From: Maxim Cournoyer <maxim.cournoyer@gmail.com>
To: Sarah Morgensen <iskarian@mgsn.dev>
Cc: 49602-done@debbugs.gnu.org
Subject: bug#49602: [PATCH] import: go: Upgrade go.mod parser.
Date: Sun, 18 Jul 2021 01:59:43 -0400 [thread overview]
Message-ID: <87tuksjh68.fsf@gmail.com> (raw)
In-Reply-To: <8a452809f56c9b62b46a7639ff89148ffc845b3e.1626493564.git.iskarian@mgsn.dev> (Sarah Morgensen's message of "Fri, 16 Jul 2021 21:01:28 -0700")
Hi!
Sarah Morgensen <iskarian@mgsn.dev> writes:
> Upgrade the go.mod parser to handle the full go.mod spec, and to
> gracefully handle unexpected/malformed syntax. Restructure parser
^ There is a convention
in Guix to add two spaces to separate the the ending (period) of a
sentence from the beginning of the next one (which was inherited from
GNU Standards, AFAICT: "Please put two spaces after the end of a
sentence in your comments, so that the Emacs sentence commands will
work.", c.f. info "(standards) Comments").
> usage, making the parse tree available for other uses.
>
> guix/import/go.scm (parse-go.mod): Parse using (ice-9 peg) instead of
> regex matching for more robustness. Return a list of directives.
> (go.mod-directives): New procedure.
> (go.mod-requirements): New procedure.
^Likewise.
> (go-module->guix-package): Use it.
> (%go.mod-require-directive-rx)
The above line can be removed, as it is duplicated below.
> (%go.mod-replace-directive-rx): Remove unused variable.
> tests/go.scm (testing-parse-mod): Adjust accordingly.
> (go.mod-requirements)
> (fixture-go-mod-unparseable)
> (fixture-go-mod-retract)
> (fixture-go-mod-strings): New variable.
^s.
> ("parse-go.mod: simple")
> ("parse-go.mod: comments and unparseable lines")
> ("parse-go.mod: retract")
> ("parse-go.mod: raw strings and quoted strings")
> ("parse-go.mod: complete"): New tests.
> ---
> Hello Guix,
>
> This one is pretty self-explanatory. This parser handles the full go.mod spec
> (notably: comments, extra whitespace, retract/exclude) and gracefully handles
> things it doesn't understand. It is a bit more complex, I suppose. WDYT?
This looks really neat! I'm happy to see more use of (ice-9 peg). I
think the added complexity is worth it, given the benefits it provides.
> -- Sarah
>
> guix/import/go.scm | 247 +++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------
> tests/go.scm | 132 +++++++++++++++++++++++-
> 2 files changed, 260 insertions(+), 119 deletions(-)
>
> diff --git a/guix/import/go.scm b/guix/import/go.scm
> index d8f838f635..69e71d01e5 100644
> --- a/guix/import/go.scm
> +++ b/guix/import/go.scm
> @@ -41,6 +41,7 @@
> #:autoload (guix base32) (bytevector->nix-base32-string)
> #:autoload (guix build utils) (mkdir-p)
> #:use-module (ice-9 match)
> + #:use-module (ice-9 peg)
> #:use-module (ice-9 rdelim)
> #:use-module (ice-9 receive)
> #:use-module (ice-9 regex)
> @@ -244,129 +245,139 @@ and VERSION and return an input port."
> (go-path-escape version))))
> (http-fetch* url)))
>
> -(define %go.mod-require-directive-rx
> - ;; A line in a require directive is composed of a module path and
> - ;; a version separated by whitespace and an optionnal '//' comment at
> - ;; the end.
> - (make-regexp
> - (string-append
> - "^[[:blank:]]*([^[:blank:]]+)[[:blank:]]+" ;the module path
> - "([^[:blank:]]+)" ;the version
> - "([[:blank:]]+//.*)?"))) ;an optional comment
> -
> -(define %go.mod-replace-directive-rx
> - ;; ReplaceSpec = ModulePath [ Version ] "=>" FilePath newline
> - ;; | ModulePath [ Version ] "=>" ModulePath Version newline .
