;;; browse-url.el --- pass a URL to a WWW browser

;; Copyright (C) 1995-2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

;; Author: Denis Howe <dbh@doc.ic.ac.uk>
;; Maintainer: emacs-devel@gnu.org
;; Created: 03 Apr 1995
;; Keywords: hypertext, hypermedia, mouse

;; This file is part of GNU Emacs.

;; GNU Emacs is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
;; it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
;; the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
;; (at your option) any later version.

;; GNU Emacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
;; but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
;; MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
;; GNU General Public License for more details.

;; You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
;; along with GNU Emacs.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

;;; Commentary:

;; This package provides functions which read a URL (Uniform Resource
;; Locator) from the minibuffer, defaulting to the URL around point,
;; and ask a World-Wide Web browser to load it.  It can also load the
;; URL associated with the current buffer.  Different browsers use
;; different methods of remote control so there is one function for
;; each supported browser.  If the chosen browser is not running, it
;; is started.  Currently there is support for the following browsers,
;; as well as some other obsolete ones:

;; Function                           Browser     Earliest version
;; browse-url-mozilla                 Mozilla     Don't know
;; browse-url-firefox                 Firefox     Don't know (tried with 1.0.1)
;; browse-url-chrome                  Chrome      47.0.2526.111
;; browse-url-chromium                Chromium    3.0
;; browse-url-epiphany                Epiphany    Don't know
;; browse-url-conkeror                Conkeror    Don't know
;; browse-url-w3                      w3          0
;; browse-url-text-*	              Any text browser     0
;; browse-url-generic                 arbitrary
;; browse-url-default-windows-browser MS-Windows browser
;; browse-url-default-macosx-browser  macOS browser
;; browse-url-xdg-open                freedesktop.org xdg-open
;; browse-url-kde                     KDE konqueror (kfm)
;; browse-url-elinks                  Elinks      Don't know (tried with 0.12.GIT)

;; Browsers can cache Web pages so it may be necessary to tell them to
;; reload the current page if it has changed (e.g., if you have edited
;; it).  There is currently no perfect automatic solution to this.

;; This package generalizes function html-previewer-process in Marc
;; Andreessen's html-mode (LCD modes/html-mode.el.Z).  See also the
;; ffap.el package.  The huge hyperbole package also contains similar
;; functions.

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; Usage

;; To display the URL at or before point:
;; M-x browse-url-at-point RET
;; or, similarly but with the opportunity to edit the URL extracted from
;; the buffer, use:
;; M-x browse-url

;; To display a URL by shift-clicking on it, put this in your init file:
;;      (global-set-key [S-mouse-2] 'browse-url-at-mouse)
;; (Note that using Shift-mouse-1 is not desirable because
;; that event has a standard meaning in Emacs.)

;; To display the current buffer in a web browser:
;; M-x browse-url-of-buffer RET

;; To display the current region in a web browser:
;; M-x browse-url-of-region RET

;; In Dired, to display the file named on the current line:
;; M-x browse-url-of-dired-file RET

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; Customization (~/.emacs)

;; To see what variables are available for customization, type
;; `M-x set-variable browse-url TAB'.  Better, use
;; `M-x customize-group browse-url'.

;; Bind the browse-url commands to keys with the `C-c C-z' prefix
;; (as used by html-helper-mode):
;;	(global-set-key "\C-c\C-z." 'browse-url-at-point)
;;	(global-set-key "\C-c\C-zb" 'browse-url-of-buffer)
;;	(global-set-key "\C-c\C-zr" 'browse-url-of-region)
;;	(global-set-key "\C-c\C-zu" 'browse-url)
;;	(global-set-key "\C-c\C-zv" 'browse-url-of-file)
;;	(add-hook 'dired-mode-hook
;;		  (lambda ()
;;	             (local-set-key "\C-c\C-zf" 'browse-url-of-dired-file)))

;; Browse URLs in mail messages under RMAIL by clicking mouse-2:
;;	(add-hook 'rmail-mode-hook (lambda () ; rmail-mode startup
;;	  (define-key rmail-mode-map [mouse-2] 'browse-url-at-mouse)))
;; Alternatively, add `goto-address' to `rmail-show-message-hook'.

;; Gnus provides a standard feature to activate URLs in article
;; buffers for invocation of browse-url.

;; Use the Emacs w3 browser when not running under X11:
;;	(or (eq window-system 'x)
;;	    (setq browse-url-browser-function 'browse-url-w3))

;; To always save modified buffers before displaying the file in a browser:
;;	(setq browse-url-save-file t)

;; To invoke different browsers for different URLs:
;;      (setq browse-url-browser-function '(("^mailto:" . browse-url-mail)
;;      				    ("." . browse-url-firefox)))

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;; Code:

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; Variables

(defgroup browse-url nil
  "Use a web browser to look at a URL."
  :prefix "browse-url-"
  :link '(emacs-commentary-link "browse-url")
  :group 'external
  :group 'comm)

(defvar browse-url--browser-defcustom-type
  '(choice
    (function-item :tag "Emacs W3" :value  browse-url-w3)
    (function-item :tag "eww" :value  eww-browse-url)
    (function-item :tag "Mozilla" :value  browse-url-mozilla)
    (function-item :tag "Firefox" :value browse-url-firefox)
    (function-item :tag "Google Chrome" :value browse-url-chrome)
    (function-item :tag "Chromium" :value browse-url-chromium)
    (function-item :tag "Epiphany" :value  browse-url-epiphany)
    (function-item :tag "Conkeror" :value  browse-url-conkeror)
    (function-item :tag "Text browser in an xterm window"
		   :value browse-url-text-xterm)
    (function-item :tag "Text browser in an Emacs window"
		   :value browse-url-text-emacs)
    (function-item :tag "KDE" :value browse-url-kde)
    (function-item :tag "Elinks" :value browse-url-elinks)
    (function-item :tag "Specified by `Browse Url Generic Program'"
		   :value browse-url-generic)
    (function-item :tag "Default Windows browser"
		   :value browse-url-default-windows-browser)
    (function-item :tag "Default macOS browser"
		   :value browse-url-default-macosx-browser)
    (function-item :tag "Default browser"
		   :value browse-url-default-browser)
    (function :tag "Your own function")
    (alist :tag "Regexp/function association list"
	   :key-type regexp :value-type function)))

;;;###autoload
(defcustom browse-url-browser-function 'browse-url-default-browser
  "Function to display the current buffer in a WWW browser.
This is used by the `browse-url-at-point', `browse-url-at-mouse', and
`browse-url-of-file' commands.

If the value is not a function it should be a list of pairs
\(REGEXP . FUNCTION).  In this case the function called will be the one
associated with the first REGEXP which matches the current URL.  The
function is passed the URL and any other args of `browse-url'.  The last
regexp should probably be \".\" to specify a default browser.

Also see `browse-url-secondary-browser-function'."
  :type browse-url--browser-defcustom-type
  :version "24.1")

(defcustom browse-url-secondary-browser-function 'browse-url-default-browser
  "Function used to launch an alternative browser.
This is usually an external browser (that is, not eww or w3m),
used as the secondary browser choice, typically when a prefix
argument is given to a URL-opening command in those modes that
support this (for instance, eww/shr).

Also see `browse-url-browser-function'."
  :version "27.1"
  :type browse-url--browser-defcustom-type)

(defcustom browse-url-mailto-function 'browse-url-mail
  "Function to display mailto: links.
This variable uses the same syntax as the
`browse-url-browser-function' variable.  If the
`browse-url-mailto-function' variable is nil, that variable will
be used instead."
  :type '(choice
	  (function-item :tag "Emacs Mail" :value browse-url-mail)
	  (function-item :tag "None" nil))
  :version "24.1")

(defcustom browse-url-man-function 'browse-url-man
  "Function to display man: links."
  :type '(radio
          (function-item :tag "Emacs Man" :value browse-url-man)
          (const :tag "None" nil)
          (function :tag "Other function"))
  :version "26.1")

(defcustom browse-url-button-regexp
  (concat
   "\\b\\(\\(www\\.\\|\\(s?https?\\|ftp\\|file\\|gopher\\|"
   "nntp\\|news\\|telnet\\|wais\\|mailto\\|info\\):\\)"
   "\\(//[-a-z0-9_.]+:[0-9]*\\)?"
   (let ((chars "-a-z0-9_=#$@~%&*+\\/[:word:]")
	 (punct "!?:;.,"))
     (concat
      "\\(?:"
      ;; Match paired parentheses, e.g. in Wikipedia URLs:
      ;; http://thread.gmane.org/47B4E3B2.3050402@gmail.com
      "[" chars punct "]+" "(" "[" chars punct "]+" ")"
      "\\(?:" "[" chars punct "]+" "[" chars "]" "\\)?"
      "\\|"
      "[" chars punct "]+" "[" chars "]"
      "\\)"))
   "\\)")
  "Regular expression that matches URLs."
  :version "27.1"
  :type 'regexp)

(defcustom browse-url-netscape-program "netscape"
  ;; Info about netscape-remote from Karl Berry.
  "The name by which to invoke Netscape.

