1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394
2395
2396
2397
2398
2399
2400
2401
2402
2403
2404
2405
2406
2407
2408
2409
2410
2411
2412
2413
2414
2415
2416
2417
2418
2419
2420
2421
2422
2423
2424
2425
2426
2427
2428
2429
2430
2431
2432
2433
2434
2435
2436
2437
2438
2439
2440
2441
2442
2443
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
2455
2456
2457
2458
2459
2460
2461
2462
2463
2464
2465
2466
2467
2468
2469
2470
2471
2472
2473
2474
2475
2476
2477
2478
2479
2480
2481
2482
2483
2484
2485
2486
2487
2488
2489
2490
2491
2492
2493
2494
2495
2496
2497
2498
2499
2500
2501
2502
2503
2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510
2511
2512
2513
2514
2515
2516
2517
2518
2519
2520
2521
2522
2523
2524
2525
2526
2527
2528
2529
2530
2531
2532
2533
2534
2535
2536
2537
2538
2539
2540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553
2554
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560
2561
2562
2563
2564
2565
2566
2567
2568
2569
2570
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
2582
2583
2584
2585
2586
2587
2588
2589
2590
2591
2592
2593
2594
2595
2596
2597
2598
2599
2600
2601
2602
2603
2604
2605
2606
2607
2608
2609
2610
2611
2612
2613
2614
2615
2616
2617
2618
2619
2620
2621
2622
2623
2624
2625
2626
2627
2628
2629
2630
2631
2632
2633
2634
2635
2636
2637
2638
2639
2640
2641
2642
2643
2644
2645
2646
2647
2648
2649
2650
2651
2652
2653
2654
2655
2656
2657
2658
2659
2660
2661
2662
2663
2664
2665
2666
2667
2668
2669
2670
2671
2672
2673
2674
2675
2676
2677
2678
2679
2680
2681
2682
2683
2684
2685
2686
2687
2688
2689
2690
2691
2692
2693
2694
2695
2696
2697
2698
2699
2700
2701
2702
2703
2704
2705
2706
2707
2708
2709
2710
2711
2712
2713
2714
2715
2716
2717
2718
2719
2720
2721
2722
2723
2724
2725
2726
2727
2728
2729
2730
2731
2732
2733
2734
2735
2736
2737
2738
2739
2740
2741
2742
2743
2744
2745
2746
2747
2748
2749
2750
2751
2752
2753
2754
2755
2756
2757
2758
2759
2760
2761
2762
2763
2764
2765
2766
2767
2768
2769
2770
2771
2772
2773
2774
2775
2776
2777
2778
2779
2780
2781
2782
2783
2784
2785
2786
2787
2788
2789
2790
2791
2792
2793
2794
2795
2796
2797
2798
2799
2800
2801
2802
2803
2804
2805
2806
2807
2808
2809
2810
2811
2812
2813
2814
2815
2816
2817
2818
2819
2820
2821
2822
2823
2824
2825
2826
2827
2828
2829
2830
2831
2832
2833
2834
2835
2836
2837
2838
2839
2840
2841
2842
2843
2844
2845
2846
2847
2848
2849
2850
2851
2852
2853
2854
2855
2856
2857
2858
2859
2860
2861
2862
2863
2864
2865
2866
2867
2868
2869
2870
2871
2872
2873
2874
2875
2876
2877
2878
2879
2880
2881
2882
2883
2884
2885
2886
2887
2888
2889
2890
2891
2892
2893
2894
2895
2896
2897
2898
2899
2900
2901
2902
2903
2904
2905
2906
2907
2908
2909
2910
2911
2912
2913
2914
2915
2916
2917
2918
2919
2920
2921
2922
2923
2924
2925
2926
2927
2928
2929
2930
2931
2932
2933
2934
2935
2936
2937
2938
2939
2940
2941
2942
2943
2944
2945
2946
2947
2948
2949
2950
2951
2952
2953
2954
2955
2956
2957
2958
2959
2960
2961
2962
2963
2964
2965
2966
2967
2968
2969
2970
2971
2972
2973
2974
2975
2976
2977
2978
2979
2980
2981
2982
2983
2984
2985
2986
2987
2988
2989
2990
2991
2992
2993
2994
2995
2996
2997
2998
2999
3000
3001
3002
3003
3004
3005
3006
3007
3008
3009
3010
3011
3012
3013
3014
3015
3016
3017
3018
3019
3020
3021
3022
3023
3024
3025
3026
3027
3028
3029
3030
3031
3032
3033
3034
3035
3036
3037
3038
3039
3040
3041
3042
3043
3044
3045
3046
3047
3048
3049
3050
3051
3052
3053
3054
3055
3056
3057
3058
3059
3060
3061
3062
3063
3064
3065
3066
3067
3068
3069
3070
3071
3072
3073
3074
3075
3076
3077
3078
3079
3080
3081
3082
3083
3084
3085
3086
3087
3088
3089
3090
3091
3092
3093
3094
3095
3096
3097
3098
3099
3100
3101
3102
3103
3104
3105
3106
3107
3108
3109
3110
3111
3112
3113
3114
3115
3116
3117
3118
3119
3120
3121
3122
3123
3124
3125
3126
3127
3128
3129
3130
3131
3132
3133
3134
3135
3136
3137
3138
3139
3140
3141
3142
3143
3144
3145
3146
3147
3148
3149
3150
3151
3152
3153
3154
3155
3156
3157
3158
3159
3160
3161
3162
3163
3164
3165
3166
3167
3168
3169
3170
3171
3172
3173
3174
3175
3176
3177
3178
3179
3180
3181
3182
3183
3184
3185
3186
3187
3188
3189
3190
3191
3192
3193
3194
3195
3196
3197
3198
3199
3200
3201
3202
3203
3204
3205
3206
3207
3208
3209
3210
3211
3212
3213
3214
3215
3216
3217
3218
3219
3220
3221
3222
3223
3224
3225
3226
3227
3228
3229
3230
3231
3232
3233
3234
3235
3236
3237
3238
3239
3240
3241
3242
3243
3244
3245
3246
3247
3248
3249
3250
3251
3252
3253
3254
3255
3256
3257
3258
3259
3260
3261
3262
3263
3264
3265
3266
3267
3268
3269
3270
3271
3272
3273
3274
3275
3276
3277
3278
3279
3280
3281
3282
3283
3284
3285
3286
3287
3288
3289
3290
3291
3292
3293
3294
3295
3296
3297
3298
3299
3300
3301
3302
3303
3304
3305
3306
3307
3308
3309
3310
3311
3312
3313
3314
3315
3316
3317
3318
3319
3320
3321
3322
3323
3324
3325
3326
3327
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3334
3335
3336
3337
3338
3339
3340
3341
3342
3343
3344
3345
3346
3347
3348
3349
3350
3351
3352
3353
3354
3355
3356
3357
3358
3359
3360
3361
3362
3363
3364
3365
3366
3367
3368
3369
3370
3371
3372
3373
3374
3375
3376
3377
3378
3379
3380
3381
3382
3383
3384
3385
3386
3387
3388
3389
3390
3391
3392
3393
3394
3395
3396
3397
3398
3399
3400
3401
3402
3403
3404
3405
3406
3407
3408
3409
3410
3411
3412
3413
3414
3415
3416
3417
3418
3419
3420
3421
3422
3423
3424
3425
3426
3427
3428
3429
3430
3431
3432
3433
3434
3435
3436
3437
3438
3439
3440
3441
3442
3443
3444
3445
3446
3447
3448
3449
3450
3451
3452
3453
3454
3455
3456
3457
3458
3459
3460
3461
3462
3463
3464
3465
3466
3467
3468
3469
3470
3471
3472
3473
3474
3475
3476
3477
3478
3479
3480
3481
3482
3483
3484
3485
3486
3487
3488
3489
3490
3491
3492
3493
3494
3495
3496
3497
3498
3499
3500
3501
3502
3503
3504
3505
3506
3507
3508
3509
3510
3511
3512
3513
3514
3515
3516
3517
3518
3519
3520
3521
3522
3523
3524
3525
3526
3527
3528
3529
3530
3531
3532
3533
3534
3535
3536
3537
3538
3539
3540
3541
3542
3543
3544
3545
3546
3547
3548
3549
3550
3551
3552
3553
3554
3555
3556
3557
3558
3559
3560
3561
3562
3563
3564
3565
3566
3567
3568
3569
3570
3571
3572
3573
3574
3575
3576
3577
3578
3579
3580
3581
3582
3583
3584
3585
3586
3587
3588
3589
3590
3591
3592
3593
3594
3595
3596
3597
3598
3599
3600
3601
3602
3603
3604
3605
3606
3607
3608
3609
3610
3611
3612
3613
3614
3615
3616
3617
3618
3619
3620
3621
3622
3623
3624
3625
3626
3627
3628
3629
3630
3631
3632
3633
3634
3635
3636
3637
3638
3639
3640
3641
3642
3643
3644
3645
3646
3647
3648
3649
3650
3651
3652
3653
3654
3655
3656
3657
3658
3659
3660
3661
3662
3663
3664
3665
3666
3667
3668
3669
3670
3671
3672
3673
3674
3675
3676
3677
3678
3679
3680
3681
3682
3683
3684
3685
3686
3687
3688
3689
3690
3691
3692
3693
3694
3695
3696
3697
3698
3699
3700
3701
3702
3703
3704
3705
3706
3707
3708
3709
3710
3711
3712
3713
3714
3715
3716
3717
3718
3719
3720
3721
3722
3723
3724
3725
3726
3727
3728
3729
3730
3731
3732
3733
3734
3735
3736
3737
3738
3739
3740
3741
3742
3743
3744
3745
3746
3747
3748
3749
3750
3751
3752
3753
3754
3755
3756
3757
3758
3759
3760
3761
3762
3763
3764
3765
3766
3767
3768
3769
3770
3771
3772
3773
3774
3775
3776
3777
3778
3779
3780
3781
3782
3783
3784
3785
3786
3787
3788
3789
3790
3791
3792
3793
3794
3795
3796
3797
3798
3799
3800
3801
3802
3803
3804
3805
3806
3807
3808
3809
3810
3811
3812
3813
3814
3815
3816
3817
3818
3819
3820
3821
3822
3823
3824
3825
3826
3827
3828
3829
3830
3831
3832
3833
3834
3835
3836
3837
3838
3839
3840
3841
3842
3843
3844
3845
3846
3847
3848
3849
3850
3851
3852
3853
3854
3855
3856
3857
3858
3859
3860
3861
3862
3863
3864
3865
3866
3867
3868
3869
3870
3871
3872
3873
3874
3875
3876
3877
3878
3879
3880
3881
3882
3883
3884
3885
3886
3887
3888
3889
3890
3891
3892
3893
3894
3895
3896
3897
3898
3899
3900
3901
3902
3903
3904
3905
3906
3907
3908
3909
3910
3911
3912
3913
3914
3915
3916
3917
3918
3919
3920
3921
3922
3923
3924
3925
3926
3927
3928
3929
3930
3931
3932
3933
3934
3935
3936
3937
3938
3939
3940
3941
3942
3943
3944
3945
3946
3947
3948
3949
3950
3951
3952
3953
3954
3955
3956
3957
3958
3959
3960
3961
3962
3963
3964
3965
3966
3967
3968
3969
3970
3971
3972
3973
3974
3975
3976
3977
3978
3979
3980
3981
3982
3983
3984
3985
3986
3987
3988
3989
3990
3991
3992
3993
3994
3995
3996
3997
3998
3999
4000
4001
4002
4003
4004
4005
4006
4007
4008
4009
4010
4011
4012
4013
4014
4015
4016
4017
4018
4019
4020
4021
4022
4023
4024
4025
4026
4027
4028
4029
4030
4031
4032
4033
4034
4035
4036
4037
4038
4039
4040
4041
4042
4043
4044
4045
4046
4047
4048
4049
4050
4051
4052
4053
4054
4055
4056
4057
4058
4059
4060
4061
4062
4063
4064
4065
4066
4067
4068
4069
4070
4071
4072
4073
4074
4075
4076
4077
4078
4079
4080
4081
4082
4083
4084
4085
4086
4087
4088
4089
4090
4091
4092
4093
4094
4095
4096
4097
4098
4099
4100
4101
4102
4103
4104
4105
4106
4107
4108
4109
4110
4111
4112
4113
4114
4115
4116
4117
4118
4119
4120
4121
4122
4123
4124
4125
4126
4127
4128
4129
4130
4131
4132
4133
4134
4135
4136
4137
4138
4139
4140
4141
4142
4143
4144
4145
4146
4147
4148
4149
4150
4151
4152
4153
4154
4155
4156
4157
4158
4159
4160
4161
4162
4163
4164
4165
4166
4167
4168
4169
4170
4171
4172
4173
4174
4175
4176
4177
4178
4179
4180
4181
4182
4183
4184
4185
4186
4187
4188
4189
4190
4191
4192
4193
4194
4195
4196
4197
4198
4199
4200
4201
4202
4203
4204
4205
4206
4207
4208
4209
4210
4211
4212
4213
4214
4215
4216
4217
4218
4219
4220
4221
4222
4223
4224
4225
4226
4227
4228
4229
4230
4231
4232
4233
4234
4235
4236
4237
4238
4239
4240
4241
4242
4243
4244
4245
4246
4247
4248
4249
4250
4251
4252
4253
4254
4255
4256
4257
4258
4259
4260
4261
4262
4263
4264
4265
4266
4267
4268
4269
4270
4271
4272
4273
4274
4275
4276
4277
4278
4279
4280
4281
4282
4283
4284
4285
4286
4287
4288
4289
4290
4291
4292
4293
4294
4295
4296
4297
4298
4299
4300
4301
4302
4303
4304
4305
4306
4307
4308
4309
4310
4311
4312
4313
4314
4315
4316
4317
4318
4319
4320
4321
4322
4323
4324
4325
4326
4327
4328
4329
4330
4331
4332
4333
4334
4335
4336
4337
4338
4339
4340
4341
4342
4343
4344
4345
4346
4347
4348
4349
4350
4351
4352
4353
4354
4355
4356
4357
4358
4359
4360
4361
4362
4363
4364
4365
4366
4367
4368
4369
4370
4371
4372
4373
4374
4375
4376
4377
4378
4379
4380
4381
4382
4383
4384
4385
4386
4387
4388
4389
4390
4391
4392
4393
4394
4395
4396
4397
4398
4399
4400
4401
4402
4403
4404
4405
4406
4407
4408
4409
4410
4411
4412
4413
4414
4415
4416
4417
4418
4419
4420
4421
4422
4423
4424
4425
4426
4427
4428
4429
4430
4431
4432
4433
4434
4435
4436
4437
4438
4439
4440
4441
4442
4443
4444
4445
4446
4447
4448
4449
4450
4451
4452
4453
4454
4455
4456
4457
4458
4459
4460
4461
4462
4463
4464
4465
4466
4467
4468
4469
4470
4471
4472
4473
4474
4475
4476
4477
4478
4479
4480
4481
4482
4483
4484
4485
4486
4487
4488
4489
4490
4491
4492
4493
4494
4495
4496
4497
4498
4499
4500
4501
4502
4503
4504
4505
4506
4507
4508
4509
4510
4511
4512
4513
4514
4515
4516
4517
4518
4519
4520
4521
4522
4523
4524
4525
4526
4527
4528
4529
4530
4531
4532
4533
4534
4535
4536
4537
4538
4539
4540
4541
4542
4543
4544
4545
4546
4547
4548
4549
4550
4551
4552
4553
4554
4555
4556
4557
4558
4559
4560
4561
4562
4563
4564
4565
4566
4567
4568
4569
4570
4571
4572
4573
4574
4575
4576
4577
4578
4579
4580
4581
4582
4583
4584
4585
4586
4587
4588
4589
4590
4591
4592
4593
4594
4595
4596
4597
4598
4599
4600
4601
4602
4603
4604
4605
4606
4607
4608
4609
4610
4611
4612
4613
4614
4615
4616
4617
4618
4619
4620
4621
4622
4623
4624
4625
4626
4627
4628
4629
4630
4631
4632
4633
4634
4635
4636
4637
4638
4639
4640
4641
4642
4643
4644
4645
4646
4647
4648
4649
4650
4651
4652
4653
4654
4655
4656
4657
4658
4659
4660
4661
4662
4663
4664
4665
4666
4667
4668
4669
4670
4671
4672
4673
4674
4675
4676
4677
4678
4679
4680
4681
4682
4683
4684
4685
4686
4687
4688
4689
4690
4691
4692
4693
4694
4695
4696
4697
4698
4699
4700
4701
4702
4703
4704
4705
4706
4707
4708
4709
4710
4711
4712
4713
4714
4715
4716
4717
4718
4719
4720
4721
4722
4723
4724
4725
4726
4727
4728
4729
4730
4731
4732
4733
4734
4735
4736
4737
4738
4739
4740
4741
4742
4743
4744
4745
4746
4747
4748
4749
4750
4751
4752
4753
4754
4755
4756
4757
4758
4759
4760
4761
4762
4763
4764
4765
4766
4767
4768
4769
4770
4771
4772
4773
4774
4775
4776
4777
4778
4779
4780
4781
4782
4783
4784
4785
4786
4787
4788
4789
4790
4791
4792
4793
4794
4795
4796
4797
4798
4799
4800
4801
4802
4803
4804
4805
4806
4807
4808
4809
4810
4811
4812
4813
4814
4815
4816
4817
4818
4819
4820
4821
4822
4823
4824
4825
4826
4827
4828
4829
4830
4831
4832
4833
4834
4835
4836
4837
4838
4839
4840
4841
4842
4843
4844
4845
4846
4847
4848
4849
4850
4851
4852
4853
4854
4855
4856
4857
4858
4859
4860
4861
4862
4863
4864
4865
4866
4867
4868
4869
4870
4871
4872
4873
4874
4875
4876
4877
4878
4879
4880
4881
4882
4883
4884
4885
4886
4887
4888
4889
4890
4891
4892
4893
4894
4895
4896
4897
4898
4899
4900
4901
4902
4903
4904
4905
4906
4907
4908
4909
4910
4911
4912
4913
4914
4915
4916
4917
4918
4919
4920
4921
4922
4923
4924
4925
4926
4927
4928
4929
4930
4931
4932
4933
4934
4935
4936
4937
4938
4939
4940
4941
4942
4943
4944
4945
4946
4947
4948
4949
4950
4951
4952
4953
4954
4955
4956
4957
4958
4959
4960
4961
4962
4963
4964
4965
4966
4967
4968
4969
4970
4971
4972
4973
4974
4975
4976
4977
4978
4979
4980
4981
4982
4983
4984
4985
4986
4987
4988
4989
4990
4991
4992
4993
4994
4995
4996
4997
4998
4999
5000
5001
5002
5003
5004
5005
5006
5007
5008
5009
5010
5011
5012
5013
5014
5015
5016
5017
5018
5019
5020
5021
5022
5023
5024
5025
5026
5027
5028
5029
5030
5031
5032
5033
5034
5035
5036
5037
5038
5039
5040
5041
5042
5043
5044
5045
5046
5047
5048
5049
5050
5051
5052
5053
5054
5055
5056
5057
5058
5059
5060
5061
5062
5063
5064
5065
5066
5067
5068
5069
5070
5071
5072
5073
5074
5075
5076
5077
5078
5079
5080
5081
5082
5083
5084
5085
5086
5087
5088
5089
5090
5091
5092
5093
5094
5095
5096
5097
5098
5099
5100
5101
5102
5103
5104
5105
5106
5107
5108
5109
5110
5111
5112
5113
5114
5115
5116
5117
5118
5119
5120
5121
5122
5123
5124
5125
5126
5127
5128
5129
5130
5131
5132
5133
5134
5135
5136
5137
5138
5139
5140
5141
5142
5143
5144
5145
5146
5147
5148
5149
5150
5151
5152
5153
5154
5155
5156
5157
5158
5159
5160
5161
5162
5163
5164
5165
5166
5167
5168
5169
5170
5171
5172
5173
5174
5175
5176
5177
5178
5179
5180
5181
5182
5183
5184
5185
5186
5187
5188
5189
5190
5191
5192
5193
5194
5195
5196
5197
5198
5199
5200
5201
5202
5203
5204
5205
5206
5207
5208
5209
5210
5211
5212
5213
5214
5215
5216
5217
5218
5219
5220
5221
5222
5223
5224
5225
5226
5227
5228
5229
5230
5231
5232
5233
5234
5235
5236
5237
5238
5239
5240
5241
5242
5243
5244
5245
5246
5247
5248
5249
5250
5251
5252
5253
5254
5255
5256
5257
5258
5259
5260
5261
5262
5263
5264
5265
5266
5267
5268
5269
5270
5271
5272
5273
5274
5275
5276
5277
5278
5279
5280
5281
5282
5283
5284
5285
5286
5287
5288
5289
5290
5291
5292
5293
5294
5295
5296
5297
5298
5299
5300
5301
5302
5303
5304
5305
5306
5307