> - (make-regexp
> - (string-append
> - "([^[:blank:]]+)" ;the module path
> - "([[:blank:]]+([^[:blank:]]+))?" ;optional version
> - "[[:blank:]]+=>[[:blank:]]+"
> - "([^[:blank:]]+)" ;the file or module path
> - "([[:blank:]]+([^[:blank:]]+))?"))) ;the version (if a module path)
>
> (define (parse-go.mod content)
> - "Parse the go.mod file CONTENT, returning a list of requirements."
> - ;; We parse only a subset of https://golang.org/ref/mod#go-mod-file-grammar
> - ;; which we think necessary for our use case.
> - (define (toplevel requirements replaced)
> - "This is the main parser. The results are accumulated in THE REQUIREMENTS
> -and REPLACED lists."
> - (let ((line (read-line)))
> - (cond
> - ((eof-object? line)
> - ;; parsing ended, give back the result
> - (values requirements replaced))
> - ((string=? line "require (")
> - ;; a require block begins, delegate parsing to IN-REQUIRE
> - (in-require requirements replaced))
> - ((string=? line "replace (")
> - ;; a replace block begins, delegate parsing to IN-REPLACE
> - (in-replace requirements replaced))
> - ((string-prefix? "require " line)
> - ;; a require directive by itself
> - (let* ((stripped-line (string-drop line 8)))
> - (call-with-values
> - (lambda ()
> - (require-directive requirements replaced stripped-line))
> - toplevel)))
> - ((string-prefix? "replace " line)
> - ;; a replace directive by itself
> - (let* ((stripped-line (string-drop line 8)))
> - (call-with-values
> - (lambda ()
> - (replace-directive requirements replaced stripped-line))
> - toplevel)))
> - (#t
> - ;; unrecognised line, ignore silently
> - (toplevel requirements replaced)))))
> -
> - (define (in-require requirements replaced)
> - (let ((line (read-line)))
> - (cond
> - ((eof-object? line)
> - ;; this should never happen here but we ignore silently
> - (values requirements replaced))
> - ((string=? line ")")
> - ;; end of block, coming back to toplevel
> - (toplevel requirements replaced))
> - (#t
> - (call-with-values (lambda ()
> - (require-directive requirements replaced line))
> - in-require)))))
> -
> - (define (in-replace requirements replaced)
> - (let ((line (read-line)))
> - (cond
> - ((eof-object? line)
> - ;; this should never happen here but we ignore silently
> - (values requirements replaced))
> - ((string=? line ")")
> - ;; end of block, coming back to toplevel
> - (toplevel requirements replaced))
> - (#t
> - (call-with-values (lambda ()
> - (replace-directive requirements replaced line))
> - in-replace)))))
> -
> - (define (replace-directive requirements replaced line)
> - "Extract replaced modules and new requirements from the replace directive
> -in LINE and add them to the REQUIREMENTS and REPLACED lists."
> - (let* ((rx-match (regexp-exec %go.mod-replace-directive-rx line))
> - (module-path (match:substring rx-match 1))
> - (version (match:substring rx-match 3))
> - (new-module-path (match:substring rx-match 4))
> - (new-version (match:substring rx-match 6))
> - (new-replaced (cons (list module-path version) replaced))
> - (new-requirements
> - (if (string-match "^\\.?\\./" new-module-path)
> - requirements
> - (cons (list new-module-path new-version) requirements))))
> - (values new-requirements new-replaced)))
> -
> - (define (require-directive requirements replaced line)
> - "Extract requirement from LINE and augment the REQUIREMENTS and REPLACED
> -lists."
> - (let* ((rx-match (regexp-exec %go.mod-require-directive-rx line))
> - (module-path (match:substring rx-match 1))
> - ;; Double-quoted strings were seen in the wild without escape
> - ;; sequences; trim the quotes to be on the safe side.
> - (module-path (string-trim-both module-path #\"))
> - (version (match:substring rx-match 2)))
> - (values (cons (list module-path version) requirements) replaced)))
> -
> - (with-input-from-string content
> - (lambda ()
> - (receive (requirements replaced)
> - (toplevel '() '())
> - ;; At last remove the replaced modules from the requirements list.
> - (remove (lambda (r)
> - (assoc (car r) replaced))
> - requirements)))))
> + "Parse the go.mod file CONTENT, returning a list of directives, comments,
> +and unknown lines. Each sublist begins with a symbol (go, module, require,
> +replace, exclude, retract, comment, or unknown) and is followed by one or more
> +sublists. Each sublist begins with a symbol (module-path, version, file-path,
> +comment, or unknown) and is followed by the indicated data."