The free program `netscape-remote' from
<URL:http://home.netscape.com/newsref/std/remote.c> is said to start
up very much quicker than `netscape'.  Reported to compile on a GNU
system, given vroot.h from the same directory, with cc flags
 -DSTANDALONE -L/usr/X11R6/lib -lXmu -lX11."
  :type 'string)

(make-obsolete-variable 'browse-url-netscape-program nil "25.1")

(defcustom browse-url-netscape-arguments nil
  "A list of strings to pass to Netscape as arguments."
  :type '(repeat (string :tag "Argument")))

(make-obsolete-variable 'browse-url-netscape-arguments nil "25.1")

(defcustom browse-url-netscape-startup-arguments browse-url-netscape-arguments
  "A list of strings to pass to Netscape when it starts up.
Defaults to the value of `browse-url-netscape-arguments' at the time
`browse-url' is loaded."
  :type '(repeat (string :tag "Argument")))

(make-obsolete-variable 'browse-url-netscape-startup-arguments nil "25.1")

(defcustom browse-url-browser-display nil
  "The X display for running the browser, if not same as Emacs's."
  :type '(choice string (const :tag "Default" nil)))

(defcustom browse-url-mozilla-program "mozilla"
  "The name by which to invoke Mozilla."
  :type 'string)

(defcustom browse-url-mozilla-arguments nil
  "A list of strings to pass to Mozilla as arguments."
  :type '(repeat (string :tag "Argument")))

(defcustom browse-url-mozilla-startup-arguments browse-url-mozilla-arguments
  "A list of strings to pass to Mozilla when it starts up.
Defaults to the value of `browse-url-mozilla-arguments' at the time
`browse-url' is loaded."
  :type '(repeat (string :tag "Argument")))

(defcustom browse-url-firefox-program
  (let ((candidates '("icecat" "iceweasel" "firefox")))
    (while (and candidates (not (executable-find (car candidates))))
      (setq candidates (cdr candidates)))
    (or (car candidates) "firefox"))
  "The name by which to invoke Firefox or a variant of it."
  :type 'string)

(defcustom browse-url-firefox-arguments nil
  "A list of strings to pass to Firefox (or variant) as arguments."
  :type '(repeat (string :tag "Argument")))

(defcustom browse-url-firefox-startup-arguments browse-url-firefox-arguments
  "A list of strings to pass to Firefox (or variant) when it starts up.
Defaults to the value of `browse-url-firefox-arguments' at the time
`browse-url' is loaded."
  :type '(repeat (string :tag "Argument")))

(make-obsolete-variable 'browse-url-firefox-startup-arguments
                        "it no longer has any effect." "24.5")

(defcustom browse-url-chrome-program
  (let ((candidates '("google-chrome-stable" "google-chrome")))
    (while (and candidates (not (executable-find (car candidates))))
      (setq candidates (cdr candidates)))
    (or (car candidates) "chromium"))
  "The name by which to invoke the Chrome browser."
  :type 'string
  :version "25.1")

(defcustom browse-url-chrome-arguments nil
  "A list of strings to pass to Google Chrome as arguments."
  :type '(repeat (string :tag "Argument"))
  :version "25.1")

(defcustom browse-url-chromium-program
  (let ((candidates '("chromium" "chromium-browser")))
    (while (and candidates (not (executable-find (car candidates))))
      (setq candidates (cdr candidates)))
    (or (car candidates) "chromium"))
  "The name by which to invoke Chromium."
  :type 'string
  :version "24.1")

(defcustom browse-url-chromium-arguments nil
  "A list of strings to pass to Chromium as arguments."
  :type '(repeat (string :tag "Argument"))
  :version "24.1")

(defcustom browse-url-galeon-program "galeon"
  "The name by which to invoke Galeon."
  :type 'string)

(make-obsolete-variable 'browse-url-galeon-program nil "25.1")

(defcustom browse-url-galeon-arguments nil
  "A list of strings to pass to Galeon as arguments."
  :type '(repeat (string :tag "Argument")))

(make-obsolete-variable 'browse-url-galeon-arguments nil "25.1")

(defcustom browse-url-galeon-startup-arguments browse-url-galeon-arguments
  "A list of strings to pass to Galeon when it starts up.
Defaults to the value of `browse-url-galeon-arguments' at the time
`browse-url' is loaded."
  :type '(repeat (string :tag "Argument")))

(make-obsolete-variable 'browse-url-galeon-startup-arguments nil "25.1")

(defcustom browse-url-epiphany-program "epiphany"
  "The name by which to invoke Epiphany."
  :type 'string)

(defcustom browse-url-epiphany-arguments nil
  "A list of strings to pass to Epiphany as arguments."
  :type '(repeat (string :tag "Argument")))

(defcustom browse-url-epiphany-startup-arguments browse-url-epiphany-arguments
  "A list of strings to pass to Epiphany when it starts up.
Defaults to the value of `browse-url-epiphany-arguments' at the time
`browse-url' is loaded."
  :type '(repeat (string :tag "Argument")))

;; GNOME means of invoking either Mozilla or Netscape.
(defvar browse-url-gnome-moz-program "gnome-moz-remote")

(make-obsolete-variable 'browse-url-gnome-moz-program nil "25.1")

(defcustom browse-url-gnome-moz-arguments '()
  "A list of strings passed to the GNOME mozilla viewer as arguments."
  :version "21.1"
  :type '(repeat (string :tag "Argument")))

(make-obsolete-variable 'browse-url-gnome-moz-arguments nil "25.1")

(defcustom browse-url-mozilla-new-window-is-tab nil
  "Whether to open up new windows in a tab or a new window.
If non-nil, then open the URL in a new tab rather than a new window if
`browse-url-mozilla' is asked to open it in a new window."
  :type 'boolean)

(defcustom browse-url-firefox-new-window-is-tab nil
  "Whether to open up new windows in a tab or a new window.
If non-nil, then open the URL in a new tab rather than a new window if
`browse-url-firefox' is asked to open it in a new window."
  :type 'boolean)

(defcustom browse-url-conkeror-new-window-is-buffer nil
  "Whether to open up new windows in a buffer or a new window.
If non-nil, then open the URL in a new buffer rather than a new window if
`browse-url-conkeror' is asked to open it in a new window."
  :version "25.1"
  :type 'boolean)

(defcustom browse-url-galeon-new-window-is-tab nil
  "Whether to open up new windows in a tab or a new window.
If non-nil, then open the URL in a new tab rather than a new window if
`browse-url-galeon' is asked to open it in a new window."
  :type 'boolean)

(make-obsolete-variable 'browse-url-galeon-new-window-is-tab nil "25.1")

(defcustom browse-url-epiphany-new-window-is-tab nil
  "Whether to open up new windows in a tab or a new window.
If non-nil, then open the URL in a new tab rather than a new window if
`browse-url-epiphany' is asked to open it in a new window."
  :type 'boolean)

(defcustom browse-url-netscape-new-window-is-tab nil
  "Whether to open up new windows in a tab or a new window.
If non-nil, then open the URL in a new tab rather than a new
window if `browse-url-netscape' is asked to open it in a new
window."
  :type 'boolean)

(make-obsolete-variable 'browse-url-netscape-new-window-is-tab nil "25.1")

(defcustom browse-url-new-window-flag nil
  "Non-nil means always open a new browser window with appropriate browsers.
Passing an interactive argument to \\[browse-url], or specific browser
commands reverses the effect of this variable."
  :type 'boolean)

(defcustom browse-url-mosaic-program "xmosaic"
  "The name by which to invoke Mosaic (or mMosaic)."
  :type 'string
  :version "20.3")

(make-obsolete-variable 'browse-url-mosaic-program nil "25.1")

(defcustom browse-url-mosaic-arguments nil
  "A list of strings to pass to Mosaic as arguments."
  :type '(repeat (string :tag "Argument")))

(make-obsolete-variable 'browse-url-mosaic-arguments nil "25.1")