5308
5309
5310
5311
5312
5313
5314
5315
5316
5317
5318
5319
5320
5321
5322
5323
5324
5325
5326
5327
5328
5329
5330
5331
5332
5333
5334
5335
5336
5337
5338
5339
5340
5341
5342
5343
5344
5345
5346
5347
5348
5349
5350
5351
5352
5353
5354
5355
5356
5357
5358
5359
5360
5361
5362
5363
5364
5365
5366
5367
5368
5369
5370
5371
5372
5373
5374
5375
5376
5377
5378
5379
5380
5381
5382
5383
5384
5385
5386
5387
5388
5389
5390
5391
5392
5393
5394
5395
5396
5397
5398
5399
5400
5401
5402
5403
5404
5405
5406
5407
5408
5409
5410
5411
5412
5413
5414
5415
5416
5417
5418
5419
5420
5421
5422
5423
5424
5425
5426
5427
5428
5429
5430
5431
5432
5433
5434
5435
5436
5437
5438
5439
5440
5441
5442
5443
5444
5445
5446
5447
5448
5449
5450
5451
5452
5453
5454
5455
5456
5457
5458
5459
5460
5461
5462
5463
5464
5465
5466
5467
5468
5469
5470
5471
5472
5473
5474
5475
5476
5477
5478
5479
5480
5481
5482
5483
5484
5485
5486
5487
5488
5489
5490
5491
5492
5493
5494
5495
5496
5497
5498
5499
5500
5501
5502
5503
5504
5505
5506
5507
5508
5509
5510
5511
5512
5513
5514
5515
5516
5517
5518
5519
5520
5521
5522
5523
5524
5525
5526
5527
5528
5529
5530
5531
5532
5533
5534
5535
5536
5537
5538
5539
5540
5541
5542
5543
5544
5545
5546
5547
5548
5549
5550
5551
5552
5553
5554
5555
5556
5557
5558
5559
5560
5561
5562
5563
5564
5565
5566
5567
5568
5569
5570
5571
5572
5573
5574
5575
5576
5577
5578
5579
5580
5581
5582
5583
5584
5585
5586
5587
5588
5589
5590
5591
5592
5593
5594
5595
5596
5597
5598
5599
5600
5601
5602
5603
5604
5605
5606
5607
5608
5609
5610
5611
5612
5613
5614
5615
5616
5617
5618
5619
5620
5621
5622
5623
5624
5625
5626
5627
5628
5629
5630
5631
5632
5633
5634
5635
5636
5637
5638
5639
5640
5641
5642
5643
5644
5645
5646
5647
5648
5649
5650
5651
5652
5653
5654
5655
5656
5657
5658
5659
5660
5661
5662
5663
5664
5665
5666
5667
5668
5669
5670
5671
5672
5673
5674
5675
5676
5677
5678
5679
5680
5681
5682
5683
5684
5685
5686
5687
5688
5689
5690
5691
5692
5693
5694
5695
5696
5697
5698
5699
5700
5701
5702
5703
5704
5705
5706
5707
5708
5709
5710
5711
5712
5713
5714
5715
5716
5717
5718
5719
5720
5721
5722
5723
5724
5725
5726
5727
5728
5729
5730
5731
5732
5733
5734
5735
5736
5737
5738
5739
5740
5741
5742
5743
5744
5745
5746
5747
5748
5749
5750
5751
5752
5753
5754
5755
5756
5757
5758
5759
5760
5761
5762
5763
5764
5765
5766
5767
5768
5769
5770
5771
5772
5773
5774
5775
5776
5777
5778
5779
5780
5781
5782
5783
5784
5785
5786
5787
5788
5789
5790
5791
5792
5793
5794
5795
5796
5797
5798
5799
5800
5801
5802
5803
5804
5805
5806
5807
5808
5809
5810
5811
5812
5813
5814
5815
5816
5817
5818
5819
5820
5821
5822
5823
5824
5825
5826
5827
5828
5829
5830
5831
5832
5833
5834
5835
5836
5837
5838
5839
5840
5841
5842
5843
5844
5845
5846
5847
5848
5849
5850
5851
5852
5853
5854
5855
5856
5857
5858
5859
5860
5861
5862
5863
5864
5865
5866
5867
5868
5869
5870
5871
5872
5873
5874
5875
5876
5877
5878
5879
5880
5881
5882
5883
5884
5885
5886
5887
5888
5889
5890
5891
5892
5893
5894
5895
5896
5897
5898
5899
5900
5901
5902
5903
5904
5905
5906
5907
5908
5909
5910
5911
5912
5913
5914
5915
5916
5917
5918
5919
5920
5921
5922
5923
5924
5925
5926
5927
5928
5929
5930
5931
5932
5933
5934
5935
5936
5937
5938
5939
5940
5941
5942
5943
5944
5945
5946
5947
5948
5949
5950
5951
5952
5953
5954
5955
5956
5957
5958
5959
5960
5961
5962
5963
5964
5965
5966
5967
5968
5969
5970
5971
5972
5973
5974
5975
5976
5977
5978
5979
5980
5981
5982
5983
5984
5985
5986
5987
5988
5989
5990
5991
5992
5993
5994
5995
5996
5997
5998
5999
6000
6001
6002
6003
6004
6005
6006
6007
6008
6009
6010
6011
6012
6013
6014
6015
6016
6017
6018
6019
6020
6021
6022
6023
6024
6025
6026
6027
6028
6029
6030
6031
6032
6033
6034
6035
6036
6037
6038
6039
6040
6041
6042
6043
6044
6045
6046
6047
6048
6049
6050
6051
6052
6053
6054
6055
6056
6057
6058
6059
6060
6061
6062
6063
6064
6065
6066
6067
6068
6069
6070
6071
6072
6073
6074
6075
6076
6077
6078
6079
6080
6081
6082
6083
6084
6085
6086
6087
6088
6089
6090
6091
6092
6093
6094
6095
6096
6097
6098
6099
6100
6101
6102
6103
6104
6105
6106
6107
6108
6109
6110
6111
6112
6113
6114
6115
6116
6117
6118
6119
6120
6121
6122
6123
6124
6125
6126
6127
6128
6129
6130
6131
6132
6133
6134
6135
6136
6137
6138
6139
6140
6141
6142
6143
6144
6145
6146
6147
6148
6149
6150
6151
6152
6153
6154
6155
6156
6157
6158
6159
6160
6161
6162
6163
6164
6165
6166
6167
6168
6169
6170
6171
6172
6173
6174
6175
6176
6177
6178
6179
6180
6181
6182
6183
6184
6185
6186
6187
6188
6189
6190
6191
6192
6193
6194
6195
6196
6197
6198
6199
6200
6201
6202
6203
6204
6205
6206
6207
6208
6209
6210
6211
6212
6213
6214
6215
6216
6217
6218
6219
6220
6221
6222
6223
6224
6225
6226
6227
6228
6229
6230
6231
6232
6233
6234
6235
6236
6237
6238
6239
6240
6241
6242
6243
6244
6245
6246
6247
6248
6249
6250
6251
6252
6253
6254
6255
6256
6257
6258
6259
6260
6261
6262
6263
6264
6265
6266
6267
6268
6269
6270
6271
6272
6273
6274
6275
6276
6277
6278
6279
6280
6281
6282
6283
6284
6285
6286
6287
6288
6289
6290
6291
6292
6293
6294
6295
6296
6297
6298
6299
6300
6301
6302
6303
6304
6305
6306
6307
6308
6309
6310
6311
6312
6313
6314
6315
6316
6317
6318
6319
6320
6321
6322
6323
6324
6325
6326
6327
6328
6329
6330
6331
6332
6333
6334
6335
6336
6337
6338
6339
6340
6341
6342
6343
6344
6345
6346
6347
6348
6349
6350
6351
6352
6353
6354
6355
6356
6357
6358
6359
6360
6361
6362
6363
6364
6365
6366
6367
6368
6369
6370
6371
6372
6373
6374
6375
6376
6377
6378
6379
6380
6381
6382
6383
6384
6385
6386
6387
6388
6389
6390
6391
6392
6393
6394
6395
6396
6397
6398
6399
6400
6401
6402
6403
6404
6405
6406
6407
6408
6409
6410
6411
6412
6413
6414
6415
6416
6417
6418
6419
6420
6421
6422
6423
6424
6425
6426
6427
6428
6429
6430
6431
6432
6433
6434
6435
6436
6437
6438
6439
6440
6441
6442
6443
6444
6445
6446
6447
6448
6449
6450
6451
6452
6453
6454
6455
6456
6457
6458
6459
6460
6461
6462
6463
6464
6465
6466
6467
6468
6469
6470
6471
6472
6473
6474
6475
6476
6477
6478
6479
6480
6481
6482
6483
6484
6485
6486
6487
6488
6489
6490
6491
6492
6493
6494
6495
6496
6497
6498
6499
6500
6501
6502
6503
6504
6505
6506
6507
6508
6509
6510
6511
6512
6513
6514
6515
6516
6517
6518
6519
6520
6521
6522
6523
6524
6525
6526
6527
6528
6529
6530
6531
6532
6533
6534
6535
6536
6537
6538
6539
6540
6541
6542
6543
6544
6545
6546
6547
6548
6549
6550
6551
6552
6553
6554
6555
6556
6557
6558
6559
6560
6561
6562
6563
6564
6565
6566
6567
6568
6569
6570
6571
6572
6573
6574
6575
6576
6577
6578
6579
6580
6581
6582
6583
6584
6585
6586
6587
6588
6589
6590
6591
6592
6593
6594
6595
6596
6597
6598
6599
6600
6601
6602
6603
6604
6605
6606
6607
6608
6609
6610
6611
6612
6613
6614
6615
6616
6617
6618
6619
6620
6621
6622
6623
6624
6625
6626
6627
6628
6629
6630
6631
6632
6633
6634
6635
6636
6637
6638
6639
6640
6641
6642
6643
6644
6645
6646
6647
6648
6649
6650
6651
6652
6653
6654
6655
6656
6657
6658
6659
6660
6661
6662
6663
6664
6665
6666
6667
6668
6669
6670
6671
6672
6673
6674
6675
6676
6677
6678
6679
6680
6681
6682
6683
6684
6685
6686
6687
6688
6689
6690
6691
6692
6693
6694
6695
6696
6697
6698
6699
6700
6701
6702
6703
6704
6705
6706
6707
6708
6709
6710
6711
6712
6713
6714
6715
6716
6717
6718
6719
6720
6721
6722
6723
6724
6725
6726
6727
6728
6729
6730
6731
6732
6733
6734
6735
6736
6737
6738
6739
6740
6741
6742
6743
6744
6745
6746
6747
6748
6749
6750
6751
6752
6753
6754
6755
6756
6757
6758
6759
6760
6761
6762
6763
6764
6765
6766
6767
6768
6769
6770
6771
6772
6773
6774
6775
6776
6777
6778
6779
6780
6781
6782
6783
6784
6785
6786
6787
6788
6789
6790
6791
6792
6793
6794
6795
6796
6797
6798
6799
6800
6801
6802
6803
6804
6805
6806
6807
6808
6809
6810
6811
6812
6813
6814
6815
6816
6817
6818
6819
6820
6821
6822
6823
6824
6825
6826
6827
6828
6829
6830
6831
6832
6833
6834
6835
6836
6837
6838
6839
6840
6841
6842
6843
6844
6845
6846
6847
6848
6849
6850
6851
6852
6853
6854
6855
6856
6857
6858
6859
6860
6861
6862
6863
6864
6865
6866
6867
6868
6869
6870
6871
6872
6873
6874
6875
6876
6877
6878
6879
6880
6881
6882
6883
6884
6885
6886
6887
6888
6889
6890
6891
6892
6893
6894
6895
6896
6897
6898
6899
6900
6901
6902
6903
6904
6905
6906
6907
6908
6909
6910
6911
6912
6913
6914
6915
6916
6917
6918
6919
6920
6921
6922
6923
6924
6925
6926
6927
6928
6929
6930
6931
6932
6933
6934
6935
6936
6937
6938
6939
6940
6941
6942
6943
6944
6945
6946
6947
6948
6949
6950
6951
6952
6953
6954
6955
6956
6957
6958
6959
6960
6961
6962
6963
6964
6965
6966
6967
6968
6969
6970
6971
6972
6973
6974
6975
6976
6977
6978
6979
6980
6981
6982
6983
6984
6985
6986
6987
6988
6989
6990
6991
6992
6993
6994
6995
6996
6997
6998
6999
7000
7001
7002
7003
7004
7005
7006
7007
7008
7009
7010
7011
7012
7013
7014
7015
7016
7017
7018
7019
7020
7021
7022
7023
7024
7025
7026
7027
7028
7029
7030
7031
7032
7033
7034
7035
7036
7037
7038
7039
7040
7041
7042
7043
7044
7045
7046
7047
7048
7049
7050
7051
7052
7053
7054
7055
7056
7057
7058
7059
7060
7061
7062
7063
7064
7065
7066
7067
7068
7069
7070
7071
7072
7073
7074
7075
7076
7077
7078
7079
7080
7081
7082
7083
7084
7085
7086
7087
7088
7089
7090
7091
7092
7093
7094
7095
7096
7097
7098
7099
7100
7101
7102
7103
7104
7105
7106
7107
7108
7109
7110
7111
7112
7113
7114
7115
7116
7117
7118
7119
7120
7121
7122
7123
7124
7125
7126
7127
7128
7129
7130
7131
7132
7133
7134
7135
7136
7137
7138
7139
7140
7141
7142
7143
7144
7145
7146
7147
7148
7149
7150
7151
7152
7153
7154
7155
7156
7157
7158
7159
7160
7161
7162
7163
7164
7165
7166
7167
7168
7169
7170
7171
7172
7173
7174
7175
7176
7177
7178
7179
7180
7181
7182
7183
7184
7185
7186
7187
7188
7189
7190
7191
7192
7193
7194
7195
7196
7197
7198
7199
7200
7201
7202
7203
7204
7205
7206
7207
7208
7209
7210
7211
7212
7213
7214
7215
7216
7217
7218
7219
7220
7221
7222
7223
7224
7225
7226
7227
7228
7229
7230
7231
7232
7233
7234
7235
7236
7237
7238
7239
7240
7241
7242
7243
7244
7245
7246
7247
7248
7249
7250
7251
7252
7253
7254
7255
7256
7257
7258
7259
7260
7261
7262
7263
7264
7265
7266
7267
7268
7269
7270
7271
7272
7273
7274
7275
7276
7277
7278
7279
7280
7281
7282
7283
7284
7285
7286
7287
7288
7289
7290
7291
7292
7293
7294
7295
7296
7297
7298
7299
7300
7301
7302
7303
7304
7305
7306
7307
7308
7309
7310
7311
7312
7313
7314
7315
7316
7317
7318
7319
7320
7321
7322
7323
7324
7325
7326
7327
7328
7329
7330
7331
7332
7333
7334
7335
7336
7337
7338
7339
7340
7341
7342
7343
7344
7345
7346
7347
7348
7349
7350
7351
7352
7353
7354
7355
7356
7357
7358
7359
7360
7361
7362
7363
7364
7365
7366
7367
7368
7369
7370
7371
7372
7373
7374
7375
7376
7377
7378
7379
7380
7381
7382
7383
7384
7385
7386
7387
7388
7389
7390
7391
7392
7393
7394
7395
7396
7397
7398
7399
7400
7401
7402
7403
7404
7405
7406
7407
7408
7409
7410
7411
7412
7413
7414
7415
7416
7417
7418
7419
7420
7421
7422
7423
7424
7425
7426
7427
7428
7429
7430
7431
7432
7433
7434
7435
7436
7437
7438
7439
7440
7441
7442
7443
7444
7445
7446
7447
7448
7449
7450
7451
7452
7453
7454
7455
7456
7457
7458
7459
7460
7461
7462
7463
7464
7465
7466
7467
7468
7469
7470
7471
7472
7473
7474
7475
7476
7477
7478
7479
7480
7481
7482
7483
7484
7485
7486
7487
7488
7489
7490
7491
7492
7493
7494
7495
7496
7497
7498
7499
7500
7501
7502
7503
7504
7505
7506
7507
7508
7509
7510
7511
7512
7513
7514
7515
7516
7517
7518
7519
7520
7521
7522
7523
7524
7525
7526
7527
7528
7529
7530
7531
7532
7533
7534
7535
7536
7537
7538
7539
7540
7541
7542
7543
7544
7545
7546
7547
7548
7549
7550
7551
7552
7553
7554
7555
7556
7557
7558
7559
7560
7561
7562
7563
7564
7565
7566
7567
7568
7569
7570
7571
7572
7573
7574
7575
7576
7577
7578
7579
7580
7581
7582
7583
7584
7585
7586
7587
7588
7589
7590
7591
7592
7593
7594
7595
7596
7597
7598
7599
7600
7601
7602
7603
7604
7605
7606
7607
7608
7609
7610
7611
7612
7613
7614
7615
7616
7617
7618
7619
7620
7621
7622
7623
7624
7625
7626
7627
7628
7629
7630
7631
7632
7633
7634
7635
7636
7637
7638
7639
7640
7641
7642
7643
7644
7645
7646
7647
7648
7649
7650
7651
7652
7653
7654
7655
7656
7657
7658
7659
7660
7661
7662
7663
7664
7665
7666
7667
7668
7669
7670
7671
7672
7673
7674
7675
7676
7677
7678
7679
7680
7681
7682
7683
7684
7685
7686
7687
7688
7689
7690
7691
7692
7693
7694
7695
7696
7697
7698
7699
7700
7701
7702
7703
7704
7705
7706
7707
7708
7709
7710
7711
7712
7713
7714
7715
7716
7717
7718
7719
7720
7721
7722
7723
7724
7725
7726
7727
7728
7729
7730
7731
7732
7733
7734
7735
7736
7737
7738
7739
7740
7741
7742
7743
7744
7745
7746
7747
7748
7749
7750
7751
7752
7753
7754
7755
7756
7757
7758
7759
7760
7761
7762
7763
7764
7765
7766
7767
7768
7769
7770
7771
7772
7773
7774
7775
7776
7777
7778
7779
7780
7781
7782
7783
7784
7785
7786
7787
7788
7789
7790
7791
7792
7793
7794
7795
7796
7797
7798
7799
7800
7801
7802
7803
7804
7805
7806
7807
7808
7809
7810
7811
7812
7813
7814
7815
7816
7817
7818
7819
7820
7821
7822
7823
7824
7825
7826
7827
7828
7829
7830
7831
7832
7833
7834
7835
7836
7837
7838
7839
7840
7841
7842
7843
7844
7845
7846
7847
7848
7849
7850
7851
7852
7853
7854
7855
7856
7857
7858
7859
7860
7861
7862
7863
7864
7865
7866
7867
7868
7869
7870
7871
7872
7873
7874
7875
7876
7877
7878
7879
7880
7881
7882
7883
7884
7885
7886
7887
7888
7889
7890
7891
7892
7893
7894
7895
7896
7897
7898
7899
7900
7901
7902
7903
7904
7905
7906
7907
7908
7909
7910
7911
7912
7913
7914
7915
7916
7917
7918
7919
7920
7921
7922
7923
7924
7925
7926
7927
7928
7929
7930
7931
7932
7933
7934
7935
7936
7937
7938
7939
7940
7941
7942
7943
7944
7945
7946
7947
7948
7949
7950
7951
7952
7953
7954
7955
7956
7957
7958
7959
7960
7961
7962
7963
7964
7965
7966
7967
7968
7969
7970
7971
7972
7973
7974
7975
7976
7977
7978
7979
7980
7981
7982
7983
7984
7985
7986
7987
7988
7989
7990
7991
7992
7993
7994
7995
7996
7997
7998
7999
8000
8001
8002
8003
8004
8005
8006
8007
8008
8009
8010
8011
8012
8013
8014
8015
8016
8017
8018
8019
8020
8021
8022
8023
8024
8025
8026
8027
8028
8029
8030
8031
8032
8033
8034
8035
8036
8037
8038
8039
8040
8041
8042
8043
8044
8045
8046
8047
8048
8049
8050
8051
8052
8053
8054
8055
8056
8057
8058
8059
8060
8061
8062
8063
8064
8065
8066
8067
8068
8069
8070
8071
8072
8073
8074
8075
8076
8077
8078
8079
8080
8081
8082
8083
8084
8085
8086
8087
8088
8089
8090
8091
8092
8093
8094
8095
8096
8097
8098
8099
8100
8101
8102
8103
8104
8105
8106
8107
8108
8109
8110
8111
8112
8113
8114
8115
8116
8117
8118
8119
8120
8121
8122
8123
8124
8125
8126
8127
8128
8129
8130
8131
8132
8133
8134
8135
8136
8137
8138
8139
8140
8141
8142
8143
8144
8145
8146
8147
8148
8149
8150
8151
8152
8153
8154
8155
8156
8157
8158
8159
8160
8161
8162
8163
8164
8165
8166
8167
8168
8169
8170
8171
8172
8173
8174
8175
8176
8177
8178
8179
8180
8181
8182
8183
8184
8185
8186
8187
8188
8189
8190
8191
8192
8193
8194
8195
8196
8197
8198
8199
8200
8201
8202
8203
8204
8205
8206
8207
8208
8209
8210
8211
8212
8213
8214
8215
8216
8217
8218
8219
8220
8221
8222
8223
8224
8225
8226
8227
8228
8229
8230
8231
8232
8233
8234
8235
8236
8237
8238
8239
8240
8241
8242
8243
8244
