sep= header argument.

*** Format
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

Format pertains to the type of the result returned by the code block.
Choose one of the options; they are mutually exclusive.  The default
follows from the type specified above.

#+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
- =code= ::

     Result enclosed in a code block.  Useful for parsing.  Usage
     example: =:results value code=.

- =drawer= ::

     Result wrapped in a =RESULTS= drawer.  Useful for containing
     =raw= or =org= results for later scripting and automated
     processing.  Usage example: =:results value drawer=.

- =html= ::

     Results enclosed in a =BEGIN_EXPORT html= block.  Usage example:
     =:results value html=.

- =latex= ::

     Results enclosed in a =BEGIN_EXPORT latex= block.  Usage example:
     =:results value latex=.

- =link=, =graphics= ::

     Result is a link to the file specified in =:file= header
     argument.  However, unlike plain =:file=, nothing is written to
     the disk.  The block is used for its side-effects only, as in the
     following example:

     #+begin_example
     ,#+begin_src shell :results link :file "download.tar.gz"
     wget -c "http://example.com/download.tar.gz"
     ,#+end_src
     #+end_example

- =org= ::

     Results enclosed in a =BEGIN_SRC org= block.  For comma-escape,
     either {{{kbd(TAB)}}} in the block, or export the file.  Usage
     example: =:results value org=.

- =pp= ::

     Result converted to pretty-print source code.  Enclosed in a code
     block.  Languages supported: Emacs Lisp, Python, and Ruby.  Usage
     example: =:results value pp=.

- =raw= ::

     Interpreted as raw Org mode.  Inserted directly into the buffer.
     Aligned if it is a table.  Usage example: =:results value raw=.

#+cindex: @samp{wrap}, header argument
The =wrap= header argument unconditionnally marks the results block by
appending strings to =#+BEGIN_= and =#+END_=.  If no string is
specified, Org wraps the results in a =#+BEGIN_results=
... =#+END_results= block.  It takes precedent over the =results=
value listed above.  E.g.,

#+begin_example
,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :results html :wrap EXPORT markdown
"<blink>Welcome back to the 90's</blink>"
,#+END_SRC

,#+RESULTS:
,#+BEGIN_EXPORT markdown
<blink>Welcome back to the 90's</blink>
,#+END_EXPORT
#+end_example

*** Handling
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

Handling options after collecting the results.

- =silent= ::

     Do not insert results in the Org mode buffer, but echo them in
     the minibuffer.  Usage example: =:results output silent=.

- =replace= ::

     Default.  Insert results in the Org buffer.  Remove previous
     results.  Usage example: =:results output replace=.

- =append= ::

     Append results to the Org buffer.  Latest results are at the
     bottom.  Does not remove previous results.  Usage example:
     =:results output append=.

- =prepend= ::

     Prepend results to the Org buffer.  Latest results are at the
     top.  Does not remove previous results.  Usage example: =:results
     output prepend=.

*** Post-processing
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

#+cindex: @samp{post}, header argument
#+cindex: @samp{*this*}, in @samp{post} header argument
The =post= header argument is for post-processing results from block
evaluation.  When =post= has any value, Org binds the results to
~*this*~ variable for easy passing to =var= header argument
specifications (see [[*Environment of a Code Block]]).  That makes results
available to other code blocks, or even for direct Emacs Lisp code
execution.

The following two examples illustrate =post= header argument in
action.  The first one shows how to attach an =ATTR_LATEX= keyword
using =post=.

#+begin_example
,#+NAME: attr_wrap
,#+BEGIN_SRC sh :var data="" :var width="\\textwidth" :results output
  echo "#+ATTR_LATEX: :width $width"
  echo "$data"
,#+END_SRC

,#+HEADER: :file /tmp/it.png
,#+BEGIN_SRC dot :post attr_wrap(width="5cm", data=*this*) :results drawer
  digraph{
          a -> b;
          b -> c;
          c -> a;
  }
,#+end_src

,#+RESULTS:
:RESULTS:
,#+ATTR_LATEX :width 5cm
[[file:/tmp/it.png]]
:END:
#+end_example

The second example shows use of =colnames= header argument in =post=
to pass data between code blocks.

#+begin_example
,#+NAME: round-tbl
,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var tbl="" fmt="%.3f"
  (mapcar (lambda (row)
            (mapcar (lambda (cell)
                      (if (numberp cell)
                          (format fmt cell)
                        cell))
                    row))
          tbl)
,#+end_src

,#+BEGIN_SRC R :colnames yes :post round-tbl[:colnames yes](*this*)
  set.seed(42)
  data.frame(foo=rnorm(1))
,#+END_SRC

,#+RESULTS:
|   foo |
|-------|
| 1.371 |
#+end_example

** Exporting Code Blocks
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Export contents and/or results.
:END:
#+cindex: code block, exporting
#+cindex: source code, exporting

It is possible to export the /code/ of code blocks, the /results/ of
code block evaluation, /both/ the code and the results of code block
evaluation, or /none/.  Org defaults to exporting /code/ for most
languages.  For some languages, such as ditaa, Org defaults to
/results/.  To export just the body of code blocks, see [[*Literal
Examples]].  To selectively export sub-trees of an Org document, see
[[*Exporting]].

#+cindex: @samp{exports}, header argument
The =exports= header argument is to specify if that part of the Org
file is exported to, say, HTML or LaTeX formats.

- =code= ::

     The default.  The body of code is included into the exported
     file.  Example: =:exports code=.

- =results= ::

     The results of evaluation of the code is included in the exported
     file.  Example: =:exports results=.

- =both= ::

     Both the code and results of evaluation are included in the
     exported file.  Example: =:exports both=.

- =none= ::

     Neither the code nor the results of evaluation is included in the
     exported file.  Whether the code is evaluated at all depends on
     other options.  Example: =:exports none=.

#+vindex: org-export-use-babel
To stop Org from evaluating code blocks to speed exports, use the
header argument =:eval never-export= (see [[*Evaluating Code Blocks]]).
To stop Org from evaluating code blocks for greater security, set the
~org-export-use-babel~ variable to ~nil~, but understand that header
arguments will have no effect.

Turning off evaluation comes in handy when batch processing.  For
example, markup languages for wikis, which have a high risk of
untrusted code.  Stopping code block evaluation also stops evaluation
of all header arguments of the code block.  This may not be desirable
in some circumstances.  So during export, to allow evaluation of just
the header arguments but not any code evaluation in the source block,
set =:eval never-export= (see [[*Evaluating Code Blocks]]).

Org never evaluates code blocks in commented sub-trees when exporting
(see [[*Comment Lines]]).  On the other hand, Org does evaluate code
blocks in sub-trees excluded from export (see [[*Export Settings]]).

** Extracting Source Code
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Create pure source code files.
:END:
#+cindex: tangling
#+cindex: source code, extracting
#+cindex: code block, extracting source code

Extracting source code from code blocks is a basic task in literate
programming.  Org has features to make this easy.  In literate
programming parlance, documents on creation are /woven/ with code and
documentation, and on export, the code is tangled for execution by
a computer.  Org facilitates weaving and tangling for producing,
maintaining, sharing, and exporting literate programming documents.
Org provides extensive customization options for extracting source
code.

When Org tangles code blocks, it expands, merges, and transforms them.
Then Org recomposes them into one or more separate files, as
configured through the options.  During this tangling process, Org
expands variables in the source code, and resolves any Noweb style
references (see [[*Noweb Reference Syntax]]).

*** Header arguments
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

#+cindex: @samp{tangle}, header argument
The =tangle= header argument specifies if the code block is exported
to source file(s).

- =yes= ::

     Export the code block to source file.  The file name for the
     source file is derived from the name of the Org file, and the
     file extension is derived from the source code language
     identifier.  Example: =:tangle yes=.

- =no= ::

     The default.  Do not extract the code in a source code file.
     Example: =:tangle no=.

- {{{var(FILENAME)}}} ::

     Export the code block to source file whose file name is derived
     from any string passed to the =tangle= header argument.  Org
     derives the file name as being relative to the directory of the
     Org file's location.  Example: =:tangle FILENAME=.

#+cindex: @samp{mkdirp}, header argument
The =mkdirp= header argument creates parent directories for tangled
files if the directory does not exist.  =yes= enables directory
creation and =no= inhibits directory creation.

#+cindex: @samp{comments}, header argument
The =comments= header argument controls inserting comments into
tangled files.  These are above and beyond whatever comments may
already exist in the code block.

- =no= ::

     The default.  Do not insert any extra comments during tangling.

- =link= ::

     Wrap the code block in comments.  Include links pointing back to
     the place in the Org file from where the code was tangled.

- =yes= ::

     Kept for backward compatibility; same as =link=.

- =org= ::

     Nearest headline text from Org file is inserted as comment.  The
     exact text that is inserted is picked from the leading context of
     the source block.

- =both= ::

     Includes both =link= and =org= options.

- =noweb= ::

     Includes =link= option, expands Noweb references (see [[*Noweb
     Reference Syntax]]), and wraps them in link comments inside the
     body of the code block.

#+cindex: @samp{padline}, header argument
The =padline= header argument controls insertion of newlines to pad
source code in the tangled file.

- =yes= ::

     Default.  Insert a newline before and after each code block in
     the tangled file.

- =no= ::

     Do not insert newlines to pad the tangled code blocks.

#+cindex: @samp{shebang}, header argument
The =shebang= header argument can turn results into executable script
files.  By setting it to a string value---for example, =:shebang
"#!/bin/bash"=---Org inserts that string as the first line of the
tangled file that the code block is extracted to.  Org then turns on
the tangled file's executable permission.

#+cindex: @samp{tangle-mode}, header argument
The =tangle-mode= header argument specifies what permissions to set
for tangled files by ~set-file-modes~.  For example, to make
a read-only tangled file, use =:tangle-mode (identity #o444)=.  To
make it executable, use =:tangle-mode (identity #o755)=.  It also
overrides executable permission granted by =shebang=.  When multiple
source code blocks tangle to a single file with different and
conflicting =tangle-mode= header arguments, Org's behavior is
undefined.

#+cindex: @samp{no-expand}, header argument
By default Org expands code blocks during tangling.  The =no-expand=
header argument turns off such expansions.  Note that one side-effect
of expansion by ~org-babel-expand-src-block~ also assigns values (see
[[*Environment of a Code Block]]) to variables.  Expansions also replace
Noweb references with their targets (see [[*Noweb Reference Syntax]]).
Some of these expansions may cause premature assignment, hence this
option.  This option makes a difference only for tangling.  It has no
effect when exporting since code blocks for execution have to be
expanded anyway.

*** Functions
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

- ~org-babel-tangle~ ::

     #+findex: org-babel-tangle
     #+kindex: C-c C-v t
     Tangle the current file.  Bound to {{{kbd(C-c C-v t)}}}.

     With prefix argument only tangle the current code block.

- ~org-babel-tangle-file~ ::

     #+findex: org-babel-tangle-file
     #+kindex: C-c C-v f
     Choose a file to tangle.  Bound to {{{kbd(C-c C-v f)}}}.

*** Hooks
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

- ~org-babel-post-tangle-hook~ ::

     #+vindex: org-babel-post-tangle-hook
     This hook is run from within code files tangled by
     ~org-babel-tangle~, making it suitable for post-processing,
     compilation, and evaluation of code in the tangled files.

*** Jumping between code and Org
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

#+findex: org-babel-tangle-jump-to-org
Debuggers normally link errors and messages back to the source code.
But for tangled files, we want to link back to the Org file, not to
the tangled source file.  To make this extra jump, Org uses
~org-babel-tangle-jump-to-org~ function with two additional source
code block header arguments:

1. Set =padline= to true---this is the default setting.
2. Set =comments= to =link=, which makes Org insert links to the Org
   file.

** Languages
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: List of supported code block languages.
:END:
#+cindex: babel, languages
#+cindex: source code, languages
#+cindex: code block, languages

Code blocks in the following languages are supported.

#+attr_texinfo: :columns 0.20 0.35 0.20 0.20
| Language   | Identifier    | Language      | Identifier   |
|------------+---------------+---------------+--------------|
| Asymptote  | =asymptote=   | Lua           | =lua=        |
| Awk        | =awk=         | MATLAB        | =matlab=     |
| C          | =C=           | Mscgen        | =mscgen=     |
| C++        | =C++=[fn:139] | OCaml         | =ocaml=      |
| Clojure    | =clojure=     | Octave        | =octave=     |
| CSS        | =css=         | Org mode      | =org=        |
| D          | =D=[fn:140]   | Oz            | =oz=         |
| ditaa      | =ditaa=       | Perl          | =perl=       |
| Emacs Calc | =calc=        | Plantuml      | =plantuml=   |
| Emacs Lisp | =emacs-lisp=  | Processing.js | =processing= |
| Fortran    | =fortran=     | Python        | =python=     |
| Gnuplot    | =gnuplot=     | R             | =R=          |
| GNU Screen | =screen=      | Ruby          | =ruby=       |
| Graphviz   | =dot=         | Sass          | =sass=       |
| Haskell    | =haskell=     | Scheme        | =scheme=     |
| Java       | =java=        | Sed           | =sed=        |
| Javascript | =js=          | shell         | =sh=         |
| LaTeX      | =latex=       | SQL           | =sql=        |
| Ledger     | =ledger=      | SQLite        | =sqlite=     |
| Lilypond   | =lilypond=    | Vala          | =vala=       |
| Lisp       | =lisp=        |               |              |

Additional documentation for some languages is at
https://orgmode.org/worg/org-contrib/babel/languages.html.

#+vindex: org-babel-load-languages
By default, only Emacs Lisp is enabled for evaluation.  To enable or
disable other languages, customize the ~org-babel-load-languages~
variable either through the Emacs customization interface, or by
adding code to the init file as shown next.

In this example, evaluation is disabled for Emacs Lisp, and enabled
for R.

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(org-babel-do-load-languages
 'org-babel-load-languages
 '((emacs-lisp . nil)
   (R . t)))
#+end_src

Note that this is not the only way to enable a language.  Org also
enables languages when loaded with ~require~ statement.  For example,
the following enables execution of Clojure code blocks:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(require 'ob-clojure)
#+end_src

** Editing Source Code
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Language major-mode editing.
:END:
#+cindex: code block, editing
#+cindex: source code, editing

#+kindex: C-c '
Use {{{kbd(C-c ')}}} to edit the current code block.  It opens a new
major-mode edit buffer containing the body of the source code block,
ready for any edits.  Use {{{kbd(C-c ')}}} again to close the buffer
and return to the Org buffer.

#+kindex: C-x C-s
#+vindex: org-edit-src-auto-save-idle-delay
#+cindex: auto-save, in code block editing
{{{kbd(C-x C-s)}}} saves the buffer and updates the contents of the
Org buffer.  Set ~org-edit-src-auto-save-idle-delay~ to save the base
buffer after a certain idle delay time.  Set
~org-edit-src-turn-on-auto-save~ to auto-save this buffer into
a separate file using Auto-save mode.

While editing the source code in the major mode, the Org Src minor
mode remains active.  It provides these customization variables as
described below.  For even more variables, look in the customization
group ~org-edit-structure~.

- ~org-src-lang-modes~ ::

     #+vindex: org-src-lang-modes
     If an Emacs major-mode named ~<LANG>-mode~ exists, where
     {{{var(<LANG>)}}} is the language identifier from code block's
     header line, then the edit buffer uses that major mode.  Use this
     variable to arbitrarily map language identifiers to major modes.

- ~org-src-window-setup~ ::

     #+vindex: org-src-window-setup
     For specifying Emacs window arrangement when the new edit buffer
     is created.

- ~org-src-preserve-indentation~ ::

     #+cindex: indentation, in code blocks
     #+vindex: org-src-preserve-indentation
     Default is ~nil~.  Source code is indented.  This indentation
     applies during export or tangling, and depending on the context,
     may alter leading spaces and tabs.  When non-~nil~, source code
     is aligned with the leftmost column.  No lines are modified
     during export or tangling, which is very useful for white-space
     sensitive languages, such as Python.

- ~org-src-ask-before-returning-to-edit-buffer~ ::

     #+vindex: org-src-ask-before-returning-to-edit-buffer
     When ~nil~, Org returns to the edit buffer without further
     prompts.  The default prompts for a confirmation.

#+vindex: org-src-fontify-natively
#+vindex: org-src-block-faces
Set ~org-src-fontify-natively~ to non-~nil~ to turn on native code
fontification in the /Org/ buffer.  Fontification of code blocks can
give visual separation of text and code on the display page.  To
further customize the appearance of ~org-block~ for specific
languages, customize ~org-src-block-faces~.  The following example
shades the background of regular blocks, and colors source blocks only
for Python and Emacs Lisp languages.

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(require 'color)
(set-face-attribute 'org-block nil :background
                    (color-darken-name
                     (face-attribute 'default :background) 3))

(setq org-src-block-faces '(("emacs-lisp" (:background "#EEE2FF"))
                            ("python" (:background "#E5FFB8"))))
#+end_src

** Noweb Reference Syntax
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Literate programming in Org mode.
:END:
#+cindex: code block, Noweb reference
#+cindex: syntax, Noweb
#+cindex: source code, Noweb reference

Org supports named blocks in Noweb[fn:141] style syntax:

: <<CODE-BLOCK-ID>>

Org can replace the construct with the source code, or the results of
evaluation, of the code block identified as {{{var(CODE-BLOCK-ID)}}}.

#+cindex: @samp{noweb}, header argument
The =noweb= header argument controls expansion of Noweb syntax
references.  Expansions occur when source code blocks are evaluated,
tangled, or exported.

- =no= ::

     Default.  No expansion of Noweb syntax references in the body of
     the code when evaluating, tangling, or exporting.

- =yes= ::

     Expansion of Noweb syntax references in the body of the code
     block when evaluating, tangling, or exporting.

- =tangle= ::

     Expansion of Noweb syntax references in the body of the code
     block when tangling.  No expansion when evaluating or exporting.

- =no-export= ::

     Expansion of Noweb syntax references in the body of the code
     block when evaluating or tangling.  No expansion when exporting.

- =strip-export= ::

     Expansion of Noweb syntax references in the body of the code
     block when expanding prior to evaluating or tangling.  Removes
     Noweb syntax references when exporting.

- =eval= ::

     Expansion of Noweb syntax references in the body of the code
     block only before evaluating.