> + ;; https://golang.org/ref/mod#go-mod-file-grammar
> + (define-peg-pattern NL none "\n")
> + (define-peg-pattern WS none (or " " "\t" "\r"))
> + (define-peg-pattern => none (and (* WS) "=>"))
> + (define-peg-pattern punctuation none (or "," "=>" "[" "]" "(" ")"))
> + (define-peg-pattern comment all
> + (and (ignore "//") (* WS) (* (and (not-followed-by NL) peg-any))))
> + (define-peg-pattern EOL body (and (* WS) (? comment) NL))
> + (define-peg-pattern block-start none (and (* WS) "(" EOL))
> + (define-peg-pattern block-end none (and (* WS) ")" EOL))w
> + (define-peg-pattern any-line body
> + (and (* WS) (* (and (not-followed-by NL) peg-any)) EOL))
> +
> + ;; Strings and identifiers
> + (define-peg-pattern identifier body
> + (+ (and (not-followed-by (or NL WS punctuation)) peg-any)))
> + (define-peg-pattern string-raw body
> + (and (ignore "`") (+ (and (not-followed-by "`") peg-any)) (ignore "`")))
> + (define-peg-pattern string-quoted body
> + (and (ignore "\"")
> + (+ (or (and (ignore "\\") peg-any)
> + (and (not-followed-by "\"") peg-any)))
> + (ignore "\"")))
> + (define-peg-pattern string-or-ident body
^
Perhaps prefer the fully spelled out 'string-or-identifier' variable name.
> + (and (* WS) (or string-raw string-quoted identifier)))
> +
> + (define-peg-pattern version all string-or-ident)
> + (define-peg-pattern module-path all string-or-ident)
> + (define-peg-pattern file-path all string-or-ident)
> +
> + ;; Non-directive lines
> + (define-peg-pattern unknown all any-line)
> + (define-peg-pattern block-line body
> + (or EOL (and (not-followed-by block-end) unknown)))
> +
> + ;; GoDirective = "go" GoVersion newline .
> + (define-peg-pattern go all (and (ignore "go") version EOL))
> +
> + ;; ModuleDirective = "module" ( ModulePath | "(" newline ModulePath newline ")" ) newline .
> + (define-peg-pattern module all
> + (and (ignore "module") (or (and block-start module-path EOL block-end)
> + (and module-path EOL))))
> +
> + ;; The following directives may all be used solo or in a block
> + ;; RequireSpec = ModulePath Version newline .
> + (define-peg-pattern require all (and module-path version EOL))
> + (define-peg-pattern require-top body
> + (and (ignore "require")
> + (or (and block-start (* (or require block-line)) block-end) require)))
> +
> + ;; ExcludeSpec = ModulePath Version newline .
> + (define-peg-pattern exclude all (and module-path version EOL))
> + (define-peg-pattern exclude-top body
> + (and (ignore "exclude")
> + (or (and block-start (* (or exclude block-line)) block-end) exclude)))
> +
> + ;; ReplaceSpec = ModulePath [ Version ] "=>" FilePath newline
> + ;; | ModulePath [ Version ] "=>" ModulePath Version newline .
> + (define-peg-pattern original all (or (and module-path version) module-path))
> + (define-peg-pattern with all (or (and module-path version) file-path))
> + (define-peg-pattern replace all (and original => with EOL))
> + (define-peg-pattern replace-top body
> + (and (ignore "replace")
> + (or (and block-start (* (or replace block-line)) block-end) replace)))
> +
> + ;; RetractSpec = ( Version | "[" Version "," Version "]" ) newline .
> + (define-peg-pattern range all
> + (and (* WS) (ignore "[") version
> + (* WS) (ignore ",") version (* WS) (ignore "]")))
> + (define-peg-pattern retract all (and (or range version) EOL))
> + (define-peg-pattern retract-top body
> + (and (ignore "retract")
> + (or (and block-start (* (or retract block-line)) block-end) retract)))
> +
> + (define-peg-pattern go-mod body
> + (* (and (* WS) (or go module require-top exclude-top replace-top
> + retract-top EOL unknown))))
> +
> + (let ((tree (peg:tree (match-pattern go-mod content)))
> + (keywords '(go module require replace exclude retract comment unknown)))
> + (keyword-flatten keywords tree)))
Fun!