(defcustom browse-url-mosaic-pidfile "~/.mosaicpid"
  "The name of the pidfile created by Mosaic."
  :type 'string)

(make-obsolete-variable 'browse-url-mosaic-pidfile nil "25.1")

(defcustom browse-url-conkeror-program "conkeror"
  "The name by which to invoke Conkeror."
  :type 'string
  :version "25.1")

(defcustom browse-url-conkeror-arguments nil
  "A list of strings to pass to Conkeror as arguments."
  :version "25.1"
  :type '(repeat (string :tag "Argument")))

(defcustom browse-url-filename-alist
  `(("^/\\(ftp@\\|anonymous@\\)?\\([^:/]+\\):/*" . "ftp://\\2/")
    ;; The above loses the username to avoid the browser prompting for
    ;; it in anonymous cases.  If it's not anonymous the next regexp
    ;; applies.
    ("^/\\([^:@/]+@\\)?\\([^:/]+\\):/*" . "ftp://\\1\\2/")
    ,@(if (memq system-type '(windows-nt ms-dos))
          '(("^\\([a-zA-Z]:\\)[\\/]" . "file:///\\1/")
            ("^[\\/][\\/]+" . "file://")))
    ("^/+" . "file:///"))
  "An alist of (REGEXP . STRING) pairs used by `browse-url-of-file'.
Any substring of a filename matching one of the REGEXPs is replaced by
the corresponding STRING using `replace-match', not treating STRING
literally.  All pairs are applied in the order given.  The default
value converts ange-ftp/EFS-style file names into ftp URLs and prepends
`file:' to any file name beginning with `/'.

For example, adding to the default a specific translation of an ange-ftp
address to an HTTP URL:

    (setq browse-url-filename-alist
	  \\='((\"/webmaster@webserver:/home/www/html/\" .
	     \"http://www.acme.co.uk/\")
            (\"^/\\(ftp@\\|anonymous@\\)?\\([^:/]+\\):/*\" . \"ftp://\\2/\")
            (\"^/\\([^:@/]+@\\)?\\([^:/]+\\):/*\" . \"ftp://\\1\\2/\")
	    (\"^/+\" . \"file:/\")))"
  :type '(repeat (cons :format "%v"
                       (regexp :tag "Regexp")
                       (string :tag "Replacement")))
  :version "25.1")

(defcustom browse-url-save-file nil
  "If non-nil, save the buffer before displaying its file.
Used by the `browse-url-of-file' command."
  :type 'boolean)

(defcustom browse-url-of-file-hook nil
  "Hook run after `browse-url-of-file' has asked a browser to load a file."
  :type 'hook)

(defcustom browse-url-CCI-port 3003
  "Port to access XMosaic via CCI.
This can be any number between 1024 and 65535 but must correspond to
the value set in the browser."
  :type 'integer)

(make-obsolete-variable 'browse-url-CCI-port nil "25.1")

(defcustom browse-url-CCI-host "localhost"
  "Host to access XMosaic via CCI.
This should be the host name of the machine running XMosaic with CCI
enabled.  The port number should be set in `browse-url-CCI-port'."
  :type 'string)

(make-obsolete-variable 'browse-url-CCI-host nil "25.1")

(defvar browse-url-temp-file-name nil)
(make-variable-buffer-local 'browse-url-temp-file-name)

(defcustom browse-url-xterm-program "xterm"
  "The name of the terminal emulator used by `browse-url-text-xterm'.
This might, for instance, be a separate color version of xterm."
  :type 'string)

(defcustom browse-url-xterm-args nil
  "A list of strings defining options for `browse-url-xterm-program'.
These might set its size, for instance."
  :type '(repeat (string :tag "Argument")))

(defcustom browse-url-gnudoit-program "gnudoit"
  "The name of the `gnudoit' program used by `browse-url-w3-gnudoit'."
  :type 'string)

(defcustom browse-url-gnudoit-args '("-q")
  "A list of strings defining options for `browse-url-gnudoit-program'.
These might set the port, for instance."
  :type '(repeat (string :tag "Argument")))

(defcustom browse-url-generic-program nil
  "The name of the browser program used by `browse-url-generic'."
  :type '(choice string (const :tag "None" nil)))

(defcustom browse-url-generic-args nil
  "A list of strings defining options for `browse-url-generic-program'."
  :type '(repeat (string :tag "Argument")))

(defcustom browse-url-temp-dir temporary-file-directory
  "The name of a directory for browse-url's temporary files.
Such files are generated by functions like `browse-url-of-region'.
You might want to set this to somewhere with restricted read permissions
for privacy's sake."
  :type 'string)

(defcustom browse-url-netscape-version 3
  "The version of Netscape you are using.
This affects how URL reloading is done; the mechanism changed
incompatibly at version 4."
  :type 'number)

(make-obsolete-variable 'browse-url-netscape-version nil "25.1")

(defcustom browse-url-text-browser "lynx"
  "The name of the text browser to invoke."
  :type 'string
  :version "23.1")

(defcustom browse-url-text-emacs-args (and (not window-system)
					   '("-show_cursor"))
  "A list of strings defining options for a text browser in an Emacs buffer.

The default is none in a window system, otherwise `-show_cursor' to
indicate the position of the current link in the absence of
highlighting, assuming the normal default for showing the cursor."
  :type '(repeat (string :tag "Argument"))
  :version "23.1")

(defcustom browse-url-text-input-field 'avoid
  "Action on selecting an existing text browser buffer at an input field.
What to do when sending a new URL to an existing text browser buffer in Emacs
if the browser cursor is on an input field (in which case the `g' command
would be entered as data).  Such fields are recognized by the
underlines ____.  Allowed values: nil: disregard it, `warn': warn the
user and don't emit the URL, `avoid': try to avoid the field by moving
down (this *won't* always work)."
  :type '(choice (const :tag "Move to try to avoid field" :value avoid)
                 (const :tag "Disregard" :value nil)
                 (const :tag "Warn, don't emit URL" :value warn))
  :version "23.1")

(defcustom browse-url-text-input-attempts 10
  "How many times to try to move down from a series of text browser input fields."
  :type 'integer
  :version "23.1")

(defcustom browse-url-text-input-delay 0.2
  "Seconds to wait for a text browser between moves down from an input field."
  :type 'number
  :version "23.1")

(defcustom browse-url-kde-program "kfmclient"
  "The name by which to invoke the KDE web browser."
  :type 'string
  :version "21.1")

(defcustom browse-url-kde-args '("openURL")
  "A list of strings defining options for `browse-url-kde-program'."
  :type '(repeat (string :tag "Argument")))

(defcustom browse-url-elinks-wrapper '("xterm" "-e")
  "Wrapper command prepended to the Elinks command-line."
  :type '(repeat (string :tag "Wrapper")))

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; URL encoding

(defun browse-url-url-encode-chars (text chars)
  "URL-encode the chars in TEXT that match CHARS.
CHARS is a regexp-like character alternative (e.g., \"[)$]\")."
  (let ((encoded-text (copy-sequence text))
	(s 0))
    (while (setq s (string-match chars encoded-text s))
      (setq encoded-text
	    (replace-match (format "%%%X"
				   (string-to-char (match-string 0 encoded-text)))
			   t t encoded-text)
	    s (1+ s)))
    encoded-text))

(defun browse-url-encode-url (url)
  "Escape annoying characters in URL.
The annoying characters are those that can mislead a web browser
regarding its parameter treatment."
  ;; FIXME: Is there an actual example of a web browser getting
  ;; confused?  (This used to encode commas, but at least Firefox
  ;; handles commas correctly and doesn't accept encoded commas.)
  (browse-url-url-encode-chars url "[\")$] "))

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; URL input

(defun browse-url-url-at-point ()
  (or (thing-at-point 'url t)
      ;; assume that the user is pointing at something like gnu.org/gnu
      (let ((f (thing-at-point 'filename t)))
        (and f (concat "http://" f)))))

;; Having this as a separate function called by the browser-specific
;; functions allows them to be stand-alone commands, making it easier
;; to switch between browsers.

(defun browse-url-interactive-arg (prompt)
  "Read a URL from the minibuffer, prompting with PROMPT.
If `transient-mark-mode' is non-nil and the mark is active,
it defaults to the current region, else to the URL at or before
point.  If invoked with a mouse button, it moves point to the
position clicked before acting.