In the following example,

#+begin_example
,#+NAME: initialization
,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
  (setq sentence "Never a foot too far, even.")
,#+END_SRC

,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :noweb yes
  <<initialization>>
  (reverse sentence)
,#+END_SRC
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
the second code block is expanded as

#+begin_example
,#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :noweb yes
  (setq sentence "Never a foot too far, even.")
  (reverse sentence)
,#+END_SRC
#+end_example

Noweb insertions honor prefix characters that appear before the Noweb
syntax reference.  This behavior is illustrated in the following
example.  Because the =<<example>>= Noweb reference appears behind the
SQL comment syntax, each line of the expanded Noweb reference is
commented.  With:

#+begin_example
,#+NAME: example
,#+BEGIN_SRC text
  this is the
  multi-line body of example
,#+END_SRC
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
this code block:

#+begin_example
,#+BEGIN_SRC sql :noweb yes
 ---<<example>>
,#+END_SRC
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
expands to:

#+begin_example
,#+BEGIN_SRC sql :noweb yes
 ---this is the
 ---multi-line body of example
,#+END_SRC
#+end_example

Since this change does not affect Noweb replacement text without
newlines in them, inline Noweb references are acceptable.

This feature can also be used for management of indentation in
exported code snippets.  With:

#+begin_example
,#+NAME: if-true
,#+BEGIN_SRC python :exports none
  print('do things when true')
,#+end_src

,#+name: if-false
,#+begin_src python :exports none
  print('do things when false')
,#+end_src
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
this code block:

#+begin_example
,#+begin_src python :noweb yes :results output
  if true:
      <<if-true>>
  else:
      <<if-false>>
,#+end_src
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
expands to:

#+begin_example
if true:
    print('do things when true')
else:
    print('do things when false')
#+end_example

#+cindex: @samp{noweb-ref}, header argument
When expanding Noweb style references, Org concatenates code blocks by
matching the reference name to either the code block name or, if none
is found, to the =noweb-ref= header argument.

For simple concatenation, set this =noweb-ref= header argument at the
sub-tree or file level.  In the example Org file shown next, the body
of the source code in each block is extracted for concatenation to
a pure code file when tangled.

#+begin_example
,#+BEGIN_SRC sh :tangle yes :noweb yes :shebang #!/bin/sh
  <<fullest-disk>>
,#+END_SRC
,* the mount point of the fullest disk
  :PROPERTIES:
  :header-args: :noweb-ref fullest-disk
  :END:

,** query all mounted disks
,#+BEGIN_SRC sh
  df \
,#+END_SRC

,** strip the header row
,#+BEGIN_SRC sh
  |sed '1d' \
,#+END_SRC

,** output mount point of fullest disk
,#+BEGIN_SRC sh
  |awk '{if (u < +$5) {u = +$5; m = $6}} END {print m}'
,#+END_SRC
#+end_example

#+cindex: @samp{noweb-sep}, header argument
By default a newline separates each noweb reference concatenation.  To
change this newline separator, edit the =noweb-sep= header argument.

Eventually, Org can include the results of a code block rather than
its body.  To that effect, append parentheses, possibly including
arguments, to the code block name, as shown below.

: <<code-block-name(optional arguments)>>

Note that when using the above approach to a code block's results, the
code block name set by =NAME= keyword is required; the reference set
by =noweb-ref= does not work in that case.

Here is an example that demonstrates how the exported content changes
when Noweb style references are used with parentheses versus without.
With:

#+begin_example
,#+NAME: some-code
,#+BEGIN_SRC python :var num=0 :results output :exports none
  print(num*10)
,#+END_SRC
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
this code block:

#+begin_example
,#+BEGIN_SRC text :noweb yes
  <<some-code>>
,#+END_SRC
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
expands to:

: print(num*10)

Below, a similar Noweb style reference is used, but with parentheses,
while setting a variable =num= to 10:

#+begin_example
,#+BEGIN_SRC text :noweb yes
  <<some-code(num=10)>>
,#+END_SRC
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
Note that now the expansion contains the results of the code block
=some-code=, not the code block itself:

: 100

** Library of Babel
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Use and contribute to a library of useful code blocks.
:END:
#+cindex: babel, library of
#+cindex: source code, library
#+cindex: code block, library

The "Library of Babel" is a collection of code blocks.  Like
a function library, these code blocks can be called from other Org
files.  A collection of useful code blocks is available on [[https://orgmode.org/worg/library-of-babel.html][Worg]].  For
remote code block evaluation syntax, see [[*Evaluating Code Blocks]].

#+kindex: C-c C-v i
#+findex: org-babel-lob-ingest
For any user to add code to the library, first save the code in
regular code blocks of an Org file, and then load the Org file with
~org-babel-lob-ingest~, which is bound to {{{kbd(C-c C-v i)}}}.

** Key bindings and Useful Functions
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Work quickly with code blocks.
:END:
#+cindex: code block, key bindings

Many common Org mode key sequences are re-bound depending on
the context.

Active key bindings in code blocks:

#+kindex: C-c C-c
#+findex: org-babel-execute-src-block
#+kindex: C-c C-o
#+findex: org-babel-open-src-block-result
#+kindex: M-UP
#+findex: org-babel-load-in-session
#+kindex: M-DOWN
#+findex: org-babel-pop-to-session
#+attr_texinfo: :columns 0.2 0.55
| Key binding        | Function                          |
|--------------------+-----------------------------------|
| {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} | ~org-babel-execute-src-block~     |
| {{{kbd(C-c C-o)}}} | ~org-babel-open-src-block-result~ |
| {{{kbd(M-UP)}}}    | ~org-babel-load-in-session~       |
| {{{kbd(M-DOWN)}}}  | ~org-babel-pop-to-session~        |

Active key bindings in Org mode buffer:

#+kindex: C-c C-v p
#+kindex: C-c C-v C-p
#+kindex: C-c C-v n
#+kindex: C-c C-v C-n
#+kindex: C-c C-v e
#+kindex: C-c C-v C-e
#+kindex: C-c C-v o
#+kindex: C-c C-v C-o
#+kindex: C-c C-v v
#+kindex: C-c C-v C-v
#+kindex: C-c C-v u
#+kindex: C-c C-v C-u
#+kindex: C-c C-v g
#+kindex: C-c C-v C-g
#+kindex: C-c C-v r
#+kindex: C-c C-v C-r
#+kindex: C-c C-v b
#+kindex: C-c C-v C-b
#+kindex: C-c C-v s
#+kindex: C-c C-v C-s
#+kindex: C-c C-v d
#+kindex: C-c C-v C-d
#+kindex: C-c C-v t
#+kindex: C-c C-v C-t
#+kindex: C-c C-v f
#+kindex: C-c C-v C-f
#+kindex: C-c C-v c
#+kindex: C-c C-v C-c
#+kindex: C-c C-v j
#+kindex: C-c C-v C-j
#+kindex: C-c C-v l
#+kindex: C-c C-v C-l
#+kindex: C-c C-v i
#+kindex: C-c C-v C-i
#+kindex: C-c C-v I
#+kindex: C-c C-v C-I
#+kindex: C-c C-v z
#+kindex: C-c C-v C-z
#+kindex: C-c C-v a
#+kindex: C-c C-v C-a
#+kindex: C-c C-v h
#+kindex: C-c C-v C-h
#+kindex: C-c C-v x
#+kindex: C-c C-v C-x
#+findex: org-babel-previous-src-block
#+findex: org-babel-next-src-block
#+findex: org-babel-execute-maybe
#+findex: org-babel-open-src-block-result
#+findex: org-babel-expand-src-block
#+findex: org-babel-goto-src-block-head
#+findex: org-babel-goto-named-src-block
#+findex: org-babel-goto-named-result
#+findex: org-babel-execute-buffer
#+findex: org-babel-execute-subtree
#+findex: org-babel-demarcate-block
#+findex: org-babel-tangle
#+findex: org-babel-tangle-file
#+findex: org-babel-check-src-block
#+findex: org-babel-insert-header-arg
#+findex: org-babel-load-in-session
#+findex: org-babel-lob-ingest
#+findex: org-babel-view-src-block-info
#+findex: org-babel-switch-to-session-with-code
#+findex: org-babel-sha1-hash
#+findex: org-babel-describe-bindings
#+findex: org-babel-do-key-sequence-in-edit-buffer
#+attr_texinfo: :columns 0.45 0.55
| Key binding                                    | Function                                   |
|------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------|
| {{{kbd(C-c C-v p)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-p)}}} | ~org-babel-previous-src-block~             |
| {{{kbd(C-c C-v n)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-n)}}} | ~org-babel-next-src-block~                 |
| {{{kbd(C-c C-v e)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-e)}}} | ~org-babel-execute-maybe~                  |
| {{{kbd(C-c C-v o)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-o)}}} | ~org-babel-open-src-block-result~          |
| {{{kbd(C-c C-v v)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-v)}}} | ~org-babel-expand-src-block~               |
| {{{kbd(C-c C-v u)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-u)}}} | ~org-babel-goto-src-block-head~            |
| {{{kbd(C-c C-v g)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-g)}}} | ~org-babel-goto-named-src-block~           |
| {{{kbd(C-c C-v r)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-r)}}} | ~org-babel-goto-named-result~              |
| {{{kbd(C-c C-v b)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-b)}}} | ~org-babel-execute-buffer~                 |
| {{{kbd(C-c C-v s)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-s)}}} | ~org-babel-execute-subtree~                |
| {{{kbd(C-c C-v d)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-d)}}} | ~org-babel-demarcate-block~                |
| {{{kbd(C-c C-v t)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-t)}}} | ~org-babel-tangle~                         |
| {{{kbd(C-c C-v f)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-f)}}} | ~org-babel-tangle-file~                    |
| {{{kbd(C-c C-v c)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-c)}}} | ~org-babel-check-src-block~                |
| {{{kbd(C-c C-v j)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-j)}}} | ~org-babel-insert-header-arg~              |
| {{{kbd(C-c C-v l)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-l)}}} | ~org-babel-load-in-session~                |
| {{{kbd(C-c C-v i)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-i)}}} | ~org-babel-lob-ingest~                     |
| {{{kbd(C-c C-v I)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-I)}}} | ~org-babel-view-src-block-info~            |
| {{{kbd(C-c C-v z)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-z)}}} | ~org-babel-switch-to-session-with-code~    |
| {{{kbd(C-c C-v a)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-a)}}} | ~org-babel-sha1-hash~                      |
| {{{kbd(C-c C-v h)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-h)}}} | ~org-babel-describe-bindings~              |
| {{{kbd(C-c C-v x)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-v C-x)}}} | ~org-babel-do-key-sequence-in-edit-buffer~ |

** Batch Execution
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Call functions from the command line.
:END:
#+cindex: code block, batch execution
#+cindex: source code, batch execution

Org mode features, including working with source code facilities can
be invoked from the command line.  This enables building shell scripts
for batch processing, running automated system tasks, and expanding
Org mode's usefulness.

The sample script shows batch processing of multiple files using
~org-babel-tangle~.

#+begin_example
#!/bin/sh
# Tangle files with Org mode
#
emacs -Q --batch --eval "
    (progn
      (require 'ob-tangle)
      (dolist (file command-line-args-left)
        (with-current-buffer (find-file-noselect file)
          (org-babel-tangle))))
  " "$@"
#+end_example

* Miscellaneous
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: All the rest which did not fit elsewhere.
:END:

** Completion
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: M-@key{TAB} guesses completions.
:END:
#+cindex: completion, of @TeX{} symbols
#+cindex: completion, of TODO keywords
#+cindex: completion, of dictionary words
#+cindex: completion, of option keywords
#+cindex: completion, of tags
#+cindex: completion, of property keys
#+cindex: completion, of link abbreviations
#+cindex: @TeX{} symbol completion
#+cindex: TODO keywords completion
#+cindex: dictionary word completion
#+cindex: option keyword completion
#+cindex: tag completion
#+cindex: link abbreviations, completion of

Org has in-buffer completions.  Unlike minibuffer completions, which
are useful for quick command interactions, Org's in-buffer completions
are more suitable for content creation in Org documents.  Type one or
more letters and invoke the hot key to complete the text in-place.
Depending on the context and the keys, Org offers different types of
completions.  No minibuffer is involved.  Such mode-specific hot keys
have become an integral part of Emacs and Org provides several
shortcuts.

- {{{kbd(M-TAB)}}} ::
     #+kindex: M-TAB

     Complete word at point.

     - At the beginning of a headline, complete TODO keywords.

     - After =\=, complete TeX symbols supported by the exporter.

     - After =*=, complete headlines in the current buffer so that
       they can be used in search links like:

       : [[*find this headline]]

     - After =:= in a headline, complete tags.  Org deduces the list
       of tags from the =TAGS= in-buffer option (see [[*Setting Tags]]),
       the variable ~org-tag-alist~, or from all tags used in the
       current buffer.

     - After =:= and not in a headline, complete property keys.  The
       list of keys is constructed dynamically from all keys used in
       the current buffer.

     - After =[=, complete link abbreviations (see [[*Link
       Abbreviations]]).

     - After =#+=, complete the special keywords like =TYP_TODO= or
       file-specific =OPTIONS=.  After option keyword is complete,
       pressing {{{kbd(M-TAB)}}} again inserts example settings for
       this keyword.

     - After =STARTUP= keyword, complete startup items.

     - When point is anywhere else, complete dictionary words using
       Ispell.

** Structure Templates
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Quick insertion of structural elements.
:END:
#+cindex: template insertion
#+cindex: insertion, of templates

With just a few keystrokes, it is possible to insert empty structural
blocks, such as =#+BEGIN_SRC= ... =#+END_SRC=, or to wrap existing
text in such a block.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-\,)}}} (~org-insert-structure-template~) ::

     #+findex: org-insert-structure-template
     #+kindex: C-c C-,
     Prompt for a type of block structure, and insert the block at
     point.  If the region is active, it is wrapped in the block.
     First prompts the user for keys, which are used to look up
     a structure type from the variable below.  If the key is
     {{{kbd(TAB)}}}, {{{kbd(RET)}}}, or {{{kbd(SPC)}}}, the user is
     prompted to enter a block type.

#+vindex: org-structure-template-alist
Available structure types are defined in
~org-structure-template-alist~, see the docstring for adding or
changing values.

#+cindex: Tempo
#+cindex: template expansion
#+cindex: insertion, of templates
#+vindex: org-tempo-keywords-alist
Org Tempo expands snippets to structures defined in
~org-structure-template-alist~ and ~org-tempo-keywords-alist~.  For
example, {{{kbd(< s TAB)}}} creates a code block.  Enable it by
customizing ~org-modules~ or add ~(require 'org-tempo)~ to your Emacs
init file[fn:142].

#+attr_texinfo: :columns 0.1 0.9
| {{{kbd(a)}}} | =#+BEGIN_EXPORT ascii= ... =#+END_EXPORT= |
| {{{kbd(c)}}} | =#+BEGIN_CENTER= ... =#+END_CENTER=       |
| {{{kbd(C)}}} | =#+BEGIN_COMMENT= ... =#+END_COMMENT=     |
| {{{kbd(e)}}} | =#+BEGIN_EXAMPLE= ... =#+END_EXAMPLE=     |
| {{{kbd(E)}}} | =#+BEGIN_EXPORT= ... =#+END_EXPORT= |
| {{{kbd(h)}}} | =#+BEGIN_EXPORT html= ... =#+END_EXPORT=  |
| {{{kbd(l)}}} | =#+BEGIN_EXPORT latex= ... =#+END_EXPORT= |
| {{{kbd(q)}}} | =#+BEGIN_QUOTE= ... =#+END_QUOTE=         |
| {{{kbd(s)}}} | =#+BEGIN_SRC= ... =#+END_SRC=             |
| {{{kbd(v)}}} | =#+BEGIN_VERSE= ... =#+END_VERSE=         |

** Escape Character

#+cindex: escape character
#+cindex: zero width space
You may sometimes want to write text that looks like Org syntax, but
should really read as plain text.  Org may use a specific escape
character in some situations, e.g., a backslash in macros (see [[*Macro
Replacement]]).  In the general case, however, we suggest to use the
zero width space.  You can get it with one of the following:

: C-x 8 <RET> zero width space <RET>
: C-x 8 <RET> 200B <RET>

For example, in order to write =[[1,2]]= as-is in your document, you can
write this, where =X= denotes the zero width space character:

: [[X1,2]]

** Speed Keys
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Electric commands at the beginning of a headline.
:END:
#+cindex: speed keys

Single keystrokes can execute custom commands in an Org file when
point is on a headline.  Without the extra burden of a meta or
modifier key, Speed Keys can speed navigation or execute custom
commands.  Besides faster navigation, Speed Keys may come in handy on
small mobile devices that do not have full keyboards.  Speed Keys may
also work on TTY devices known for their problems when entering Emacs
key chords.

#+vindex: org-use-speed-commands
By default, Org has Speed Keys disabled.  To activate Speed Keys, set
the variable ~org-use-speed-commands~ to a non-~nil~ value.  To
trigger a Speed Key, point must be at the beginning of an Org
headline, before any of the stars.

#+vindex: org-speed-commands-user
#+findex: org-speed-command-help
Org comes with a pre-defined list of Speed Keys.  To add or modify
Speed Keys, customize the variable, ~org-speed-commands-user~.  For
more details, see the variable's docstring.  With Speed Keys
activated, {{{kbd(M-x org-speed-command-help)}}}, or {{{kbd(?)}}} when
point is at the beginning of an Org headline, shows currently active
Speed Keys, including the user-defined ones.

** Code Evaluation and Security Issues
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Org files evaluate in-line code.
:ALT_TITLE: Code Evaluation Security
:END:

Unlike plain text, running code comes with risk.  Each source code
block, in terms of risk, is equivalent to an executable file.  Org
therefore puts a few confirmation prompts by default.  This is to
alert the casual user from accidentally running untrusted code.

For users who do not run code blocks or write code regularly, Org's
default settings should suffice.  However, some users may want to
tweak the prompts for fewer interruptions.  To weigh the risks of
automatic execution of code blocks, here are some details about code
evaluation.

Org evaluates code in the following circumstances:

- /Source code blocks/ ::

     Org evaluates source code blocks in an Org file during export.
     Org also evaluates a source code block with the {{{kbd(C-c
     C-c)}}} key chord.  Users exporting or running code blocks must
     load files only from trusted sources.  Be wary of customizing
     variables that remove or alter default security measures.