8245
8246
8247
8248
8249
8250
8251
8252
8253
8254
8255
8256
8257
8258
8259
8260
8261
8262
8263
8264
8265
8266
8267
8268
8269
8270
8271
8272
8273
8274
8275
8276
8277
8278
8279
8280
8281
8282
8283
8284
8285
8286
8287
8288
8289
8290
8291
8292
8293
8294
8295
8296
8297
8298
8299
8300
8301
8302
8303
8304
8305
8306
8307
8308
8309
8310
8311
8312
8313
8314
8315
8316
8317
8318
8319
8320
8321
8322
8323
8324
8325
8326
8327
8328
8329
8330
8331
8332
8333
8334
8335
8336
8337
8338
8339
8340
8341
8342
8343
8344
8345
8346
8347
8348
8349
8350
8351
8352
8353
8354
8355
8356
8357
8358
8359
8360
8361
8362
8363
8364
8365
8366
8367
8368
8369
8370
8371
8372
8373
8374
8375
8376
8377
8378
8379
8380
8381
8382
8383
8384
8385
8386
8387
8388
8389
8390
8391
8392
8393
8394
8395
8396
8397
8398
8399
8400
8401
8402
8403
8404
8405
8406
8407
8408
8409
8410
8411
8412
8413
8414
8415
8416
8417
8418
8419
8420
8421
8422
8423
8424
8425
8426
8427
8428
8429
8430
8431
8432
8433
8434
8435
8436
8437
8438
8439
8440
8441
8442
8443
8444
8445
8446
8447
8448
8449
8450
8451
8452
8453
8454
8455
8456
8457
8458
8459
8460
8461
8462
8463
8464
8465
8466
8467
8468
8469
8470
8471
8472
8473
8474
8475
8476
8477
8478
8479
8480
8481
8482
8483
8484
8485
8486
8487
8488
8489
8490
8491
8492
8493
8494
8495
8496
8497
8498
8499
8500
8501
8502
8503
8504
8505
8506
8507
8508
8509
8510
8511
8512
8513
8514
8515
8516
8517
8518
8519
8520
8521
8522
8523
8524
8525
8526
8527
8528
8529
8530
8531
8532
8533
8534
8535
8536
8537
8538
8539
8540
8541
8542
8543
8544
8545
8546
8547
8548
8549
8550
8551
8552
8553
8554
8555
8556
8557
8558
8559
8560
8561
8562
8563
8564
8565
8566
8567
8568
8569
8570
8571
8572
8573
8574
8575
8576
8577
8578
8579
8580
8581
8582
8583
8584
8585
8586
8587
8588
8589
8590
8591
8592
8593
8594
8595
8596
8597
8598
8599
8600
8601
8602
8603
8604
8605
8606
8607
8608
8609
8610
8611
8612
8613
8614
8615
8616
8617
8618
8619
8620
8621
8622
8623
8624
8625
8626
8627
8628
8629
8630
8631
8632
8633
8634
8635
8636
8637
8638
8639
8640
8641
8642
8643
8644
8645
8646
8647
8648
8649
8650
8651
8652
8653
8654
8655
8656
8657
8658
8659
8660
8661
8662
8663
8664
8665
8666
8667
8668
8669
8670
8671
8672
8673
8674
8675
8676
8677
8678
8679
8680
8681
8682
8683
8684
8685
8686
8687
8688
8689
8690
8691
8692
8693
8694
8695
8696
8697
8698
8699
8700
8701
8702
8703
8704
8705
8706
8707
8708
8709
8710
8711
8712
8713
8714
8715
8716
8717
8718
8719
8720
8721
8722
8723
8724
8725
8726
8727
8728
8729
8730
8731
8732
8733
8734
8735
8736
8737
8738
8739
8740
8741
8742
8743
8744
8745
8746
8747
8748
8749
8750
8751
8752
8753
8754
8755
8756
8757
8758
8759
8760
8761
8762
8763
8764
8765
8766
8767
8768
8769
8770
8771
8772
8773
8774
8775
8776
8777
8778
8779
8780
8781
8782
8783
8784
8785
8786
8787
8788
8789
8790
8791
8792
8793
8794
8795
8796
8797
8798
8799
8800
8801
8802
8803
8804
8805
8806
8807
8808
8809
8810
8811
8812
8813
8814
8815
8816
8817
8818
8819
8820
8821
8822
8823
8824
8825
8826
8827
8828
8829
8830
8831
8832
8833
8834
8835
8836
8837
8838
8839
8840
8841
8842
8843
8844
8845
8846
8847
8848
8849
8850
8851
8852
8853
8854
8855
8856
8857
8858
8859
8860
8861
8862
8863
8864
8865
8866
8867
8868
8869
8870
8871
8872
8873
8874
8875
8876
8877
8878
8879
8880
8881
8882
8883
8884
8885
8886
8887
8888
8889
8890
8891
8892
8893
8894
8895
8896
8897
8898
8899
8900
8901
8902
8903
8904
8905
8906
8907
8908
8909
8910
8911
8912
8913
8914
8915
8916
8917
8918
8919
8920
8921
8922
8923
8924
8925
8926
8927
8928
8929
8930
8931
8932
8933
8934
8935
8936
8937
8938
8939
8940
8941
8942
8943
8944
8945
8946
8947
8948
8949
8950
8951
8952
8953
8954
8955
8956
8957
8958
8959
8960
8961
8962
8963
8964
8965
8966
8967
8968
8969
8970
8971
8972
8973
8974
8975
8976
8977
8978
8979
8980
8981
8982
8983
8984
8985
8986
8987
8988
8989
8990
8991
8992
8993
8994
8995
8996
8997
8998
8999
9000
9001
9002
9003
9004
9005
9006
9007
9008
9009
9010
9011
9012
9013
9014
9015
9016
9017
9018
9019
9020
9021
9022
9023
9024
9025
9026
9027
9028
9029
9030
9031
9032
9033
9034
9035
9036
9037
9038
9039
9040
9041
9042
9043
9044
9045
9046
9047
9048
9049
9050
9051
9052
9053
9054
9055
9056
9057
9058
9059
9060
9061
9062
9063
9064
9065
9066
9067
9068
9069
9070
9071
9072
9073
9074
9075
9076
9077
9078
9079
9080
9081
9082
9083
9084
9085
9086
9087
9088
9089
9090
9091
9092
9093
9094
9095
9096
9097
9098
9099
9100
9101
9102
9103
9104
9105
9106
9107
9108
9109
9110
9111
9112
9113
9114
9115
9116
9117
9118
9119
9120
9121
9122
9123
9124
9125
9126
9127
9128
9129
9130
9131
9132
9133
9134
9135
9136
9137
9138
9139
9140
9141
9142
9143
9144
9145
9146
9147
9148
9149
9150
9151
9152
9153
9154
9155
9156
9157
9158
9159
9160
9161
9162
9163
9164
9165
9166
9167
9168
9169
9170
9171
9172
9173
9174
9175
9176
9177
9178
9179
9180
9181
9182
9183
9184
9185
9186
9187
9188
9189
9190
9191
9192
9193
9194
9195
9196
9197
9198
9199
9200
9201
9202
9203
9204
9205
9206
9207
9208
9209
9210
9211
9212
9213
9214
9215
9216
9217
9218
9219
9220
9221
9222
9223
9224
9225
9226
9227
9228
9229
9230
9231
9232
9233
9234
9235
9236
9237
9238
9239
9240
9241
9242
9243
9244
9245
9246
9247
9248
9249
9250
9251
9252
9253
9254
9255
9256
9257
9258
9259
9260
9261
9262
9263
9264
9265
9266
9267
9268
9269
9270
9271
9272
9273
9274
9275
9276
9277
9278
9279
9280
9281
9282
9283
9284
9285
9286
9287
9288
9289
9290
9291
9292
9293
9294
9295
9296
9297
9298
9299
9300
9301
9302
9303
9304
9305
9306
9307
9308
9309
9310
9311
9312
9313
9314
9315
9316
9317
9318
9319
9320
9321
9322
9323
9324
9325
9326
9327
9328
9329
9330
9331
9332
9333
9334
9335
9336
9337
9338
9339
9340
9341
9342
9343
9344
9345
9346
9347
9348
9349
9350
9351
9352
9353
9354
9355
9356
9357
9358
9359
9360
9361
9362
9363
9364
9365
9366
9367
9368
9369
9370
9371
9372
9373
9374
9375
9376
9377
9378
9379
9380
9381
9382
9383
9384
9385
9386
9387
9388
9389
9390
9391
9392
9393
9394
9395
9396
9397
9398
9399
9400
9401
9402
9403
9404
9405
9406
9407
9408
9409
9410
9411
9412
9413
9414
9415
9416
9417
9418
9419
9420
9421
9422
9423
9424
9425
9426
9427
9428
9429
9430
9431
9432
9433
9434
9435
9436
9437
9438
9439
9440
9441
9442
9443
9444
9445
9446
9447
9448
9449
9450
9451
9452
9453
9454
9455
9456
9457
9458
9459
9460
9461
9462
9463
9464
9465
9466
9467
9468
9469
9470
9471
9472
9473
9474
9475
9476
9477
9478
9479
9480
9481
9482
9483
9484
9485
9486
9487
9488
9489
9490
9491
9492
9493
9494
9495
9496
9497
9498
9499
9500
9501
9502
9503
9504
9505
9506
9507
9508
9509
9510
9511
9512
9513
9514
9515
9516
9517
9518
9519
9520
9521
9522
9523
9524
9525
9526
9527
9528
9529
9530
9531
9532
9533
9534
9535
9536
9537
9538
9539
9540
9541
9542
9543
9544
9545
9546
9547
9548
9549
9550
9551
9552
9553
9554
9555
9556
9557
9558
9559
9560
9561
9562
9563
9564
9565
9566
9567
9568
9569
9570
9571
9572
9573
9574
9575
9576
9577
9578
9579
9580
9581
9582
9583
9584
9585
9586
9587
9588
9589
9590
9591
9592
9593
9594
9595
9596
9597
9598
9599
9600
9601
9602
9603
9604
9605
9606
9607
9608
9609
9610
9611
9612
9613
9614
9615
9616
9617
9618
9619
9620
9621
9622
9623
9624
9625
9626
9627
9628
9629
9630
9631
9632
9633
9634
9635
9636
9637
9638
9639
9640
9641
9642
9643
9644
9645
9646
9647
9648
9649
9650
9651
9652
9653
9654
9655
9656
9657
9658
9659
9660
9661
9662
9663
9664
9665
9666
9667
9668
9669
9670
9671
9672
9673
9674
9675
9676
9677
9678
9679
9680
9681
9682
9683
9684
9685
9686
9687
9688
9689
9690
9691
9692
9693
9694
9695
9696
9697
9698
9699
9700
9701
9702
9703
9704
9705
9706
9707
9708
9709
9710
9711
9712
9713
9714
9715
9716
9717
9718
9719
9720
9721
9722
9723
9724
9725
9726
9727
9728
9729
9730
9731
9732
9733
9734
9735
9736
9737
9738
9739
9740
9741
9742
9743
9744
9745
9746
9747
9748
9749
9750
9751
9752
9753
9754
9755
9756
9757
9758
9759
9760
9761
9762
9763
9764
9765
9766
9767
9768
9769
9770
9771
9772
9773
9774
9775
9776
9777
9778
9779
9780
9781
9782
9783
9784
9785
9786
9787
9788
9789
9790
9791
9792
9793
9794
9795
9796
9797
9798
9799
9800
9801
9802
9803
9804
9805
9806
9807
9808
9809
9810
9811
9812
9813
9814
9815
9816
9817
9818
9819
9820
9821
9822
9823
9824
9825
9826
9827
9828
9829
9830
9831
9832
9833
9834
9835
9836
9837
9838
9839
9840
9841
9842
9843
9844
9845
9846
9847
9848
9849
9850
9851
9852
9853
9854
9855
9856
9857
9858
9859
9860
9861
9862
9863
9864
9865
9866
9867
9868
9869
9870
9871
9872
9873
9874
9875
9876
9877
9878
9879
9880
9881
9882
9883
9884
9885
9886
9887
9888
9889
9890
9891
9892
9893
9894
9895
9896
9897
9898
9899
9900
9901
9902
9903
9904
9905
9906
9907
9908
9909
9910
9911
9912
9913
9914
9915
9916
9917
9918
9919
9920
9921
9922
9923
9924
9925
9926
9927
9928
9929
9930
9931
9932
9933
9934
9935
9936
9937
9938
9939
9940
9941
9942
9943
9944
9945
9946
9947
9948
9949
9950
9951
9952
9953
9954
9955
9956
9957
9958
9959
9960
9961
9962
9963
9964
9965
9966
9967
9968
9969
9970
9971
9972
9973
9974
9975
9976
9977
9978
9979
9980
9981
9982
9983
9984
9985
9986
9987
9988
9989
9990
9991
9992
9993
9994
9995
9996
9997
9998
9999
10000
10001
10002
10003
10004
10005
10006
10007
10008
10009
10010
10011
10012
10013
10014
10015
10016
10017
10018
10019
10020
10021
10022
10023
10024
10025
10026
10027
10028
10029
10030
10031
10032
10033
10034
10035
10036
10037
10038
10039
10040
10041
10042
10043
10044
10045
10046
10047
10048
10049
10050
10051
10052
10053
10054
10055
10056
10057
10058
10059
10060
10061
10062
10063
10064
10065
10066
10067
10068
10069
10070
10071
10072
10073
10074
10075
10076
10077
10078
10079
10080
10081
10082
10083
10084
10085
10086
10087
10088
10089
10090
10091
10092
10093
10094
10095
10096
10097
10098
10099
10100
10101
10102
10103
10104
10105
10106
10107
10108
10109
10110
10111
10112
10113
10114
10115
10116
10117
10118
10119
10120
10121
10122
10123
10124
10125
10126
10127
10128
10129
10130
10131
10132
10133
10134
10135
10136
10137
10138
10139
10140
10141
10142
10143
10144
10145
10146
10147
10148
10149
10150
10151
10152
10153
10154
10155
10156
10157
10158
10159
10160
10161
10162
10163
10164
10165
10166
10167
10168
10169
10170
10171
10172
10173
10174
10175
10176
10177
10178
10179
10180
10181
10182
10183
10184
10185
10186
10187
10188
10189
10190
10191
10192
10193
10194
10195
10196
10197
10198
10199
10200
10201
10202
10203
10204
10205
10206
10207
10208
10209
10210
10211
10212
10213
10214
10215
10216
10217
10218
10219
10220
10221
10222
10223
10224
10225
10226
10227
10228
10229
10230
10231
10232
10233
10234
10235
10236
10237
10238
10239
10240
10241
10242
10243
10244
10245
10246
10247
10248
10249
10250
10251
10252
10253
10254
10255
10256
10257
10258
10259
10260
10261
10262
10263
10264
10265
10266
10267
10268
10269
10270
10271
10272
10273
10274
10275
10276
10277
10278
10279
10280
10281
10282
10283
10284
10285
10286
10287
10288
10289
10290
10291
10292
10293
10294
10295
10296
10297
10298
10299
10300
10301
10302
10303
10304
10305
10306
10307
10308
10309
10310
10311
10312
10313
10314
10315
10316
10317
10318
10319
10320
10321
10322
10323
10324
10325
10326
10327
10328
10329
10330
10331
10332
10333
10334
10335
10336
10337
10338
10339
10340
10341
10342
10343
10344
10345
10346
10347
10348
10349
10350
10351
10352
10353
10354
10355
10356
10357
10358
10359
10360
10361
10362
10363
10364
10365
10366
10367
10368
10369
10370
10371
10372
10373
10374
10375
10376
10377
10378
10379
10380
10381
10382
10383
10384
10385
10386
10387
10388
10389
10390
10391
10392
10393
10394
10395
10396
10397
10398
10399
10400
10401
10402
10403
10404
10405
10406
10407
10408
10409
10410
10411
10412
10413
10414
10415
10416
10417
10418
10419
10420
10421
10422
10423
10424
10425
10426
10427
10428
10429
10430
10431
10432
10433
10434
10435
10436
10437
10438
10439
10440
10441
10442
10443
10444
10445
10446
10447
10448
10449
10450
10451
10452
10453
10454
10455
10456
10457
10458
10459
10460
10461
10462
10463
10464
10465
10466
10467
10468
10469
10470
10471
10472
10473
10474
10475
10476
10477
10478
10479
10480
10481
10482
10483
10484
10485
10486
10487
10488
10489
10490
10491
10492
10493
10494
10495
10496
10497
10498
10499
10500
10501
10502
10503
10504
10505
10506
10507
10508
10509
10510
10511
10512
10513
10514
10515
10516
10517
10518
10519
10520
10521
10522
10523
10524
10525
10526
10527
10528
10529
10530
10531
10532
10533
10534
10535
10536
10537
10538
10539
10540
10541
10542
10543
10544
10545
10546
10547
10548
10549
10550
10551
10552
10553
10554
10555
10556
10557
10558
10559
10560
10561
10562
10563
10564
10565
10566
10567
10568
10569
10570
10571
10572
10573
10574
10575
10576
10577
10578
10579
10580
10581
10582
10583
10584
10585
10586
10587
10588
10589
10590
10591
10592
10593
10594
10595
10596
10597
10598
10599
10600
10601
10602
10603
10604
10605
10606
10607
10608
10609
10610
10611
10612
10613
10614
10615
10616
10617
10618
10619
10620
10621
10622
10623
10624
10625
10626
10627
10628
10629
10630
10631
10632
10633
10634
10635
10636
10637
10638
10639
10640
10641
10642
10643
10644
10645
10646
10647
10648
10649
10650
10651
10652
10653
10654
10655
10656
10657
10658
10659
10660
10661
10662
10663
10664
10665
10666
10667
10668
10669
10670
10671
10672
10673
10674
10675
10676
10677
10678
10679
10680
10681
10682
10683
10684
10685
10686
10687
10688
10689
10690
10691
10692
10693
10694
10695
10696
10697
10698
10699
10700
10701
10702
10703
10704
10705
10706
10707
10708
10709
10710
10711
10712
10713
10714
10715
10716
10717
10718
10719
10720
10721
10722
10723
10724
10725
10726
10727
10728
10729
10730
10731
10732
10733
10734
10735
10736
10737
10738
10739
10740
10741
10742
10743
10744
10745
10746
10747
10748
10749
10750
10751
10752
10753
10754
10755
10756
10757
10758
10759
10760
10761
10762
10763
10764
10765
10766
10767
10768
10769
10770
10771
10772
10773
10774
10775
10776
10777
10778
10779
10780
10781
10782
10783
10784
10785
10786
10787
10788
10789
10790
10791
10792
10793
10794
10795
10796
10797
10798
10799
10800
10801
10802
10803
10804
10805
10806
10807
10808
10809
10810
10811
10812
10813
10814
10815
10816
10817
10818
10819
10820
10821
10822
10823
10824
10825
10826
10827
10828
10829
10830
10831
10832
10833
10834
10835
10836
10837
10838
10839
10840
10841
10842
10843
10844
10845
10846
10847
10848
10849
10850
10851
10852
10853
10854
10855
10856
10857
10858
10859
10860
10861
10862
10863
10864
10865
10866
10867
10868
10869
10870
10871
10872
10873
10874
10875
10876
10877
10878
10879
10880
10881
10882
10883
10884
10885
10886
10887
10888
10889
10890
10891
10892
10893
10894
10895
10896
10897
10898
10899
10900
10901
10902
10903
10904
10905
10906
10907
10908
10909
10910
10911
10912
10913
10914
10915
10916
10917
10918
10919
10920
10921
10922
10923
10924
10925
10926
10927
10928
10929
10930
10931
10932
10933
10934
10935
10936
10937
10938
10939
10940
10941
10942
10943
10944
10945
10946
10947
10948
10949
10950
10951
10952
10953
10954
10955
10956
10957
10958
10959
10960
10961
10962
10963
10964
10965
10966
10967
10968
10969
10970
10971
10972
10973
10974
10975
10976
10977
10978
10979
10980
10981
10982
10983
10984
