I narrow down the problem.

If I load the following code which is taken from eieio-core.el, line 84, (I
added (require 'cl-lib))
then (progn (byte-compile 'my-this-should-raise-error)
(my-this-should-raise-error))
does not raise an error.

(progn
(require 'cl-lib)
;; Arrange for field access not to bother checking if the access is indeed
;; made to an eieio--class object.
(cl-declaim (optimize (safety 0)))

(cl-defstruct (eieio--class
(:constructor nil)
(:constructor eieio--class-make (name))
(:include cl--class)
(:copier nil))
children
initarg-tuples ;; initarg tuples list
(class-slots nil :type eieio--slot)
class-allocation-values ;; class allocated value vector
default-object-cache ;; what a newly created object would look like.
; This will speed up instantiation time as
; only a `copy-sequence' will be needed, instead of
; looping over all the values and setting them from
; the default.
options ;; storage location of tagged class option
; Stored outright without modifications or stripping
)
;; Set it back to the default value.
(cl-declaim (optimize (safety 1))))

Best regards,
Sho Takemori