     #+attr_texinfo: :options org-confirm-babel-evaluate
     #+begin_defopt
     When ~t~, Org prompts the user for confirmation before executing
     each code block.  When ~nil~, Org executes code blocks without
     prompting the user for confirmation.  When this option is set to
     a custom function, Org invokes the function with these two
     arguments: the source code language and the body of the code
     block.  The custom function must return either a ~t~ or ~nil~,
     which determines if the user is prompted.  Each source code
     language can be handled separately through this function
     argument.
     #+end_defopt

     For example, here is how to execute ditaa code blocks without
     prompting:

     #+begin_src emacs-lisp
     (defun my-org-confirm-babel-evaluate (lang body)
       (not (string= lang "ditaa")))  ;don't ask for ditaa
     (setq org-confirm-babel-evaluate #'my-org-confirm-babel-evaluate)
     #+end_src

- /Following =shell= and =elisp= links/ ::

     Org has two link types that can directly evaluate code (see
     [[*External Links]]).  Because such code is not visible, these links
     have a potential risk.  Org therefore prompts the user when it
     encounters such links.  The customization variables are:

     #+attr_texinfo: :options org-confirm-shell-link-function
     #+begin_defopt
     Function that prompts the user before executing a shell link.
     #+end_defopt

     #+attr_texinfo: :options org-confirm-elisp-link-function
     #+begin_defopt
     Function that prompts the user before executing an Emacs Lisp link.
     #+end_defopt

- /Formulas in tables/ ::

     Formulas in tables (see [[*The Spreadsheet]]) are code that is
     evaluated either by the Calc interpreter, or by the Emacs Lisp
     interpreter.

** Customization
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Adapting Org to your taste.
:END:
#+cindex: customization
#+cindex: options, for customization
#+cindex: variables, for customization

Org has more than 500 variables for customization.  They can be
accessed through the usual {{{kbd(M-x org-customize)}}} command.  Or
through the Org menu: Org \rarr Customization \rarr Browse Org Group.

Org also has per-file settings for some variables (see [[*Summary of
In-Buffer Settings]]).

** Summary of In-Buffer Settings
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Overview of keywords.
:ALT_TITLE: In-buffer Settings
:END:
#+cindex: in-buffer settings
#+cindex: special keywords

In-buffer settings start with =#+=, followed by a keyword, a colon,
and then a word for each setting.  Org accepts multiple settings on
the same line.  Org also accepts multiple lines for a keyword.  This
manual describes these settings throughout.  A summary follows here.

#+cindex: refresh set-up
{{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} activates any changes to the in-buffer settings.
Closing and reopening the Org file in Emacs also activates the
changes.

#+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
- =#+ARCHIVE: %s_done= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{ARCHIVE}, keyword
     #+vindex: org-archive-location
     Sets the archive location of the agenda file.  The corresponding
     variable is ~org-archive-location~.

- =#+CATEGORY= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{CATEGORY}, keyword
     Sets the category of the agenda file, which applies to the entire
     document.

- =#+COLUMNS: %25ITEM ...= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{COLUMNS}, property
     Set the default format for columns view.  This format applies
     when columns view is invoked in locations where no =COLUMNS=
     property applies.

- =#+CONSTANTS: name1=value1 ...= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{CONSTANTS}, keyword
     #+vindex: org-table-formula-constants
     #+vindex: org-table-formula
     Set file-local values for constants that table formulas can use.
     This line sets the local variable
     ~org-table-formula-constants-local~.  The global version of this
     variable is ~org-table-formula-constants~.

- =#+FILETAGS: :tag1:tag2:tag3:= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{FILETAGS}, keyword
     Set tags that all entries in the file inherit from, including the
     top-level entries.

- =#+LINK: linkword replace= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{LINK}, keyword
     #+vindex: org-link-abbrev-alist
     Each line specifies one abbreviation for one link.  Use multiple
     =LINK= keywords for more, see [[*Link Abbreviations]].  The
     corresponding variable is ~org-link-abbrev-alist~.

- =#+PRIORITIES: highest lowest default= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{PRIORITIES}, keyword
     #+vindex: org-highest-priority
     #+vindex: org-lowest-priority
     #+vindex: org-default-priority
     This line sets the limits and the default for the priorities.
     All three must be either letters A--Z or numbers 0--9.  The
     highest priority must have a lower ASCII number than the lowest
     priority.

- =#+PROPERTY: Property_Name Value= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{PROPERTY}, keyword
     This line sets a default inheritance value for entries in the
     current buffer, most useful for specifying the allowed values of
     a property.

- =#+SETUPFILE: file= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{SETUPFILE}, keyword
     The setup file or a URL pointing to such file is for additional
     in-buffer settings.  Org loads this file and parses it for any
     settings in it only when Org opens the main file.  If URL is
     specified, the contents are downloaded and stored in a temporary
     file cache.  {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} on the settings line parses and
     loads the file, and also resets the temporary file cache.  Org
     also parses and loads the document during normal exporting
     process.  Org parses the contents of this document as if it was
     included in the buffer.  It can be another Org file.  To visit
     the file---not a URL---use {{{kbd(C-c ')}}} while point is on the
     line with the file name.

- =#+STARTUP:= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{STARTUP}, keyword
     Startup options Org uses when first visiting a file.

     #+vindex: org-startup-folded
     The first set of options deals with the initial visibility of the
     outline tree.  The corresponding variable for global default
     settings is ~org-startup-folded~ with a default value of ~t~,
     which is the same as ~overview~.

     - =overview= ::

          Top-level headlines only.

     - =content= ::

          All headlines.

     - =showall= ::

          No folding on any entry.

     - =showeverything= ::

          Show even drawer contents.

     #+vindex: org-startup-indented
     Dynamic virtual indentation is controlled by the variable
     ~org-startup-indented~[fn:143].

     - =indent= ::

          Start with ~org-indent-mode~ turned on.

     - =noindent= ::

          Start with ~org-indent-mode~ turned off.

     #+vindex: org-startup-align-all-tables
     Aligns tables consistently upon visiting a file.  The corresponding
     variable is ~org-startup-align-all-tables~ with ~nil~ as default
     value.

     - =align= ::

          Align all tables.

     - =noalign= ::

          Do not align tables on startup.

     #+vindex: org-startup-shrink-all-tables
     Shrink table columns with a width cookie.  The corresponding
     variable is ~org-startup-shrink-all-tables~ with ~nil~ as default
     value.

     #+vindex: org-startup-with-inline-images
     When visiting a file, inline images can be automatically displayed.
     The corresponding variable is ~org-startup-with-inline-images~,
     with a default value ~nil~ to avoid delays when visiting a file.

     - =inlineimages= ::

          Show inline images.

     - =noinlineimages= ::

          Do not show inline images on startup.

     #+vindex: org-log-done
     #+vindex: org-log-note-clock-out
     #+vindex: org-log-repeat
     Logging the closing and reopening of TODO items and clock
     intervals can be configured using these options (see variables
     ~org-log-done~, ~org-log-note-clock-out~, and ~org-log-repeat~).

     - =logdone= ::

          Record a timestamp when an item is marked DONE.

     - =lognotedone= ::

          Record timestamp and a note when DONE.

     - =nologdone= ::

          Do not record when items are marked DONE.

     - =logrepeat= ::

          Record a time when reinstating a repeating item.

     - =lognoterepeat= ::

          Record a note when reinstating a repeating item.

     - =nologrepeat= ::

          Do not record when reinstating repeating item.

     - =lognoteclock-out= ::

          Record a note when clocking out.

     - =nolognoteclock-out= ::

          Do not record a note when clocking out.

     - =logreschedule= ::

          Record a timestamp when scheduling time changes.

     - =lognotereschedule= ::

          Record a note when scheduling time changes.

     - =nologreschedule= ::

          Do not record when a scheduling date changes.

     - =logredeadline= ::

          Record a timestamp when deadline changes.

     - =lognoteredeadline= ::

          Record a note when deadline changes.

     - =nologredeadline= ::

          Do not record when a deadline date changes.

     - =logrefile= ::

          Record a timestamp when refiling.

     - =lognoterefile= ::

          Record a note when refiling.

     - =nologrefile= ::

          Do not record when refiling.

     #+vindex: org-hide-leading-stars
     #+vindex: org-odd-levels-only
     Here are the options for hiding leading stars in outline headings,
     and for indenting outlines.  The corresponding variables are
     ~org-hide-leading-stars~ and ~org-odd-levels-only~, both with
     a default setting ~nil~ (meaning =showstars= and =oddeven=).

     - =hidestars= ::

          Make all but one of the stars starting a headline invisible.

     - =showstars= ::

          Show all stars starting a headline.

     - =indent= ::

          Virtual indentation according to outline level.

     - =noindent= ::

          No virtual indentation according to outline level.

     - =odd= ::

          Allow only odd outline levels (1, 3, ...).

     - =oddeven= ::

          Allow all outline levels.

     #+vindex: org-put-time-stamp-overlays
     #+vindex: org-time-stamp-overlay-formats
     To turn on custom format overlays over timestamps (variables
     ~org-put-time-stamp-overlays~ and ~org-time-stamp-overlay-formats~),
     use:

     - =customtime= ::

          Overlay custom time format.

     #+vindex: constants-unit-system
     The following options influence the table spreadsheet (variable
     ~constants-unit-system~).

     - =constcgs= ::

          =constants.el= should use the c-g-s unit system.

     - =constSI= ::

          =constants.el= should use the SI unit system.

     #+vindex: org-footnote-define-inline
     #+vindex: org-footnote-auto-label
     #+vindex: org-footnote-auto-adjust
     To influence footnote settings, use the following keywords.  The
     corresponding variables are ~org-footnote-define-inline~,
     ~org-footnote-auto-label~, and ~org-footnote-auto-adjust~.

     - =fninline= ::

          Define footnotes inline.

     - =fnnoinline= ::

          Define footnotes in separate section.

     - =fnlocal= ::

          Define footnotes near first reference, but not inline.

     - =fnprompt= ::

          Prompt for footnote labels.

     - =fnauto= ::

          Create =[fn:1]=-like labels automatically (default).

     - =fnconfirm= ::

          Offer automatic label for editing or confirmation.

     - =fnadjust= ::

          Automatically renumber and sort footnotes.

     - =nofnadjust= ::

          Do not renumber and sort automatically.

     #+vindex: org-hide-block-startup
     To hide blocks on startup, use these keywords.  The corresponding
     variable is ~org-hide-block-startup~.

     - =hideblocks= ::

          Hide all begin/end blocks on startup.

     - =nohideblocks= ::

          Do not hide blocks on startup.

     #+vindex: org-pretty-entities
     The display of entities as UTF-8 characters is governed by the
     variable ~org-pretty-entities~ and the keywords

     - =entitiespretty= ::

          Show entities as UTF-8 characters where possible.

     - =entitiesplain= ::

          Leave entities plain.

- =#+TAGS: TAG1(c1) TAG2(c2)= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{TAGS}, keyword
     #+vindex: org-tag-alist
     These lines (several such lines are allowed) specify the valid
     tags in this file, and (potentially) the corresponding /fast tag
     selection/ keys.  The corresponding variable is ~org-tag-alist~.

- =#+TODO:=, =#+SEQ_TODO:=, =#+TYP_TODO:= ::

     #+cindex: @samp{SEQ_TODO}, keyword
     #+cindex: @samp{TODO}, keyword
     #+cindex: @samp{TYP_TODO}, keyword
     #+vindex: org-todo-keywords
     These lines set the TODO keywords and their interpretation in the
     current file.  The corresponding variable is ~org-todo-keywords~.

** The Very Busy {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} Key
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: When in doubt, press @kbd{C-c C-c}.
:END:
#+kindex: C-c C-c
#+cindex: @kbd{C-c C-c}, overview

The {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} key in Org serves many purposes depending on
the context.  It is probably the most over-worked, multi-purpose key
combination in Org.  Its uses are well documented throughout this
manual, but here is a consolidated list for easy reference.

- If any highlights shown in the buffer from the creation of a sparse
  tree, or from clock display, remove such highlights.

- If point is in one of the special =KEYWORD= lines, scan the buffer
  for these lines and update the information.  Also reset the Org file
  cache used to temporary store the contents of URLs used as values
  for keywords like =SETUPFILE=.

- If point is inside a table, realign the table.  The table realigns
  even if automatic table editor is turned off.

- If point is on a =TBLFM= keyword, re-apply the formulas to the
  entire table.

- If the current buffer is a capture buffer, close the note and file
  it.  With a prefix argument, also jump to the target location after
  saving the note.

- If point is on a =<<<target>>>=, update radio targets and
  corresponding links in this buffer.

- If point is on a property line or at the start or end of a property
  drawer, offer property commands.

- If point is at a footnote reference, go to the corresponding
  definition, and /vice versa/.

- If point is on a statistics cookie, update it.

- If point is in a plain list item with a checkbox, toggle the status
  of the checkbox.

- If point is on a numbered item in a plain list, renumber the ordered
  list.

- If point is on the =#+BEGIN= line of a dynamic block, the block is
  updated.

- If point is at a timestamp, fix the day name in the timestamp.

** A Cleaner Outline View
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Getting rid of leading stars in the outline.
:ALT_TITLE: Clean View
:END:
#+cindex: hiding leading stars
#+cindex: dynamic indentation
#+cindex: odd-levels-only outlines
#+cindex: clean outline view

Org's default outline with stars and no indents can become too
cluttered for short documents.  For /book-like/ long documents, the
effect is not as noticeable.  Org provides an alternate stars and
indentation scheme, as shown on the right in the following table.  It
uses only one star and indents text to line with the heading:

#+begin_example
,* Top level headline             |    * Top level headline
,** Second level                  |      * Second level
,*** Third level                  |        * Third level
    some text                    |          some text
,*** Third level                  |        * Third level
    more text                    |          more text
,* Another top level headline     |    * Another top level headline
#+end_example

#+cindex: Indent mode
#+findex: org-indent-mode
To turn this mode on, use the minor mode, ~org-indent-mode~.  Text
lines that are not headlines are prefixed with spaces to vertically
align with the headline text[fn:144].

#+vindex: org-indent-indentation-per-level
To make more horizontal space, the headlines are shifted by two stars.
This can be configured by the ~org-indent-indentation-per-level~
variable.  Only one star on each headline is visible, the rest are
masked with the same font color as the background.

Note that turning on ~org-indent-mode~ sets ~org-hide-leading-stars~
to ~t~ and ~org-adapt-indentation~ to ~nil~.

#+vindex: org-startup-indented
To globally turn on ~org-indent-mode~ for all files, customize the
variable ~org-startup-indented~.

To turn on indenting for individual files, use =STARTUP= keyword as
follows:

: #+STARTUP: indent

Indent on startup makes Org use hard spaces to align text with
headings as shown in examples below.

- /Indentation of text below headlines/ ::

     Indent text to align with the headline.

     #+begin_example
     ,*** Third level
         more text, now indented
     #+end_example

     #+vindex: org-adapt-indentation
     Org supports this with paragraph filling, line wrapping, and
     structure editing, preserving or adapting the indentation as
     appropriate[fn:145].

- /Hiding leading stars/ ::

     #+vindex: org-hide-leading-stars
     Org can make leading stars invisible.  For global preference,
     configure the variable ~org-hide-leading-stars~.  For per-file
     preference, use these file =STARTUP= options:

     #+begin_example
     ,#+STARTUP: hidestars
     ,#+STARTUP: showstars
     #+end_example

     With stars hidden, the tree is shown as:

     #+begin_example
     ,* Top level headline
      ,* Second level
       ,* Third level
       ...
     #+end_example

     #+vindex: org-hide, face
     Because Org makes the font color the same as the background color
     to hide to stars, sometimes ~org-hide~ face may need tweaking to
     get the effect right.  For some black and white combinations,
     ~grey90~ on a white background might mask the stars better.

- /Odd levels/ ::

     #+vindex: org-odd-levels-only
     Using stars for only odd levels, 1, 3, 5, ..., can also clean up
     the clutter.  This removes two stars from each level[fn:146].
     For Org to properly handle this cleaner structure during edits
     and exports, configure the variable ~org-odd-levels-only~.  To
     set this per-file, use either one of the following lines:

     #+begin_example
     ,#+STARTUP: odd
     ,#+STARTUP: oddeven
     #+end_example

     To switch between single and double stars layouts, use {{{kbd(M-x
     org-convert-to-odd-levels)}}} and {{{kbd(M-x
     org-convert-to-oddeven-levels)}}}.

** Using Org on a TTY
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Using Org on a tty.
:ALT_TITLE: TTY Keys
:END:
#+cindex: tty key bindings

Org provides alternative key bindings for TTY and modern mobile
devices that cannot perform movement commands on point and key
bindings with modifier keys.  Some of these workarounds may be more
cumbersome than necessary.  Users should look into customizing these
further based on their usage needs.  For example, the normal
{{{kbd(S-<cursor>)}}} for editing timestamp might be better with
{{{kbd(C-c .)}}} chord.

