Note that on multiprocessor machines, the bad effect does not occur. This is really a single processor problem, and for those operating systems that do an immediate context switch from a task writing to a pty or pipe to a task having a select system call on it. At the very least, we need a well-optimized path for small process output sizes to deal with that problem. -- David Kastrup, Kriemhildstr. 15, 44793 Bochum