10985
10986
10987
10988
10989
10990
10991
10992
10993
10994
10995
10996
10997
10998
10999
11000
11001
11002
11003
11004
11005
11006
11007
11008
11009
11010
11011
11012
11013
11014
11015
11016
11017
11018
11019
11020
11021
11022
11023
11024
11025
11026
11027
11028
11029
11030
11031
11032
11033
11034
11035
11036
11037
11038
11039
11040
11041
11042
11043
11044
11045
11046
11047
11048
11049
11050
11051
11052
11053
11054
11055
11056
11057
11058
11059
11060
11061
11062
11063
11064
11065
11066
11067
11068
11069
11070
11071
11072
11073
11074
11075
11076
11077
11078
11079
11080
11081
11082
11083
11084
11085
11086
11087
11088
11089
11090
11091
11092
11093
11094
11095
11096
11097
11098
11099
11100
11101
11102
11103
11104
11105
11106
11107
11108
11109
11110
11111
11112
11113
11114
11115
11116
11117
11118
11119
11120
11121
11122
11123
11124
11125
11126
11127
11128
11129
11130
11131
11132
11133
11134
11135
11136
11137
11138
11139
11140
11141
11142
11143
11144
11145
11146
11147
11148
11149
11150
11151
11152
11153
11154
11155
11156
11157
11158
11159
11160
11161
11162
11163
11164
11165
11166
11167
11168
11169
11170
11171
11172
11173
11174
11175
11176
11177
11178
11179
11180
11181
11182
11183
11184
11185
11186
11187
11188
11189
11190
11191
11192
11193
11194
11195
11196
11197
11198
11199
11200
11201
11202
11203
11204
11205
11206
11207
11208
11209
11210
11211
11212
11213
11214
11215
11216
11217
11218
11219
11220
11221
11222
11223
11224
11225
11226
11227
11228
11229
11230
11231
11232
11233
11234
11235
11236
11237
11238
11239
11240
11241
11242
11243
11244
11245
11246
11247
11248
11249
11250
11251
11252
11253
11254
11255
11256
11257
11258
11259
11260
11261
11262
11263
11264
11265
11266
11267
11268
11269
11270
11271
11272
11273
11274
11275
11276
11277
11278
11279
11280
11281
11282
11283
11284
11285
11286
11287
11288
11289
11290
11291
11292
11293
11294
11295
11296
11297
11298
11299
11300
11301
11302
11303
11304
11305
11306
11307
11308
11309
11310
11311
11312
11313
11314
11315
11316
11317
11318
11319
11320
11321
11322
11323
11324
11325
11326
11327
11328
11329
11330
11331
11332
11333
11334
11335
11336
11337
11338
11339
11340
11341
11342
11343
11344
11345
11346
11347
11348
11349
11350
11351
11352
11353
11354
11355
11356
11357
11358
11359
11360
11361
11362
11363
11364
11365
11366
11367
11368
11369
11370
11371
11372
11373
11374
11375
11376
11377
11378
11379
11380
11381
11382
11383
11384
11385
11386
11387
11388
11389
11390
11391
11392
11393
11394
11395
11396
11397
11398
11399
11400
11401
11402
11403
11404
11405
11406
11407
11408
11409
11410
11411
11412
11413
11414
11415
11416
11417
11418
11419
11420
11421
11422
11423
11424
11425
11426
11427
11428
11429
11430
11431
11432
11433
11434
11435
11436
11437
11438
11439
11440
11441
11442
11443
11444
11445
11446
11447
11448
11449
11450
11451
11452
11453
11454
11455
11456
11457
11458
11459
11460
11461
11462
11463
11464
11465
11466
11467
11468
11469
11470
11471
11472
11473
11474
11475
11476
11477
11478
11479
11480
11481
11482
11483
11484
11485
11486
11487
11488
11489
11490
11491
11492
11493
11494
11495
11496
11497
11498
11499
11500
11501
11502
11503
11504
11505
11506
11507
11508
11509
11510
11511
11512
11513
11514
11515
11516
11517
11518
11519
11520
11521
11522
11523
11524
11525
11526
11527
11528
11529
11530
11531
11532
11533
11534
11535
11536
11537
11538
11539
11540
11541
11542
11543
11544
11545
11546
11547
11548
11549
11550
11551
11552
11553
11554
11555
11556
11557
11558
11559
11560
11561
11562
11563
11564
11565
11566
11567
11568
11569
11570
11571
11572
11573
11574
11575
11576
11577
11578
11579
11580
11581
11582
11583
11584
11585
11586
11587
11588
11589
11590
11591
11592
11593
11594
11595
11596
11597
11598
11599
11600
11601
11602
11603
11604
11605
11606
11607
11608
11609
11610
11611
11612
11613
11614
11615
11616
11617
11618
11619
11620
11621
11622
11623
11624
11625
11626
11627
11628
11629
11630
11631
11632
11633
11634
11635
11636
11637
11638
11639
11640
11641
11642
11643
11644
11645
11646
11647
11648
11649
11650
11651
11652
11653
11654
11655
11656
11657
11658
11659
11660
11661
11662
11663
11664
11665
11666
11667
11668
11669
11670
11671
11672
11673
11674
11675
11676
11677
11678
11679
11680
11681
11682
11683
11684
11685
11686
11687
11688
11689
11690
11691
11692
11693
11694
11695
11696
11697
11698
11699
11700
11701
11702
11703
11704
11705
11706
11707
11708
11709
11710
11711
11712
11713
11714
11715
11716
11717
11718
11719
11720
11721
11722
11723
11724
11725
11726
11727
11728
11729
11730
11731
11732
11733
11734
11735
11736
11737
11738
11739
11740
11741
11742
11743
11744
11745
11746
11747
11748
11749
11750
11751
11752
11753
11754
11755
11756
11757
11758
11759
11760
11761
11762
11763
11764
11765
11766
11767
11768
11769
11770
11771
11772
11773
11774
11775
11776
11777
11778
11779
11780
11781
11782
11783
11784
11785
11786
11787
11788
11789
11790
11791
11792
11793
11794
11795
11796
11797
11798
11799
11800
11801
11802
11803
11804
11805
11806
11807
11808
11809
11810
11811
11812
11813
11814
11815
11816
11817
11818
11819
11820
11821
11822
11823
11824
11825
11826
11827
11828
11829
11830
11831
11832
11833
11834
11835
11836
11837
11838
11839
11840
11841
11842
11843
11844
11845
11846
11847
11848
11849
11850
11851
11852
11853
11854
11855
11856
11857
11858
11859
11860
11861
11862
11863
11864
11865
11866
11867
11868
11869
11870
11871
11872
11873
11874
11875
11876
11877
11878
11879
11880
11881
11882
11883
11884
11885
11886
11887
11888
11889
11890
11891
11892
11893
11894
11895
11896
11897
11898
11899
11900
11901
11902
11903
11904
11905
11906
11907
11908
11909
11910
11911
11912
11913
11914
11915
11916
11917
11918
11919
11920
11921
11922
11923
11924
11925
11926
11927
11928
11929
11930
11931
11932
11933
11934
11935
11936
11937
11938
11939
11940
11941
11942
11943
11944
11945
11946
11947
11948
11949
11950
11951
11952
11953
11954
11955
11956
11957
11958
11959
11960
11961
11962
11963
11964
11965
11966
11967
11968
11969
11970
11971
11972
11973
11974
11975
11976
11977
11978
11979
11980
11981
11982
11983
11984
11985
11986
11987
11988
11989
11990
11991
11992
11993
11994
11995
11996
11997
11998
11999
12000
12001
12002
12003
12004
12005
12006
12007
12008
12009
12010
12011
12012
12013
12014
12015
12016
12017
12018
12019
12020
12021
12022
12023
12024
12025
12026
12027
12028
12029
12030
12031
12032
12033
12034
12035
12036
12037
12038
12039
12040
12041
12042
12043
12044
12045
12046
12047
12048
12049
12050
12051
12052
12053
12054
12055
12056
12057
12058
12059
12060
12061
12062
12063
12064
12065
12066
12067
12068
12069
12070
12071
12072
12073
12074
12075
12076
12077
12078
12079
12080
12081
12082
12083
12084
12085
12086
12087
12088
12089
12090
12091
12092
12093
12094
12095
12096
12097
12098
12099
12100
12101
12102
12103
12104
12105
12106
12107
12108
12109
12110
12111
12112
12113
12114
12115
12116
12117
12118
12119
12120
12121
12122
12123
12124
12125
12126
12127
12128
12129
12130
12131
12132
12133
12134
12135
12136
12137
12138
12139
12140
12141
12142
12143
12144
12145
12146
12147
12148
12149
12150
12151
12152
12153
12154
12155
12156
12157
12158
12159
12160
12161
12162
12163
12164
12165
12166
12167
12168
12169
12170
12171
12172
12173
12174
12175
12176
12177
12178
12179
12180
12181
12182
12183
12184
12185
12186
12187
12188
12189
12190
12191
12192
12193
12194
12195
12196
12197
12198
12199
12200
12201
12202
12203
12204
12205
12206
12207
12208
12209
12210
12211
12212
12213
12214
12215
12216
12217
12218
12219
12220
12221
12222
12223
12224
12225
12226
12227
12228
12229
12230
12231
12232
12233
12234
12235
12236
12237
12238
12239
12240
12241
12242
12243
12244
12245
12246
12247
12248
12249
12250
12251
12252
12253
12254
12255
12256
12257
12258
12259
12260
12261
12262
12263
12264
12265
12266
12267
12268
12269
12270
12271
12272
12273
12274
12275
12276
12277
12278
12279
12280
12281
12282
12283
12284
12285
12286
12287
12288
12289
12290
12291
12292
12293
12294
12295
12296
12297
12298
12299
12300
12301
12302
12303
12304
12305
12306
12307
12308
12309
12310
12311
12312
12313
12314
12315
12316
12317
12318
12319
12320
12321
12322
12323
12324
12325
12326
12327
12328
12329
12330
12331
12332
12333
12334
12335
12336
12337
12338
12339
12340
12341
12342
12343
12344
12345
12346
12347
12348
12349
12350
12351
12352
12353
12354
12355
12356
12357
12358
12359
12360
12361
12362
12363
12364
12365
12366
12367
12368
12369
12370
12371
12372
12373
12374
12375
12376
12377
12378
12379
12380
12381
12382
12383
12384
12385
12386
12387
12388
12389
12390
12391
12392
12393
12394
12395
12396
12397
12398
12399
12400
12401
12402
12403
12404
12405
12406
12407
12408
12409
12410
12411
12412
12413
12414
12415
12416
12417
12418
12419
12420
12421
12422
12423
12424
12425
12426
12427
12428
12429
12430
12431
12432
12433
12434
12435
12436
12437
12438
12439
12440
12441
12442
12443
12444
12445
12446
12447
12448
12449
12450
12451
12452
12453
12454
12455
12456
12457
12458
12459
12460
12461
12462
12463
12464
12465
12466
12467
12468
12469
12470
12471
12472
12473
12474
12475
12476
12477
12478
12479
12480
12481
12482
12483
12484
12485
12486
12487
12488
12489
12490
12491
12492
12493
12494
12495
12496
12497
12498
12499
12500
12501
12502
12503
12504
12505
12506
12507
12508
12509
12510
12511
12512
12513
12514
12515
12516
12517
12518
12519
12520
12521
12522
12523
12524
12525
12526
12527
12528
12529
12530
12531
12532
12533
12534
12535
12536
12537
12538
12539
12540
12541
12542
12543
12544
12545
12546
12547
12548
12549
12550
12551
12552
12553
12554
12555
12556
12557
12558
12559
12560
12561
12562
12563
12564
12565
12566
12567
12568
12569
12570
12571
12572
12573
12574
12575
12576
12577
12578
12579
12580
12581
12582
12583
12584
12585
12586
12587
12588
12589
12590
12591
12592
12593
12594
12595
12596
12597
12598
12599
12600
12601
12602
12603
12604
12605
12606
12607
12608
12609
12610
12611
12612
12613
12614
12615
12616
12617
12618
12619
12620
12621
12622
12623
12624
12625
12626
12627
12628
12629
12630
12631
12632
12633
12634
12635
12636
12637
12638
12639
12640
12641
12642
12643
12644
12645
12646
12647
12648
12649
12650
12651
12652
12653
12654
12655
12656
12657
12658
12659
12660
12661
12662
12663
12664
12665
12666
12667
12668
12669
12670
12671
12672
12673
12674
12675
12676
12677
12678
12679
12680
12681
12682
12683
12684
12685
12686
12687
12688
12689
12690
12691
12692
12693
12694
12695
12696
12697
12698
12699
12700
12701
12702
12703
12704
12705
12706
12707
12708
12709
12710
12711
12712
12713
12714
12715
12716
12717
12718
12719
12720
12721
12722
12723
12724
12725
12726
12727
12728
12729
12730
12731
12732
12733
12734
12735
12736
12737
12738
12739
12740
12741
12742
12743
12744
12745
12746
12747
12748
12749
12750
12751
12752
12753
12754
12755
12756
12757
12758
12759
12760
12761
12762
12763
12764
12765
12766
12767
12768
12769
12770
12771
12772
12773
12774
12775
12776
12777
12778
12779
12780
12781
12782
12783
12784
12785
12786
12787
12788
12789
12790
12791
12792
12793
12794
12795
12796
12797
12798
12799
12800
12801
12802
12803
12804
12805
12806
12807
12808
12809
12810
12811
12812
12813
12814
12815
12816
12817
12818
12819
12820
12821
12822
12823
12824
12825
12826
12827
12828
12829
12830
12831
12832
12833
12834
12835
12836
12837
12838
12839
12840
12841
12842
12843
12844
12845
12846
12847
12848
12849
12850
12851
12852
12853
12854
12855
12856
12857
12858
12859
12860
12861
12862
12863
12864
12865
12866
12867
12868
12869
12870
12871
12872
12873
12874
12875
12876
12877
12878
12879
12880
12881
12882
12883
12884
12885
12886
12887
12888
12889
12890
12891
12892
12893
12894
12895
12896
12897
12898
12899
12900
12901
12902
12903
12904
12905
12906
12907
12908
12909
12910
12911
12912
12913
12914
12915
12916
12917
12918
12919
12920
12921
12922
12923
12924
12925
12926
12927
12928
12929
12930
12931
12932
12933
12934
12935
12936
12937
12938
12939
12940
12941
12942
12943
12944
12945
12946
12947
12948
12949
12950
12951
12952
12953
12954
12955
12956
12957
12958
12959
12960
12961
12962
12963
12964
12965
12966
12967
12968
12969
12970
12971
12972
12973
12974
12975
12976
12977
12978
12979
12980
12981
12982
12983
12984
12985
12986
12987
12988
12989
12990
12991
12992
12993
12994
12995
12996
12997
12998
12999
13000
13001
13002
13003
13004
13005
13006
13007
13008
13009
13010
13011
13012
13013
13014
13015
13016
13017
13018
13019
13020
13021
13022
13023
13024
13025
13026
13027
13028
13029
13030
13031
13032
13033
13034
13035
13036
13037
13038
13039
13040
13041
13042
13043
13044
13045
13046
13047
13048
13049
13050
13051
13052
13053
13054
13055
13056
13057
13058
13059
13060
13061
13062
13063
13064
13065
13066
13067
13068
13069
13070
13071
13072
13073
13074
13075
13076
13077
13078
13079
13080
13081
13082
13083
13084
13085
13086
13087
13088
13089
13090
13091
13092
13093
13094
13095
13096
13097
13098
13099
13100
13101
13102
13103
13104
13105
13106
13107
13108
13109
13110
13111
13112
13113
13114
13115
13116
13117
13118
13119
13120
13121
13122
13123
13124
13125
13126
13127
13128
13129
13130
13131
13132
13133
13134
13135
13136
13137
13138
13139
13140
13141
13142
13143
13144
13145
13146
13147
13148
13149
13150
13151
13152
13153
13154
13155
13156
13157
13158
13159
13160
13161
13162
13163
13164
13165
13166
13167
13168
13169
13170
13171
13172
13173
13174
13175
13176
13177
13178
13179
13180
13181
13182
13183
13184
13185
13186
13187
13188
13189
13190
13191
13192
13193
13194
13195
13196
13197
13198
13199
13200
13201
13202
13203
13204
13205
13206
13207
13208
13209
13210
13211
13212
13213
13214
13215
13216
13217
13218
13219
13220
13221
13222
13223
13224
13225
13226
13227
13228
13229
13230
13231
13232
13233
13234
13235
13236
13237
13238
13239
13240
13241
13242
13243
13244
13245
13246
13247
13248
13249
13250
13251
13252
13253
13254
13255
13256
13257
13258
13259
13260
13261
13262
13263
13264
13265
13266
13267
13268
13269
13270
13271
13272
13273
13274
13275
13276
13277
13278
13279
13280
13281
13282
13283
13284
13285
13286
13287
13288
13289
13290
13291
13292
13293
13294
13295
13296
13297
13298
13299
13300
13301
13302
13303
13304
13305
13306
13307
13308
13309
13310
13311
13312
13313
13314
13315
13316
13317
13318
13319
13320
13321
13322
13323
13324
13325
13326
13327
13328
13329
13330
13331
13332
13333
13334
13335
13336
13337
13338
13339
13340
13341
13342
13343
13344
13345
13346
13347
13348
13349
13350
13351
13352
13353
13354
13355
13356
13357
13358
13359
13360
13361
13362
13363
13364
13365
13366
13367
13368
13369
13370
13371
13372
13373
13374
13375
13376
13377
13378
13379
13380
13381
13382
13383
13384
13385
13386
13387
13388
13389
13390
13391
13392
13393
13394
13395
13396
13397
13398
13399
13400
13401
13402
13403
13404
13405
13406
13407
13408
13409
13410
13411
13412
13413
13414
13415
13416
13417
13418
13419
13420
13421
13422
13423
13424
13425
13426
13427
13428
13429
13430
13431