#+attr_texinfo: :columns 0.2 0.28 0.15 0.21
| Default              | Alternative 1            | Speed key    | Alternative 2        |
|----------------------+--------------------------+--------------+----------------------|
| {{{kbd(S-TAB)}}}     | {{{kbd(C-u TAB)}}}       | {{{kbd(C)}}} |                      |
| {{{kbd(M-LEFT)}}}    | {{{kbd(C-c C-x l)}}}     | {{{kbd(l)}}} | {{{kbd(Esc LEFT)}}}  |
| {{{kbd(M-S-LEFT)}}}  | {{{kbd(C-c C-x L)}}}     | {{{kbd(L)}}} |                      |
| {{{kbd(M-RIGHT)}}}   | {{{kbd(C-c C-x r)}}}     | {{{kbd(r)}}} | {{{kbd(Esc RIGHT)}}} |
| {{{kbd(M-S-RIGHT)}}} | {{{kbd(C-c C-x R)}}}     | {{{kbd(R)}}} |                      |
| {{{kbd(M-UP)}}}      | {{{kbd(C-c C-x u)}}}     |              | {{{kbd(Esc UP)}}}    |
| {{{kbd(M-S-UP)}}}    | {{{kbd(C-c C-x U)}}}     | {{{kbd(U)}}} |                      |
| {{{kbd(M-DOWN)}}}    | {{{kbd(C-c C-x d)}}}     |              | {{{kbd(Esc DOWN)}}}  |
| {{{kbd(M-S-DOWN)}}}  | {{{kbd(C-c C-x D)}}}     | {{{kbd(D)}}} |                      |
| {{{kbd(S-RET)}}}     | {{{kbd(C-c C-x c)}}}     |              |                      |
| {{{kbd(M-RET)}}}     | {{{kbd(C-c C-x m)}}}     |              | {{{kbd(Esc RET)}}}   |
| {{{kbd(M-S-RET)}}}   | {{{kbd(C-c C-x M)}}}     |              |                      |
| {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}}    | {{{kbd(C-c LEFT)}}}      |              |                      |
| {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}}   | {{{kbd(C-c RIGHT)}}}     |              |                      |
| {{{kbd(S-UP)}}}      | {{{kbd(C-c UP)}}}        |              |                      |
| {{{kbd(S-DOWN)}}}    | {{{kbd(C-c DOWN)}}}      |              |                      |
| {{{kbd(C-S-LEFT)}}}  | {{{kbd(C-c C-x LEFT)}}}  |              |                      |
| {{{kbd(C-S-RIGHT)}}} | {{{kbd(C-c C-x RIGHT)}}} |              |                      |

** Context Dependent Documentation
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Jump to Documentation for Context.
:ALT_TITLE: Documentation Access
:END:
#+cindex: documentation
#+cindex: Info
#+findex: org-info-find-node

{{{kbd(C-c C-x C-i)}}} in an Org file tries to open a suitable section
of the Org info documentation depending on the Org element at point.
For example on a headline the info documentation about the Org
document structure appears.

{{{kbd(q)}}} closes the info window.

** Interaction with Other Packages
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: With other Emacs packages.
:ALT_TITLE: Interaction
:END:
#+cindex: packages, interaction with other

Org's compatibility and the level of interaction with other Emacs
packages are documented here.

*** Packages that Org cooperates with
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Packages Org cooperates with.
:ALT_TITLE: Cooperation
:END:

- =calc.el= by Dave Gillespie ::
     #+cindex: @file{calc.el}

     Org uses the Calc package for implementing spreadsheet
     functionality in its tables (see [[*The Spreadsheet]]).  Org also
     uses Calc for embedded calculations.  See [[info:calc::Embedded%20Mode][GNU Emacs Calc Manual]].

- =constants.el= by Carsten Dominik ::
     #+cindex: @file{constants.el}
     #+vindex: org-table-formula-constants

     Org can use names for constants in formulas in tables.  Org can
     also use calculation suffixes for units, such as =M= for =Mega=.
     For a standard collection of such constants, install the
     =constants= package.  Install version 2.0 of this package,
     available at [[http://www.astro.uva.nl/~dominik/Tools]].  Org checks
     if the function ~constants-get~ has been autoloaded.
     Installation instructions are in the file =constants.el=.

- =cdlatex.el= by Carsten Dominik ::
     #+cindex: @file{cdlatex.el}

     Org mode can make use of the CDLaTeX package to efficiently enter
     LaTeX fragments into Org files.  See [[*Using CDLaTeX to enter
     math]].

- =imenu.el= by Ake Stenhoff and Lars Lindberg ::
     #+cindex: @file{imenu.el}

     Imenu creates dynamic menus based on an index of items in a file.
     Org mode supports Imenu menus.  Enable it with a mode hook as
     follows:

     #+begin_src emacs-lisp
     (add-hook 'org-mode-hook
               (lambda () (imenu-add-to-menubar "Imenu")))
     #+end_src

     #+vindex: org-imenu-depth
     By default the index is two levels deep---you can modify the
     depth using the option ~org-imenu-depth~.

- =speedbar.el= by Eric\nbsp{}M.\nbsp{}Ludlam ::
     #+cindex: @file{speedbar.el}

     Speedbar package creates a special Emacs frame for displaying
     files and index items in files.  Org mode supports Speedbar;
     users can drill into Org files directly from the Speedbar.  The
     {{{kbd(<)}}} in the Speedbar frame tweaks the agenda commands to
     that file or to a subtree.

- =table.el= by Takaaki Ota ::
     #+cindex: table editor, @file{table.el}
     #+cindex: @file{table.el}

     Complex ASCII tables with automatic line wrapping, column- and
     row-spanning, and alignment can be created using the Emacs table
     package by Takaaki Ota.  Org mode recognizes such tables and
     exports them properly.  {{{kbd(C-c ')}}} to edit these tables in
     a special buffer, much like Org's code blocks.  Because of
     interference with other Org mode functionality, Takaaki Ota
     tables cannot be edited directly in the Org buffer.

     - {{{kbd(C-c ')}}} (~org-edit-special~) ::

          #+kindex: C-c '
          #+findex: org-edit-special
          Edit a =table.el= table.  Works when point is in
          a =table.el= table.

     - {{{kbd(C-c ~​)}}} (~org-table-create-with-table.el~) ::

          #+kindex: C-c ~
          #+findex: org-table-create-with-table.el
          Insert a =table.el= table.  If there is already a table at
          point, this command converts it between the =table.el=
          format and the Org mode format.  See the documentation
          string of the command ~org-convert-table~ for the
          restrictions under which this is possible.

*** Packages that conflict with Org mode
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Packages that lead to conflicts.
:ALT_TITLE: Conflicts
:END:

#+cindex: shift-selection-mode
#+vindex: org-support-shift-select
In Emacs, ~shift-selection-mode~ combines motions of point with shift
key to enlarge regions.  Emacs sets this mode by default.  This
conflicts with Org's use of {{{kbd(S-<cursor>)}}} commands to change
timestamps, TODO keywords, priorities, and item bullet types, etc.
Since {{{kbd(S-<cursor>)}}} commands outside of specific contexts do
not do anything, Org offers the variable ~org-support-shift-select~
for customization.  Org mode accommodates shift selection by (i)
making it available outside of the special contexts where special
commands apply, and (ii) extending an existing active region even if
point moves across a special context.

- =cua.el= by Kim\nbsp{}F.\nbsp{}Storm ::

     #+cindex: @file{cua.el}
     #+vindex: org-replace-disputed-keys
     Org key bindings conflict with {{{kbd(S-<cursor>)}}} keys used by
     CUA mode.  For Org to relinquish these bindings to CUA mode,
     configure the variable ~org-replace-disputed-keys~.  When set,
     Org moves the following key bindings in Org files, and in the
     agenda buffer---but not during date selection.

     #+attr_texinfo: :columns 0.4 0.4
     | {{{kbd(S-UP)}}}      \rArr{}  {{{kbd(M-p)}}}   | {{{kbd(S-DOWN)}}}     \rArr{}  {{{kbd(M-n)}}}   |
     | {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}}    \rArr{}  {{{kbd(M--)}}}   | {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}}    \rArr{}  {{{kbd(M-+)}}}   |
     | {{{kbd(C-S-LEFT)}}}  \rArr{}  {{{kbd(M-S--)}}} | {{{kbd(C-S-RIGHT)}}}  \rArr{}  {{{kbd(M-S-+)}}} |

     #+vindex: org-disputed-keys
     Yes, these are unfortunately more difficult to remember.  If you
     want to have other replacement keys, look at the variable
     ~org-disputed-keys~.

- =ecomplete.el= by Lars Magne Ingebrigtsen ::

     #+cindex: @file{ecomplete.el}
     Ecomplete provides "electric" address completion in address
     header lines in message buffers.  Sadly Orgtbl mode cuts
     Ecomplete's power supply: no completion happens when Orgtbl mode
     is enabled in message buffers while entering text in address
     header lines.  If one wants to use ecomplete one should /not/
     follow the advice to automagically turn on Orgtbl mode in message
     buffers (see [[*The Orgtbl Minor Mode]]), but instead---after
     filling in the message headers---turn on Orgtbl mode manually
     when needed in the messages body.

- =filladapt.el= by Kyle Jones ::

     #+cindex: @file{filladapt.el}
     Org mode tries to do the right thing when filling paragraphs,
     list items and other elements.  Many users reported problems
     using both =filladapt.el= and Org mode, so a safe thing to do is
     to disable filladapt like this:

     #+begin_src emacs-lisp
     (add-hook 'org-mode-hook 'turn-off-filladapt-mode)
     #+end_src

- =viper.el= by Michael Kifer ::
     #+cindex: @file{viper.el}
     #+kindex: C-c /

     Viper uses {{{kbd(C-c /)}}} and therefore makes this key not
     access the corresponding Org mode command ~org-sparse-tree~.  You
     need to find another key for this command, or override the key in
     ~viper-vi-global-user-map~ with

     #+begin_src emacs-lisp
     (define-key viper-vi-global-user-map "C-c /" 'org-sparse-tree)
     #+end_src

- =windmove.el= by Hovav Shacham ::
     #+cindex: @file{windmove.el}

     This package also uses the {{{kbd(S-<cursor>)}}} keys, so
     everything written in the paragraph above about CUA mode also
     applies here.  If you want to make the windmove function active
     in locations where Org mode does not have special functionality
     on {{{kbd(S-<cursor>)}}}, add this to your configuration:

     #+begin_src emacs-lisp
     ;; Make windmove work in Org mode:
     (add-hook 'org-shiftup-final-hook 'windmove-up)
     (add-hook 'org-shiftleft-final-hook 'windmove-left)
     (add-hook 'org-shiftdown-final-hook 'windmove-down)
     (add-hook 'org-shiftright-final-hook 'windmove-right)
     #+end_src

- =yasnippet.el= ::

     #+cindex: @file{yasnippet.el}
     The way Org mode binds the {{{kbd(TAB)}}} key (binding to ~[tab]~
     instead of ~"\t"~) overrules YASnippet's access to this key.  The
     following code fixed this problem:

     #+begin_src emacs-lisp
     (add-hook 'org-mode-hook
               (lambda ()
                 (setq-local yas/trigger-key [tab])
                 (define-key yas/keymap [tab] 'yas/next-field-or-maybe-expand)))
     #+end_src

     The latest version of YASnippet does not play well with Org mode.
     If the above code does not fix the conflict, start by defining
     the following function:

     #+begin_src emacs-lisp
     (defun yas/org-very-safe-expand ()
       (let ((yas/fallback-behavior 'return-nil)) (yas/expand)))
     #+end_src

     Then, tell Org mode to use that function:

     #+begin_src emacs-lisp
     (add-hook 'org-mode-hook
               (lambda ()
                 (make-variable-buffer-local 'yas/trigger-key)
                 (setq yas/trigger-key [tab])
                 (add-to-list 'org-tab-first-hook 'yas/org-very-safe-expand)
                 (define-key yas/keymap [tab] 'yas/next-field)))
     #+end_src

** Org Crypt
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Encrypting Org files.
:END:

Org Crypt encrypts the text of an entry, but not the headline, or
properties.  Behind the scene, it uses the Emacs EasyPG library to
encrypt and decrypt files.

#+vindex: org-crypt-tag-matcher
Any text below a headline that has a =crypt= tag is automatically
encrypted when the file is saved.  To use a different tag, customize
the ~org-crypt-tag-matcher~ setting.

Here is a suggestion for Org Crypt settings in Emacs init file:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(require 'org-crypt)
(org-crypt-use-before-save-magic)
(setq org-tags-exclude-from-inheritance '("crypt"))

(setq org-crypt-key nil)
;; GPG key to use for encryption
;; Either the Key ID or set to nil to use symmetric encryption.

(setq auto-save-default nil)
;; Auto-saving does not cooperate with org-crypt.el: so you need to
;; turn it off if you plan to use org-crypt.el quite often.  Otherwise,
;; you'll get an (annoying) message each time you start Org.

;; To turn it off only locally, you can insert this:
;;
;; # -*- buffer-auto-save-file-name: nil; -*-
#+end_src

It's possible to use different keys for different headings by
specifying the respective key as property =CRYPTKEY=, e.g.:

#+begin_example
,* Totally secret :crypt:
  :PROPERTIES:
  :CRYPTKEY: 0x0123456789012345678901234567890123456789
  :END:
#+end_example

Excluding the =crypt= tag from inheritance prevents already encrypted
text from being encrypted again.

** Org Mobile
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Viewing and capture on a mobile device.
:END:
#+cindex: smartphone

Org Mobile is a protocol for synchronizing Org files between Emacs and
other applications, e.g., on mobile devices.  It enables offline-views
and capture support for an Org mode system that is rooted on a "real"
computer.  The external application can also record changes to
existing entries.

This appendix describes Org's support for agenda view formats
compatible with Org Mobile.  It also describes synchronizing changes,
such as to notes, between the mobile application and the computer.

To change tags and TODO states in the mobile application, first
customize the variables ~org-todo-keywords~ and ~org-tag-alist~.
These should cover all the important tags and TODO keywords, even if
Org files use only some of them.  Though the mobile application is
expected to support in-buffer settings, it is required to understand
TODO states /sets/ (see [[*Setting up keywords for individual files]]) and
/mutually exclusive/ tags (see [[*Setting Tags]]) only for those set in
these variables.

*** Setting up the staging area
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: For the mobile device.
:END:

#+vindex: org-mobile-directory
The mobile application needs access to a file directory on
a server[fn:147] to interact with Emacs.  Pass its location through
the ~org-mobile-directory~ variable.  If you can mount that directory
locally just set the variable to point to that directory:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-mobile-directory "~/orgmobile/")
#+end_src

Alternatively, by using TRAMP (see [[info:tramp][TRAMP User Manual]]),
~org-mobile-directory~ may point to a remote directory accessible
through, for example, SSH, SCP, or DAVS:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-mobile-directory "/davs:user@remote.host:/org/webdav/")
#+end_src

#+vindex: org-mobile-encryption
With a public server, consider encrypting the files.  Org also
requires OpenSSL installed on the local computer.  To turn on
encryption, set the same password in the mobile application and in
Emacs.  Set the password in the variable
~org-mobile-use-encryption~[fn:148].  Note that even after the mobile
application encrypts the file contents, the file name remains visible
on the file systems of the local computer, the server, and the mobile
device.

*** Pushing to the mobile application
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Uploading Org files and agendas.
:END:

#+findex: org-mobile-push
#+vindex: org-mobile-files
The command ~org-mobile-push~ copies files listed in
~org-mobile-files~ into the staging area.  Files include agenda files
(as listed in ~org-agenda-files~).  Customize ~org-mobile-files~ to
add other files.  File names are staged with paths relative to
~org-directory~, so all files should be inside this directory[fn:149].

Push creates a special Org file =agendas.org= with custom agenda views
defined by the user[fn:150].

Finally, Org writes the file =index.org=, containing links to other
files.  The mobile application reads this file first from the server
to determine what other files to download for agendas.  For faster
downloads, it is expected to only read files whose checksums[fn:151]
have changed.

*** Pulling from the mobile application
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Integrating captured and flagged items.
:END:

#+findex: org-mobile-pull
The command ~org-mobile-pull~ synchronizes changes with the server.
More specifically, it first pulls the Org files for viewing.  It then
appends captured entries and pointers to flagged or changed entries to
the file =mobileorg.org= on the server.  Org ultimately integrates its
data in an inbox file format, through the following steps:

1.
   #+vindex: org-mobile-inbox-for-pull
   Org moves all entries found in =mobileorg.org=[fn:152] and appends
   them to the file pointed to by the variable
   ~org-mobile-inbox-for-pull~.  It should reside neither in the
   staging area nor on the server.  Each captured entry and each
   editing event is a top-level entry in the inbox file.

2.
   #+cindex: @samp{FLAGGED}, tag
   After moving the entries, Org processes changes to the shared
   files.  Some of them are applied directly and without user
   interaction.  Examples include changes to tags, TODO state,
   headline and body text.  Entries requiring further action are
   tagged as =FLAGGED=.  Org marks entries with problems with an error
   message in the inbox.  They have to be resolved manually.

3. Org generates an agenda view for flagged entries for user
   intervention to clean up.  For notes stored in flagged entries, Org
   displays them in the echo area when point is on the corresponding
   agenda item.

   - {{{kbd(?)}}} ::

        Pressing {{{kbd(?)}}} displays the entire flagged note in
        another window.  Org also pushes it to the kill ring.  To
        store flagged note as a normal note, use {{{kbd(? z C-y C-c
        C-c)}}}.  Pressing {{{kbd(?)}}} twice does these things: first
        it removes the =FLAGGED= tag; second, it removes the flagged
        note from the property drawer; third, it signals that manual
        editing of the flagged entry is now finished.

#+kindex: ? @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
From the agenda dispatcher, {{{kbd(?)}}} returns to the view to finish
processing flagged entries.  Note that these entries may not be the
most recent since the mobile application searches files that were last
pulled.  To get an updated agenda view with changes since the last
pull, pull again.

** Org Syntax
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Formal description of Org's syntax.
:END:

A reference document providing a formal description of Org's syntax is
available as [[https://orgmode.org/worg/dev/org-syntax.html][a draft on Worg]], written and maintained by Nicolas
Goaziou.  It defines Org's core internal concepts such as "headlines",
"sections", "affiliated keywords", "(greater) elements" and "objects".
Each part of an Org document belongs to one of the previous
categories.

To explore the abstract structure of an Org buffer, run this in
a buffer:

: M-: (org-element-parse-buffer) <RET>

#+texinfo: @noindent
It outputs a list containing the buffer's content represented as an
abstract structure.  The export engine relies on the information
stored in this list.  Most interactive commands---e.g., for structure
editing---also rely on the syntactic meaning of the surrounding
context.

#+cindex: syntax checker
#+cindex: linter
#+findex: org-lint
You can probe the syntax of your documents with the command

: M-x org-lint <RET>

#+texinfo: @noindent
It runs a number of checks to find common mistakes.  It then displays
their location in a dedicated buffer, along with a description and
a "trust level", since false-positive are possible.  From there, you
can operate on the reports with the following keys:

#+attr_texinfo: :columns 0.22 0.78
| {{{kbd(C-j)}}}, {{{kbd(TAB)}}} | Display the offending line                  |
| {{{kbd(RET)}}}                 | Move point to the offending line            |
| {{{kbd(g)}}}                   | Check the document again                    |
| {{{kbd(h)}}}                   | Hide all reports from the same checker      |
| {{{kbd(i)}}}                   | Also remove them from all subsequent checks |
| {{{kbd(S)}}}                   | Sort reports by the column at point         |

* Hacking
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: How to hack your way around.
:APPENDIX: t
:END:
#+cindex: hacking

This appendix describes some ways a user can extend the functionality
of Org.

