Many thanks for these links!

It seems like the GCC JIT interface is the kind of "adaptation" of gcc
which I asked for. :-)

Then there's the calling convention problem which Helmut brough up earlier
in this thread. But I guess there could be workarounds. In any case one
would have to look closer regarding this.

Regarding "hotness":

The original GOOPS implementation had a somewhat crazy feature that an
application of a generic function to a specific argument list first
resulted in the standard MOP procedure for finding a set of applicable
methods and, second, from this/these generated something called a "cmethod"
(compiled method) which, in turn, was stored in a cache as well as applied
to the list of arguments.

Next time this generic function was applied to an argument list with the
same type signature, the *same* cmethod as had been used the first time
could be very quickly looked up in the cache. (This lookup is described in
doc/goops.mail in the repository.)

The thought behind this was that when a cmethod is compiled, there is
knowledge about the specific types of the arguments. This means that a
compiler which compiles the applicable method into a cmethod can do some of
the type dispatch during compile time, for example that of slot access.
This is partially equivalent to unboxing, but more general, since some of
the *generic function applications* can have their type dispatch resolved
at compile time too. In the most ambitious approach one would include
return values in the cmethod type signature---something which is natural to
do when compiling to cps. (This type dispatch elimination was never
implemented in GOOPS.)

I was curious how much impact this caching scheme of things would have in
real-world programs. It turned out to work very well. I'm only aware of one
complaint on memory use. Obviously, though, if a generic function with a
longer argument list is repeatedly called with different type signatures of
the argument list, this could lead to a combinatorial explosion and fill up
memory (as well as being rather inefficient).

When Andy re-wrote GOOPS for the new compiler, the cmethod caching was
removed---a sensible thing to do in my mind. *But*, some of the downsides
of this scheme could be removed if hotness counting was added to the cache.
One could do it in various ways. One could be to initially just associate
the argument list type signature with a counter. If this counter reaches a
certain threshold, the applicable method(s) is/are compiled into a cmethod
stored in the cache. The storage of type signatures and counters still has
the combinatorial explosion problem. This could now be avoided by limiting
the size of the cache such that the counters compete for available space.
(There are further issues to consider such as adaptability through
forgetting, but I won't make this discussion even more complicated.)

Best regards,
Mikael

On Mon, Dec 5, 2016 at 5:18 PM, Lluís Vilanova <vilanova@ac.upc.edu> wrote:

> Mikael Djurfeldt writes:
>
> > [I apologize beforehand for being completely out of context.]
> > Are there fundamental reasons for not re-using the gcc backends for
> native code generation? I'm thinking of the (im?)possibility to convert the
> cps to some of the intermediate languages of gcc.
>
> > If it wouldn't cause bad constraints the obvious gain is the many
> targets (for free), the gcc optimizations, not having to maintain backends
> and free future development.
>
> > Of course, there's the practical problem that gcc needs to be adapted
> for this kind of use---but shouldn't it be adapted that way anyway? :)
>
> > Just an (old) idea...
>
> > Mikael
>
> Guile 2.1 has a register-base bytecode VM that makes using a code
> generation
> library like GNU lightning [1] a convenient alternative. In fact, that's
> the
> library used by nash [2] (an experimental Guile VM that generates native
> code
> for hot routines). You also have the experimental GCC JIT interface [3] to
> achieve similar goals (available upstream since GCC 5, I think).
>
> IMO, if guile wants to go the tracing JIT way (like nash), it should store
> the
> CPS representation of routines to be able to iteratively apply more
> heavy-weight
> optimizations as the routine becomes hotter (called more frequently).
>
> For example, you could start with the current state. If the routine is
> called
> many times with the same argument types, you can create a version
> specialized
> for these types, opening more unboxing possibilities (the routine entry
> point
> would then have to be a version dispatcher). If a routine version later
> becomes
> hotter, re-compile that version into native code.
>
> One open question is whether the VM needs to be changed to count routine
> "hotness" efficiently (as in nash), or if a simple routine prelude
> inserted by
> guile's compiler tower could do that almost as efficiently (the bytecode
> ISA
> might need new atomic integer operations to cope with routine tracing in a
> multi-threaded app).
>
> Also, these all are no small tasks.
>
> [1] https://www.gnu.org/software/lightning/
> [2] https://github.com/8c6794b6/guile-tjit
> [3] https://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/JIT
>
> Cheers,
>   Lluis
>