13432
13433
13434
13435
13436
13437
13438
13439
13440
13441
13442
13443
13444
13445
13446
13447
13448
13449
13450
13451
13452
13453
13454
13455
13456
13457
13458
13459
13460
13461
13462
13463
13464
13465
13466
13467
13468
13469
13470
13471
13472
13473
13474
13475
13476
13477
13478
13479
13480
13481
13482
13483
13484
13485
13486
13487
13488
13489
13490
13491
13492
13493
13494
13495
13496
13497
13498
13499
13500
13501
13502
13503
13504
13505
13506
13507
13508
13509
13510
13511
13512
13513
13514
13515
13516
13517
13518
13519
13520
13521
13522
13523
13524
13525
13526
13527
13528
13529
13530
13531
13532
13533
13534
13535
13536
13537
13538
13539
13540
13541
13542
13543
13544
13545
13546
13547
13548
13549
13550
13551
13552
13553
13554
13555
13556
13557
13558
13559
13560
13561
13562
13563
13564
13565
13566
13567
13568
13569
13570
13571
13572
13573
13574
13575
13576
13577
13578
13579
13580
13581
13582
13583
13584
13585
13586
13587
13588
13589
13590
13591
13592
13593
13594
13595
13596
13597
13598
13599
13600
13601
13602
13603
13604
13605
13606
13607
13608
13609
13610
13611
13612
13613
13614
13615
13616
13617
13618
13619
13620
13621
13622
13623
13624
13625
13626
13627
13628
13629
13630
13631
13632
13633
13634
13635
13636
13637
13638
13639
13640
13641
13642
13643
13644
13645
13646
13647
13648
13649
13650
13651
13652
13653
13654
13655
13656
13657
13658
13659
13660
13661
13662
13663
13664
13665
13666
13667
13668
13669
13670
13671
13672
13673
13674
13675
13676
13677
13678
13679
13680
13681
13682
13683
13684
13685
13686
13687
13688
13689
13690
13691
13692
13693
13694
13695
13696
13697
13698
13699
13700
13701
13702
13703
13704
13705
13706
13707
13708
13709
13710
13711
13712
13713
13714
13715
13716
13717
13718
13719
13720
13721
13722
13723
13724
13725
13726
13727
13728
13729
13730
13731
13732
13733
13734
13735
13736
13737
13738
13739
13740
13741
13742
13743
13744
13745
13746
13747
13748
13749
13750
13751
13752
13753
13754
13755
13756
13757
13758
13759
13760
13761
13762
13763
13764
13765
13766
13767
13768
13769
13770
13771
13772
13773
13774
13775
13776
13777
13778
13779
13780
13781
13782
13783
13784
13785
13786
13787
13788
13789
13790
13791
13792
13793
13794
13795
13796
13797
13798
13799
13800
13801
13802
13803
13804
13805
13806
13807
13808
13809
13810
13811
13812
13813
13814
13815
13816
13817
13818
13819
13820
13821
13822
13823
13824
13825
13826
13827
13828
13829
13830
13831
13832
13833
13834
13835
13836
13837
13838
13839
13840
13841
13842
13843
13844
13845
13846
13847
13848
13849
13850
13851
13852
13853
13854
13855
13856
13857
13858
13859
13860
13861
13862
13863
13864
13865
13866
13867
13868
13869
13870
13871
13872
13873
13874
13875
13876
13877
13878
13879
13880
13881
13882
13883
13884
13885
13886
13887
13888
13889
13890
13891
13892
13893
13894
13895
13896
13897
13898
13899
13900
13901
13902
13903
13904
13905
13906
13907
13908
13909
13910
13911
13912
13913
13914
13915
13916
13917
13918
13919
13920
13921
13922
13923
13924
13925
13926
13927
13928
13929
13930
13931
13932
13933
13934
13935
13936
13937
13938
13939
13940
13941
13942
13943
13944
13945
13946
13947
13948
13949
13950
13951
13952
13953
13954
13955
13956
13957
13958
13959
13960
13961
13962
13963
13964
13965
13966
13967
13968
13969
13970
13971
13972
13973
13974
13975
13976
13977
13978
13979
13980
13981
13982
13983
13984
13985
13986
13987
13988
13989
13990
13991
13992
13993
13994
13995
13996
13997
13998
13999
14000
14001
14002
14003
14004
14005
14006
14007
14008
14009
14010
14011
14012
14013
14014
14015
14016
14017
14018
14019
14020
14021
14022
14023
14024
14025
14026
14027
14028
14029
14030
14031
14032
14033
14034
14035
14036
14037
14038
14039
14040
14041
14042
14043
14044
14045
14046
14047
14048
14049
14050
14051
14052
14053
14054
14055
14056
14057
14058
14059
14060
14061
14062
14063
14064
14065
14066
14067
14068
14069
14070
14071
14072
14073
14074
14075
14076
14077
14078
14079
14080
14081
14082
14083
14084
14085
14086
14087
14088
14089
14090
14091
14092
14093
14094
14095
14096
14097
14098
14099
14100
14101
14102
14103
14104
14105
14106
14107
14108
14109
14110
14111
14112
14113
14114
14115
14116
14117
14118
14119
14120
14121
14122
14123
14124
14125
14126
14127
14128
14129
14130
14131
14132
14133
14134
14135
14136
14137
14138
14139
14140
14141
14142
14143
14144
14145
14146
14147
14148
14149
14150
14151
14152
14153
14154
14155
14156
14157
14158
14159
14160
14161
14162
14163
14164
14165
14166
14167
14168
14169
14170
14171
14172
14173
14174
14175
14176
14177
14178
14179
14180
14181
14182
14183
14184
14185
14186
14187
14188
14189
14190
14191
14192
14193
14194
14195
14196
14197
14198
14199
14200
14201
14202
14203
14204
14205
14206
14207
14208
14209
14210
14211
14212
14213
14214
14215
14216
14217
14218
14219
14220
14221
14222
14223
14224
14225
14226
14227
14228
14229
14230
14231
14232
14233
14234
14235
14236
14237
14238
14239
14240
14241
14242
14243
14244
14245
14246
14247
14248
14249
14250
14251
14252
14253
14254
14255
14256
14257
14258
14259
14260
14261
14262
14263
14264
14265
14266
14267
14268
14269
14270
14271
14272
14273
14274
14275
14276
14277
14278
14279
14280
14281
14282
14283
14284
14285
14286
14287
14288
14289
14290
14291
14292
14293
14294
14295
14296
14297
14298
14299
14300
14301
14302
14303
14304
14305
14306
14307
14308
14309
14310
14311
14312
14313
14314
14315
14316
14317
14318
14319
14320
14321
14322
14323
14324
14325
14326
14327
14328
14329
14330
14331
14332
14333
14334
14335
14336
14337
14338
14339
14340
14341
14342
14343
14344
14345
14346
14347
14348
14349
14350
14351
14352
14353
14354
14355
14356
14357
14358
14359
14360
14361
14362
14363
14364
14365
14366
14367
14368
14369
14370
14371
14372
14373
14374
14375
14376
14377
14378
14379
14380
14381
14382
14383
14384
14385
14386
14387
14388
14389
14390
14391
14392
14393
14394
14395
14396
14397
14398
14399
14400
14401
14402
14403
14404
14405
14406
14407
14408
14409
14410
14411
14412
14413
14414
14415
14416
14417
14418
14419
14420
14421
14422
14423
14424
14425
14426
14427
14428
14429
14430
14431
14432
14433
14434
14435
14436
14437
14438
14439
14440
14441
14442
14443
14444
14445
14446
14447
14448
14449
14450
14451
14452
14453
14454
14455
14456
14457
14458
14459
14460
14461
14462
14463
14464
14465
14466
14467
14468
14469
14470
14471
14472
14473
14474
14475
14476
14477
14478
14479
14480
14481
14482
14483
14484
14485
14486
14487
14488
14489
14490
14491
14492
14493
14494
14495
14496
14497
14498
14499
14500
14501
14502
14503
14504
14505
14506
14507
14508
14509
14510
14511
14512
14513
14514
14515
14516
14517
14518
14519
14520
14521
14522
14523
14524
14525
14526
14527
14528
14529
14530
14531
14532
14533
14534
14535
14536
14537
14538
14539
14540
14541
14542
14543
14544
14545
14546
14547
14548
14549
14550
14551
14552
14553
14554
14555
14556
14557
14558
14559
14560
14561
14562
14563
14564
14565
14566
14567
14568
14569
14570
14571
14572
14573
14574
14575
14576
14577
14578
14579
14580
14581
14582
14583
14584
14585
14586
14587
14588
14589
14590
14591
14592
14593
14594
14595
14596
14597
14598
14599
14600
14601
14602
14603
14604
14605
14606
14607
14608
14609
14610
14611
14612
14613
14614
14615
14616
14617
14618
14619
14620
14621
14622
14623
14624
14625
14626
14627
14628
14629
14630
14631
14632
14633
14634
14635
14636
14637
14638
14639
14640
14641
14642
14643
14644
14645
14646
14647
14648
14649
14650
14651
14652
14653
14654
14655
14656
14657
14658
14659
14660
14661
14662
14663
14664
14665
14666
14667
14668
14669
14670
14671
14672
14673
14674
14675
14676
14677
14678
14679
14680
14681
14682
14683
14684
14685
14686
14687
14688
14689
14690
14691
14692
14693
14694
14695
14696
14697
14698
14699
14700
14701
14702
14703
14704
14705
14706
14707
14708
14709
14710
14711
14712
14713
14714
14715
14716
14717
14718
14719
14720
14721
14722
14723
14724
14725
14726
14727
14728
14729
14730
14731
14732
14733
14734
14735
14736
14737
14738
14739
14740
14741
14742
14743
14744
14745
14746
14747
14748
14749
14750
14751
14752
14753
14754
14755
14756
14757
14758
14759
14760
14761
14762
14763
14764
14765
14766
14767
14768
14769
14770
14771
14772
14773
14774
14775
14776
14777
14778
14779
14780
14781
14782
14783
14784
14785
14786
14787
14788
14789
14790
14791
14792
14793
14794
14795
14796
14797
14798
14799
14800
14801
14802
14803
14804
14805
14806
14807
14808
14809
14810
14811
14812
14813
14814
14815
14816
14817
14818
14819
14820
14821
14822
14823
14824
14825
14826
14827
14828
| |
\input texinfo
@c %**start of header
@setfilename ../../info/org
@settitle The Org Manual
@set VERSION 7.02trans
@set DATE October 2010
@c Use proper quote and backtick for code sections in PDF output
@c Cf. Texinfo manual 14.2
@set txicodequoteundirected
@set txicodequotebacktick
@c Version and Contact Info
@set MAINTAINERSITE @uref{http://orgmode.org,maintainers webpage}
@set AUTHOR Carsten Dominik
@set MAINTAINER Carsten Dominik
@set MAINTAINEREMAIL @email{carsten at orgmode dot org}
@set MAINTAINERCONTACT @uref{mailto:carsten at orgmode dot org,contact the maintainer}
@c %**end of header
@finalout
@c -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@c Macro definitions for commands and keys
@c =======================================
@c The behavior of the key/command macros will depend on the flag cmdnames
@c When set, commands names are shown. When clear, they are not shown.
@set cmdnames
@c Below we define the following macros for Org key tables:
@c orgkey{key} A key item
@c orgcmd{key,cmd} Key with command name
@c xorgcmd{key,cmmand} Key with command name as @itemx
@c orgcmdnki{key,cmd} Like orgcmd, but do not index the key
@c orgcmdtkc{text,key,cmd} Like orgcmd,special text instead of key
@c orgcmdkkc{key1,key2,cmd} Two keys with one command name, use "or"
@c orgcmdkxkc{key1,key2,cmd} Two keys with one command name, but
@c different functions, so format as @itemx
@c orgcmdkskc{key1,key2,cmd} Same as orgcmdkkc, but use "or short"
@c xorgcmdkskc{key1,key2,cmd} Same as previous, but use @itemx
@c orgcmdkkcc{key1,key2,cmd1,cmd2} Two keys and two commands
@c a key but no command
@c Inserts: @item key
@macro orgkey{key}
@kindex \key\
@item @kbd{\key\}
@end macro
@macro xorgkey{key}
@kindex \key\
@itemx @kbd{\key\}
@end macro
@c one key with a command
@c Inserts: @item KEY COMMAND
@macro orgcmd{key,command}
@ifset cmdnames
@kindex \key\
@findex \command\
@iftex
@item @kbd{\key\} @hskip 0pt plus 1filll @code{\command\}
@end iftex
@ifnottex
@item @kbd{\key\} @tie{}@tie{}@tie{}@tie{}(@code{\command\})
@end ifnottex
@end ifset
@ifclear cmdnames
@kindex \key\
@item @kbd{\key\}
@end ifclear
@end macro
@c One key with one command, formatted using @itemx
@c Inserts: @itemx KEY COMMAND
@macro xorgcmd{key,command}
@ifset cmdnames
@kindex \key\
@findex \command\
@iftex
@itemx @kbd{\key\} @hskip 0pt plus 1filll @code{\command\}
@end iftex
@ifnottex
@itemx @kbd{\key\} @tie{}@tie{}@tie{}@tie{}(@code{\command\})
@end ifnottex
@end ifset
@ifclear cmdnames
@kindex \key\
@itemx @kbd{\key\}
@end ifclear
@end macro
@c one key with a command, bit do not index the key
@c Inserts: @item KEY COMMAND
@macro orgcmdnki{key,command}
@ifset cmdnames
@findex \command\
@iftex
@item @kbd{\key\} @hskip 0pt plus 1filll @code{\command\}
@end iftex
@ifnottex
@item @kbd{\key\} @tie{}@tie{}@tie{}@tie{}(@code{\command\})
@end ifnottex
@end ifset
@ifclear cmdnames
@item @kbd{\key\}
@end ifclear
@end macro
@c one key with a command, and special text to replace key in item
@c Inserts: @item TEXT COMMAND
@macro orgcmdtkc{text,key,command}
@ifset cmdnames
@kindex \key\
@findex \command\
@iftex
@item @kbd{\text\} @hskip 0pt plus 1filll @code{\command\}
@end iftex
@ifnottex
@item @kbd{\text\} @tie{}@tie{}@tie{}@tie{}(@code{\command\})
@end ifnottex
@end ifset
@ifclear cmdnames
@kindex \key\
@item @kbd{\text\}
@end ifclear
@end macro
@c two keys with one command
@c Inserts: @item KEY1 or KEY2 COMMAND
@macro orgcmdkkc{key1,key2,command}
@ifset cmdnames
@kindex \key1\
@kindex \key2\
@findex \command\
@iftex
@item @kbd{\key1\} @ @r{or} @ @kbd{\key2\} @hskip 0pt plus 1filll @code{\command\}
@end iftex
@ifnottex
@item @kbd{\key1\} @ @r{or} @ @kbd{\key2\} @tie{}@tie{}@tie{}@tie{}(@code{\command\})
@end ifnottex
@end ifset
@ifclear cmdnames
@kindex \key1\
@kindex \key2\
@item @kbd{\key1\} @ @r{or} @ @kbd{\key2\}
@end ifclear
@end macro
@c Two keys with one command name, but different functions, so format as
@c @itemx
@c Inserts: @item KEY1
@c @itemx KEY2 COMMAND
@macro orgcmdkxkc{key1,key2,command}
@ifset cmdnames
@kindex \key1\
@kindex \key2\
@findex \command\
@iftex
@item @kbd{\key1\}
@itemx @kbd{\key2\} @hskip 0pt plus 1filll @code{\command\}
@end iftex
@ifnottex
@item @kbd{\key1\}
@itemx @kbd{\key2\} @tie{}@tie{}@tie{}@tie{}(@code{\command\})
@end ifnottex
@end ifset
@ifclear cmdnames
@kindex \key1\
@kindex \key2\
@item @kbd{\key1\}
@itemx @kbd{\key2\}
@end ifclear
@end macro
@c Same as previous, but use "or short"
@c Inserts: @item KEY1 or short KEY2 COMMAND
@macro orgcmdkskc{key1,key2,command}
@ifset cmdnames
@kindex \key1\
@kindex \key2\
@findex \command\
@iftex
@item @kbd{\key1\} @ @r{or short} @ @kbd{\key2\} @hskip 0pt plus 1filll @code{\command\}
@end iftex
@ifnottex
@item @kbd{\key1\} @ @r{or short} @ @kbd{\key2\} @tie{}@tie{}@tie{}@tie{}(@code{\command\})
@end ifnottex
@end ifset
@ifclear cmdnames
@kindex \key1\
@kindex \key2\
@item @kbd{\key1\} @ @r{or short} @ @kbd{\key2\}
@end ifclear
@end macro
@c Same as previous, but use @itemx
@c Inserts: @itemx KEY1 or short KEY2 COMMAND
@macro xorgcmdkskc{key1,key2,command}
@ifset cmdnames
@kindex \key1\
@kindex \key2\
@findex \command\
@iftex
@itemx @kbd{\key1\} @ @r{or short} @ @kbd{\key2\} @hskip 0pt plus 1filll @code{\command\}
@end iftex
@ifnottex
@itemx @kbd{\key1\} @ @r{or short} @ @kbd{\key2\} @tie{}@tie{}@tie{}@tie{}(@code{\command\})
@end ifnottex
@end ifset
@ifclear cmdnames
@kindex \key1\
@kindex \key2\
@itemx @kbd{\key1\} @ @r{or short} @ @kbd{\key2\}
@end ifclear
@end macro
@c two keys with two commands
@c Inserts: @item KEY1 COMMAND1
@c @itemx KEY2 COMMAND2
@macro orgcmdkkcc{key1,key2,command1,command2}
@ifset cmdnames
@kindex \key1\
@kindex \key2\
@findex \command1\
@findex \command2\
@iftex
@item @kbd{\key1\} @hskip 0pt plus 1filll @code{\command1\}
@itemx @kbd{\key2\} @hskip 0pt plus 1filll @code{\command2\}
@end iftex
@ifnottex
@item @kbd{\key1\} @tie{}@tie{}@tie{}@tie{}(@code{\command1\})
@itemx @kbd{\key2\} @tie{}@tie{}@tie{}@tie{}(@code{\command2\})
@end ifnottex
@end ifset
@ifclear cmdnames
@kindex \key1\
@kindex \key2\
@item @kbd{\key1\}
@itemx @kbd{\key2\}
@end ifclear
@end macro
@c -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@iftex
@c @hyphenation{time-stamp time-stamps time-stamp-ing time-stamp-ed}
@end iftex
@c Subheadings inside a table.