** Hooks
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: How to reach into Org's internals.
:END:
#+cindex: hooks

Org has a large number of hook variables for adding functionality.
This appendix illustrates using a few.  A complete list of hooks with
documentation is maintained by the Worg project at
https://orgmode.org/worg/doc.html#hooks.

** Add-on Packages
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Available extensions.
:END:
#+cindex: add-on packages

Various authors wrote a large number of add-on packages for Org.

These packages are not part of Emacs, but they are distributed as
contributed packages with the separate release available at
https://orgmode.org.  See the =contrib/README= file in the source code
directory for a list of contributed files.  Worg page with more
information is at: https://orgmode.org/worg/org-contrib/.

** Adding Hyperlink Types
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: New custom link types.
:END:
#+cindex: hyperlinks, adding new types

Org has many built-in hyperlink types (see [[*Hyperlinks]]), and an
interface for adding new link types.  The following example shows the
process of adding Org links to Unix man pages, which look like this

: [[man:printf][The printf manual]]

#+texinfo: @noindent
The following =org-man.el= file implements it

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
;;; org-man.el - Support for links to man pages in Org mode
(require 'org)

(org-link-set-parameters "man"
                         :follow org-man-command
                         :export #'org-man-export
                         :store #'org-man-store-link)

(defcustom org-man-command 'man
  "The Emacs command to be used to display a man page."
  :group 'org-link
  :type '(choice (const man) (const woman)))

(defun org-man-store-link ()
  "Store a link to a man page."
  (when (memq major-mode '(Man-mode woman-mode))
    ;; This is a man page, we do make this link.
    (let* ((page (org-man-get-page-name))
           (link (concat "man:" page))
           (description (format "Man page for %s" page)))
      (org-store-link-props
       :type "man"
       :link link
       :description description))))

(defun org-man-get-page-name ()
  "Extract the page name from the buffer name."
  ;; This works for both `Man-mode' and `woman-mode'.
  (if (string-match " \\(\\S-+\\)\\*" (buffer-name))
      (match-string 1 (buffer-name))
    (error "Cannot create link to this man page")))

(defun org-man-export (link description format)
  "Export a man page link from Org files."
  (let ((path (format "http://man.he.net/?topic=%s&section=all" link))
        (desc (or description link)))
    (pcase format
      (`html (format "<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"%s\">%s</a>" path desc))
      (`latex (format "\\href{%s}{%s}" path desc))
      (`texinfo (format "@uref{%s,%s}" path desc))
      (`ascii (format "%s (%s)" desc path))
      (t path))))

(provide 'org-man)
;;; org-man.el ends here
#+end_src

#+texinfo: @noindent
To activate links to man pages in Org, enter this in the Emacs init
file:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(require 'org-man)
#+end_src

#+texinfo: @noindent
A review of =org-man.el=:

1. First, ~(require 'org)~ ensures =org.el= is loaded.

2.

   #+findex: org-link-set-parameters
   #+vindex: org-link-parameters
   Then ~org-link-set-parameters~ defines a new link type with =man=
   prefix and associates functions for following, exporting and
   storing such links.  See the variable ~org-link-parameters~ for
   a complete list of possible associations.

3. The rest of the file implements necessary variables and functions.

   For example, ~org-man-store-link~ is responsible for storing a link
   when ~org-store-link~ (see [[*Handling Links]]) is called from a buffer
   displaying a man page.  It first checks if the ~major-mode~ is
   appropriate.  If check fails, the function returns ~nil~, which
   means it isn't responsible for creating a link to the current
   buffer.  Otherwise the function makes a link string by combining
   the =man:= prefix with the man topic.  It also provides a default
   description.  The function ~org-insert-link~ can insert it back
   into an Org buffer later on.

** Adding Export Back-ends
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: How to write new export back-ends.
:END:
#+cindex: Export, writing back-ends

Org's export engine makes it easy for writing new back-ends.  The
framework on which the engine was built makes it easy to derive new
back-ends from existing ones.

#+findex: org-export-define-backend
#+findex: org-export-define-derived-backend
The two main entry points to the export engine are:
~org-export-define-backend~ and ~org-export-define-derived-backend~.
To grok these functions, see =ox-latex.el= for an example of defining
a new back-end from scratch, and =ox-beamer.el= for an example of
deriving from an existing engine.

For creating a new back-end from scratch, first set its name as
a symbol in an alist consisting of elements and export functions.  To
make the back-end visible to the export dispatcher, set ~:menu-entry~
keyword.  For export options specific to this back-end, set the
~:options-alist~.

For creating a new back-end from an existing one, set
~:translate-alist~ to an alist of export functions.  This alist
replaces the parent back-end functions.

For complete documentation, see [[https://orgmode.org/worg/dev/org-export-reference.html][the Org Export Reference on Worg]].

** Tables in Arbitrary Syntax
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Orgtbl for LaTeX and other programs.
:END:
#+cindex: tables, in other modes
#+cindex: lists, in other modes
#+cindex: Orgtbl mode

Due to Org's success in handling tables with Orgtbl, a frequently
requested feature is the use of Org's table functions in other modes,
e.g., LaTeX.  This would be hard to do in a general way without
complicated customization nightmares.  Moreover, that would take Org
away from its simplicity roots that Orgtbl has proven.  There is,
however, an alternate approach to accomplishing the same.

This approach involves implementing a custom /translate/ function that
operates on a native Org /source table/ to produce a table in another
format.  This strategy would keep the excellently working Orgtbl
simple and isolate complications, if any, confined to the translate
function.  To add more alien table formats, we just add more translate
functions.  Also the burden of developing custom translate functions
for new table formats is in the hands of those who know those formats
best.

*** Radio tables
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Sending and receiving radio tables.
:END:
#+cindex: radio tables

Radio tables are target locations for translated tables that are not near
their source.  Org finds the target location and inserts the translated
table.

The key to finding the target location is the magic words =BEGIN/END
RECEIVE ORGTBL=.  They have to appear as comments in the current mode.
If the mode is C, then:

#+begin_example
/* BEGIN RECEIVE ORGTBL table_name */
/* END RECEIVE ORGTBL table_name */
#+end_example

At the location of source, Org needs a special line to direct Orgtbl
to translate and to find the target for inserting the translated
table.  For example:

#+cindex: @samp{ORGTBL}, keyword
: #+ORGTBL: SEND table_name translation_function arguments ...

#+texinfo: @noindent
=table_name= is the table's reference name, which is also used in the
receiver lines, and the =translation_function= is the Lisp function
that translates.  This line, in addition, may also contain alternating
key and value arguments at the end.  The translation function gets
these values as a property list.  A few standard parameters are
already recognized and acted upon before the translation function is
called:

- =:skip N= ::

     Skip the first N lines of the table.  Hlines do count; include
     them if they are to be skipped.

- =:skipcols (n1 n2 ...)= ::

     List of columns to be skipped.  First Org automatically discards
     columns with calculation marks and then sends the table to the
     translator function, which then skips columns as specified in
     =skipcols=.

To keep the source table intact in the buffer without being disturbed
when the source file is compiled or otherwise being worked on, use one
of these strategies:

- Place the table in a block comment.  For example, in C mode you
  could wrap the table between =/*= and =*/= lines.

- Put the table after an "end" statement.  For example ~\bye~ in TeX
  and ~\end{document}~ in LaTeX.

- Comment and un-comment each line of the table during edits.  The
  {{{kbd(M-x orgtbl-toggle-comment)}}} command makes toggling easy.

*** A LaTeX example of radio tables
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Step by step, almost a tutorial.
:ALT_TITLE: A LaTeX example
:END:
#+cindex: @LaTeX{}, and Orgtbl mode

To wrap a source table in LaTeX, use the =comment= environment
provided by =comment.sty=[fn:153].  To activate it, put
~\usepackage{comment}~ in the document header.  Orgtbl mode inserts
a radio table skeleton[fn:146] with the command {{{kbd(M-x
orgtbl-insert-radio-table)}}}, which prompts for a table name.  For
example, if =salesfigures= is the name, the template inserts:

#+begin_example
% BEGIN RECEIVE ORGTBL salesfigures
% END RECEIVE ORGTBL salesfigures
\begin{comment}
,#+ORGTBL: SEND salesfigures orgtbl-to-latex
| | |
\end{comment}
#+end_example

#+vindex: LaTeX-verbatim-environments
#+texinfo: @noindent
The line =#+ORGTBL: SEND= tells Orgtbl mode to use the function
~orgtbl-to-latex~ to convert the table to LaTeX format, then insert
the table at the target (receive) location named =salesfigures=.  Now
the table is ready for data entry.  It can even use spreadsheet
features[fn:154]:

#+begin_example
% BEGIN RECEIVE ORGTBL salesfigures
% END RECEIVE ORGTBL salesfigures
\begin{comment}
,#+ORGTBL: SEND salesfigures orgtbl-to-latex
| Month | Days | Nr sold | per day |
|-------+------+---------+---------|
| Jan   |   23 |      55 |     2.4 |
| Feb   |   21 |      16 |     0.8 |
| March |   22 |     278 |    12.6 |
,#+TBLFM: $4=$3/$2;%.1f
% $ (optional extra dollar to keep Font Lock happy, see footnote)
\end{comment}
#+end_example

After editing, {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} inserts the translated table at the
target location, between the two marker lines.

For hand-made custom tables, note that the translator needs to skip
the first two lines of the source table.  Also the command has to
/splice/ out the target table without the header and footer.

#+begin_example
\begin{tabular}{lrrr}
Month & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Days} & Nr.\ sold & per day\\
% BEGIN RECEIVE ORGTBL salesfigures
% END RECEIVE ORGTBL salesfigures
\end{tabular}
%
\begin{comment}
,#+ORGTBL: SEND salesfigures orgtbl-to-latex :splice t :skip 2
| Month | Days | Nr sold | per day |
|-------+------+---------+---------|
| Jan   |   23 |      55 |     2.4 |
| Feb   |   21 |      16 |     0.8 |
| March |   22 |     278 |    12.6 |
,#+TBLFM: $4=$3/$2;%.1f
\end{comment}
#+end_example

The LaTeX translator function ~orgtbl-to-latex~ is already part of
Orgtbl mode and uses a =tabular= environment to typeset the table and
marks horizontal lines with ~\hline~.  For additional parameters to
control output, see [[*Translator functions]]:

- ~:splice nil/t~ ::

     When non-~nil~, return only table body lines; not wrapped in
     tabular environment.  Default is ~nil~.

- ~:fmt FMT~ ::

     Format to warp each field.  It should contain =%s= for the
     original field value.  For example, to wrap each field value in
     dollar symbol, you could use =:fmt "$%s$"=.  Format can also wrap
     a property list with column numbers and formats, for example
     =:fmt (2 "$%s$" 4 "%s\\%%")=.  In place of a string, a function
     of one argument can be used; the function must return a formatted
     string.

- ~:efmt EFMT~ ::

     Format numbers as exponentials.  The spec should have =%s= twice
     for inserting mantissa and exponent, for example
     ="%s\\times10^{%s}"=.  This may also be a property list with
     column numbers and formats, for example =:efmt (2
     "$%s\\times10^{%s}$" 4 "$%s\\cdot10^{%s}$")=.  After
     {{{var(EFMT)}}} has been applied to a value, {{{var(FMT)}}}---see
     above---is also be applied.  Functions with two arguments can be
     supplied instead of strings.  By default, no special formatting
     is applied.

*** Translator functions
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Copy and modify.
:END:
#+cindex: HTML, and Orgtbl mode
#+cindex: translator function

#+findex: orgtbl-to-csv
#+findex: orgtbl-to-tsv
#+findex: orgtbl-to-latex
#+findex: orgtbl-to-html
#+findex: orgtbl-to-texinfo
#+findex: orgtbl-to-unicode
#+findex: orgtbl-to-orgtbl
#+findex: orgtbl-to-generic
Orgtbl mode has built-in translator functions: ~orgtbl-to-csv~
(comma-separated values), ~orgtbl-to-tsv~ (TAB-separated values),
~orgtbl-to-latex~, ~orgtbl-to-html~, ~orgtbl-to-texinfo~,
~orgtbl-to-unicode~ and ~orgtbl-to-orgtbl~.  They use the generic
translator, ~orgtbl-to-generic~, which delegates translations to
various export back-ends.

Properties passed to the function through the =ORGTBL SEND= line take
precedence over properties defined inside the function.  For example,
this overrides the default LaTeX line endings, ~\\~, with ~\\[2mm]~:

: #+ORGTBL: SEND test orgtbl-to-latex :lend " \\\\[2mm]"

For a new language translator, define a converter function.  It can be
a generic function, such as shown in this example.  It marks
a beginning and ending of a table with =!BTBL!= and =!ETBL!=;
a beginning and ending of lines with =!BL!= and =!EL!=; and uses a TAB
for a field separator:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(defun orgtbl-to-language (table params)
  "Convert the orgtbl-mode TABLE to language."
  (orgtbl-to-generic
   table
   (org-combine-plists
    '(:tstart "!BTBL!" :tend "!ETBL!" :lstart "!BL!" :lend "!EL!" :sep "\t")
    params)))
#+end_src

#+texinfo: @noindent
The documentation for the ~orgtbl-to-generic~ function shows
a complete list of parameters, each of which can be passed through to
~orgtbl-to-latex~, ~orgtbl-to-texinfo~, and any other function using
that generic function.

For complicated translations the generic translator function could be
replaced by a custom translator function.  Such a custom function must
take two arguments and return a single string containing the formatted
table.  The first argument is the table whose lines are a list of
fields or the symbol ~hline~.  The second argument is the property
list consisting of parameters specified in the =#+ORGTBL: SEND= line.
Please share your translator functions by posting them to the Org
users mailing list, at mailto:emacs-orgmode@gnu.org.

** Dynamic Blocks
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Automatically filled blocks.
:END:
#+cindex: dynamic blocks

Org supports /dynamic blocks/ in Org documents.  They are inserted
with begin and end markers like any other code block, but the contents
are updated automatically by a user function.  For example, {{{kbd(C-c
C-x C-r)}}} inserts a dynamic table that updates the work time (see
[[*Clocking Work Time]]).

Dynamic blocks can have names and function parameters.  The syntax is
similar to source code block specifications:

#+begin_example
,#+BEGIN: myblock :parameter1 value1 :parameter2 value2 ...
  ...
,#+END:
#+end_example

These commands update dynamic blocks:

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-u)}}} (~org-dblock-update~) ::

     #+kindex: C-c C-x C-u
     #+findex: org-dblock-update
     Update dynamic block at point.

- {{{kbd(C-u C-c C-x C-u)}}} ::

     #+kindex: C-u C-c C-x C-u
     Update all dynamic blocks in the current file.

Before updating a dynamic block, Org removes content between the
=BEGIN= and =END= markers.  Org then reads the parameters on the
=BEGIN= line for passing to the writer function.  If the function
expects to access the removed content, then Org expects an extra
parameter, =:content=, on the =BEGIN= line.

The syntax for naming a writer function with a dynamic block labelled
=myblock= is: ~org-dblock-write:myblock~.  Parameters come from the
=BEGIN= line.

The following is an example of a dynamic block and a block writer function
that updates the time when the function was last run:

#+begin_example
,#+BEGIN: block-update-time :format "on %m/%d/%Y at %H:%M"
  ...
,#+END:
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
The dynamic block's writer function:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(defun org-dblock-write:block-update-time (params)
  (let ((fmt (or (plist-get params :format) "%d. %m. %Y")))
    (insert "Last block update at: "
            (format-time-string fmt))))
#+end_src

To keep dynamic blocks up-to-date in an Org file, use the function,
~org-update-all-dblocks~ in hook, such as ~before-save-hook~.  The
~org-update-all-dblocks~ function does not run if the file is not in
Org mode.

#+findex: org-narrow-to-block
Dynamic blocks, like any other block, can be narrowed with
~org-narrow-to-block~.

** Special Agenda Views
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Customized views.
:END:
#+cindex: agenda views, user-defined

#+vindex: org-agenda-skip-function
#+vindex: org-agenda-skip-function-global
Org provides a special hook to further limit items in agenda views:
~agenda~, ~agenda*~[fn:155], ~todo~, ~alltodo~, ~tags~, ~tags-todo~,
~tags-tree~.  Specify a custom function that tests inclusion of every
matched item in the view.  This function can also skip as much as is
needed.

For a global condition applicable to agenda views, use the
~org-agenda-skip-function-global~ variable.  Org uses a global
condition with ~org-agenda-skip-function~ for custom searching.

This example defines a function for a custom view showing TODO items
with =waiting= status.  Manually this is a multi-step search process,
but with a custom view, this can be automated as follows:

The custom function searches the subtree for the =waiting= tag and
returns ~nil~ on match.  Otherwise it gives the location from where
the search continues.

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(defun my-skip-unless-waiting ()
  "Skip trees that are not waiting"
  (let ((subtree-end (save-excursion (org-end-of-subtree t))))
    (if (re-search-forward ":waiting:" subtree-end t)
        nil          ; tag found, do not skip
      subtree-end))) ; tag not found, continue after end of subtree
#+end_src

To use this custom function in a custom agenda command:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(org-add-agenda-custom-command
 '("b" todo "PROJECT"
   ((org-agenda-skip-function 'my-skip-unless-waiting)
    (org-agenda-overriding-header "Projects waiting for something: "))))
#+end_src

#+vindex: org-agenda-overriding-header
Note that this also binds ~org-agenda-overriding-header~ to a more
meaningful string suitable for the agenda view.

#+vindex: org-odd-levels-only
#+vindex: org-agenda-skip-function
Search for entries with a limit set on levels for the custom search.
This is a general approach to creating custom searches in Org.  To
include all levels, use =LEVEL>0=[fn:156].  Then to selectively pick
the matched entries, use ~org-agenda-skip-function~, which also
accepts Lisp forms, such as ~org-agenda-skip-entry-if~ and
~org-agenda-skip-subtree-if~.  For example:

- ~(org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'scheduled)~ ::

     Skip current entry if it has been scheduled.

- ~(org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'notscheduled)~ ::

     Skip current entry if it has not been scheduled.

- ~(org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'deadline)~ ::

     Skip current entry if it has a deadline.