This function returns a list (URL NEW-WINDOW-FLAG)
for use in `interactive'."
  (let ((event (elt (this-command-keys) 0)))
    (and (listp event) (mouse-set-point event)))
  (list (read-string prompt (or (and transient-mark-mode mark-active
				     ;; rfc2396 Appendix E.
				     (replace-regexp-in-string
				      "[\t\r\f\n ]+" ""
				      (buffer-substring-no-properties
				       (region-beginning) (region-end))))
				(browse-url-url-at-point)))
	(not (eq (null browse-url-new-window-flag)
		 (null current-prefix-arg)))))

;; called-interactive-p needs to be called at a function's top-level, hence
;; this macro.  We use that rather than interactive-p because
;; use in a keyboard macro should not change this behavior.
(defmacro browse-url-maybe-new-window (arg)
  `(if (or noninteractive (not (called-interactively-p 'any)))
       ,arg
     browse-url-new-window-flag))

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; Browse current buffer

;;;###autoload
(defun browse-url-of-file (&optional file)
  "Ask a WWW browser to display FILE.
Display the current buffer's file if FILE is nil or if called
interactively.  Turn the filename into a URL with function
`browse-url-file-url'.  Pass the URL to a browser using the
`browse-url' function then run `browse-url-of-file-hook'."
  (interactive)
  (or file
      (setq file (buffer-file-name))
      (error "Current buffer has no file"))
  (let ((buf (get-file-buffer file)))
    (if buf
	(with-current-buffer buf
	  (cond ((not (buffer-modified-p)))
		(browse-url-save-file (save-buffer))
		(t (message "%s modified since last save" file))))))
  (browse-url (browse-url-file-url file))
  (run-hooks 'browse-url-of-file-hook))

(defun browse-url-file-url (file)
  "Return the URL corresponding to FILE.
Use variable `browse-url-filename-alist' to map filenames to URLs."
  (let ((coding (if (equal system-type 'windows-nt)
		    ;; W32 pretends that file names are UTF-8 encoded.
		    'utf-8
		  (and (or file-name-coding-system
			   default-file-name-coding-system)))))
    (if coding (setq file (encode-coding-string file coding))))
  (setq file (browse-url-url-encode-chars file "[*\"()',=;?% ]"))
  (dolist (map browse-url-filename-alist)
    (when (and map (string-match (car map) file))
      (setq file (replace-match (cdr map) t nil file))))
  file)

;;;###autoload
(defun browse-url-of-buffer (&optional buffer)
  "Ask a WWW browser to display BUFFER.
Display the current buffer if BUFFER is nil.  Display only the
currently visible part of BUFFER (from a temporary file) if buffer is
narrowed."
  (interactive)
  (save-excursion
    (and buffer (set-buffer buffer))
    (let ((file-name
	   ;; Ignore real name if restricted
	   (and (not (buffer-narrowed-p))
		(or buffer-file-name
		    (and (boundp 'dired-directory) dired-directory)))))
      (when (or (not file-name)
                ;; This can happen when we're looking at a file from a
                ;; zip file buffer, for instance.
                (not (file-exists-p file-name)))
	(unless browse-url-temp-file-name
	  (setq browse-url-temp-file-name
		(convert-standard-filename
		 (make-temp-file
		  (expand-file-name "burl" browse-url-temp-dir)
		  nil ".html"))))
	(setq file-name browse-url-temp-file-name)
	(write-region (point-min) (point-max) file-name nil 'no-message))
      (browse-url-of-file file-name))))

(defun browse-url-delete-temp-file (&optional temp-file-name)
  ;; Delete browse-url-temp-file-name from the file system
  ;; If optional arg TEMP-FILE-NAME is non-nil, delete it instead
  (let ((file-name (or temp-file-name browse-url-temp-file-name)))
    (if (and file-name (file-exists-p file-name))
	(delete-file file-name))))

(add-hook 'kill-buffer-hook 'browse-url-delete-temp-file)

(declare-function dired-get-filename "dired"
		  (&optional localp no-error-if-not-filep))

;;;###autoload
(defun browse-url-of-dired-file ()
  "In Dired, ask a WWW browser to display the file named on this line."
  (interactive)
  (let ((tem (dired-get-filename t t)))
    (if tem
	(browse-url-of-file (expand-file-name tem))
      (error "No file on this line"))))

;;;###autoload
(defun browse-url-of-region (min max)
  "Ask a WWW browser to display the current region."
  (interactive "r")
  (save-excursion
    (save-restriction
      (narrow-to-region min max)
      (browse-url-of-buffer))))

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; Browser-independent commands

;; A generic command to call the current browse-url-browser-function

;;;###autoload
(defun browse-url (url &rest args)
  "Ask a WWW browser to load URL.
Prompt for a URL, defaulting to the URL at or before point.
Invokes a suitable browser function which does the actual job.
The variable `browse-url-browser-function' says which browser function to
use.  If the URL is a mailto: URL, consult `browse-url-mailto-function'
first, if that exists.

The additional ARGS are passed to the browser function.  See the doc
strings of the actual functions, starting with `browse-url-browser-function',
for information about the significance of ARGS (most of the functions
ignore it).
If ARGS are omitted, the default is to pass `browse-url-new-window-flag'
as ARGS."
  (interactive (browse-url-interactive-arg "URL: "))
  (unless (called-interactively-p 'interactive)
    (setq args (or args (list browse-url-new-window-flag))))
  (when (and url-handler-mode
             (not (file-name-absolute-p url))
             (not (string-match "\\`[a-z]+:" url)))
    (setq url (expand-file-name url)))
  (let ((process-environment (copy-sequence process-environment))
	(function (or (and (string-match "\\`mailto:" url)
			   browse-url-mailto-function)
                      (and (string-match "\\`man:" url)
                           browse-url-man-function)
		      browse-url-browser-function))
	;; Ensure that `default-directory' exists and is readable (b#6077).
	(default-directory (or (unhandled-file-name-directory default-directory)
			       (expand-file-name "~/"))))
    ;; When connected to various displays, be careful to use the display of
    ;; the currently selected frame, rather than the original start display,
    ;; which may not even exist any more.
    (let ((dpy (frame-parameter nil 'display))
          classname)
      (cond
       ((featurep 'pgtk)
        (setq classname (pgtk-backend-display-class))
        (if (equal classname "GdkWaylandDisplay")
            (setenv "WAYLAND_DISPLAY" dpy)
          (setenv "DISPLAY" dpy)))
       (t
        (setenv "DISPLAY" dpy))))

    (if (and (consp function)
	     (not (functionp function)))
	;; The `function' can be an alist; look down it for first match
	;; and apply the function (which might be a lambda).
	(catch 'done
	  (dolist (bf function)
	    (when (string-match (car bf) url)
	      (apply (cdr bf) url args)
	      (throw 'done t)))
	  (error "No browse-url-browser-function matching URL %s"
		 url))
      ;; Unbound symbols go down this leg, since void-function from
      ;; apply is clearer than wrong-type-argument from dolist.
      (apply function url args))))

;;;###autoload
(defun browse-url-at-point (&optional arg)
  "Ask a WWW browser to load the URL at or before point.
Variable `browse-url-browser-function' says which browser to use.
Optional prefix argument ARG non-nil inverts the value of the option
`browse-url-new-window-flag'."
  (interactive "P")
  (let ((url (browse-url-url-at-point)))
    (if url
	(browse-url url (if arg
			    (not browse-url-new-window-flag)
			  browse-url-new-window-flag))
      (error "No URL found"))))

;;;###autoload
(defun browse-url-at-mouse (event)
  "Ask a WWW browser to load a URL clicked with the mouse.
The URL is the one around or before the position of the mouse click
but point is not changed.  Variable `browse-url-browser-function'
says which browser to use."
  (interactive "e")
  (save-excursion
    (mouse-set-point event)
    ;; This handles browse-url-new-window-flag properly
    ;; when it gets no arg.
    (browse-url-at-point)))

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; Browser-specific commands

;; --- Default MS-Windows browser ---

(defvar dos-windows-version)
(declare-function w32-shell-execute "w32fns.c")    ;; Defined in C.