@macro tsubheading{text}
@ifinfo
@subsubheading \text\
@end ifinfo
@ifnotinfo
@item @b{\text\}
@end ifnotinfo
@end macro
@copying
This manual is for Org version @value{VERSION}.
Copyright @copyright{} 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010
Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@quotation
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU Manual,''
and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license
is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License.''
(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have the freedom to copy and
modify this GNU manual. Buying copies from the FSF supports it in
developing GNU and promoting software freedom.''
This document is part of a collection distributed under the GNU Free
Documentation License. If you want to distribute this document
separately from the collection, you can do so by adding a copy of the
license to the document, as described in section 6 of the license.
@end quotation
@end copying
@dircategory Emacs
@direntry
* Org Mode: (org). Outline-based notes management and organizer
@end direntry
@titlepage
@title The Org Manual
@subtitle Release @value{VERSION}
@author by Carsten Dominik
with contributions by David O'Toole, Bastien Guerry, Philip Rooke, Dan Davison, Eric Schulte, and Thomas Dye
@c The following two commands start the copyright page.
@page
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
@insertcopying
@end titlepage
@c Output the table of contents at the beginning.
@contents
@ifnottex
@node Top, Introduction, (dir), (dir)
@top Org Mode Manual
@insertcopying
@end ifnottex
@menu
* Introduction:: Getting started
* Document Structure:: A tree works like your brain
* Tables:: Pure magic for quick formatting
* Hyperlinks:: Notes in context
* TODO Items:: Every tree branch can be a TODO item
* Tags:: Tagging headlines and matching sets of tags
* Properties and Columns:: Storing information about an entry
* Dates and Times:: Making items useful for planning
* Capture - Refile - Archive:: The ins and outs for projects
* Agenda Views:: Collecting information into views
* Markup:: Prepare text for rich export
* Exporting:: Sharing and publishing of notes
* Publishing:: Create a web site of linked Org files
* Working With Source Code:: Export, evaluate, and tangle code blocks
* Miscellaneous:: All the rest which did not fit elsewhere
* Hacking:: How to hack your way around
* MobileOrg:: Viewing and capture on a mobile device
* History and Acknowledgments:: How Org came into being
* Main Index:: An index of Org's concepts and features
* Key Index:: Key bindings and where they are described
* Command and Function Index:: Command names and some internal functions
* Variable Index:: Variables mentioned in the manual
@detailmenu
--- The Detailed Node Listing ---
Introduction
* Summary:: Brief summary of what Org does
* Installation:: How to install a downloaded version of Org
* Activation:: How to activate Org for certain buffers
* Feedback:: Bug reports, ideas, patches etc.
* Conventions:: Type-setting conventions in the manual
Document structure
* Outlines:: Org is based on Outline mode
* Headlines:: How to typeset Org tree headlines
* Visibility cycling:: Show and hide, much simplified
* Motion:: Jumping to other headlines
* Structure editing:: Changing sequence and level of headlines
* Sparse trees:: Matches embedded in context
* Plain lists:: Additional structure within an entry
* Drawers:: Tucking stuff away
* Blocks:: Folding blocks
* Footnotes:: How footnotes are defined in Org's syntax
* Orgstruct mode:: Structure editing outside Org
Tables
* Built-in table editor:: Simple tables
* Column width and alignment:: Overrule the automatic settings
* Column groups:: Grouping to trigger vertical lines
* Orgtbl mode:: The table editor as minor mode
* The spreadsheet:: The table editor has spreadsheet capabilities
* Org-Plot:: Plotting from org tables
The spreadsheet
* References:: How to refer to another field or range
* Formula syntax for Calc:: Using Calc to compute stuff
* Formula syntax for Lisp:: Writing formulas in Emacs Lisp
* Field formulas:: Formulas valid for a single field
* Column formulas:: Formulas valid for an entire column
* Editing and debugging formulas:: Fixing formulas
* Updating the table:: Recomputing all dependent fields
* Advanced features:: Field names, parameters and automatic recalc
Hyperlinks
* Link format:: How links in Org are formatted
* Internal links:: Links to other places in the current file
* External links:: URL-like links to the world
* Handling links:: Creating, inserting and following
* Using links outside Org:: Linking from my C source code?
* Link abbreviations:: Shortcuts for writing complex links
* Search options:: Linking to a specific location
* Custom searches:: When the default search is not enough
Internal links
* Radio targets:: Make targets trigger links in plain text
TODO items
* TODO basics:: Marking and displaying TODO entries
* TODO extensions:: Workflow and assignments
* Progress logging:: Dates and notes for progress
* Priorities:: Some things are more important than others
* Breaking down tasks:: Splitting a task into manageable pieces
* Checkboxes:: Tick-off lists
Extended use of TODO keywords
* Workflow states:: From TODO to DONE in steps
* TODO types:: I do this, Fred does the rest
* Multiple sets in one file:: Mixing it all, and still finding your way
* Fast access to TODO states:: Single letter selection of a state
* Per-file keywords:: Different files, different requirements
* Faces for TODO keywords:: Highlighting states
* TODO dependencies:: When one task needs to wait for others
Progress logging
* Closing items:: When was this entry marked DONE?
* Tracking TODO state changes:: When did the status change?
* Tracking your habits:: How consistent have you been?
Tags
* Tag inheritance:: Tags use the tree structure of the outline
* Setting tags:: How to assign tags to a headline
* Tag searches:: Searching for combinations of tags
Properties and columns
* Property syntax:: How properties are spelled out
* Special properties:: Access to other Org-mode features
* Property searches:: Matching property values
* Property inheritance:: Passing values down the tree
* Column view:: Tabular viewing and editing
* Property API:: Properties for Lisp programmers
Column view
* Defining columns:: The COLUMNS format property
* Using column view:: How to create and use column view
* Capturing column view:: A dynamic block for column view
Defining columns
* Scope of column definitions:: Where defined, where valid?
* Column attributes:: Appearance and content of a column
Dates and times
* Timestamps:: Assigning a time to a tree entry
* Creating timestamps:: Commands which insert timestamps
* Deadlines and scheduling:: Planning your work
* Clocking work time:: Tracking how long you spend on a task
* Effort estimates:: Planning work effort in advance
* Relative timer:: Notes with a running timer
* Countdown timer:: Starting a countdown timer for a task
Creating timestamps
* The date/time prompt:: How Org-mode helps you entering date and time
* Custom time format:: Making dates look different
Deadlines and scheduling
* Inserting deadline/schedule:: Planning items
* Repeated tasks:: Items that show up again and again
Clocking work time
* Clocking commands:: Starting and stopping a clock
* The clock table:: Detailed reports
* Resolving idle time:: Resolving time when you've been idle
Capture - Refile - Archive
* Capture:: Capturing new stuff
* Attachments:: Add files to tasks
* RSS Feeds:: Getting input from RSS feeds
* Protocols:: External (e.g. Browser) access to Emacs and Org
* Refiling notes:: Moving a tree from one place to another
* Archiving:: What to do with finished projects
Capture
* Setting up capture:: Where notes will be stored
* Using capture:: Commands to invoke and terminate capture
* Capture templates:: Define the outline of different note types
Capture templates
* Template elements:: What is needed for a complete template entry
* Template expansion:: Filling in information about time and context
Archiving
* Moving subtrees:: Moving a tree to an archive file
* Internal archiving:: Switch off a tree but keep it in the file
Agenda views
* Agenda files:: Files being searched for agenda information
* Agenda dispatcher:: Keyboard access to agenda views
* Built-in agenda views:: What is available out of the box?
* Presentation and sorting:: How agenda items are prepared for display
* Agenda commands:: Remote editing of Org trees
* Custom agenda views:: Defining special searches and views
* Exporting Agenda Views:: Writing a view to a file
* Agenda column view:: Using column view for collected entries
The built-in agenda views
* Weekly/daily agenda:: The calendar page with current tasks
* Global TODO list:: All unfinished action items
* Matching tags and properties:: Structured information with fine-tuned search
* Timeline:: Time-sorted view for single file
* Search view:: Find entries by searching for text
* Stuck projects:: Find projects you need to review
Presentation and sorting
* Categories:: Not all tasks are equal
* Time-of-day specifications:: How the agenda knows the time
* Sorting of agenda items:: The order of things
Custom agenda views
* Storing searches:: Type once, use often
* Block agenda:: All the stuff you need in a single buffer
* Setting Options:: Changing the rules
Markup for rich export
* Structural markup elements:: The basic structure as seen by the exporter
* Images and tables:: Tables and Images will be included
* Literal examples:: Source code examples with special formatting
* Include files:: Include additional files into a document
* Index entries:: Making an index
* Macro replacement:: Use macros to create complex output
* Embedded LaTeX:: LaTeX can be freely used inside Org documents
Structural markup elements
* Document title:: Where the title is taken from
* Headings and sections:: The document structure as seen by the exporter
* Table of contents:: The if and where of the table of contents
* Initial text:: Text before the first heading?
* Lists:: Lists
* Paragraphs:: Paragraphs
* Footnote markup:: Footnotes
* Emphasis and monospace:: Bold, italic, etc.
* Horizontal rules:: Make a line
* Comment lines:: What will *not* be exported
Embedded La@TeX{}
* Special symbols:: Greek letters and other symbols
* Subscripts and superscripts:: Simple syntax for raising/lowering text
* LaTeX fragments:: Complex formulas made easy
* Previewing LaTeX fragments:: What will this snippet look like?
* CDLaTeX mode:: Speed up entering of formulas
Exporting
* Selective export:: Using tags to select and exclude trees
* Export options:: Per-file export settings
* The export dispatcher:: How to access exporter commands
* ASCII/Latin-1/UTF-8 export:: Exporting to flat files with encoding
* HTML export:: Exporting to HTML
* LaTeX and PDF export:: Exporting to La@TeX{}, and processing to PDF
* DocBook export:: Exporting to DocBook
* TaskJuggler export:: Exporting to TaskJuggler
* Freemind export:: Exporting to Freemind mind maps
* XOXO export:: Exporting to XOXO
* iCalendar export:: Exporting in iCalendar format
HTML export
* HTML Export commands:: How to invoke HTML export
* Quoting HTML tags:: Using direct HTML in Org-mode
* Links in HTML export:: How links will be interpreted and formatted
* Tables in HTML export:: How to modify the formatting of tables
* Images in HTML export:: How to insert figures into HTML output
* Math formatting in HTML export:: Beautiful math also on the web
* Text areas in HTML export:: An alternative way to show an example
* CSS support:: Changing the appearance of the output
* JavaScript support:: Info and Folding in a web browser
La@TeX{} and PDF export
* LaTeX/PDF export commands:: Which key invokes which commands
* Header and sectioning:: Setting up the export file structure
* Quoting LaTeX code:: Incorporating literal La@TeX{} code
* Tables in LaTeX export:: Options for exporting tables to La@TeX{}
* Images in LaTeX export:: How to insert figures into La@TeX{} output
* Beamer class export:: Turning the file into a presentation
DocBook export
* DocBook export commands:: How to invoke DocBook export
* Quoting DocBook code:: Incorporating DocBook code in Org files
* Recursive sections:: Recursive sections in DocBook
* Tables in DocBook export:: Tables are exported as HTML tables
* Images in DocBook export:: How to insert figures into DocBook output
* Special characters:: How to handle special characters
Publishing
* Configuration:: Defining projects
* Uploading files:: How to get files up on the server
* Sample configuration:: Example projects
* Triggering publication:: Publication commands
Configuration
* Project alist:: The central configuration variable
* Sources and destinations:: From here to there
* Selecting files:: What files are part of the project?
* Publishing action:: Setting the function doing the publishing
* Publishing options:: Tweaking HTML export
* Publishing links:: Which links keep working after publishing?
* Sitemap:: Generating a list of all pages
* Generating an index:: An index that reaches across pages
Sample configuration
* Simple example:: One-component publishing
* Complex example:: A multi-component publishing example
Working with source code
* Structure of code blocks:: Code block syntax described
* Editing source code:: Language major-mode editing
* Exporting code blocks:: Export contents and/or results
* Extracting source code:: Create pure source code files
* Evaluating code blocks:: Place results of evaluation in the Org-mode buffer
* Library of Babel:: Use and contribute to a library of useful code blocks
* Languages:: List of supported code block languages
* Header arguments:: Configure code block functionality
* Results of evaluation:: How evaluation results are handled
* Noweb reference syntax:: Literate programming in Org-mode
* Key bindings and useful functions:: Work quickly with code blocks
* Batch execution:: Call functions from the command line
Header arguments
* Using header arguments:: Different ways to set header arguments
* Specific header arguments:: List of header arguments
Using header arguments
* System-wide header arguments:: Set global default values
* Language-specific header arguments:: Set default values by language
* Buffer-wide header arguments:: Set default values for a specific buffer
* Header arguments in Org-mode properties:: Set default values for a buffer or heading
* Code block specific header arguments:: The most common way to set values
* Header arguments in function calls:: The most specific level
Specific header arguments
* var:: Pass arguments to code blocks
* results:: Specify the type of results and how they will
be collected and handled
* file:: Specify a path for file output
* dir:: Specify the default (possibly remote)
directory for code block execution
* exports:: Export code and/or results
* tangle:: Toggle tangling and specify file name
* comments:: Toggle insertion of comments in tangled
code files
* no-expand:: Turn off variable assignment and noweb
expansion during tangling
* session:: Preserve the state of code evaluation
* noweb:: Toggle expansion of noweb references
* cache:: Avoid re-evaluating unchanged code blocks
* hlines:: Handle horizontal lines in tables
* colnames:: Handle column names in tables
* rownames:: Handle row names in tables
* shebang:: Make tangled files executable
* eval:: Limit evaluation of specific code blocks
Miscellaneous
* Completion:: M-TAB knows what you need
* Easy Templates:: Quick insertion of structural elements
* Speed keys:: Electric commands at the beginning of a headline
* Code evaluation security:: Org mode files evaluate inline code
* Customization:: Adapting Org to your taste
* In-buffer settings:: Overview of the #+KEYWORDS
* The very busy C-c C-c key:: When in doubt, press C-c C-c
* Clean view:: Getting rid of leading stars in the outline
* TTY keys:: Using Org on a tty
* Interaction:: Other Emacs packages
Interaction with other packages
* Cooperation:: Packages Org cooperates with
* Conflicts:: Packages that lead to conflicts
Hacking
* Hooks:: Who to reach into Org's internals
* Add-on packages:: Available extensions
* Adding hyperlink types:: New custom link types
* Context-sensitive commands:: How to add functionality to such commands
* Tables in arbitrary syntax:: Orgtbl for La@TeX{} and other programs
* Dynamic blocks:: Automatically filled blocks
* Special agenda views:: Customized views
* Extracting agenda information:: Postprocessing of agenda information
* Using the property API:: Writing programs that use entry properties
* Using the mapping API:: Mapping over all or selected entries
Tables and lists in arbitrary syntax
* Radio tables:: Sending and receiving radio tables
* A LaTeX example:: Step by step, almost a tutorial
* Translator functions:: Copy and modify
* Radio lists:: Doing the same for lists
MobileOrg
* Setting up the staging area:: Where to interact with the mobile device
* Pushing to MobileOrg:: Uploading Org files and agendas
* Pulling from MobileOrg:: Integrating captured and flagged items
@end detailmenu
@end menu
@node Introduction, Document Structure, Top, Top
@chapter Introduction
@cindex introduction
@menu
* Summary:: Brief summary of what Org does
* Installation:: How to install a downloaded version of Org
* Activation:: How to activate Org for certain buffers
* Feedback:: Bug reports, ideas, patches etc.
* Conventions:: Type-setting conventions in the manual
@end menu
@node Summary, Installation, Introduction, Introduction
@section Summary
@cindex summary
Org is a mode for keeping notes, maintaining TODO lists, and doing
project planning with a fast and effective plain-text system.
Org develops organizational tasks around NOTES files that contain
lists or information about projects as plain text. Org is
implemented on top of Outline mode, which makes it possible to keep the
content of large files well structured. Visibility cycling and
structure editing help to work with the tree. Tables are easily created
with a built-in table editor. Org supports TODO items, deadlines,
timestamps, and scheduling. It dynamically compiles entries into an
agenda that utilizes and smoothly integrates much of the Emacs calendar
and diary. Plain text URL-like links connect to websites, emails,
Usenet messages, BBDB entries, and any files related to the projects.
For printing and sharing of notes, an Org file can be exported as a
structured ASCII file, as HTML, or (TODO and agenda items only) as an
iCalendar file. It can also serve as a publishing tool for a set of
linked web pages.
As a project planning environment, Org works by adding metadata to outline
nodes. Based on this data, specific entries can be extracted in queries and
create dynamic @i{agenda views}.
Org mode contains the Org Babel environment which allows to work with
embedded source code block in a file, to facilitate code evaluation,
documentation, and tangling.
Org's automatic, context-sensitive table editor with spreadsheet
capabilities can be integrated into any major mode by activating the
minor Orgtbl mode. Using a translation step, it can be used to maintain
tables in arbitrary file types, for example in La@TeX{}. The structure
editing and list creation capabilities can be used outside Org with
the minor Orgstruct mode.
