From mboxrd@z Thu Jan 1 00:00:00 1970 Path: news.gmane.io!.POSTED.blaine.gmane.org!not-for-mail From: Philip Kaludercic Newsgroups: gmane.emacs.help Subject: Re: Could anyone explain why example no. 4 is different from the others? Date: Thu, 17 Aug 2023 10:41:23 +0000 Message-ID: <87leeagdd8.fsf@posteo.net> References: Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain Injection-Info: ciao.gmane.io; posting-host="blaine.gmane.org:116.202.254.214"; logging-data="12822"; mail-complaints-to="usenet@ciao.gmane.io" Cc: help-gnu-emacs@gnu.org To: Rodrigo Morales Original-X-From: help-gnu-emacs-bounces+geh-help-gnu-emacs=m.gmane-mx.org@gnu.org Thu Aug 17 12:42:06 2023 Return-path: Envelope-to: geh-help-gnu-emacs@m.gmane-mx.org Original-Received: from lists.gnu.org ([209.51.188.17]) by ciao.gmane.io with esmtps (TLS1.2:ECDHE_RSA_AES_256_GCM_SHA384:256) (Exim 4.92) (envelope-from ) id 1qWaS6-00036v-EU for geh-help-gnu-emacs@m.gmane-mx.org; Thu, 17 Aug 2023 12:42:06 +0200 Original-Received: from localhost ([::1] helo=lists1p.gnu.org) by lists.gnu.org with esmtp (Exim 4.90_1) (envelope-from ) id 1qWaRa-0006kq-M3; Thu, 17 Aug 2023 06:41:35 -0400 Original-Received: from eggs.gnu.org ([2001:470:142:3::10]) by lists.gnu.org with esmtps (TLS1.2:ECDHE_RSA_AES_256_GCM_SHA384:256) (Exim 4.90_1) (envelope-from ) id 1qWaRW-0006ka-VC for help-gnu-emacs@gnu.org; Thu, 17 Aug 2023 06:41:31 -0400 Original-Received: from mout01.posteo.de ([185.67.36.65]) by eggs.gnu.org with esmtps (TLS1.2:ECDHE_RSA_AES_256_GCM_SHA384:256) (Exim 4.90_1) (envelope-from ) id 1qWaRT-0005PS-Uk for help-gnu-emacs@gnu.org; Thu, 17 Aug 2023 06:41:30 -0400 Original-Received: from submission (posteo.de [185.67.36.169]) by mout01.posteo.de (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 12879240027 for ; Thu, 17 Aug 2023 12:41:25 +0200 (CEST) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/simple; d=posteo.net; s=2017; t=1692268885; bh=8+iAJ0fqpg/Fdf/nrlx6PCJZmLSblg/MjOYdfXLqnyg=; h=From:To:Cc:Subject:Autocrypt:Date:Message-ID:MIME-Version:From; b=DIcIeY6rM8IefSlJ6oVyo1UXKXyohFy5dU6/u2Apuyc+9h6gdJh9GukMR095JQS4M TAIQxS5NwYMWwojs2KtYV91ZkPUQUwaSoQCGrvahzY9K/Y2+88OFBTJCRNJ60I0gJa Tet/6s3+fCARVo97wzIzZ1K1Qcyw1MbvHNudr070LtkemUwqszWV+gjHjMyK9msfDq T84Dbtj2UCdH8Q2Hc/IYkMMVg+sE3F6poxNw7WYVjL2qVUEe6e4C7MFftR8AeFtAT0 WcMBKaAsv8p6EZrnTAKfqSdFJgo+v4weE0uG4HRQu1jPdmPAA1DwZltgsOXr5by2KO uT7ZzExJrNBgQ== Original-Received: from customer (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by submission (posteo.de) with ESMTPSA id 4RRM4N544kz6tvs; Thu, 