(defun browse-url-default-windows-browser (url &optional _new-window)
  "Invoke the MS-Windows system's default Web browser.
The optional NEW-WINDOW argument is not used."
  (interactive (browse-url-interactive-arg "URL: "))
  (cond ((eq system-type 'ms-dos)
	 (if dos-windows-version
	     (shell-command (concat "start " (shell-quote-argument url)))
	   (error "Browsing URLs is not supported on this system")))
	((eq system-type 'cygwin)
	 (call-process "cygstart" nil nil nil url))
	(t
         (w32-shell-execute "open"
                            ;; w32-shell-execute passes file:// URLs
                            ;; to APIs that expect file names, so we
                            ;; need to unhex any %nn encoded
                            ;; characters in the URL.  We don't do
                            ;; that for other URLs; in particular,
                            ;; default Windows mail client barfs on
                            ;; quotes in the MAILTO URLs, so we prefer
                            ;; to leave the URL with its embedded %nn
                            ;; encoding intact.
                            (if (eq t (compare-strings url nil 7
                                                       "file://" nil nil))
                                (url-unhex-string url)
                              url)))))

(defun browse-url-default-macosx-browser (url &optional _new-window)
  "Invoke the macOS system's default Web browser.
The optional NEW-WINDOW argument is not used."
  (interactive (browse-url-interactive-arg "URL: "))
  (start-process (concat "open " url) nil "open" url))

;; --- Netscape ---

(defun browse-url-process-environment ()
  "Set DISPLAY in the environment to the X display the browser will use.
This is either the value of variable `browse-url-browser-display' if
non-nil, or the same display as Emacs if different from the current
environment, otherwise just use the current environment."
  (let ((display (or browse-url-browser-display (browse-url-emacs-display))))
    (if display
	(cons (concat "DISPLAY=" display) process-environment)
      process-environment)))

(defun browse-url-emacs-display ()
  "Return the X display Emacs is running on.
This is nil if the display is the same as the DISPLAY environment variable.

Actually Emacs could be using several displays; this just returns the
one showing the selected frame."
  (let ((display (cdr-safe (assq 'display (frame-parameters)))))
    (and (not (equal display (getenv "DISPLAY")))
         display)))

(defun browse-url-default-browser (url &rest args)
  "Find a suitable browser and ask it to load URL.
Default to the URL around or before point.

When called interactively, if variable `browse-url-new-window-flag' is
non-nil, load the document in a new window, if possible, otherwise use
a random existing one.  A non-nil interactive prefix argument reverses
the effect of `browse-url-new-window-flag'.

When called non-interactively, optional second argument ARGS is used
instead of `browse-url-new-window-flag'."
  (apply
   (cond
    ((memq system-type '(windows-nt ms-dos cygwin))
     'browse-url-default-windows-browser)
    ((memq system-type '(darwin))
     'browse-url-default-macosx-browser)
    ((browse-url-can-use-xdg-open) 'browse-url-xdg-open)
;;;    ((executable-find browse-url-gnome-moz-program) 'browse-url-gnome-moz)
    ((executable-find browse-url-mozilla-program) 'browse-url-mozilla)
    ((executable-find browse-url-firefox-program) 'browse-url-firefox)
    ((executable-find browse-url-chromium-program) 'browse-url-chromium)
;;;    ((executable-find browse-url-galeon-program) 'browse-url-galeon)
    ((executable-find browse-url-kde-program) 'browse-url-kde)
;;;    ((executable-find browse-url-netscape-program) 'browse-url-netscape)
;;;    ((executable-find browse-url-mosaic-program) 'browse-url-mosaic)
    ((executable-find browse-url-conkeror-program) 'browse-url-conkeror)
    ((executable-find browse-url-chrome-program) 'browse-url-chrome)
    ((executable-find browse-url-xterm-program) 'browse-url-text-xterm)
    ((locate-library "w3") 'browse-url-w3)
    (t
     (lambda (&rest _ignore) (error "No usable browser found"))))
   url args))

(defun browse-url-can-use-xdg-open ()
  "Return non-nil if the \"xdg-open\" program can be used.
xdg-open is a desktop utility that calls your preferred web browser."
  ;; The exact set of situations where xdg-open works is complicated,
  ;; and it would be a pain to duplicate xdg-open's situation-specific
  ;; code here, as the code is a moving target.  So assume that
  ;; xdg-open will work if there is a graphical display; this should
  ;; be good enough for platforms Emacs is likely to be running on.
  (and (or (getenv "DISPLAY") (getenv "WAYLAND_DISPLAY"))
       (executable-find "xdg-open")))

;;;###autoload
(defun browse-url-xdg-open (url &optional ignored)
  "Pass the specified URL to the \"xdg-open\" command.
xdg-open is a desktop utility that calls your preferred web browser.
The optional argument IGNORED is not used."
  (interactive (browse-url-interactive-arg "URL: "))
  (call-process "xdg-open" nil 0 nil url))

;;;###autoload
(defun browse-url-netscape (url &optional new-window)
  "Ask the Netscape WWW browser to load URL.
Default to the URL around or before point.  The strings in variable
`browse-url-netscape-arguments' are also passed to Netscape.

When called interactively, if variable `browse-url-new-window-flag' is
non-nil, load the document in a new Netscape window, otherwise use a
random existing one.  A non-nil interactive prefix argument reverses
the effect of `browse-url-new-window-flag'.

If `browse-url-netscape-new-window-is-tab' is non-nil, then
whenever a document would otherwise be loaded in a new window, it
is loaded in a new tab in an existing window instead.

When called non-interactively, optional second argument NEW-WINDOW is
used instead of `browse-url-new-window-flag'."
  (declare (obsolete nil "25.1"))
  (interactive (browse-url-interactive-arg "URL: "))
  (setq url (browse-url-encode-url url))
  (let* ((process-environment (browse-url-process-environment))
	 (process
	  (apply 'start-process
		 (concat "netscape " url) nil
		 browse-url-netscape-program
		 (append
		  browse-url-netscape-arguments
		  (if (eq window-system 'w32)
		      (list url)
		    (append
		     (if new-window '("-noraise"))
		     (list "-remote"
			   (concat "openURL(" url
				   (if (browse-url-maybe-new-window
					new-window)
				       (if browse-url-netscape-new-window-is-tab
					   ",new-tab"
					 ",new-window"))
				   ")"))))))))
    (set-process-sentinel process
			  `(lambda (process change)
			     (browse-url-netscape-sentinel process ,url)))))

(defun browse-url-netscape-sentinel (process url)
  "Handle a change to the process communicating with Netscape."
  (declare (obsolete nil "25.1"))
  (or (eq (process-exit-status process) 0)
      (let* ((process-environment (browse-url-process-environment)))
	;; Netscape not running - start it
	(message "Starting %s..." browse-url-netscape-program)
	(apply 'start-process (concat "netscape" url) nil
	       browse-url-netscape-program
	       (append browse-url-netscape-startup-arguments (list url))))))

(defun browse-url-netscape-reload ()
  "Ask Netscape to reload its current document.
How depends on `browse-url-netscape-version'."
  (declare (obsolete nil "25.1"))
  (interactive)
  ;; Backwards incompatibility reported by
  ;; <peter.kruse@psychologie.uni-regensburg.de>.
  (browse-url-netscape-send (if (>= browse-url-netscape-version 4)
				"xfeDoCommand(reload)"
			      "reload")))

(defun browse-url-netscape-send (command)
  "Send a remote control command to Netscape."
  (declare (obsolete nil "25.1"))
  (let* ((process-environment (browse-url-process-environment)))
    (apply 'start-process "netscape" nil
           browse-url-netscape-program
           (append browse-url-netscape-arguments
                   (list "-remote" command)))))

;;;###autoload
(defun browse-url-mozilla (url &optional new-window)
  "Ask the Mozilla WWW browser to load URL.
Default to the URL around or before point.  The strings in variable
`browse-url-mozilla-arguments' are also passed to Mozilla.

When called interactively, if variable `browse-url-new-window-flag' is
non-nil, load the document in a new Mozilla window, otherwise use a
random existing one.  A non-nil interactive prefix argument reverses
the effect of `browse-url-new-window-flag'.

If `browse-url-mozilla-new-window-is-tab' is non-nil, then whenever a
document would otherwise be loaded in a new window, it is loaded in a
new tab in an existing window instead.

When called non-interactively, optional second argument NEW-WINDOW is
used instead of `browse-url-new-window-flag'."
  (interactive (browse-url-interactive-arg "URL: "))
  (setq url (browse-url-encode-url url))
  (let* ((process-environment (browse-url-process-environment))
         (process
	  (apply 'start-process
		 (concat "mozilla " url) nil
		 browse-url-mozilla-program
		 (append
		  browse-url-mozilla-arguments
		  (list "-remote"
			(concat "openURL("
				url
				(if (browse-url-maybe-new-window
				     new-window)
				    (if browse-url-mozilla-new-window-is-tab
					",new-tab"
				      ",new-window"))
				")"))))))
    (set-process-sentinel process
			  `(lambda (process change)
			     (browse-url-mozilla-sentinel process ,url)))))

(defun browse-url-mozilla-sentinel (process url)
  "Handle a change to the process communicating with Mozilla."
  (or (eq (process-exit-status process) 0)
      (let* ((process-environment (browse-url-process-environment)))
	;; Mozilla is not running - start it
	(message "Starting %s..." browse-url-mozilla-program)
	(apply 'start-process (concat "mozilla " url) nil
	       browse-url-mozilla-program
	       (append browse-url-mozilla-startup-arguments (list url))))))

;;;###autoload
(defun browse-url-firefox (url &optional new-window)
  "Ask the Firefox WWW browser to load URL.
Defaults to the URL around or before point.  Passes the strings
in the variable `browse-url-firefox-arguments' to Firefox.