- ~(org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'scheduled 'deadline)~ ::

     Skip current entry if it has a deadline, or if it is scheduled.

- ~(org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'todo '("TODO" "WAITING"))~ ::

     Skip current entry if the TODO keyword is TODO or WAITING.

- ~(org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'todo 'done)~ ::

     Skip current entry if the TODO keyword marks a DONE state.

- ~(org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'timestamp)~ ::

     Skip current entry if it has any timestamp, may also be deadline
     or scheduled.

- ~(org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'regexp "regular expression")~ ::

     Skip current entry if the regular expression matches in the
     entry.

- ~(org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'notregexp "regular expression")~ ::

     Skip current entry unless the regular expression matches.

- ~(org-agenda-skip-subtree-if 'regexp "regular expression")~ ::

     Same as above, but check and skip the entire subtree.

The following is an example of a search for =waiting= without the
special function:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(org-add-agenda-custom-command
 '("b" todo "PROJECT"
   ((org-agenda-skip-function '(org-agenda-skip-subtree-if
                                'regexp ":waiting:"))
    (org-agenda-overriding-header "Projects waiting for something: "))))
#+end_src

** Speeding Up Your Agendas
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Tips on how to speed up your agendas.
:END:
#+cindex: agenda views, optimization

Some agenda commands slow down when the Org files grow in size or
number.  Here are tips to speed up:

- Reduce the number of Org agenda files to avoid slowdowns due to hard drive
  accesses.

- Reduce the number of DONE and archived headlines so agenda
  operations that skip over these can finish faster.

- Do not dim blocked tasks:
  #+vindex: org-agenda-dim-blocked-tasks

  #+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (setq org-agenda-dim-blocked-tasks nil)
  #+end_src

- Stop preparing agenda buffers on startup:
  #+vindex: org-startup-folded
  #+vindex: org-agenda-inhibit-startup

  #+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (setq org-agenda-inhibit-startup t)
  #+end_src

- Disable tag inheritance for agendas:
  #+vindex: org-agenda-show-inherited-tags
  #+vindex: org-agenda-use-tag-inheritance

  #+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (setq org-agenda-use-tag-inheritance nil)
  #+end_src

These options can be applied to selected agenda views.  For more
details about generation of agenda views, see the docstrings for the
relevant variables, and this [[https://orgmode.org/worg/agenda-optimization.html][dedicated Worg page]] for agenda
optimization.

** Extracting Agenda Information
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Post-processing agenda information.
:END:
#+cindex: agenda, pipe
#+cindex: scripts, for agenda processing

Org provides commands to access agendas through Emacs batch mode.
Through this command-line interface, agendas are automated for further
processing or printing.

#+vindex: org-agenda-custom-commands
#+findex: org-batch-agenda
~org-batch-agenda~ creates an agenda view in ASCII and outputs to
standard output.  This command takes one string parameter.  When
string consists of a single character, Org uses it as a key to
~org-agenda-custom-commands~.  These are the same ones available
through the agenda dispatcher (see [[*The Agenda Dispatcher]]).

This example command line directly prints the TODO list to the printer:

: emacs -batch -l ~/.emacs -eval '(org-batch-agenda "t")' | lpr

When the string parameter length is two or more characters, Org
matches it with tags/TODO strings.  For example, this example command
line prints items tagged with =shop=, but excludes items tagged with
=NewYork=:

#+begin_example
emacs -batch -l ~/.emacs                                      \
      -eval '(org-batch-agenda "+shop-NewYork")' | lpr
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
An example showing on-the-fly parameter modifications:

#+begin_example
emacs -batch -l ~/.emacs                                      \
   -eval '(org-batch-agenda "a"                               \
           org-agenda-span (quote month)                      \
           org-agenda-include-diary nil                       \
           org-agenda-files (quote ("~/org/project.org")))'   \
   | lpr
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
which produces an agenda for the next 30 days from just the
=~/org/projects.org= file.

#+findex: org-batch-agenda-csv
For structured processing of agenda output, use ~org-batch-agenda-csv~
with the following fields:

- category :: The category of the item
- head :: The headline, without TODO keyword, TAGS and PRIORITY
- type :: The type of the agenda entry, can be

     | ~todo~              | selected in TODO match              |
     | ~tagsmatch~         | selected in tags match              |
     | ~diary~             | imported from diary                 |
     | ~deadline~          | a deadline                          |
     | ~scheduled~         | scheduled                           |
     | ~timestamp~         | appointment, selected by timestamp  |
     | ~closed~            | entry was closed on date            |
     | ~upcoming-deadline~ | warning about nearing deadline      |
     | ~past-scheduled~    | forwarded scheduled item            |
     | ~block~             | entry has date block including date |

- todo :: The TODO keyword, if any
- tags :: All tags including inherited ones, separated by colons
- date :: The relevant date, like =2007-2-14=
- time :: The time, like =15:00-16:50=
- extra :: String with extra planning info
- priority-l :: The priority letter if any was given
- priority-n :: The computed numerical priority

If the selection of the agenda item was based on a timestamp,
including those items with =DEADLINE= and =SCHEDULED= keywords, then
Org includes date and time in the output.

If the selection of the agenda item was based on a timestamp  (or
deadline/scheduled), then Org includes date and time in the output.

Here is an example of a post-processing script in Perl.  It takes the
CSV output from Emacs and prints with a checkbox:

#+begin_src perl
#!/usr/bin/perl

# define the Emacs command to run
$cmd = "emacs -batch -l ~/.emacs -eval '(org-batch-agenda-csv \"t\")'";

# run it and capture the output
$agenda = qx{$cmd 2>/dev/null};

# loop over all lines
foreach $line (split(/\n/,$agenda)) {
    # get the individual values
    ($category,$head,$type,$todo,$tags,$date,$time,$extra,
     $priority_l,$priority_n) = split(/,/,$line);
    # process and print
    print "[ ] $head\n";
}
#+end_src

** Using the Property API
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Writing programs that use entry properties.
:END:
#+cindex: API, for properties
#+cindex: properties, API

Here is a description of the functions that can be used to work with
properties.

#+attr_texinfo: :options org-entry-properties &optional pom which
#+begin_defun
Get all properties of the entry at point-or-marker {{{var(POM)}}}.
This includes the TODO keyword, the tags, time strings for deadline,
scheduled, and clocking, and any additional properties defined in the
entry.  The return value is an alist.  Keys may occur multiple times
if the property key was used several times.  {{{var(POM)}}} may also
be ~nil~, in which case the current entry is used.  If
{{{var(WHICH)}}} is ~nil~ or ~all~, get all properties.  If
{{{var(WHICH)}}} is ~special~ or ~standard~, only get that subclass.
#+end_defun

#+vindex: org-use-property-inheritance
#+findex: org-insert-property-drawer
#+attr_texinfo: :options org-entry-get pom property &optional inherit
#+begin_defun
Get value of {{{var(PROPERTY)}}} for entry at point-or-marker
{{{var(POM)}}}.  By default, this only looks at properties defined
locally in the entry.  If {{{var(INHERIT)}}} is non-~nil~ and the
entry does not have the property, then also check higher levels of the
hierarchy.  If {{{var(INHERIT)}}} is the symbol ~selective~, use
inheritance if and only if the setting of
~org-use-property-inheritance~ selects {{{var(PROPERTY)}}} for
inheritance.
#+end_defun

#+attr_texinfo: :options org-entry-delete pom property
#+begin_defun
Delete the property {{{var(PROPERTY)}}} from entry at point-or-marker
{{{var(POM)}}}.
#+end_defun

#+attr_texinfo: :options org-entry-put pom property value
#+begin_defun
Set {{{var(PROPERTY)}}} to {{{var(VALUES)}}} for entry at
point-or-marker POM.
#+end_defun

#+attr_texinfo: :options org-buffer-property-keys &optional include-specials
#+begin_defun
Get all property keys in the current buffer.
#+end_defun

#+attr_texinfo: :options org-insert-property-drawer
#+begin_defun
Insert a property drawer for the current entry.  Also
#+end_defun

#+attr_texinfo: :options org-entry-put-multivalued-property pom property &rest values
#+begin_defun
Set {{{var(PROPERTY)}}} at point-or-marker {{{var(POM)}}} to
{{{var(VALUES)}}}.  {{{var(VALUES)}}} should be a list of strings.
They are concatenated, with spaces as separators.
#+end_defun

#+attr_texinfo: :options org-entry-get-multivalued-property pom property
#+begin_defun
Treat the value of the property {{{var(PROPERTY)}}} as
a whitespace-separated list of values and return the values as a list
of strings.
#+end_defun

#+attr_texinfo: :options org-entry-add-to-multivalued-property pom property value
#+begin_defun
Treat the value of the property {{{var(PROPERTY)}}} as
a whitespace-separated list of values and make sure that
{{{var(VALUE)}}} is in this list.
#+end_defun

#+attr_texinfo: :options org-entry-remove-from-multivalued-property pom property value
#+begin_defun
Treat the value of the property {{{var(PROPERTY)}}} as
a whitespace-separated list of values and make sure that
{{{var(VALUE)}}} is /not/ in this list.
#+end_defun

#+attr_texinfo: :options org-entry-member-in-multivalued-property pom property value
#+begin_defun
Treat the value of the property {{{var(PROPERTY)}}} as
a whitespace-separated list of values and check if {{{var(VALUE)}}} is
in this list.
#+end_defun

#+attr_texinfo: :options org-property-allowed-value-functions
#+begin_defopt
Hook for functions supplying allowed values for a specific property.
The functions must take a single argument, the name of the property,
and return a flat list of allowed values.  If =:ETC= is one of the
values, use the values as completion help, but allow also other values
to be entered.  The functions must return ~nil~ if they are not
responsible for this property.
#+end_defopt

** Using the Mapping API
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Mapping over all or selected entries.
:END:
#+cindex: API, for mapping
#+cindex: mapping entries, API

Org has sophisticated mapping capabilities to find all entries
satisfying certain criteria.  Internally, this functionality is used
to produce agenda views, but there is also an API that can be used to
execute arbitrary functions for each or selected entries.  The main
entry point for this API is:

#+attr_texinfo: :options org-map-entries func &optional match scope &rest skip
#+begin_defun
Call {{{(var(FUNC))}}} at each headline selected by {{{var(MATCH)}}}
in {{{var(SCOPE)}}}.

{{{var(FUNC)}}} is a function or a Lisp form.  With point positioned
at the beginning of the headline, call the function without arguments.
Org returns an alist of return values of calls to the function.

To avoid preserving point, Org wraps the call to {{{var(FUNC)}}} in
~save-excursion~ form.  After evaluation, Org moves point to the end
of the line that was just processed.  Search continues from that point
forward.  This may not always work as expected under some conditions,
such as if the current sub-tree was removed by a previous archiving
operation.  In such rare circumstances, Org skips the next entry
entirely when it should not.  To stop Org from such skips, make
{{{var(FUNC)}}} set the variable ~org-map-continue-from~ to a specific
buffer position.

{{{var(MATCH)}}} is a tags/property/TODO match.  Org iterates only
matched headlines.  Org iterates over all headlines when
{{{var(MATCH)}}} is ~nil~ or ~t~.

{{{var(SCOPE)}}} determines the scope of this command.  It can be any
of:

- ~nil~ ::

     The current buffer, respecting the restriction, if any.

- ~tree~ ::

     The subtree started with the entry at point.

- ~region~ ::

     The entries within the active region, if any.

- ~file~ ::

     The current buffer, without restriction.

- ~file-with-archives~ ::

     The current buffer, and any archives associated with it.

- ~agenda~ ::

     All agenda files.

- ~agenda-with-archives~ ::

     All agenda files with any archive files associated with them.

- ~(file1 file2 ...)~ ::

     If this is a list, all files in the list are scanned.

#+texinfo: @noindent
The remaining arguments are treated as settings for the scanner's
skipping facilities.  Valid arguments are:

- ~archive~ ::

     Skip trees with the archive tag.

- ~comment~ ::

     Skip trees with the COMMENT keyword.

- function or Lisp form ::

     #+vindex: org-agenda-skip-function
     Used as value for ~org-agenda-skip-function~, so whenever the
     function returns ~t~, {{{var(FUNC)}}} is called for that entry
     and search continues from the point where the function leaves it.
#+end_defun

The mapping routine can call any arbitrary function, even functions
that change meta data or query the property API (see [[*Using the
Property API]]).  Here are some handy functions:

#+attr_texinfo: :options org-todo &optional arg
#+begin_defun
Change the TODO state of the entry.  See the docstring of the
functions for the many possible values for the argument
{{{var(ARG)}}}.
#+end_defun

#+attr_texinfo: :options org-priority &optional action
#+begin_defun
Change the priority of the entry.  See the docstring of this function
for the possible values for {{{var(ACTION)}}}.
#+end_defun

#+attr_texinfo: :options org-toggle-tag tag &optional onoff
#+begin_defun
Toggle the tag {{{var(TAG)}}} in the current entry.  Setting
{{{var(ONOFF)}}} to either ~on~ or ~off~ does not toggle tag, but
ensure that it is either on or off.
#+end_defun

#+attr_texinfo: :options org-promote
#+begin_defun
Promote the current entry.
#+end_defun

#+attr_texinfo: :options org-demote
#+begin_defun
Demote the current entry.
#+end_defun

This example turns all entries tagged with =TOMORROW= into TODO
entries with keyword =UPCOMING=.  Org ignores entries in comment trees
and archive trees.

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(org-map-entries '(org-todo "UPCOMING")
                 "+TOMORROW" 'file 'archive 'comment)
#+end_src

The following example counts the number of entries with TODO keyword
=WAITING=, in all agenda files.

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(length (org-map-entries t "/+WAITING" 'agenda))
#+end_src

* History and Acknowledgments
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: How Org came into being.
:APPENDIX: t
:END:

** From Carsten
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

Org was born in 2003, out of frustration over the user interface of
the Emacs Outline mode.  I was trying to organize my notes and
projects, and using Emacs seemed to be the natural way to go.
However, having to remember eleven different commands with two or
three keys per command, only to hide and show parts of the outline
tree, that seemed entirely unacceptable to me.  Also, when using
outlines to take notes, I constantly wanted to restructure the tree,
organizing it parallel to my thoughts and plans.  /Visibility cycling/
and /structure editing/ were originally implemented in the package
=outline-magic.el=, but quickly moved to the more general =org.el=.
As this environment became comfortable for project planning, the next
step was adding /TODO entries/, basic /timestamps/, and /table
support/.  These areas highlighted the two main goals that Org still
has today: to be a new, outline-based, plain text mode with innovative
and intuitive editing features, and to incorporate project planning
functionality directly into a notes file.

Since the first release, literally thousands of emails to me or to the
[[mailto:emacs-orgmode@gnu.org][mailing list]] have provided a constant stream of bug reports, feedback,
new ideas, and sometimes patches and add-on code.  Many thanks to
everyone who has helped to improve this package.  I am trying to keep
here a list of the people who had significant influence in shaping one
or more aspects of Org.  The list may not be complete, if I have
forgotten someone, please accept my apologies and let me know.

Before I get to this list, a few special mentions are in order:

- Bastien Guerry ::

     Bastien has written a large number of extensions to Org (most of
     them integrated into the core by now), including the LaTeX
     exporter and the plain list parser.  His support during the early
     days was central to the success of this project.  Bastien also
     invented Worg, helped establishing the Web presence of Org, and
     sponsored hosting costs for the orgmode.org website.  Bastien
     stepped in as maintainer of Org between 2011 and 2013, at a time
     when I desperately needed a break.

- Eric Schulte and Dan Davison ::

     Eric and Dan are jointly responsible for the Org Babel system,
     which turns Org into a multi-language environment for evaluating
     code and doing literate programming and reproducible research.
     This has become one of Org's killer features that define what Org
     is today.

- John Wiegley ::

     John has contributed a number of great ideas and patches directly
     to Org, including the attachment system (=org-attach.el=),
     integration with Apple Mail (=org-mac-message.el=), hierarchical
     dependencies of TODO items, habit tracking (=org-habits.el=), and
     encryption (=org-crypt.el=).  Also, the capture system is really
     an extended copy of his great =remember.el=.

- Sebastian Rose ::

     Without Sebastian, the HTML/XHTML publishing of Org would be the
     pitiful work of an ignorant amateur.  Sebastian has pushed this
     part of Org onto a much higher level.  He also wrote
     =org-info.js=, a Java script for displaying webpages derived from
     Org using an Info-like or a folding interface with single-key
     navigation.

See below for the full list of contributions! Again, please let me
know what I am missing here!

** From Bastien
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

I (Bastien) have been maintaining Org between 2011 and 2013.  This
appendix would not be complete without adding a few more
acknowledgments and thanks.

I am first grateful to Carsten for his trust while handing me over the
maintainership of Org.  His unremitting support is what really helped
me getting more confident over time, with both the community and the
code.

When I took over maintainership, I knew I would have to make Org more
collaborative than ever, as I would have to rely on people that are
more knowledgeable than I am on many parts of the code.  Here is
a list of the persons I could rely on, they should really be
considered co-maintainers, either of the code or the community:

- Eric Schulte ::

     Eric is maintaining the Babel parts of Org.  His reactivity here
     kept me away from worrying about possible bugs here and let me
     focus on other parts.

- Nicolas Goaziou ::

     Nicolas is maintaining the consistency of the deepest parts of
     Org.  His work on =org-element.el= and =ox.el= has been
     outstanding, and it opened the doors for many new ideas and
     features.  He rewrote many of the old exporters to use the new
     export engine, and helped with documenting this major change.
     More importantly (if that's possible), he has been more than
     reliable during all the work done for Org 8.0, and always very
     reactive on the mailing list.

- Achim Gratz ::

     Achim rewrote the building process of Org, turning some /ad hoc/
     tools into a flexible and conceptually clean process.  He
     patiently coped with the many hiccups that such a change can
     create for users.

- Nick Dokos ::

     The Org mode mailing list would not be such a nice place without
     Nick, who patiently helped users so many times.  It is impossible
     to overestimate such a great help, and the list would not be so
     active without him.

I received support from so many users that it is clearly impossible to
be fair when shortlisting a few of them, but Org's history would not
be complete if the ones above were not mentioned in this manual.

** List of Contributions
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

- Russel Adams came up with the idea for drawers.