Org keeps simple things simple. When first fired up, it should
feel like a straightforward, easy to use outliner. Complexity is not
imposed, but a large amount of functionality is available when you need
it. Org is a toolbox and can be used in different ways and for different
ends, for example:
@example
@r{@bullet{} an outline extension with visibility cycling and structure editing}
@r{@bullet{} an ASCII system and table editor for taking structured notes}
@r{@bullet{} a TODO list editor}
@r{@bullet{} a full agenda and planner with deadlines and work scheduling}
@pindex GTD, Getting Things Done
@r{@bullet{} an environment in which to implement David Allen's GTD system}
@r{@bullet{} a simple hypertext system, with HTML and La@TeX{} export}
@r{@bullet{} a publishing tool to create a set of interlinked webpages}
@r{@bullet{} an environment for literate programming}
@end example
@cindex FAQ
There is a website for Org which provides links to the newest
version of Org, as well as additional information, frequently asked
questions (FAQ), links to tutorials, etc@. This page is located at
@uref{http://orgmode.org}.
@page
@node Installation, Activation, Summary, Introduction
@section Installation
@cindex installation
@cindex XEmacs
@b{Important:} @i{If you are using a version of Org that is part of the Emacs
distribution or an XEmacs package, please skip this section and go directly
to @ref{Activation}.}
If you have downloaded Org from the Web, either as a distribution @file{.zip}
or @file{.tar} file, or as a Git archive, you must take the following steps
to install it: go into the unpacked Org distribution directory and edit the
top section of the file @file{Makefile}. You must set the name of the Emacs
binary (likely either @file{emacs} or @file{xemacs}), and the paths to the
directories where local Lisp and Info files are kept. If you don't have
access to the system-wide directories, you can simply run Org directly from
the distribution directory by adding the @file{lisp} subdirectory to the
Emacs load path. To do this, add the following line to @file{.emacs}:
@example
(setq load-path (cons "~/path/to/orgdir/lisp" load-path))
@end example
@noindent
If you plan to use code from the @file{contrib} subdirectory, do a similar
step for this directory:
@example
(setq load-path (cons "~/path/to/orgdir/contrib/lisp" load-path))
@end example
@noindent Now byte-compile the Lisp files with the shell command:
@example
make
@end example
@noindent If you are running Org from the distribution directory, this is
all. If you want to install Org into the system directories, use (as
administrator)
@example
make install
@end example
Installing Info files is system dependent, because of differences in the
@file{install-info} program. In Debian it copies the info files into the
correct directory and modifies the info directory file. In many other
systems, the files need to be copied to the correct directory separately, and
@file{install-info} then only modifies the directory file. Check your system
documentation to find out which of the following commands you need:
@example
make install-info
make install-info-debian
@end example
Then add the following line to @file{.emacs}. It is needed so that
Emacs can autoload functions that are located in files not immediately loaded
when Org-mode starts.
@lisp
(require 'org-install)
@end lisp
Do not forget to activate Org as described in the following section.
@page
@node Activation, Feedback, Installation, Introduction
@section Activation
@cindex activation
@cindex autoload
@cindex global key bindings
@cindex key bindings, global
Add the following lines to your @file{.emacs} file. The last three lines
define @emph{global} keys for the commands @command{org-store-link},
@command{org-agenda}, and @command{org-iswitchb}---please choose suitable
keys yourself.
@lisp
;; The following lines are always needed. Choose your own keys.
(add-to-list 'auto-mode-alist '("\\.org\\'" . org-mode))
(global-set-key "\C-cl" 'org-store-link)
(global-set-key "\C-ca" 'org-agenda)
(global-set-key "\C-cb" 'org-iswitchb)
@end lisp
Furthermore, you must activate @code{font-lock-mode} in Org
buffers, because significant functionality depends on font-locking being
active. You can do this with either one of the following two lines
(XEmacs users must use the second option):
@lisp
(global-font-lock-mode 1) ; for all buffers
(add-hook 'org-mode-hook 'turn-on-font-lock) ; Org buffers only
@end lisp
@cindex Org-mode, turning on
With this setup, all files with extension @samp{.org} will be put
into Org-mode. As an alternative, make the first line of a file look
like this:
@example
MY PROJECTS -*- mode: org; -*-
@end example
@vindex org-insert-mode-line-in-empty-file
@noindent which will select Org-mode for this buffer no matter what
the file's name is. See also the variable
@code{org-insert-mode-line-in-empty-file}.
Many commands in Org work on the region if the region is @i{active}. To make
use of this, you need to have @code{transient-mark-mode}
(@code{zmacs-regions} in XEmacs) turned on. In Emacs 23 this is the default,
in Emacs 22 you need to do this yourself with
@lisp
(transient-mark-mode 1)
@end lisp
@noindent If you do not like @code{transient-mark-mode}, you can create an
active region by using the mouse to select a region, or pressing
@kbd{C-@key{SPC}} twice before moving the cursor.
@node Feedback, Conventions, Activation, Introduction
@section Feedback
@cindex feedback
@cindex bug reports
@cindex maintainer
@cindex author
If you find problems with Org, or if you have questions, remarks, or ideas
about it, please mail to the Org mailing list @email{emacs-orgmode@@gnu.org}.
If you are not a member of the mailing list, your mail will be passed to the
list after a moderator has approved it@footnote{Please consider subscribing
to the mailing list, in order to minimize the work the mailing list
moderators have to do.}.
For bug reports, please first try to reproduce the bug with the latest
version of Org available - if you are running an outdated version, it is
quite possible that the bug has been fixed already. If the bug persists,
prepare a report and provide as much information as possible, including the
version information of Emacs (@kbd{M-x emacs-version @key{RET}}) and Org
(@kbd{M-x org-version @key{RET}}), as well as the Org related setup in
@file{.emacs}. The easiest way to do this is to use the command
@example
@kbd{M-x org-submit-bug-report}
@end example
@noindent which will put all this information into an Emacs mail buffer so
that you only need to add your description. If you re not sending the Email
from within Emacs, please copy and paste the content into your Email program.
If an error occurs, a backtrace can be very useful (see below on how to
create one). Often a small example file helps, along with clear information
about:
@enumerate
@item What exactly did you do?
@item What did you expect to happen?
@item What happened instead?
@end enumerate
@noindent Thank you for helping to improve this program.
@subsubheading How to create a useful backtrace
@cindex backtrace of an error
If working with Org produces an error with a message you don't
understand, you may have hit a bug. The best way to report this is by
providing, in addition to what was mentioned above, a @emph{backtrace}.
This is information from the built-in debugger about where and how the
error occurred. Here is how to produce a useful backtrace:
@enumerate
@item
Reload uncompiled versions of all Org-mode Lisp files. The backtrace
contains much more information if it is produced with uncompiled code.
To do this, use
@example
C-u M-x org-reload RET
@end example
@noindent
or select @code{Org -> Refresh/Reload -> Reload Org uncompiled} from the
menu.
@item
Go to the @code{Options} menu and select @code{Enter Debugger on Error}
(XEmacs has this option in the @code{Troubleshooting} sub-menu).
@item
Do whatever you have to do to hit the error. Don't forget to
document the steps you take.
@item
When you hit the error, a @file{*Backtrace*} buffer will appear on the
screen. Save this buffer to a file (for example using @kbd{C-x C-w}) and
attach it to your bug report.
@end enumerate
@node Conventions, , Feedback, Introduction
@section Typesetting conventions used in this manual
Org uses three types of keywords: TODO keywords, tags, and property
names. In this manual we use the following conventions:
@table @code
@item TODO
@itemx WAITING
TODO keywords are written with all capitals, even if they are
user-defined.
@item boss
@itemx ARCHIVE
User-defined tags are written in lowercase; built-in tags with special
meaning are written with all capitals.
@item Release
@itemx PRIORITY
User-defined properties are capitalized; built-in properties with
special meaning are written with all capitals.
@end table
@node Document Structure, Tables, Introduction, Top
@chapter Document structure
@cindex document structure
@cindex structure of document
Org is based on Outline mode and provides flexible commands to
edit the structure of the document.
@menu
* Outlines:: Org is based on Outline mode
* Headlines:: How to typeset Org tree headlines
* Visibility cycling:: Show and hide, much simplified
* Motion:: Jumping to other headlines
* Structure editing:: Changing sequence and level of headlines
* Sparse trees:: Matches embedded in context
* Plain lists:: Additional structure within an entry
* Drawers:: Tucking stuff away
* Blocks:: Folding blocks
* Footnotes:: How footnotes are defined in Org's syntax
* Orgstruct mode:: Structure editing outside Org
@end menu
@node Outlines, Headlines, Document Structure, Document Structure
@section Outlines
@cindex outlines
@cindex Outline mode
Org is implemented on top of Outline mode. Outlines allow a
document to be organized in a hierarchical structure, which (at least
for me) is the best representation of notes and thoughts. An overview
of this structure is achieved by folding (hiding) large parts of the
document to show only the general document structure and the parts
currently being worked on. Org greatly simplifies the use of
outlines by compressing the entire show/hide functionality into a single
command, @command{org-cycle}, which is bound to the @key{TAB} key.
@node Headlines, Visibility cycling, Outlines, Document Structure
@section Headlines
@cindex headlines
@cindex outline tree
@vindex org-special-ctrl-a/e
@vindex org-special-ctrl-k
@vindex org-ctrl-k-protect-subtree
Headlines define the structure of an outline tree. The headlines in Org
start with one or more stars, on the left margin@footnote{See the variables
@code{org-special-ctrl-a/e}, @code{org-special-ctrl-k}, and
@code{org-ctrl-k-protect-subtree} to configure special behavior of @kbd{C-a},
@kbd{C-e}, and @kbd{C-k} in headlines.}. For example:
@example
* Top level headline
** Second level
*** 3rd level
some text
*** 3rd level
more text
* Another top level headline
@end example
@noindent Some people find the many stars too noisy and would prefer an
outline that has whitespace followed by a single star as headline
starters. @ref{Clean view}, describes a setup to realize this.
@vindex org-cycle-separator-lines
An empty line after the end of a subtree is considered part of it and
will be hidden when the subtree is folded. However, if you leave at
least two empty lines, one empty line will remain visible after folding
the subtree, in order to structure the collapsed view. See the
variable @code{org-cycle-separator-lines} to modify this behavior.
@node Visibility cycling, Motion, Headlines, Document Structure
@section Visibility cycling
@cindex cycling, visibility
@cindex visibility cycling
@cindex trees, visibility
@cindex show hidden text
@cindex hide text
Outlines make it possible to hide parts of the text in the buffer.
Org uses just two commands, bound to @key{TAB} and
@kbd{S-@key{TAB}} to change the visibility in the buffer.
@cindex subtree visibility states
@cindex subtree cycling
@cindex folded, subtree visibility state
@cindex children, subtree visibility state
@cindex subtree, subtree visibility state
@table @asis
@orgcmd{@key{TAB},org-cycle}
@emph{Subtree cycling}: Rotate current subtree among the states
@example
,-> FOLDED -> CHILDREN -> SUBTREE --.
'-----------------------------------'
@end example
@vindex org-cycle-emulate-tab
@vindex org-cycle-global-at-bob
The cursor must be on a headline for this to work@footnote{see, however,
the option @code{org-cycle-emulate-tab}.}. When the cursor is at the
beginning of the buffer and the first line is not a headline, then
@key{TAB} actually runs global cycling (see below)@footnote{see the
option @code{org-cycle-global-at-bob}.}. Also when called with a prefix
argument (@kbd{C-u @key{TAB}}), global cycling is invoked.
@cindex global visibility states
@cindex global cycling
@cindex overview, global visibility state
@cindex contents, global visibility state
@cindex show all, global visibility state
@orgcmd{S-@key{TAB},org-global-cycle}
@itemx C-u @key{TAB}
@emph{Global cycling}: Rotate the entire buffer among the states
@example
,-> OVERVIEW -> CONTENTS -> SHOW ALL --.
'--------------------------------------'
@end example
When @kbd{S-@key{TAB}} is called with a numeric prefix argument N, the
CONTENTS view up to headlines of level N will be shown. Note that inside
tables, @kbd{S-@key{TAB}} jumps to the previous field.
@cindex show all, command
@orgcmd{C-u C-u C-u @key{TAB},show-all}
Show all, including drawers.
@orgcmd{C-c C-r,org-reveal}
Reveal context around point, showing the current entry, the following heading
and the hierarchy above. Useful for working near a location that has been
exposed by a sparse tree command (@pxref{Sparse trees}) or an agenda command
(@pxref{Agenda commands}). With a prefix argument show, on each
level, all sibling headings. With double prefix arg, also show the entire
subtree of the parent.
@orgcmd{C-c C-k,show-branches}
Expose all the headings of the subtree, CONTENT view for just one subtree.
@orgcmd{C-c C-x b,org-tree-to-indirect-buffer}
Show the current subtree in an indirect buffer@footnote{The indirect
buffer
@ifinfo
(@pxref{Indirect Buffers,,,emacs,GNU Emacs Manual})
@end ifinfo
@ifnotinfo
(see the Emacs manual for more information about indirect buffers)
@end ifnotinfo
will contain the entire buffer, but will be narrowed to the current
tree. Editing the indirect buffer will also change the original buffer,
but without affecting visibility in that buffer.}. With a numeric
prefix argument N, go up to level N and then take that tree. If N is
negative then go up that many levels. With a @kbd{C-u} prefix, do not remove
the previously used indirect buffer.
@end table
@vindex org-startup-folded
@cindex @code{overview}, STARTUP keyword
@cindex @code{content}, STARTUP keyword
@cindex @code{showall}, STARTUP keyword
@cindex @code{showeverything}, STARTUP keyword
When Emacs first visits an Org file, the global state is set to
OVERVIEW, i.e. only the top level headlines are visible. This can be
configured through the variable @code{org-startup-folded}, or on a
per-file basis by adding one of the following lines anywhere in the
buffer:
@example
#+STARTUP: overview
#+STARTUP: content
#+STARTUP: showall
#+STARTUP: showeverything
@end example
@cindex property, VISIBILITY
@noindent
Furthermore, any entries with a @samp{VISIBILITY} property (@pxref{Properties
and Columns}) will get their visibility adapted accordingly. Allowed values
for this property are @code{folded}, @code{children}, @code{content}, and
@code{all}.
@table @asis
@orgcmd{C-u C-u @key{TAB},org-set-startup-visibility}
Switch back to the startup visibility of the buffer, i.e. whatever is
requested by startup options and @samp{VISIBILITY} properties in individual
entries.
@end table
@node Motion, Structure editing, Visibility cycling, Document Structure
@section Motion
@cindex motion, between headlines
@cindex jumping, to headlines
@cindex headline navigation
The following commands jump to other headlines in the buffer.
@table @asis
@orgcmd{C-c C-n,outline-next-visible-heading}
Next heading.
@orgcmd{C-c C-p,outline-previous-visible-heading}
Previous heading.
@orgcmd{C-c C-f,org-forward-same-level}
Next heading same level.
@orgcmd{C-c C-b,org-backward-same-level}
Previous heading same level.
@orgcmd{C-c C-u,outline-up-heading}
Backward to higher level heading.
@orgcmd{C-c C-j,org-goto}
Jump to a different place without changing the current outline
visibility. Shows the document structure in a temporary buffer, where
you can use the following keys to find your destination:
@vindex org-goto-auto-isearch
@example
@key{TAB} @r{Cycle visibility.}
@key{down} / @key{up} @r{Next/previous visible headline.}
@key{RET} @r{Select this location.}
@kbd{/} @r{Do a Sparse-tree search}
@r{The following keys work if you turn off @code{org-goto-auto-isearch}}
n / p @r{Next/previous visible headline.}
f / b @r{Next/previous headline same level.}
u @r{One level up.}
0-9 @r{Digit argument.}
q @r{Quit}
@end example
@vindex org-goto-interface
@noindent
See also the variable @code{org-goto-interface}.
@end table
@node Structure editing, Sparse trees, Motion, Document Structure
@section Structure editing
@cindex structure editing
@cindex headline, promotion and demotion
@cindex promotion, of subtrees
@cindex demotion, of subtrees
@cindex subtree, cut and paste
@cindex pasting, of subtrees
@cindex cutting, of subtrees
@cindex copying, of subtrees
@cindex sorting, of subtrees
@cindex subtrees, cut and paste
@table @asis
@orgcmd{M-@key{RET},org-insert-heading}
@vindex org-M-RET-may-split-line
Insert new heading with same level as current. If the cursor is in a
plain list item, a new item is created (@pxref{Plain lists}). To force
creation of a new headline, use a prefix argument, or first press @key{RET}
to get to the beginning of the next line. When this command is used in
the middle of a line, the line is split and the rest of the line becomes
the new headline@footnote{If you do not want the line to be split,
customize the variable @code{org-M-RET-may-split-line}.}. If the
command is used at the beginning of a headline, the new headline is
created before the current line. If at the beginning of any other line,
the content of that line is made the new heading. If the command is
used at the end of a folded subtree (i.e. behind the ellipses at the end
of a headline), then a headline like the current one will be inserted
after the end of the subtree.
@orgcmd{C-@key{RET},org-insert-heading-respect-content}
Just like @kbd{M-@key{RET}}, except when adding a new heading below the
current heading, the new heading is placed after the body instead of before
it. This command works from anywhere in the entry.
@orgcmd{M-S-@key{RET},org-insert-todo-heading}
@vindex org-treat-insert-todo-heading-as-state-change
Insert new TODO entry with same level as current heading. See also the
variable @code{org-treat-insert-todo-heading-as-state-change}.
@orgcmd{C-S-@key{RET},org-insert-todo-heading-respect-content}
Insert new TODO entry with same level as current heading. Like
@kbd{C-@key{RET}}, the new headline will be inserted after the current
subtree.
@orgcmd{@key{TAB},org-cycle}
In a new entry with no text yet, the first @key{TAB} demotes the entry to
become a child of the previous one. The next @key{TAB} makes it a parent,
and so on, all the way to top level. Yet another @key{TAB}, and you are back
to the initial level.
@orgcmd{M-@key{left},org-do-promote}
Promote current heading by one level.
@orgcmd{M-@key{right},org-do-demote}
Demote current heading by one level.
@orgcmd{M-S-@key{left},org-promote-subtree}
Promote the current subtree by one level.
@orgcmd{M-S-@key{right},org-demote-subtree}
Demote the current subtree by one level.
@orgcmd{M-S-@key{up},org-move-subtree-up}
Move subtree up (swap with previous subtree of same
level).
@orgcmd{M-S-@key{down},org-move-subtree-down}
Move subtree down (swap with next subtree of same level).
@orgcmd{C-c C-x C-w,org-cut-subtree}
Kill subtree, i.e. remove it from buffer but save in kill ring.
With a numeric prefix argument N, kill N sequential subtrees.
@orgcmd{C-c C-x M-w,org-copy-subtree}
Copy subtree to kill ring. With a numeric prefix argument N, copy the N
sequential subtrees.
@orgcmd{C-c C-x C-y,org-paste-subtree}
Yank subtree from kill ring. This does modify the level of the subtree to
make sure the tree fits in nicely at the yank position. The yank level can
also be specified with a numeric prefix argument, or by yanking after a
headline marker like @samp{****}.