17 Aug 2023 12:41:24 +0200 (CEST) In-Reply-To: (Rodrigo Morales's message of "Thu, 17 Aug 2023 03:15:50 +0000") Autocrypt: addr=philipk@posteo.net; keydata= mDMEZBBQQhYJKwYBBAHaRw8BAQdAHJuofBrfqFh12uQu0Yi7mrl525F28eTmwUDflFNmdui0QlBo aWxpcCBLYWx1ZGVyY2ljIChnZW5lcmF0ZWQgYnkgYXV0b2NyeXB0LmVsKSA8cGhpbGlwa0Bwb3N0 ZW8ubmV0PoiWBBMWCAA+FiEEDg7HY17ghYlni8XN8xYDWXahwukFAmQQUEICGwMFCQHhM4AFCwkI BwIGFQoJCAsCBBYCAwECHgECF4AACgkQ8xYDWXahwulikAEA77hloUiSrXgFkUVJhlKBpLCHUjA0 mWZ9j9w5d08+jVwBAK6c4iGP7j+/PhbkxaEKa4V3MzIl7zJkcNNjHCXmvFcEuDgEZBBQQhIKKwYB BAGXVQEFAQEHQI5NLiLRjZy3OfSt1dhCmFyn+fN/QKELUYQetiaoe+MMAwEIB4h+BBgWCAAmFiEE Dg7HY17ghYlni8XN8xYDWXahwukFAmQQUEICGwwFCQHhM4AACgkQ8xYDWXahwukm+wEA8cml4JpK NeAu65rg+auKrPOP6TP/4YWRCTIvuYDm0joBALw98AMz7/qMHvSCeU/hw9PL6u6R2EScxtpKnWof z4oM Received-SPF: pass client-ip=185.67.36.65; envelope-from=philipk@posteo.net; helo=mout01.posteo.de X-Spam_score_int: -43 X-Spam_score: -4.4 X-Spam_bar: ---- X-Spam_report: (-4.4 / 5.0 requ) BAYES_00=-1.9, DKIM_SIGNED=0.1, DKIM_VALID=-0.1, DKIM_VALID_AU=-0.1, DKIM_VALID_EF=-0.1, RCVD_IN_DNSWL_MED=-2.3, RCVD_IN_MSPIKE_H5=0.001, RCVD_IN_MSPIKE_WL=0.001, SPF_HELO_NONE=0.001, SPF_PASS=-0.001 autolearn=ham autolearn_force=no X-Spam_action: no action X-BeenThere: help-gnu-emacs@gnu.org X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.29 Precedence: list List-Id: Users list for the GNU Emacs text editor List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: , Errors-To: help-gnu-emacs-bounces+geh-help-gnu-emacs=m.gmane-mx.org@gnu.org Original-Sender: help-gnu-emacs-bounces+geh-help-gnu-emacs=m.gmane-mx.org@gnu.org Xref: news.gmane.io gmane.emacs.help:144855 Archived-At: Rodrigo Morales writes: > Could anyone explain why example no. 4 is different from the others? > Example no. 1 > > ,---- > | (append '(nil) '(nil) '(nil)) > `---- > > ,---- > | (nil nil nil) > `---- > > Example no. 2 > > ,---- > | (funcall 'append '(nil) '(nil) '(nil)) > `---- This is equivalent to example 1. > ,---- > | (nil nil nil) > `---- > > Example no. 3 > > ,---- > | (apply 'append '((nil) (nil) (nil))) > `---- This is also equivalent to example 1. > ,---- > | (nil nil nil) > `---- > > Example no. 4 > > ,---- > | (apply 'append '(nil) '(nil) '(nil)) > `---- This is equivalent to (funcall 'append '((nil) (nil) . (nil))) or (append '(nil) '(nil) nil) because with apply, the last argument is used to call a function with variadic arguments. In general, (funcall 'foo a b c ...) is the same as (apply 'foo (list a b c ...)). > ,---- > | (nil nil) > `----