> ;; Prevent inlining of this procedure, which is accessed by unit tests.
> (set! parse-go.mod parse-go.mod)
>
> +(define (go.mod-directives go.mod directive)
> + "Return the list of top-level directive bodies in GO.MOD matching the symbol
> +DIRECTIVE."
> + (filter-map (match-lambda
> + (((? (cut eq? <> directive) head) . rest) rest)
> + (_ #f))
> + go.mod))
> +
> +(define (go.mod-requirements go.mod)
> + "Compute and return the list of requirements specified by GO.MOD."
> + (define (replace directive requirements)
> + (define (maybe-replace module-path new-requirement)
> + ;; Do not allow version updates for indirect dependencies
> + ;; TODO: Is this correct behavior? It's in the go.mod for a
> reason...
According to [1], it seems that yes: "replace directives only apply in
the main module's go.mod file and are ignored in other modules.", IIUC.
[1] https://golang.org/ref/mod#go-mod-file-replace
> + (if (and (equal? module-path (first new-requirement))
> + (not (assoc-ref requirements module-path)))
> + requirements
> + (cons new-requirement (alist-delete module-path requirements))))
> +
> + (match directive
> + ((('original ('module-path module-path) . _) with . _)
> + (match with
> + (('with ('file-path _) . _)
> + (alist-delete module-path requirements))
> + (('with ('module-path new-module-path) ('version new-version) . _)
> + (maybe-replace module-path
> + (list new-module-path new-version)))))))
> +
> + (define (require directive requirements)
> + (match directive
> + ((('module-path module-path) ('version version) . _)
> + (cons (list module-path version) requirements))))
> +
> + (let* ((requires (go.mod-directives go.mod 'require))
> + (replaces (go.mod-directives go.mod 'replace))
> + (requirements (fold require '() requires)))
> + (fold replace requirements replaces)))
> +
> +;; Prevent inlining of this procedure, which is accessed by unit tests.
> +(set! go.mod-requirements go.mod-requirements)
> +
> (define-record-type <vcs>
> (%make-vcs url-prefix root-regex type)
> vcs?
> @@ -588,7 +599,7 @@ When VERSION is unspecified, the latest version available is used."
> hint: use one of the following available versions ~a\n"
> version* available-versions))))
> (content (fetch-go.mod goproxy module-path version*))
> - (dependencies+versions (parse-go.mod content))
> + (dependencies+versions (go.mod-requirements (parse-go.mod content)))
> (dependencies (if pin-versions?
> dependencies+versions
> (map car dependencies+versions)))
> diff --git a/tests/go.scm b/tests/go.scm
> index b088ab50d2..b16965d941 100644
> --- a/tests/go.scm
> +++ b/tests/go.scm
> @@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
> ;;; GNU Guix --- Functional package management for GNU
> ;;; Copyright 2021 Franois Joulaud <francois.joulaud@radiofrance.com>
> +;;; Copyright 2021 Sarah Morgensen <iskarian@mgsn.dev>
> ;;;
> ;;; This file is part of GNU Guix.
> ;;;
> @@ -31,6 +32,9 @@
> #:use-module (srfi srfi-64)
> #:use-module (web response))
>
> +(define go.mod-requirements
> + (@@ (guix import go) go.mod-requirements))
> +
> (define parse-go.mod
> (@@ (guix import go) parse-go.mod))
>
> @@ -96,6 +100,40 @@ replace (
>
> ")
>
> +(define fixture-go-mod-unparseable
> + "module my/thing
> +go 1.12 // avoid feature X
> +require other/thing v1.0.2
> +// Security issue: CVE-XXXXX
> +exclude old/thing v1.2.3
> +new-directive another/thing yet-another/thing
> +replace (
> + bad/thing v1.4.5 => good/thing v1.4.5
> + // Unparseable
> + bad/thing [v1.4.5, v1.9.7] => good/thing v2.0.0
> +)
> +")
> +
> +(define fixture-go-mod-retract
> + "retract v0.9.1
> +
> +retract (
> + v1.9.2
> + [v1.0.0, v1.7.9]
> +)
> +")
> +
> +(define fixture-go-mod-strings
> + "require `example.com/\"some-repo\"` v1.9.3
> +require (
> + `example.com/\"another.repo\"` v1.0.0
> + \"example.com/special!repo\" v9.3.1
> +)
> +replace \"example.com/\\\"some-repo\\\"\" => `launchpad.net/some-repo` v1.9.3
> +replace (
> + \"example.com/\\\"another.repo\\\"\" => launchpad.net/another-repo v1.0.0
> +)
> +")
>
>
> (define fixture-latest-for-go-check
> @@ -185,7 +223,7 @@ require github.com/kr/pretty v0.2.1
> (string<? (car p1) (car p2)))
> (test-equal name
> (sort expected inf?)