Interactively, if the variable `browse-url-new-window-flag' is non-nil,
loads the document in a new Firefox window.  A non-nil prefix argument
reverses the effect of `browse-url-new-window-flag'.

If `browse-url-firefox-new-window-is-tab' is non-nil, then
whenever a document would otherwise be loaded in a new window, it
is loaded in a new tab in an existing window instead.

Non-interactively, this uses the optional second argument NEW-WINDOW
instead of `browse-url-new-window-flag'."
  (interactive (browse-url-interactive-arg "URL: "))
  (setq url (browse-url-encode-url url))
  (let* ((process-environment (browse-url-process-environment)))
    (apply 'start-process
           (concat "firefox " url) nil
           browse-url-firefox-program
           (append
            browse-url-firefox-arguments
            (if (browse-url-maybe-new-window new-window)
		(if browse-url-firefox-new-window-is-tab
		    '("-new-tab")
		  '("-new-window")))
            (list url)))))

;;;###autoload
(defun browse-url-chromium (url &optional _new-window)
  "Ask the Chromium WWW browser to load URL.
Default to the URL around or before point.  The strings in
variable `browse-url-chromium-arguments' are also passed to
Chromium.
The optional argument NEW-WINDOW is not used."
  (interactive (browse-url-interactive-arg "URL: "))
  (setq url (browse-url-encode-url url))
  (let* ((process-environment (browse-url-process-environment)))
    (apply 'start-process
	   (concat "chromium " url) nil
	   browse-url-chromium-program
	   (append
	    browse-url-chromium-arguments
	    (list url)))))

(defun browse-url-chrome (url &optional _new-window)
  "Ask the Google Chrome WWW browser to load URL.
Default to the URL around or before point.  The strings in
variable `browse-url-chrome-arguments' are also passed to
Google Chrome.
The optional argument NEW-WINDOW is not used."
  (interactive (browse-url-interactive-arg "URL: "))
  (setq url (browse-url-encode-url url))
  (let* ((process-environment (browse-url-process-environment)))
    (apply 'start-process
	   (concat "google-chrome " url) nil
	   browse-url-chrome-program
	   (append
	    browse-url-chrome-arguments
	    (list url)))))

;;;###autoload
(defun browse-url-galeon (url &optional new-window)
  "Ask the Galeon WWW browser to load URL.
Default to the URL around or before point.  The strings in variable
`browse-url-galeon-arguments' are also passed to Galeon.

When called interactively, if variable `browse-url-new-window-flag' is
non-nil, load the document in a new Galeon window, otherwise use a
random existing one.  A non-nil interactive prefix argument reverses
the effect of `browse-url-new-window-flag'.

If `browse-url-galeon-new-window-is-tab' is non-nil, then whenever a
document would otherwise be loaded in a new window, it is loaded in a
new tab in an existing window instead.

When called non-interactively, optional second argument NEW-WINDOW is
used instead of `browse-url-new-window-flag'."
  (declare (obsolete nil "25.1"))
  (interactive (browse-url-interactive-arg "URL: "))
  (setq url (browse-url-encode-url url))
  (let* ((process-environment (browse-url-process-environment))
         (process (apply 'start-process
			 (concat "galeon " url)
			 nil
			 browse-url-galeon-program
			 (append
			  browse-url-galeon-arguments
                          (if (browse-url-maybe-new-window new-window)
			      (if browse-url-galeon-new-window-is-tab
				  '("--new-tab")
				'("--new-window" "--noraise"))
                            '("--existing"))
                          (list url)))))
    (set-process-sentinel process
			  `(lambda (process change)
			     (browse-url-galeon-sentinel process ,url)))))

(defun browse-url-galeon-sentinel (process url)
  "Handle a change to the process communicating with Galeon."
  (declare (obsolete nil "25.1"))
  (or (eq (process-exit-status process) 0)
      (let* ((process-environment (browse-url-process-environment)))
	;; Galeon is not running - start it
	(message "Starting %s..." browse-url-galeon-program)
	(apply 'start-process (concat "galeon " url) nil
	       browse-url-galeon-program
	       (append browse-url-galeon-startup-arguments (list url))))))

(defun browse-url-epiphany (url &optional new-window)
  "Ask the Epiphany WWW browser to load URL.
Default to the URL around or before point.  The strings in variable
`browse-url-galeon-arguments' are also passed to Epiphany.

When called interactively, if variable `browse-url-new-window-flag' is
non-nil, load the document in a new Epiphany window, otherwise use a
random existing one.  A non-nil interactive prefix argument reverses
the effect of `browse-url-new-window-flag'.

If `browse-url-epiphany-new-window-is-tab' is non-nil, then whenever a
document would otherwise be loaded in a new window, it is loaded in a
new tab in an existing window instead.

When called non-interactively, optional second argument NEW-WINDOW is
used instead of `browse-url-new-window-flag'."
  (interactive (browse-url-interactive-arg "URL: "))
  (setq url (browse-url-encode-url url))
  (let* ((process-environment (browse-url-process-environment))
         (process (apply 'start-process
			 (concat "epiphany " url)
			 nil
			 browse-url-epiphany-program
			 (append
			  browse-url-epiphany-arguments
                          (if (browse-url-maybe-new-window new-window)
			      (if browse-url-epiphany-new-window-is-tab
				  '("--new-tab")
				'("--new-window" "--noraise"))
                            '("--existing"))
                          (list url)))))
    (set-process-sentinel process
			  `(lambda (process change)
			     (browse-url-epiphany-sentinel process ,url)))))

(defun browse-url-epiphany-sentinel (process url)
  "Handle a change to the process communicating with Epiphany."
  (or (eq (process-exit-status process) 0)
      (let* ((process-environment (browse-url-process-environment)))
	;; Epiphany is not running - start it
	(message "Starting %s..." browse-url-epiphany-program)
	(apply 'start-process (concat "epiphany " url) nil
	       browse-url-epiphany-program
	       (append browse-url-epiphany-startup-arguments (list url))))))

(defvar url-handler-regexp)

;;;###autoload
(defun browse-url-emacs (url &optional same-window)
  "Ask Emacs to load URL into a buffer and show it in another window.
Optional argument SAME-WINDOW non-nil means show the URL in the
currently selected window instead."
  (interactive (browse-url-interactive-arg "URL: "))
  (require 'url-handlers)
  (let ((file-name-handler-alist
         (cons (cons url-handler-regexp 'url-file-handler)
               file-name-handler-alist)))
    (if same-window (find-file url) (find-file-other-window url))))

;;;###autoload
(defun browse-url-gnome-moz (url &optional new-window)
  "Ask Mozilla/Netscape to load URL via the GNOME program `gnome-moz-remote'.
Default to the URL around or before point.  The strings in variable
`browse-url-gnome-moz-arguments' are also passed.

When called interactively, if variable `browse-url-new-window-flag' is
non-nil, load the document in a new browser window, otherwise use an
existing one.  A non-nil interactive prefix argument reverses the
effect of `browse-url-new-window-flag'.

When called non-interactively, optional second argument NEW-WINDOW is
used instead of `browse-url-new-window-flag'."
  (declare (obsolete nil "25.1"))
  (interactive (browse-url-interactive-arg "URL: "))
  (apply 'start-process (concat "gnome-moz-remote " url)
	 nil
	 browse-url-gnome-moz-program
	 (append
	  browse-url-gnome-moz-arguments
	  (if (browse-url-maybe-new-window new-window)
	      '("--newwin"))
	  (list "--raise" url))))

;; --- Mosaic ---

;;;###autoload
(defun browse-url-mosaic (url &optional new-window)
  "Ask the XMosaic WWW browser to load URL.

Default to the URL around or before point.  The strings in variable
`browse-url-mosaic-arguments' are also passed to Mosaic and the
program is invoked according to the variable
`browse-url-mosaic-program'.