- Thomas Baumann wrote =org-bbdb.el= and =org-mhe.el=.

- Christophe Bataillon created the great unicorn logo that we use on
  the Org mode website.

- Alex Bochannek provided a patch for rounding timestamps.

- Jan Böcker wrote =org-docview.el=.

- Brad Bozarth showed how to pull RSS feed data into Org files.

- Tom Breton wrote =org-choose.el=.

- Charles Cave's suggestion sparked the implementation of templates
  for Remember, which are now templates for capture.

- Pavel Chalmoviansky influenced the agenda treatment of items with
  specified time.

- Gregory Chernov patched support for Lisp forms into table
  calculations and improved XEmacs compatibility, in particular by
  porting =nouline.el= to XEmacs.

- Sacha Chua suggested copying some linking code from Planner.

- Baoqiu Cui contributed the DocBook exporter.

- Eddward DeVilla proposed and tested checkbox statistics.  He also
  came up with the idea of properties, and that there should be an API
  for them.

- Nick Dokos tracked down several nasty bugs.

- Kees Dullemond used to edit projects lists directly in HTML and so
  inspired some of the early development, including HTML export.  He
  also asked for a way to narrow wide table columns.

- Thomas\nbsp{}S.\nbsp{}Dye contributed documentation on Worg and helped
  integrating the Org Babel documentation into the manual.

- Christian Egli converted the documentation into Texinfo format,
  inspired the agenda, patched CSS formatting into the HTML exporter,
  and wrote =org-taskjuggler.el=.

- David Emery provided a patch for custom CSS support in exported HTML
  agendas.

- Nic Ferrier contributed mailcap and XOXO support.

- Miguel\nbsp{}A.\nbsp{}Figueroa-Villanueva implemented hierarchical checkboxes.

- John Foerch figured out how to make incremental search show context
  around a match in a hidden outline tree.

- Raimar Finken wrote =org-git-line.el=.

- Mikael Fornius works as a mailing list moderator.

- Austin Frank works as a mailing list moderator.

- Eric Fraga drove the development of Beamer export with ideas and
  testing.

- Barry Gidden did proofreading the manual in preparation for the book
  publication through Network Theory Ltd.

- Niels Giesen had the idea to automatically archive DONE trees.

- Nicolas Goaziou rewrote much of the plain list code.

- Kai Grossjohann pointed out key-binding conflicts with other
  packages.

- Brian Gough of Network Theory Ltd publishes the Org mode manual as
  a book.

- Bernt Hansen has driven much of the support for auto-repeating
  tasks, task state change logging, and the clocktable.  His clear
  explanations have been critical when we started to adopt the Git
  version control system.

- Manuel Hermenegildo has contributed various ideas, small fixes and
  patches.

- Phil Jackson wrote =org-irc.el=.

- Scott Jaderholm proposed footnotes, control over whitespace between
  folded entries, and column view for properties.

- Matt Jones wrote MobileOrg Android.

- Tokuya Kameshima wrote =org-wl.el= and =org-mew.el=.

- Shidai Liu ("Leo") asked for embedded LaTeX and tested it.  He also
  provided frequent feedback and some patches.

- Matt Lundin has proposed last-row references for table formulas and
  named invisible anchors.  He has also worked a lot on the FAQ.

- David Maus wrote =org-atom.el=, maintains the issues file for Org,
  and is a prolific contributor on the mailing list with competent
  replies, small fixes and patches.

- Jason\nbsp{}F.\nbsp{}McBrayer suggested agenda export to CSV format.

- Max Mikhanosha came up with the idea of refiling.

- Dmitri Minaev sent a patch to set priority limits on a per-file
  basis.

- Stefan Monnier provided a patch to keep the Emacs Lisp compiler
  happy.

- Richard Moreland wrote MobileOrg for the iPhone.

- Rick Moynihan proposed allowing multiple TODO sequences in a file
  and being able to quickly restrict the agenda to a subtree.

- Todd Neal provided patches for links to Info files and Elisp forms.

- Greg Newman refreshed the unicorn logo into its current form.

- Tim O'Callaghan suggested in-file links, search options for general
  file links, and tags.

- Osamu Okano wrote =orgcard2ref.pl=, a Perl program to create a text
  version of the reference card.

- Takeshi Okano translated the manual and David O'Toole's tutorial
  into Japanese.

- Oliver Oppitz suggested multi-state TODO items.

- Scott Otterson sparked the introduction of descriptive text for
  links, among other things.

- Pete Phillips helped during the development of the TAGS feature,
  and provided frequent feedback.

- Martin Pohlack provided the code snippet to bundle character
  insertion into bundles of 20 for undo.

- T.\nbsp{}V.\nbsp{}Raman reported bugs and suggested improvements.

- Matthias Rempe (Oelde) provided ideas, Windows support, and quality
  control.

- Paul Rivier provided the basic implementation of named footnotes.
  He also acted as mailing list moderator for some time.

- Kevin Rogers contributed code to access VM files on remote hosts.

- Frank Ruell solved the mystery of the =keymapp nil= bug, a conflict
  with =allout.el=.

- Jason Riedy generalized the send-receive mechanism for Orgtbl
  tables with extensive patches.

- Philip Rooke created the Org reference card, provided lots of
  feedback, developed and applied standards to the Org documentation.

- Christian Schlauer proposed angular brackets around links, among
  other things.

- Paul Sexton wrote =org-ctags.el=.

- Tom Shannon's =organizer-mode.el= inspired linking to VM/BBDB/Gnus.

- Ilya Shlyakhter proposed the Archive Sibling, line numbering in
  literal examples, and remote highlighting for referenced code lines.

- Stathis Sideris wrote the =ditaa.jar= ASCII to PNG converter that is
  now packaged into Org's =contrib/= directory.

- Daniel Sinder came up with the idea of internal archiving by locking
  subtrees.

- Dale Smith proposed link abbreviations.

- James TD Smith has contributed a large number of patches for
  useful tweaks and features.

- Adam Spiers asked for global linking commands, inspired the link
  extension system, added support for Mairix, and proposed the mapping
  API.

- Ulf Stegemann created the table to translate special symbols to
  HTML, LaTeX, UTF-8, Latin-1 and ASCII.

- Andy Stewart contributed code to =org-w3m.el=, to copy
  HTML content with links transformation to Org syntax.

- David O'Toole wrote =org-publish.el= and drafted the
  manual chapter about publishing.

- Jambunathan\nbsp{}K.\nbsp{}contributed the ODT exporter.

- Sebastien Vauban reported many issues with LaTeX and Beamer export
  and enabled source code highlighting in Gnus.

- Stefan Vollmar organized a video-recorded talk at the
  Max-Planck-Institute for Neurology.  He also inspired the creation
  of a concept index for HTML export.

- Jürgen Vollmer contributed code generating the table of contents in
  HTML output.

- Samuel Wales has provided important feedback and bug reports.

- Chris Wallace provided a patch implementing the =QUOTE= block.

- David Wainberg suggested archiving, and improvements to the
  linking system.

- Carsten Wimmer suggested some changes and helped fix a bug in
  linking to Gnus.

- Roland Winkler requested additional key bindings to make Org work on
  a TTY.

- Piotr Zielinski wrote =org-mouse.el=, proposed agenda
  blocks and contributed various ideas and code snippets.

- Marco Wahl wrote =org-eww.el=.

* GNU Free Documentation License
:PROPERTIES:
:APPENDIX: t
:DESCRIPTION: The license for this documentation.
:END:

#+texinfo: @include doclicense.texi

* Main Index
:PROPERTIES:
:INDEX:    cp
:DESCRIPTION: An index of Org's concepts and features.
:END:

* Key Index
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Key bindings and where they are described.
:INDEX:    ky
:END:

* Command and Function Index
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Command names and some internal functions.
:INDEX:    fn
:END:

* Variable Index
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Variables mentioned in the manual.
:INDEX:    vr
:END:

This is not a complete index of variables and faces, only the ones
that are mentioned in the manual.  For a more complete list, use
{{{kbd(M-x org-customize)}}} and then click yourself through the tree.

* Copying
:PROPERTIES:
:copying:  t
:END:

This manual is for Org version {{{version}}}.

Copyright \copy 2004--2018  Free Software Foundation, Inc.

#+begin_quote
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover Texts being "A GNU Manual,"
and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below.  A copy of the license
is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License."

(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have the freedom to copy and
modify this GNU manual."
#+end_quote

* Export Setup                                                          :noexport:

#+subtitle:  Release {{{version}}}
#+author:    The Org Mode Developers
#+date:      {{{modification-time}}}
#+language:  en

# XXX: We cannot use TODO keyword as a node starts with "TODO".
#+todo: REVIEW FIXME | DONE
#+property: header-args :eval no
#+startup: overview nologdone

#+export_file_name: org.texi

#+texinfo_dir_category: Emacs editing modes
#+texinfo_dir_title: Org Mode: (org)
#+texinfo_dir_desc: Outline-based notes management and organizer

# Use proper quote and backtick for code sections in PDF output
# Cf. Texinfo manual 14.2
#+texinfo_header: @set txicodequoteundirected
#+texinfo_header: @set txicodequotebacktick

# Contact Info
#+texinfo_header: @set MAINTAINERSITE @uref{https://orgmode.org,maintainers webpage}
#+texinfo_header: @set MAINTAINER Carsten Dominik
#+texinfo_header: @set MAINTAINEREMAIL @email{carsten at orgmode dot org}
#+texinfo_header: @set MAINTAINERCONTACT @uref{mailto:carsten at orgmode dot org,contact the maintainer}

#+options: H:4 num:t toc:t author:t \n:nil ::t |:t ^:nil -:t f:t *:t <:t e:t ':t
#+options: d:nil todo:nil pri:nil tags:not-in-toc stat:nil broken-links:mark
#+select_tags: export
#+exclude_tags: noexport

#+macro: cite @@texinfo:@cite{@@$1@@texinfo:}@@
#+macro: var @@texinfo:@var{@@$1@@texinfo:}@@

# The "version" macro extracts "Version" keyword from "org.el".  It
# returns major.minor version number.  This is sufficient since bugfix
# releases are not expected to add features and therefore imply manual
# modifications.
#+macro: version (eval (with-current-buffer (find-file-noselect "../lisp/org.el") (org-with-point-at 1 (if (re-search-forward "Version: +\\([0-9.]+\\)" nil t) (mapconcat #'identity (cl-subseq (split-string (match-string-no-properties 1) "\\.") 0 2) ".") (error "Missing \"Version\" keyword in \"org.el\"")))))

# The "kbd" macro turns KBD into @kbd{KBD}.  Additionnally, it
# encloses case-sensitive special keys (SPC, RET...) within @key{...}.
#+macro: kbd (eval (let ((case-fold-search nil) (regexp (regexp-opt '("SPC" "RET" "LFD" "TAB" "BS" "ESC" "DELETE" "SHIFT" "Ctrl" "Meta" "Alt" "Cmd" "Super" "UP" "LEFT" "RIGHT" "DOWN") 'words))) (format "@@texinfo:@kbd{@@%s@@texinfo:}@@" (replace-regexp-in-string regexp "@@texinfo:@key{@@\\&@@texinfo:}@@" $1 t))))

* Footnotes

[fn:1] If you do not use Font Lock globally turn it on in Org buffer
with ~(add-hook 'org-mode-hook 'turn-on-font-lock)~.

[fn:2] Please consider subscribing to the mailing list in order to
minimize the work the mailing list moderators have to do.

[fn:3] See the variables ~org-special-ctrl-a/e~, ~org-special-ctrl-k~,
and ~org-ctrl-k-protect-subtree~ to configure special behavior of
{{{kbd(C-a)}}}, {{{kbd(C-e)}}}, and {{{kbd(C-k)}}} in headlines.  Note
also that clocking only works with headings indented less than 30
stars.

[fn:4] See, however, the option ~org-cycle-emulate-tab~.

[fn:5] The indirect buffer contains the entire buffer, but is narrowed
to the current tree.  Editing the indirect buffer also changes the
original buffer, but without affecting visibility in that buffer.  For
more information about indirect buffers, see [[info:emacs#Indirect%20Buffers][GNU Emacs Manual]].

[fn:6] When ~org-agenda-inhibit-startup~ is non-~nil~, Org does not
honor the default visibility state when first opening a file for the
agenda (see [[*Speeding Up Your Agendas]]).

[fn:7] See also the variable ~org-show-context-detail~ to decide how
much context is shown around each match.

[fn:8] This depends on the option ~org-remove-highlights-with-change~.

[fn:9] When using =*= as a bullet, lines must be indented so that they
are not interpreted as headlines.  Also, when you are hiding leading
stars to get a clean outline view, plain list items starting with
a star may be hard to distinguish from true headlines.  In short: even
though =*= is supported, it may be better to not use it for plain list
items.

[fn:10] You can filter out any of them by configuring
~org-plain-list-ordered-item-terminator~.

[fn:11] You can also get =a.=, =A.=, =a)= and =A)= by configuring
~org-list-allow-alphabetical~.  To minimize confusion with normal
text, those are limited to one character only.  Beyond that limit,
bullets automatically become numbers.

[fn:12] If there's a checkbox in the item, the cookie must be put
/before/ the checkbox.  If you have activated alphabetical lists, you
can also use counters like =[@b]=.

[fn:13] If you do not want the item to be split, customize the
variable ~org-M-RET-may-split-line~.

[fn:14] If you want to cycle around items that way, you may customize
~org-list-use-circular-motion~.

[fn:15] See ~org-list-use-circular-motion~ for a cyclic behavior.

[fn:16] Many desktops intercept {{{kbd(M-TAB)}}} to switch windows.
Use {{{kbd(C-M-i)}}} or {{{kbd(ESC TAB)}}} instead.

[fn:17] The corresponding in-buffer setting is: =#+STARTUP: fninline=
or =#+STARTUP: nofninline=.

[fn:18] The corresponding in-buffer options are =#+STARTUP: fnadjust=
and =#+STARTUP: nofnadjust=.

[fn:19] To insert a vertical bar into a table field, use =\vert= or,
inside a word =abc\vert{}def=.

[fn:20] Org understands references typed by the user as =B4=, but it
does not use this syntax when offering a formula for editing.  You can
customize this behavior using the variable
~org-table-use-standard-references~.

[fn:21] The computation time scales as O(N^2) because table
{{{var(FOO)}}} is parsed for each field to be copied.

[fn:22] The file =constants.el= can supply the values of constants in
two different unit systems, =SI= and =cgs=.  Which one is used depends
on the value of the variable ~constants-unit-system~.  You can use the
=STARTUP= options =constSI= and =constcgs= to set this value for the
current buffer.

[fn:23] The printf reformatting is limited in precision because the
value passed to it is converted into an "integer" or "double".  The
"integer" is limited in size by truncating the signed value to 32
bits.  The "double" is limited in precision to 64 bits overall which
leaves approximately 16 significant decimal digits.

[fn:24] Such names must start with an alphabetic character and use
only alphanumeric/underscore characters.

[fn:25] More accurately, the precise behavior depends on how point
arrived there---see [[info:elisp#Invisible%20Text][Invisible Text]].

[fn:26] To insert a link targeting a headline, in-buffer completion
can be used.  Just type a star followed by a few optional letters into
the buffer and press {{{kbd(M-TAB)}}}.  All headlines in the current
buffer are offered as completions.

[fn:27] When targeting a =NAME= keyword, the =CAPTION= keyword is
mandatory in order to get proper numbering (see [[*Captions]]).

[fn:28] The actual behavior of the search depends on the value of the
variable ~org-link-search-must-match-exact-headline~.  If its value is
~nil~, then a fuzzy text search is done.  If it is ~t~, then only the
exact headline is matched, ignoring spaces and statistic cookies.  If
the value is ~query-to-create~, then an exact headline is searched; if
it is not found, then the user is queried to create it.

[fn:29] If the headline contains a timestamp, it is removed from the
link, which results in a wrong link---you should avoid putting
a timestamp in the headline.

[fn:30] The Org Id library must first be loaded, either through
~org-customize~, by enabling ~id~ in ~org-modules~, or by adding
~(require 'org-id)~ in your Emacs init file.

[fn:31] Note that you do not have to use this command to insert
a link.  Links in Org are plain text, and you can type or paste them
straight into the buffer.  By using this command, the links are
automatically enclosed in double brackets, and you will be asked for
the optional descriptive text.

[fn:32] After insertion of a stored link, the link will be removed
from the list of stored links.  To keep it in the list for later use,
use a triple {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix argument to {{{kbd(C-c C-l)}}}, or
configure the option ~org-keep-stored-link-after-insertion~.

[fn:33] This works if a function has been defined in the ~:complete~
property of a link in ~org-link-parameters~.

[fn:34] See the variable ~org-display-internal-link-with-indirect-buffer~.

[fn:35] For backward compatibility, line numbers can also follow a
single colon.

[fn:36] Of course, you can make a document that contains only long
lists of TODO items, but this is not required.

[fn:37] Changing the variable ~org-todo-keywords~ only becomes
effective after restarting Org mode in a buffer.

[fn:38] This is also true for the {{{kbd(t)}}} command in the agenda
buffer.

[fn:39] All characters are allowed except =@=, =^= and =!=, which have
a special meaning here.

[fn:40] Check also the variable ~org-fast-tag-selection-include-todo~,
it allows you to change the TODO state through the tags interface (see
[[*Setting Tags]]), in case you like to mingle the two concepts.  Note
that this means you need to come up with unique keys across both sets
of keywords.

[fn:41] Org mode parses these lines only when Org mode is activated
after visiting a file.  {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} with point in a line
starting with =#+= is simply restarting Org mode for the current
buffer.

[fn:42] The corresponding in-buffer setting is: =#+STARTUP: logdone=.

[fn:43] The corresponding in-buffer setting is: =#+STARTUP:
lognotedone=.

[fn:44] See the variable ~org-log-states-order-reversed~.

[fn:45] Note that the =LOGBOOK= drawer is unfolded when pressing
{{{kbd(SPC)}}} in the agenda to show an entry---use {{{kbd(C-u
SPC)}}} to keep it folded here.

[fn:46] It is possible that Org mode records two timestamps when you
are using both ~org-log-done~ and state change logging.  However, it
never prompts for two notes: if you have configured both, the state
change recording note takes precedence and cancel the closing note.

[fn:47] See also the option ~org-priority-start-cycle-with-default~.