> - (sort ((@@ (guix import go) parse-go.mod) input) inf?)))
> + (sort (go.mod-requirements (parse-go.mod input)) inf?)))
>
> (testing-parse-mod "parse-go.mod-simple"
> '(("good/thing" "v1.4.5")
> @@ -221,6 +259,98 @@ require github.com/kr/pretty v0.2.1
> ("github.com/go-check/check" "v0.0.0-20140225173054-eb6ee6f84d0a"))
> fixture-go-mod-complete)
>
> +(test-equal "parse-go.mod: simple"
> + `((module (module-path "my/thing"))
> + (go (version "1.12"))
> + (require (module-path "other/thing") (version "v1.0.2"))
> + (require (module-path "new/thing/v2") (version "v2.3.4"))
> + (exclude (module-path "old/thing") (version "v1.2.3"))
> + (replace (original (module-path "bad/thing") (version "v1.4.5"))
> + (with (module-path "good/thing") (version "v1.4.5"))))
> + (parse-go.mod fixture-go-mod-simple))
> +
> +(test-equal "parse-go.mod: comments and unparseable lines"
> + `((module (module-path "my/thing"))
> + (go (version "1.12") (comment "avoid feature X"))
> + (require (module-path "other/thing") (version "v1.0.2"))
> + (comment "Security issue: CVE-XXXXX")
> + (exclude (module-path "old/thing") (version "v1.2.3"))
> + (unknown "new-directive another/thing yet-another/thing")
> + (replace (original (module-path "bad/thing") (version "v1.4.5"))
> + (with (module-path "good/thing") (version "v1.4.5")))
> + (comment "Unparseable")
> + (unknown "bad/thing [v1.4.5, v1.9.7] => good/thing v2.0.0"))
> + (parse-go.mod fixture-go-mod-unparseable))
> +
> +(test-equal "parse-go.mod: retract"
> + `((retract (version "v0.9.1"))
> + (retract (version "v1.9.2"))
> + (retract (range (version "v1.0.0") (version "v1.7.9"))))
> + (parse-go.mod fixture-go-mod-retract))
> +
> +(test-equal "parse-go.mod: raw strings and quoted strings"
> + `((require (module-path "example.com/\"some-repo\"") (version "v1.9.3"))
> + (require (module-path "example.com/\"another.repo\"") (version "v1.0.0"))
> + (require (module-path "example.com/special!repo") (version "v9.3.1"))
> + (replace (original (module-path "example.com/\"some-repo\""))
> + (with (module-path "launchpad.net/some-repo") (version "v1.9.3")))
> + (replace (original (module-path "example.com/\"another.repo\""))
> + (with (module-path "launchpad.net/another-repo") (version "v1.0.0"))))
> + (parse-go.mod fixture-go-mod-strings))
> +
> +(test-equal "parse-go.mod: complete"
> + `((module (module-path "M"))
> + (go (version "1.13"))
> + (replace (original (module-path "github.com/myname/myproject/myapi"))
> + (with (file-path "./api")))
> + (replace (original (module-path "github.com/mymname/myproject/thissdk"))
> + (with (file-path "../sdk")))
> + (replace (original (module-path "launchpad.net/gocheck"))
> + (with (module-path "github.com/go-check/check")
> + (version "v0.0.0-20140225173054-eb6ee6f84d0a")))
> + (require (module-path "github.com/user/project")
> + (version "v1.1.11"))
> + (require (module-path "github.com/user/project/sub/directory")
> + (version "v1.1.12"))
> + (require (module-path "bitbucket.org/user/project")
> + (version "v1.11.20"))
> + (require (module-path "bitbucket.org/user/project/sub/directory")
> + (version "v1.11.21"))
> + (require (module-path "launchpad.net/project")
> + (version "v1.1.13"))
> + (require (module-path "launchpad.net/project/series")
> + (version "v1.1.14"))
> + (require (module-path "launchpad.net/project/series/sub/directory")
> + (version "v1.1.15"))
> + (require (module-path "launchpad.net/~user/project/branch")