When called interactively, if variable `browse-url-new-window-flag' is
non-nil, load the document in a new Mosaic window, otherwise use a
random existing one.  A non-nil interactive prefix argument reverses
the effect of `browse-url-new-window-flag'.

When called non-interactively, optional second argument NEW-WINDOW is
used instead of `browse-url-new-window-flag'."
  (declare (obsolete nil "25.1"))
  (interactive (browse-url-interactive-arg "Mosaic URL: "))
  (let ((pidfile (expand-file-name browse-url-mosaic-pidfile))
	pid)
    (if (file-readable-p pidfile)
        (with-temp-buffer
          (insert-file-contents pidfile)
	  (setq pid (read (current-buffer)))))
    (if (and (integerp pid) (zerop (signal-process pid 0))) ; Mosaic running
        (progn
          (with-temp-buffer
            (insert (if (browse-url-maybe-new-window new-window)
                        "newwin\n"
                      "goto\n")
                    url "\n")
            (with-file-modes ?\700
              (if (file-exists-p
                   (setq pidfile (format "/tmp/Mosaic.%d" pid)))
                  (delete-file pidfile))
              ;; https://debbugs.gnu.org/17428.  Use O_EXCL.
              (write-region nil nil pidfile nil 'silent nil 'excl)))
	  ;; Send signal SIGUSR to Mosaic
	  (message "Signaling Mosaic...")
	  (signal-process pid 'SIGUSR1)
	  ;; Or you could try:
	  ;; (call-process "kill" nil 0 nil "-USR1" (int-to-string pid))
	  (message "Signaling Mosaic...done"))
      ;; Mosaic not running - start it
      (message "Starting %s..." browse-url-mosaic-program)
      (apply 'start-process "xmosaic" nil browse-url-mosaic-program
	     (append browse-url-mosaic-arguments (list url)))
      (message "Starting %s...done" browse-url-mosaic-program))))

;; --- Mosaic using CCI ---

;;;###autoload
(defun browse-url-cci (url &optional new-window)
  "Ask the XMosaic WWW browser to load URL.
Default to the URL around or before point.

This function only works for XMosaic version 2.5 or later.  You must
select `CCI' from XMosaic's File menu, set the CCI Port Address to the
value of variable `browse-url-CCI-port', and enable `Accept requests'.

When called interactively, if variable `browse-url-new-window-flag' is
non-nil, load the document in a new browser window, otherwise use a
random existing one.  A non-nil interactive prefix argument reverses
the effect of `browse-url-new-window-flag'.

When called non-interactively, optional second argument NEW-WINDOW is
used instead of `browse-url-new-window-flag'."
  (declare (obsolete nil "25.1"))
  (interactive (browse-url-interactive-arg "Mosaic URL: "))
  (open-network-stream "browse-url" " *browse-url*"
		       browse-url-CCI-host browse-url-CCI-port)
  ;; Todo: start browser if fails
  (process-send-string "browse-url"
		       (concat "get url (" url ") output "
			       (if (browse-url-maybe-new-window new-window)
				   "new"
				 "current")
			       "\r\n"))
  (process-send-string "browse-url" "disconnect\r\n")
  (delete-process "browse-url"))

;; --- Conkeror ---
;;;###autoload
(defun browse-url-conkeror (url &optional new-window)
  "Ask the Conkeror WWW browser to load URL.
Default to the URL around or before point.  Also pass the strings
in the variable `browse-url-conkeror-arguments' to Conkeror.

When called interactively, if variable
`browse-url-new-window-flag' is non-nil, load the document in a
new Conkeror window, otherwise use a random existing one.  A
non-nil interactive prefix argument reverses the effect of
`browse-url-new-window-flag'.

If variable `browse-url-conkeror-new-window-is-buffer' is
non-nil, then whenever a document would otherwise be loaded in a
new window, load it in a new buffer in an existing window instead.

When called non-interactively, use optional second argument
NEW-WINDOW instead of `browse-url-new-window-flag'."
  (interactive (browse-url-interactive-arg "URL: "))
  (setq url (browse-url-encode-url url))
  (let* ((process-environment (browse-url-process-environment)))
    (apply 'start-process (format "conkeror %s" url)
	   nil
	   browse-url-conkeror-program
	   (append
	    browse-url-conkeror-arguments
	    (list
	     "-e"
	     (format "load_url_in_new_%s('%s')"
		     (if (browse-url-maybe-new-window new-window)
			 (if browse-url-conkeror-new-window-is-buffer
			     "buffer"
			   "window")
		       "buffer")
		     url))))))
;; --- W3 ---

;; External.
(declare-function w3-fetch-other-window "ext:w3m" (&optional url))
(declare-function w3-fetch              "ext:w3m" (&optional url target))

;;;###autoload
(defun browse-url-w3 (url &optional new-window)
  "Ask the w3 WWW browser to load URL.
Default to the URL around or before point.

When called interactively, if variable `browse-url-new-window-flag' is
non-nil, load the document in a new window.  A non-nil interactive
prefix argument reverses the effect of `browse-url-new-window-flag'.

When called non-interactively, optional second argument NEW-WINDOW is
used instead of `browse-url-new-window-flag'."
  (interactive (browse-url-interactive-arg "W3 URL: "))
  (require 'w3)			; w3-fetch-other-window not autoloaded
  (if (browse-url-maybe-new-window new-window)
      (w3-fetch-other-window url)
    (w3-fetch url)))

;;;###autoload
(defun browse-url-w3-gnudoit (url &optional _new-window)
  ;; new-window ignored
  "Ask another Emacs running gnuserv to load the URL using the W3 browser.
The `browse-url-gnudoit-program' program is used with options given by
`browse-url-gnudoit-args'.  Default to the URL around or before point."
  (declare (obsolete nil "25.1"))
  (interactive (browse-url-interactive-arg "W3 URL: "))
  (apply 'start-process (concat "gnudoit:" url) nil
	 browse-url-gnudoit-program
	 (append browse-url-gnudoit-args
		 (list (concat "(w3-fetch \"" url "\")")
		       "(raise-frame)"))))

;; --- Lynx in an xterm ---

;;;###autoload
(defun browse-url-text-xterm (url &optional _new-window)
  ;; new-window ignored
  "Ask a text browser to load URL.
URL defaults to the URL around or before point.
This runs the text browser specified by `browse-url-text-browser'.
in an Xterm window using the Xterm program named by `browse-url-xterm-program'
with possible additional arguments `browse-url-xterm-args'.
The optional argument NEW-WINDOW is not used."
  (interactive (browse-url-interactive-arg "Text browser URL: "))
  (apply #'start-process `(,(concat browse-url-text-browser url)
			   nil ,browse-url-xterm-program
			   ,@browse-url-xterm-args "-e" ,browse-url-text-browser
			   ,url)))

;; --- Lynx in an Emacs "term" window ---

(declare-function term-char-mode "term" ())
(declare-function term-send-down "term" ())
(declare-function term-send-string "term" (proc str))

;;;###autoload
(defun browse-url-text-emacs (url &optional new-buffer)
  "Ask a text browser to load URL.
URL defaults to the URL around or before point.
This runs the text browser specified by `browse-url-text-browser'.
With a prefix argument, it runs a new browser process in a new buffer.

When called interactively, if variable `browse-url-new-window-flag' is
non-nil, load the document in a new browser process in a new term window,
otherwise use any existing one.  A non-nil interactive prefix argument
reverses the effect of `browse-url-new-window-flag'.