[fn:48] To keep subtasks out of the global TODO list, see the option
~org-agenda-todo-list-sublevels~.

[fn:49] With the exception of description lists.  But you can allow it
by modifying ~org-list-automatic-rules~ accordingly.

[fn:50] Set the variable ~org-hierarchical-checkbox-statistics~ if you
want such cookies to count all checkboxes below the cookie, not just
those belonging to direct children.

[fn:51] {{{kbd(C-u C-c C-c)}}} on the /first/ item of a list with no
checkbox adds checkboxes to the rest of the list.

[fn:52] As with all these in-buffer settings, pressing {{{kbd(C-c
C-c)}}} activates any changes in the line.

[fn:53] This is only true if the search does not involve more complex
tests including properties (see [[*Property Searches]]).

[fn:54] To extend this default list to all tags used in all agenda
files (see [[*Agenda Views]]), customize the variable
~org-complete-tags-always-offer-all-agenda-tags~.

[fn:55] Keys are automatically assigned to tags that have no
configured keys.

[fn:56] If more than one summary type applies to the same property,
the parent values are computed according to the first of them.

[fn:57] An age can be defined as a duration, using units defined in
~org-duration-units~, e.g., =3d 1h=.  If any value in the column is as
such, the summary is also expressed as a duration.

[fn:58] Please note that the =COLUMNS= definition must be on a single
line; it is wrapped here only because of formatting constraints.

[fn:59] Contributed packages are not part of Emacs, but are
distributed with the main distribution of Org---visit
[[https://orgmode.org]].

[fn:60] The Org date format is inspired by the standard ISO 8601
date/time format.  To use an alternative format, see [[*Custom time
format]].  The day name is optional when you type the date yourself.
However, any date inserted or modified by Org adds that day name, for
reading convenience.

[fn:61] When working with the standard diary sexp functions, you need
to be very careful with the order of the arguments.  That order
depends evilly on the variable ~calendar-date-style~.  For example, to
specify a date December 12, 2005, the call might look like
=(diary-date 12 1 2005)= or =(diary-date 1 12 2005)= or =(diary-date
2005 12 1)=, depending on the settings.  This has been the source of
much confusion.  Org mode users can resort to special versions of
these functions like ~org-date~ or ~org-anniversary~.  These work just
like the corresponding ~diary-~ functions, but with stable ISO order
of arguments (year, month, day) wherever applicable, independent of
the value of ~calendar-date-style~.

[fn:62] See the variable ~org-read-date-prefer-future~.  You may set
that variable to the symbol ~time~ to even make a time before now
shift the date to tomorrow.

[fn:63] If you do not need/want the calendar, configure the variable
~org-popup-calendar-for-date-prompt~.

[fn:64] If you find this distracting, turn off the display with
~org-read-date-display-live~.

[fn:65] It will still be listed on that date after it has been marked
DONE.  If you do not like this, set the variable
~org-agenda-skip-scheduled-if-done~.

[fn:66] The =SCHEDULED= and =DEADLINE= dates are inserted on the line
right below the headline.  Do not put any text between this line and
the headline.

[fn:67] Note the corresponding =STARTUP= options =logredeadline=,
=lognoteredeadline=, and =nologredeadline=.

[fn:68] Note the corresponding =STARTUP= options =logreschedule=,
=lognotereschedule=, and =nologreschedule=.

[fn:69] In fact, the target state is taken from, in this sequence, the
=REPEAT_TO_STATE= property, the variable ~org-todo-repeat-to-state~ if
it is a string, the previous TODO state if ~org-todo-repeat-to-state~
is ~t~, or the first state of the TODO state sequence.

[fn:70] You can change this using the option ~org-log-repeat~, or the
=STARTUP= options =logrepeat=, =lognoterepeat=, and =nologrepeat=.
With =lognoterepeat=, you will also be prompted for a note.

[fn:71] Clocking only works if all headings are indented with less
than 30 stars.  This is a hard-coded limitation of ~lmax~ in
~org-clock-sum~.

[fn:72] To resume the clock under the assumption that you have worked
on this task while outside Emacs, use ~(setq org-clock-persist t)~.

[fn:73] To add an effort estimate "on the fly", hook a function doing
this to ~org-clock-in-prepare-hook~.

[fn:74] The last reset of the task is recorded by the =LAST_REPEAT=
property.

[fn:75] See also the variable ~org-clock-mode-line-total~.

[fn:76] The corresponding in-buffer setting is: =#+STARTUP:
lognoteclock-out=.

[fn:77] Language terms can be set through the variable
~org-clock-clocktable-language-setup~.

[fn:78] Note that all parameters must be specified in a single
line---the line is broken here only to fit it into the manual.

[fn:79] On computers using macOS, idleness is based on actual user
idleness, not just Emacs' idle time.  For X11, you can install
a utility program =x11idle.c=, available in the =contrib/scripts/=
directory of the Org Git distribution, or install the xprintidle
package and set it to the variable ~org-clock-x11idle-program-name~ if
you are running Debian, to get the same general treatment of idleness.
On other systems, idle time refers to Emacs idle time only.

[fn:80] Please note the pitfalls of summing hierarchical data in
a flat list (see [[*Using Column View in the Agenda]]).

[fn:81] Org used to offer four different targets for date/week tree
capture.  Now, Org automatically translates these to use
~file+olp+datetree~, applying the ~:time-prompt~ and ~:tree-type~
properties.  Please rewrite your date/week-tree targets using
~file+olp+datetree~ since the older targets are now deprecated.

[fn:82] A date tree is an outline structure with years on the highest
level, months or ISO weeks as sublevels and then dates on the lowest
level.  Tags are allowed in the tree structure.

[fn:83] If you need one of these sequences literally, escape the =%=
with a backslash.

[fn:84] If you define your own link types (see [[*Adding Hyperlink
Types]]), any property you store with ~org-store-link-props~ can be
accessed in capture templates in a similar way.

[fn:85] This is always the other, not the user.  See the variable
~org-from-is-user-regexp~.

[fn:86] If you move entries or Org files from one directory to
another, you may want to configure ~org-attach-directory~ to contain
an absolute path.

[fn:87] Note the corresponding =STARTUP= options =logrefile=,
=lognoterefile=, and =nologrefile=.

[fn:88] If the value of that variable is not a list, but a single file
name, then the list of agenda files in maintained in that external
file.

[fn:89] When using the dispatcher, pressing {{{kbd(<)}}} before
selecting a command actually limits the command to the current file,
and ignores ~org-agenda-files~ until the next dispatcher command.

[fn:90] For backward compatibility, you can also press {{{kbd(1)}}} to
restrict to the current buffer.

[fn:91] For backward compatibility, you can also press {{{kbd(0)}}} to
restrict to the current region/subtree.

[fn:92] For backward compatibility, the universal prefix argument
{{{kbd(C-u)}}} causes all TODO entries to be listed before the agenda.
This feature is deprecated, use the dedicated TODO list, or a block
agenda instead (see [[*Block agenda]]).

[fn:93] The variable ~org-anniversary~ used in the example is just
like ~diary-anniversary~, but the argument order is always according
to ISO and therefore independent of the value of
~calendar-date-style~.

[fn:94] You can, however, disable this by setting
~org-agenda-search-headline-for-time~ variable to a ~nil~ value.

[fn:95] Custom commands can preset a filter by binding the variable
~org-agenda-tag-filter-preset~ as an option.  This filter is then
applied to the view and persists as a basic filter through refreshes
and more secondary filtering.  The filter is a global property of the
entire agenda view---in a block agenda, you should only set this in
the global options section, not in the section of an individual block.

[fn:96] Only tags filtering is respected here, effort filtering is
ignored.

[fn:97] You can also create persistent custom functions through
~org-agenda-bulk-custom-functions~.

[fn:98] This file is parsed for the agenda when
~org-agenda-include-diary~ is set.

[fn:99] You can provide a description for a prefix key by inserting
a cons cell with the prefix and the description.

[fn:100] /Planned/ means here that these entries have some planning
information attached to them, like a time-stamp, a scheduled or
a deadline string.  See ~org-agenda-entry-types~ on how to set what
planning information is taken into account.

[fn:101] For HTML you need to install Hrvoje Niksic's =htmlize.el=
from [[https://github.com/hniksic/emacs-htmlize][Hrvoje Niksic's repository]].

[fn:102] To create PDF output, the Ghostscript ps2pdf utility must be
installed on the system.  Selecting a PDF file also creates the
postscript file.

[fn:103] If you want to store standard views like the weekly agenda or
the global TODO list as well, you need to define custom commands for
them in order to be able to specify file names.

[fn:104] Quoting depends on the system you use, please check the FAQ
for examples.

[fn:105] You can turn this on by default by setting the variable
~org-pretty-entities~, or on a per-file base with the =STARTUP= option
=entitiespretty=.

[fn:106] This behavior can be disabled with =-= export setting (see
[[*Export Settings]]).

[fn:107] LaTeX is a macro system based on Donald\nbsp{}E.\nbsp{}Knuth's TeX
system.  Many of the features described here as "LaTeX" are really
from TeX, but for simplicity I am blurring this distinction.

[fn:108] When MathJax is used, only the environments recognized by
MathJax are processed.  When dvipng, dvisvgm, or ImageMagick suite is
used to create images, any LaTeX environment is handled.

[fn:109] These are respectively available at
[[http://sourceforge.net/projects/dvipng/]], [[http://dvisvgm.bplaced.net/]]
and from the ImageMagick suite.  Choose the converter by setting the
variable ~org-preview-latex-default-process~ accordingly.

[fn:110] Org mode has a method to test if point is inside such
a fragment, see the documentation of the function
~org-inside-LaTeX-fragment-p~.

[fn:111] This works automatically for the HTML backend (it requires
version 1.34 of the =htmlize.el= package, which you need to install).
Fontified code chunks in LaTeX can be achieved using either the
[[https://www.ctan.org/pkg/listings][listings]] package or the [[https://www.ctan.org/pkg/minted][minted]] package.  Refer to
~org-export-latex-listings~ for details.

[fn:112] Source code in code blocks may also be evaluated either
interactively or on export.  See [[*Working with Source Code]] for more
information on evaluating code blocks.

[fn:113] Adding =-k= to =-n -r= /keeps/ the labels in the source code
while using line numbers for the links, which might be useful to
explain those in an Org mode example code.

[fn:114] Upon exit, lines starting with =*=, =,*=, =#+= and =,#+= get
a comma prepended, to keep them from being interpreted by Org as
outline nodes or special syntax.  These commas are stripped when
editing with {{{kbd(C-c ')}}}, and also before export.

[fn:115] You may select a different-mode with the variable
~org-edit-fixed-width-region-mode~.

[fn:116] What Emacs considers to be an image depends on
~image-file-name-extensions~ and ~image-file-name-regexps~.

[fn:117] The variable ~org-startup-with-inline-images~ can be set
within a buffer with the =STARTUP= options =inlineimages= and
=noinlineimages=.

[fn:118] The variable ~org-export-date-timestamp-format~ defines how
this timestamp are exported.

[fn:119] At the moment, some export back-ends do not obey this
specification.  For example, LaTeX export excludes every unnumbered
headline from the table of contents.

[fn:120] Note that ~org-link-search-must-match-exact-headline~ is
locally bound to non-~nil~.  Therefore, ~org-link-search~ only matches
headlines and named elements.

[fn:121] Since commas separate the arguments, commas within arguments
have to be escaped with the backslash character.  So only those
backslash characters before a comma need escaping with another
backslash character.

[fn:122] For a less drastic behavior, consider using a select tag (see
[[*Export Settings]]) instead.

[fn:123] If =BEAMER_ENV= is set, Org export adds =B_environment= tag
to make it visible.  The tag serves as a visual aid and has no
semantic relevance.

[fn:124] By default Org loads MathJax from [[https://cdnjs.com][cdnjs.com]] as recommended by
[[http://www.mathjax.org][MathJax]].

[fn:125] Please note that exported formulas are part of an HTML
document, and that signs such as =<=, =>=, or =&= have special
meanings.  See [[http://docs.mathjax.org/en/latest/tex.html#tex-and-latex-in-html-documents][MathJax TeX and LaTeX support]].

[fn:126] See [[http://docs.mathjax.org/en/latest/tex.html#tex-extensions][TeX and LaTeX extensions]] in the [[http://docs.mathjax.org][MathJax manual]] to learn
about extensions.

[fn:127] If the classes on TODO keywords and tags lead to conflicts,
use the variables ~org-html-todo-kwd-class-prefix~ and
~org-html-tag-class-prefix~ to make them unique.

[fn:128] This does not allow setting different bibliography compilers
for different files.  However, "smart" LaTeX compilation systems, such
as latexmk, can select the correct bibliography compiler.

[fn:129] See [[http://docs.oasis-open.org/office/v1.2/OpenDocument-v1.2.html][Open Document Format for Office Applications
(OpenDocument) Version 1.2]].

[fn:130] See [[http://www.mathtoweb.com/cgi-bin/mathtoweb_home.pl][MathToWeb]].

[fn:131] See [[http://dlmf.nist.gov/LaTeXML/]].

[fn:132] [[http://docs.oasis-open.org/office/v1.2/OpenDocument-v1.2.html][OpenDocument-v1.2 Specification]]

[fn:133] See the =<table:table-template>= element of the
OpenDocument-v1.2 specification.

[fn:134] See the attributes =table:template-name=,
=table:use-first-row-styles=, =table:use-last-row-styles=,
=table:use-first-column-styles=, =table:use-last-column-styles=,
=table:use-banding-rows-styles=, and =table:use-banding-column-styles=
of the =<table:table>= element in the OpenDocument-v1.2 specification.

[fn:135] If the publishing directory is the same as the source
directory, =file.org= is exported as =file.org.org=, so you probably
do not want to do this.

[fn:136] The option ~org-babel-no-eval-on-ctrl-c-ctrl-c~ can be used
to remove code evaluation from the {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} key binding.

[fn:137] Actually, the constructs =call_<name>()= and =src_<lang>{}=
are not evaluated when they appear in a keyword (see [[*Summary of
In-Buffer Settings]]).

[fn:138] Due to the way this header argument is implemented, it
implies ":results file".  Therefore if it is set for multiple blocks
at once (by a subtree or buffer property for example), all blocks are
forced to produce file results.  This is seldom desired behavior, so
it is recommended to set this header only on a per-block basis.  It is
possible that this aspect of the implementation might change in the
future.

[fn:139] C++ language is handled in =ob-C.el=.  Even though the
identifier for such source blocks is =C++=, you activate it by loading
the C language.

[fn:140] D language is handled in =ob-C.el=.  Even though the
identifier for such source blocks is =D=, you activate it by loading
the C language.

[fn:141] For Noweb literate programming details, see
http://www.cs.tufts.edu/~nr/noweb/.

[fn:142] For more information, please refer to the commentary section
in =org-tempo.el=.

[fn:143] Note that ~org-indent-mode~ also sets the ~wrap-prefix~
property, such that ~visual-line-mode~ (or purely setting ~word-wrap~)
wraps long lines (including headlines) correctly indented.

[fn:144] The ~org-indent-mode~ also sets the ~wrap-prefix~ correctly
for indenting and wrapping long lines of headlines or text.  This
minor mode handles ~visual-line-mode~ and directly applied settings
through ~word-wrap~.

[fn:145] Also see the variable ~org-adapt-indentation~.

[fn:146] Because =LEVEL=2= has 3 stars, =LEVEL=3= has 4 stars, and so
on.

[fn:147] For a server to host files, consider using a WebDAV server,
such as [[https://nextcloud.com][Nextcloud]].  Additional help is at this [[https://orgmode.org/worg/org-faq.html#mobileorg_webdav][FAQ entry]].

[fn:148] If Emacs is configured for safe storing of passwords, then
configure the variable ~org-mobile-encryption-password~; please read
the docstring of that variable.

[fn:149] Symbolic links in ~org-directory~ need to have the same name
as their targets.

[fn:150] While creating the agendas, Org mode forces ID properties on
all referenced entries, so that these entries can be uniquely
identified if Org Mobile flags them for further action.  To avoid
setting properties configure the variable
~org-mobile-force-id-on-agenda-items~ to ~nil~.  Org mode then relies
on outline paths, assuming they are unique.

[fn:151] Checksums are stored automatically in the file
=checksums.dat=.

[fn:152] The file will be empty after this operation.

[fn:153] https://www.ctan.org/pkg/comment

[fn:154] If the =TBLFM= keyword contains an odd number of dollar
characters, this may cause problems with Font Lock in LaTeX mode.  As
shown in the example you can fix this by adding an extra line inside
the =comment= environment that is used to balance the dollar
expressions.  If you are using AUCTeX with the font-latex library,
a much better solution is to add the =comment= environment to the
variable ~LaTeX-verbatim-environments~.

[fn:155] The ~agenda*~ view is the same as ~agenda~ except that it
only considers /appointments/, i.e., scheduled and deadline items that
have a time specification =[h]h:mm= in their time-stamps.

[fn:156] Note that, for ~org-odd-levels-only~, a level number
corresponds to order in the hierarchy, not to the number of stars.

debug log:

solving 0b626a1a8 ...
found 0b626a1a8 in https://yhetil.org/orgmode/PR1PR02MB4732B95D15A405B39B6D039DDAD60@PR1PR02MB4732.eurprd02.prod.outlook.com/
found 5e4effb6f in https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/emacs/org-mode.git
preparing index
index prepared:
100644 5e4effb6fa916a15d86d90afeb80e8799537f646	doc/org-manual.org

applying [1/1] https://yhetil.org/orgmode/PR1PR02MB4732B95D15A405B39B6D039DDAD60@PR1PR02MB4732.eurprd02.prod.outlook.com/
diff --git a/doc/org-manual.org b/doc/org-manual.org
index 5e4effb6f..0b626a1a8 100644

Checking patch doc/org-manual.org...
Applied patch doc/org-manual.org cleanly.

index at:
100644 0b626a1a8da99c8aa309116f946e666e43215a22	doc/org-manual.org

(*) Git path names are given by the tree(s) the blob belongs to.
    Blobs themselves have no identifier aside from the hash of its contents.^
Code repositories for project(s) associated with this public inbox

	https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/emacs/org-mode.git

This is a public inbox, see mirroring instructions
for how to clone and mirror all data and code used for this inbox;
as well as URLs for read-only IMAP folder(s) and NNTP newsgroup(s).