> + (version "v1.1.16"))
> + (require (module-path "launchpad.net/~user/project/branch/sub/directory")
> + (version "v1.1.17"))
> + (require (module-path "hub.jazz.net/git/user/project")
> + (version "v1.1.18"))
> + (require (module-path "hub.jazz.net/git/user/project/sub/directory")
> + (version "v1.1.19"))
> + (require (module-path "k8s.io/kubernetes/subproject")
> + (version "v1.1.101"))
> + (require (module-path "one.example.com/abitrary/repo")
> + (version "v1.1.111"))
> + (require (module-path "two.example.com/abitrary/repo")
> + (version "v0.0.2"))
> + (require (module-path "quoted.example.com/abitrary/repo")
> + (version "v0.0.2"))
> + (replace (original (module-path "two.example.com/abitrary/repo"))
> + (with (module-path "github.com/corp/arbitrary-repo")
> + (version "v0.0.2")))
> + (replace (original (module-path "golang.org/x/sys"))
> + (with (module-path "golang.org/x/sys")
> + (version "v0.0.0-20190813064441-fde4db37ae7a"))
> + (comment "pinned to release-branch.go1.13"))
> + (replace (original (module-path "golang.org/x/tools"))
> + (with (module-path "golang.org/x/tools")
> + (version "v0.0.0-20190821162956-65e3620a7ae7"))
> + (comment "pinned to release-branch.go1.13")))
> + (parse-go.mod fixture-go-mod-complete))
> +
> ;;; End-to-end tests for (guix import go)
> (define (mock-http-fetch testcase)
> (lambda (url . rest)
>
> base-commit: 3ee0f170c8bd883728d8abb2c2e00f445c13f17d
LGTM!
Pushed with commit 793ba333c6, after fixing up some indents and
substituting the TODO for an explanatory comment with a reference to the
replace directive, and a few more cosmetic changes.
Thanks for the continued improvements to the Go importer :-).
Closing.
Maxim
next prev parent reply other threads:[~2021-07-18 6:00 UTC|newest]
Thread overview: 7+ messages / expand[flat|nested] mbox.gz Atom feed top
2021-07-17 4:01 [bug#49602] [PATCH] import: go: Upgrade go.mod parser Sarah Morgensen via Guix-patches via
2021-07-18 5:59 ` Maxim Cournoyer [this message]
2021-07-19 3:15 ` Sarah Morgensen
2021-08-03 14:21 ` Maxim Cournoyer
2021-08-04 18:17 ` Sarah Morgensen
2021-08-05 2:04 ` Maxim Cournoyer
2021-08-06 4:25 ` Sarah Morgensen
Reply instructions:
You may reply publicly to this message via plain-text email
using any one of the following methods:
* Save the following mbox file, import it into your mail client,
and reply-to-all from there: mbox
Avoid top-posting and favor interleaved quoting:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posting_style#Interleaved_style
List information: https://guix.gnu.org/
* Reply using the --to, --cc, and --in-reply-to
switches of git-send-email(1):
git send-email \
--in-reply-to=87tuksjh68.fsf@gmail.com \
--to=maxim.cournoyer@gmail.com \
--cc=49602-done@debbugs.gnu.org \
--cc=iskarian@mgsn.dev \
/path/to/YOUR_REPLY
https://kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git-send-email.html
* If your mail client supports setting the In-Reply-To header
via mailto: links, try the mailto: link
Be sure your reply has a Subject: header at the top and a blank line
before the message body.
Code repositories for project(s) associated with this public inbox
https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/guix.git
This is a public inbox, see mirroring instructions
for how to clone and mirror all data and code used for this inbox;
as well as URLs for read-only IMAP folder(s) and NNTP newsgroup(s).