When called non-interactively, optional second argument NEW-WINDOW is
used instead of `browse-url-new-window-flag'."
  (interactive (browse-url-interactive-arg "Text browser URL: "))
  (let* ((system-uses-terminfo t)     ; Lynx uses terminfo
	 ;; (term-term-name "vt100") ; ??
	 (buf (get-buffer "*text browser*"))
	 (proc (and buf (get-buffer-process buf)))
	 (n browse-url-text-input-attempts))
    (require 'term)
    (if (and (browse-url-maybe-new-window new-buffer) buf)
	;; Rename away the OLD buffer.  This isn't very polite, but
	;; term insists on working in a buffer named *lynx* and would
	;; choke on *lynx*<1>
	(progn (set-buffer buf)
	       (rename-uniquely)))
    (if (or (browse-url-maybe-new-window new-buffer)
	    (not buf)
	    (not proc)
	    (not (memq (process-status proc) '(run stop))))
	;; start a new text browser
	(progn
          (setq buf
                (apply #'make-term
                       `(,browse-url-text-browser
			 ,browse-url-text-browser
			 nil ,@browse-url-text-emacs-args
			 ,url)))
          (switch-to-buffer buf)
          (term-char-mode)
          (set-process-sentinel
           (get-buffer-process buf)
           ;; Don't leave around a dead one (especially because of its
           ;; munged keymap.)
           (lambda (process _event)
             (if (not (memq (process-status process) '(run stop)))
                 (let ((buf (process-buffer process)))
                   (if buf (kill-buffer buf)))))))
      ;; Send the url to the text browser in the old buffer
      (let ((win (get-buffer-window buf t)))
	(if win
	    (select-window win)
	  (switch-to-buffer buf)))
      (if (eq (following-char) ?_)
	  (cond ((eq browse-url-text-input-field 'warn)
		 (error "Please move out of the input field first"))
		((eq browse-url-text-input-field 'avoid)
		 (while (and (eq (following-char) ?_) (> n 0))
		   (term-send-down)	; down arrow
		   (sit-for browse-url-text-input-delay))
		 (if (eq (following-char) ?_)
		     (error "Cannot move out of the input field, sorry")))))
      (term-send-string proc (concat "g"    ; goto
				     "\C-u" ; kill default url
				     url
				     "\r")))))

;; --- mailto ---

(autoload 'rfc2368-parse-mailto-url "rfc2368")

;;;###autoload
(defun browse-url-mail (url &optional new-window)
  "Open a new mail message buffer within Emacs for the RFC 2368 URL.
Default to using the mailto: URL around or before point as the
recipient's address.  Supplying a non-nil interactive prefix argument
will cause the mail to be composed in another window rather than the
current one.

When called interactively, if variable `browse-url-new-window-flag' is
non-nil use `compose-mail-other-window', otherwise `compose-mail'.  A
non-nil interactive prefix argument reverses the effect of
`browse-url-new-window-flag'.

When called non-interactively, optional second argument NEW-WINDOW is
used instead of `browse-url-new-window-flag'."
  (interactive (browse-url-interactive-arg "Mailto URL: "))
  (save-excursion
    (let* ((alist (rfc2368-parse-mailto-url url))
	   (to (assoc "To" alist))
	   (subject (assoc "Subject" alist))
	   (body (assoc "Body" alist))
	   (rest (delq to (delq subject (delq body alist))))
	   (to (cdr to))
	   (subject (cdr subject))
	   (body (cdr body))
	   (mail-citation-hook (unless body mail-citation-hook)))
      (if (browse-url-maybe-new-window new-window)
	  (compose-mail-other-window to subject rest nil
				     (list 'insert-buffer (current-buffer)))
	(compose-mail to subject rest nil nil
		      (list 'insert-buffer (current-buffer))))
      (when body
	(goto-char (point-min))
	(unless (or (search-forward (concat "\n" mail-header-separator "\n")
				    nil 'move)
		    (bolp))
	  (insert "\n"))
	(goto-char (prog1
		       (point)
		     (insert (replace-regexp-in-string "\r\n" "\n" body))
		     (unless (bolp)
		       (insert "\n"))))))))

;; --- man ---

(defvar manual-program)

(defun browse-url-man (url &optional _new-window)
  "Open a man page."
  (interactive (browse-url-interactive-arg "Man page URL: "))
  (require 'man)
  (setq url (replace-regexp-in-string "\\`man:" "" url))
  (cond
   ((executable-find manual-program) (man url))
    (t (woman (replace-regexp-in-string "([[:alnum:]]+)" "" url)))))

;; --- Random browser ---

;;;###autoload
(defun browse-url-generic (url &optional _new-window)
  ;; new-window ignored
  "Ask the WWW browser defined by `browse-url-generic-program' to load URL.
Default to the URL around or before point.  A fresh copy of the
browser is started up in a new process with possible additional arguments
`browse-url-generic-args'.  This is appropriate for browsers which
don't offer a form of remote control."
  (interactive (browse-url-interactive-arg "URL: "))
  (if (not browse-url-generic-program)
      (error "No browser defined (`browse-url-generic-program')"))
  (apply 'call-process browse-url-generic-program nil
	 0 nil
	 (append browse-url-generic-args (list url))))

;;;###autoload
(defun browse-url-kde (url &optional _new-window)
  "Ask the KDE WWW browser to load URL.
Default to the URL around or before point.
The optional argument NEW-WINDOW is not used."
  (interactive (browse-url-interactive-arg "KDE URL: "))
  (message "Sending URL to KDE...")
  (apply #'start-process (concat "KDE " url) nil browse-url-kde-program
	 (append browse-url-kde-args (list url))))

(defun browse-url-elinks-new-window (url)
  "Ask the Elinks WWW browser to load URL in a new window."
  (let ((process-environment (browse-url-process-environment)))
    (apply #'start-process
	   (append (list (concat "elinks:" url)
			 nil)
		   browse-url-elinks-wrapper
		   (list "elinks" url)))))

;;;###autoload
(defun browse-url-elinks (url &optional new-window)
  "Ask the Elinks WWW browser to load URL.
Default to the URL around the point.

The document is loaded in a new tab of a running Elinks or, if
none yet running, a newly started instance.

The Elinks command will be prepended by the program+arguments
from `browse-url-elinks-wrapper'."
  (interactive (browse-url-interactive-arg "URL: "))
  (setq url (browse-url-encode-url url))
  (if new-window
      (browse-url-elinks-new-window url)
    (let ((process-environment (browse-url-process-environment))
	  (elinks-ping-process (start-process "elinks-ping" nil
					      "elinks" "-remote" "ping()")))
      (set-process-sentinel elinks-ping-process
			    `(lambda (process change)
			       (browse-url-elinks-sentinel process ,url))))))

(defun browse-url-elinks-sentinel (process url)
  "Determines if Elinks is running or a new one has to be started."
  ;; Try to determine if an instance is running or if we have to
  ;; create a new one.
  (pcase (process-exit-status process)
    (5
     ;; No instance, start a new one.
     (browse-url-elinks-new-window url))
    (0
     ;; Found an instance, open URL in new tab.
     (let ((process-environment (browse-url-process-environment)))
       (start-process (concat "elinks:" url) nil
                      "elinks" "-remote"
                      (concat "openURL(\"" url "\",new-tab)"))))
    (exit-status
     (error "Unrecognized exit-code %d of process `elinks'"
            exit-status))))

;;; Adding buttons to a buffer to call `browse-url' when you hit them.

(defvar browse-url-button-map
  (let ((map (make-sparse-keymap)))
    (define-key map "\r" 'browse-url-button-open)
    (define-key map [mouse-2] 'browse-url-button-open)
    (define-key map "w" 'browse-url-button-copy)
    map)
  "The keymap used for browse-url buttons.")

(defface browse-url-button
  '((t :inherit link))
  "Face for browse-url buttons (i.e., links)."
  :version "27.1")

(defun browse-url-add-buttons ()
  "Add clickable buttons to the text following point in the current buffer.
Everything that matches `browse-url-button-regexp' will be made
clickable and will use `browse-url' to open the URLs in question."
  (let ((inhibit-read-only t))
    (save-excursion
      (while (re-search-forward browse-url-button-regexp nil t)
        (add-text-properties (match-beginning 0)
                             (match-end 0)
                             `(help-echo "Open the URL under point"
                                         keymap ,browse-url-button-map
                                         face browse-url-button
                                         button t
                                         category browse-url
                                         browse-url-data ,(match-string 0)))))))

(defun browse-url-button-open (&optional external mouse-event)
  "Follow the link under point using `browse-url'.
If EXTERNAL (the prefix if used interactively), open with the
external browser instead of the default one."
  (interactive (list current-prefix-arg last-nonmenu-event))
  (mouse-set-point mouse-event)
  (let ((url (get-text-property (point) 'browse-url-data)))
    (unless url
      (error "No URL under point"))
    (if external
        (funcall browse-url-secondary-browser-function url)
      (browse-url url))))

(defun browse-url-button-open-url (url)
  "Open URL using `browse-url'.
If `current-prefix-arg' is non-nil, use
`browse-url-secondary-browser-function' instead."
  (if current-prefix-arg
      (funcall browse-url-secondary-browser-function url)
    (browse-url url)))

(defun browse-url-button-copy ()
  "Copy the URL under point."
  (interactive)
  (let ((url (get-text-property (point) 'browse-url-data)))
    (unless url
      (error "No URL under point"))
    (kill-new url)
    (message "Copied %s" url)))

(provide 'browse-url)

;;; browse-url.el ends here