@orgcmd{C-y,org-yank}
@vindex org-yank-adjusted-subtrees
@vindex org-yank-folded-subtrees
Depending on the variables @code{org-yank-adjusted-subtrees} and
@code{org-yank-folded-subtrees}, Org's internal @code{yank} command will
paste subtrees folded and in a clever way, using the same command as @kbd{C-c
C-x C-y}. With the default settings, no level adjustment will take place,
but the yanked tree will be folded unless doing so would swallow text
previously visible. Any prefix argument to this command will force a normal
@code{yank} to be executed, with the prefix passed along. A good way to
force a normal yank is @kbd{C-u C-y}. If you use @code{yank-pop} after a
yank, it will yank previous kill items plainly, without adjustment and
folding.
@orgcmd{C-c C-x c,org-clone-subtree-with-time-shift}
Clone a subtree by making a number of sibling copies of it. You will be
prompted for the number of copies to make, and you can also specify if any
timestamps in the entry should be shifted. This can be useful, for example,
to create a number of tasks related to a series of lectures to prepare. For
more details, see the docstring of the command
@code{org-clone-subtree-with-time-shift}.
@orgcmd{C-c C-w,org-refile}
Refile entry or region to a different location. @xref{Refiling notes}.
@orgcmd{C-c ^,org-sort-entries-or-items}
Sort same-level entries. When there is an active region, all entries in the
region will be sorted. Otherwise the children of the current headline are
sorted. The command prompts for the sorting method, which can be
alphabetically, numerically, by time (first timestamp with active preferred,
creation time, scheduled time, deadline time), by priority, by TODO keyword
(in the sequence the keywords have been defined in the setup) or by the value
of a property. Reverse sorting is possible as well. You can also supply
your own function to extract the sorting key. With a @kbd{C-u} prefix,
sorting will be case-sensitive. With two @kbd{C-u C-u} prefixes, duplicate
entries will also be removed.
@orgcmd{C-x n s,org-narrow-to-subtree}
Narrow buffer to current subtree.
@orgcmd{C-x n w,widen}
Widen buffer to remove narrowing.
@orgcmd{C-c *,org-toggle-heading}
Turn a normal line or plain list item into a headline (so that it becomes a
subheading at its location). Also turn a headline into a normal line by
removing the stars. If there is an active region, turn all lines in the
region into headlines. If the first line in the region was an item, turn
only the item lines into headlines. Finally, if the first line is a
headline, remove the stars from all headlines in the region.
@end table
@cindex region, active
@cindex active region
@cindex transient mark mode
When there is an active region (Transient Mark mode), promotion and
demotion work on all headlines in the region. To select a region of
headlines, it is best to place both point and mark at the beginning of a
line, mark at the beginning of the first headline, and point at the line
just after the last headline to change. Note that when the cursor is
inside a table (@pxref{Tables}), the Meta-Cursor keys have different
functionality.
@node Sparse trees, Plain lists, Structure editing, Document Structure
@section Sparse trees
@cindex sparse trees
@cindex trees, sparse
@cindex folding, sparse trees
@cindex occur, command
@vindex org-show-hierarchy-above
@vindex org-show-following-heading
@vindex org-show-siblings
@vindex org-show-entry-below
An important feature of Org-mode is the ability to construct @emph{sparse
trees} for selected information in an outline tree, so that the entire
document is folded as much as possible, but the selected information is made
visible along with the headline structure above it@footnote{See also the
variables @code{org-show-hierarchy-above}, @code{org-show-following-heading},
@code{org-show-siblings}, and @code{org-show-entry-below} for detailed
control on how much context is shown around each match.}. Just try it out
and you will see immediately how it works.
Org-mode contains several commands creating such trees, all these
commands can be accessed through a dispatcher:
@table @asis
@orgcmd{C-c /,org-sparse-tree}
This prompts for an extra key to select a sparse-tree creating command.
@kindex C-c / r
@item C-c / r
@vindex org-remove-highlights-with-change
Occur. Prompts for a regexp and shows a sparse tree with all matches. If
the match is in a headline, the headline is made visible. If the match is in
the body of an entry, headline and body are made visible. In order to
provide minimal context, also the full hierarchy of headlines above the match
is shown, as well as the headline following the match. Each match is also
highlighted; the highlights disappear when the buffer is changed by an
editing command@footnote{This depends on the option
@code{org-remove-highlights-with-change}}, or by pressing @kbd{C-c C-c}.
When called with a @kbd{C-u} prefix argument, previous highlights are kept,
so several calls to this command can be stacked.
@end table
@noindent
@vindex org-agenda-custom-commands
For frequently used sparse trees of specific search strings, you can
use the variable @code{org-agenda-custom-commands} to define fast
keyboard access to specific sparse trees. These commands will then be
accessible through the agenda dispatcher (@pxref{Agenda dispatcher}).
For example:
@lisp
(setq org-agenda-custom-commands
'(("f" occur-tree "FIXME")))
@end lisp
@noindent will define the key @kbd{C-c a f} as a shortcut for creating
a sparse tree matching the string @samp{FIXME}.
The other sparse tree commands select headings based on TODO keywords,
tags, or properties and will be discussed later in this manual.
@kindex C-c C-e v
@cindex printing sparse trees
@cindex visible text, printing
To print a sparse tree, you can use the Emacs command
@code{ps-print-buffer-with-faces} which does not print invisible parts
of the document @footnote{This does not work under XEmacs, because
XEmacs uses selective display for outlining, not text properties.}.
Or you can use the command @kbd{C-c C-e v} to export only the visible
part of the document and print the resulting file.
@node Plain lists, Drawers, Sparse trees, Document Structure
@section Plain lists
@cindex plain lists
@cindex lists, plain
@cindex lists, ordered
@cindex ordered lists
Within an entry of the outline tree, hand-formatted lists can provide
additional structure. They also provide a way to create lists of checkboxes
(@pxref{Checkboxes}). Org supports editing such lists, and every exporter
(@pxref{Exporting}) can parse and format them.
Org knows ordered lists, unordered lists, and description lists.
@itemize @bullet
@item
@emph{Unordered} list items start with @samp{-}, @samp{+}, or
@samp{*}@footnote{When using @samp{*} as a bullet, lines must be indented or
they will be seen as top-level headlines. Also, when you are hiding leading
stars to get a clean outline view, plain list items starting with a star are
visually indistinguishable from true headlines. In short: even though
@samp{*} is supported, it may be better to not use it for plain list items.}
as bullets.
@item
@vindex org-plain-list-ordered-item-terminator
@emph{Ordered} list items start with a numeral followed by either a period or
a right parenthesis@footnote{You can filter out any of them by configuring
@code{org-plain-list-ordered-item-terminator}.}, such as @samp{1.} or
@samp{1)}. If you want a list to start a different value (e.g. 20), start
the text of the item with @code{[@@20]}@footnote{If there's a checkbox in the
item, the cookie must be put @emph{before} the checkbox.}. Those constructs
can be used in any item of the list in order to enforce a particular
numbering.
@item
@emph{Description} list items are unordered list items, and contain the
separator @samp{ :: } to separate the description @emph{term} from the
description.
@end itemize
Items belonging to the same list must have the same indentation on the first
line. In particular, if an ordered list reaches number @samp{10.}, then the
2--digit numbers must be written left-aligned with the other numbers in the
list.
@vindex org-list-ending-method
@vindex org-list-end-regexp
@vindex org-empty-line-terminates-plain-lists
Two methods@footnote{To disable either of them, configure
@code{org-list-ending-method}.} are provided to terminate lists. A list ends
before the next line that is indented like the bullet/number or less, or it
ends before two blank lines@footnote{See also
@code{org-empty-line-terminates-plain-lists}.}. In both cases, all levels of
the list are closed@footnote{So you cannot have a sublist, some text and then
another sublist while still in the same top-level list item. This used to be
possible, but it was only supported in the HTML exporter and difficult to
manage with automatic indentation.}. For finer control, you can end lists
with any pattern set in @code{org-list-end-regexp}. Here is an example:
@example
@group
** Lord of the Rings
My favorite scenes are (in this order)
1. The attack of the Rohirrim
2. Eowyn's fight with the witch king
+ this was already my favorite scene in the book
+ I really like Miranda Otto.
3. Peter Jackson being shot by Legolas
He makes a really funny face when it happens.
- on DVD only
But in the end, no individual scenes matter but the film as a whole.
Important actors in this film are:
- @b{Elijah Wood} :: He plays Frodo
- @b{Sean Austin} :: He plays Sam, Frodo's friend. I still remember
him very well from his role as Mikey Walsh in @i{The Goonies}.
@end group
@end example
Org supports these lists by tuning filling and wrapping commands to deal with
them correctly@footnote{Org only changes the filling settings for Emacs. For
XEmacs, you should use Kyle E. Jones' @file{filladapt.el}. To turn this on,
put into @file{.emacs}: @code{(require 'filladapt)}}, and by exporting them
properly (@pxref{Exporting}). Since indentation is what governs the
structure of these lists, many structural constructs like @code{#+BEGIN_...}
blocks can be indented to signal that they should be considered of a list
item.
@vindex org-list-demote-modify-bullet
If you find that using a different bullet for a sub-list (than that used for
the current list-level) improves readability, customize the variable
@code{org-list-demote-modify-bullet}.
@vindex org-list-automatic-rules
The following commands act on items when the cursor is in the first line of
an item (the line with the bullet or number). Some of them imply the
application of automatic rules to keep list structure in tact. If some of
these actions get in your way, configure @code{org-list-automatic-rules}
to disable them individually.
@table @asis
@orgcmd{@key{TAB},org-cycle}
@vindex org-cycle-include-plain-lists
Items can be folded just like headline levels. Normally this works only if
the cursor is on a plain list item. For more details, see the variable
@code{org-cycle-include-plain-lists}. to @code{integrate}, plain list items
will be treated like low-level. The level of an item is then given by the
indentation of the bullet/number. Items are always subordinate to real
headlines, however; the hierarchies remain completely separated.
@orgcmd{M-@key{RET},org-insert-heading}
@vindex org-M-RET-may-split-line
@vindex org-list-automatic-rules
Insert new item at current level. With a prefix argument, force a new
heading (@pxref{Structure editing}). If this command is used in the middle
of a line, the line is @emph{split} and the rest of the line becomes the new
item@footnote{If you do not want the line to be split, customize the variable
@code{org-M-RET-may-split-line}.}. If this command is executed @emph{before
item's body}, the new item is created @emph{before} the current item. If the
command is executed in the white space before the text that is part of an
item but does not contain the bullet, a bullet is added to the current line.
As a new item cannot be inserted in a structural construct (like an example
or source code block) within a list, Org will instead insert it right before
the structure, or return an error.
@kindex M-S-@key{RET}
@item M-S-@key{RET}
Insert a new item with a checkbox (@pxref{Checkboxes}).
@orgcmd{@key{TAB},org-cycle}
In a new item with no text yet, the first @key{TAB} demotes the item to
become a child of the previous one. Subsequents @key{TAB} move the item to
meaningful levels in the list and eventually get it back to its initial
position.
@kindex S-@key{down}
@item S-@key{up}
@itemx S-@key{down}
@cindex shift-selection-mode
@vindex org-support-shift-select
Jump to the previous/next item in the current list, but only if
@code{org-support-shift-select} is off. If not, you can still use paragraph
jumping commands like @kbd{C-@key{up}} and @kbd{C-@key{down}} to quite
similar effect.
@kindex M-S-@key{up}
@kindex M-S-@key{down}
@item M-S-@key{up}
@itemx M-S-@key{down}
Move the item including subitems up/down (swap with previous/next item
of same indentation). If the list is ordered, renumbering is
automatic.
@kindex M-@key{left}
@kindex M-@key{right}
@item M-@key{left}
@itemx M-@key{right}
Decrease/increase the indentation of an item, leaving children alone.
@kindex M-S-@key{left}
@kindex M-S-@key{right}
@item M-S-@key{left}
@itemx M-S-@key{right}
Decrease/increase the indentation of the item, including subitems.
Initially, the item tree is selected based on current indentation. When
these commands are executed several times in direct succession, the initially
selected region is used, even if the new indentation would imply a different
hierarchy. To use the new hierarchy, break the command chain with a cursor
motion or so.
As a special case, using this command on the very first item of a list will
move the whole list. This behavior can be disabled by configuring
@code{org-list-automatic-rules}. The global indentation of a list has no
influence on the text @emph{after} the list.
@kindex C-c C-c
@item C-c C-c
If there is a checkbox (@pxref{Checkboxes}) in the item line, toggle the
state of the checkbox. Also, makes sure that all the
items on this list level use the same bullet and that the numbering of list
items (if applicable) is correct.
@kindex C-c -
@vindex org-plain-list-ordered-item-terminator
@vindex org-list-automatic-rules
@item C-c -
Cycle the entire list level through the different itemize/enumerate bullets
(@samp{-}, @samp{+}, @samp{*}, @samp{1.}, @samp{1)}) or a subset of them,
depending on @code{org-plain-list-ordered-item-terminator}, the type of list,
and its position@footnote{See @code{bullet} rule in
@code{org-list-automatic-rules} for more information.}. With a numeric
prefix argument N, select the Nth bullet from this list. If there is an
active region when calling this, all lines will be converted to list items.
If the first line already was a list item, any item markers will be removed
from the list. Finally, even without an active region, a normal line will be
converted into a list item.
@kindex C-c *
@item C-c *
Turn a plain list item into a headline (so that it becomes a subheading at
its location). @xref{Structure editing}, for a detailed explanation.
@kindex S-@key{left}
@kindex S-@key{right}
@item S-@key{left}/@key{right}
@vindex org-support-shift-select
This command also cycles bullet styles when the cursor in on the bullet or
anywhere in an item line, details depending on
@code{org-support-shift-select}.
@kindex C-c ^
@item C-c ^
Sort the plain list. You will be prompted for the sorting method:
numerically, alphabetically, by time, or by custom function.
@end table
@node Drawers, Blocks, Plain lists, Document Structure
@section Drawers
@cindex drawers
@cindex #+DRAWERS
@cindex visibility cycling, drawers
@vindex org-drawers
Sometimes you want to keep information associated with an entry, but you
normally don't want to see it. For this, Org-mode has @emph{drawers}.
Drawers need to be configured with the variable
@code{org-drawers}@footnote{You can define drawers on a per-file basis
with a line like @code{#+DRAWERS: HIDDEN PROPERTIES STATE}}. Drawers
look like this:
@example
** This is a headline
Still outside the drawer
:DRAWERNAME:
This is inside the drawer.
:END:
After the drawer.
@end example
Visibility cycling (@pxref{Visibility cycling}) on the headline will hide and
show the entry, but keep the drawer collapsed to a single line. In order to
look inside the drawer, you need to move the cursor to the drawer line and
press @key{TAB} there. Org-mode uses the @code{PROPERTIES} drawer for
storing properties (@pxref{Properties and Columns}), and you can also arrange
for state change notes (@pxref{Tracking TODO state changes}) and clock times
(@pxref{Clocking work time}) to be stored in a drawer @code{LOGBOOK}. If you
want to store a quick note in the LOGBOOK drawer, in a similar way as this is
done by state changes, use
@table @kbd
@kindex C-c C-z
@item C-c C-z
Add a time-stamped note to the LOGBOOK drawer.
@end table
@node Blocks, Footnotes, Drawers, Document Structure
@section Blocks
@vindex org-hide-block-startup
@cindex blocks, folding
Org-mode uses begin...end blocks for various purposes from including source
code examples (@pxref{Literal examples}) to capturing time logging
information (@pxref{Clocking work time}). These blocks can be folded and
unfolded by pressing TAB in the begin line. You can also get all blocks
folded at startup by configuring the variable @code{org-hide-block-startup}
or on a per-file basis by using
@cindex @code{hideblocks}, STARTUP keyword
@cindex @code{nohideblocks}, STARTUP keyword
@example
#+STARTUP: hideblocks
#+STARTUP: nohideblocks
@end example
@node Footnotes, Orgstruct mode, Blocks, Document Structure
@section Footnotes
@cindex footnotes
Org-mode supports the creation of footnotes. In contrast to the
@file{footnote.el} package, Org-mode's footnotes are designed for work on a
larger document, not only for one-off documents like emails. The basic
syntax is similar to the one used by @file{footnote.el}, i.e. a footnote is
defined in a paragraph that is started by a footnote marker in square
brackets in column 0, no indentation allowed. If you need a paragraph break
inside a footnote, use the La@TeX{} idiom @samp{\par}. The footnote reference
is simply the marker in square brackets, inside text. For example:
@example
The Org homepage[fn:1] now looks a lot better than it used to.
...
[fn:1] The link is: http://orgmode.org
@end example
Org-mode extends the number-based syntax to @emph{named} footnotes and
optional inline definition. Using plain numbers as markers (as
@file{footnote.el} does) is supported for backward compatibility, but not
encouraged because of possible conflicts with La@TeX{} snippets (@pxref{Embedded
LaTeX}). Here are the valid references:
@table @code
@item [1]
A plain numeric footnote marker. Compatible with @file{footnote.el}, but not
recommended because something like @samp{[1]} could easily be part of a code
snippet.
@item [fn:name]
A named footnote reference, where @code{name} is a unique label word, or, for
simplicity of automatic creation, a number.
@item [fn:: This is the inline definition of this footnote]
A La@TeX{}-like anonymous footnote where the definition is given directly at the
reference point.
@item [fn:name: a definition]
An inline definition of a footnote, which also specifies a name for the note.
Since Org allows multiple references to the same note, you can then use
@code{[fn:name]} to create additional references.
@end table
@vindex org-footnote-auto-label
Footnote labels can be created automatically, or you can create names yourself.
This is handled by the variable @code{org-footnote-auto-label} and its
corresponding @code{#+STARTUP} keywords, see the docstring of that variable
for details.
@noindent The following command handles footnotes:
@table @kbd
@kindex C-c C-x f
@item C-c C-x f
The footnote action command.
When the cursor is on a footnote reference, jump to the definition. When it
is at a definition, jump to the (first) reference.
@vindex org-footnote-define-inline
@vindex org-footnote-section
@vindex org-footnote-auto-adjust
Otherwise, create a new footnote. Depending on the variable
@code{org-footnote-define-inline}@footnote{The corresponding in-buffer
setting is: @code{#+STARTUP: fninline} or @code{#+STARTUP: nofninline}}, the
definition will be placed right into the text as part of the reference, or
separately into the location determined by the variable
@code{org-footnote-section}.
When this command is called with a prefix argument, a menu of additional
options is offered:
@example
s @r{Sort the footnote definitions by reference sequence. During editing,}
@r{Org makes no effort to sort footnote definitions into a particular}
@r{sequence. If you want them sorted, use this command, which will}
@r{also move entries according to @code{org-footnote-section}. Automatic}
@r{sorting after each insertion/deletion can be configured using the}
@r{variable @code{org-footnote-auto-adjust}.}
r @r{Renumber the simple @code{fn:N} footnotes. Automatic renumbering}
@r{after each insertion/deletion can be configured using the variable}
@r{@code{org-footnote-auto-adjust}.}
S @r{Short for first @code{r}, then @code{s} action.}
n @r{Normalize the footnotes by collecting all definitions (including}
@r{inline definitions) into a special section, and then numbering them}
@r{in sequence. The references will then also be numbers. This is}
@r{meant to be the final step before finishing a document (e.g. sending}
@r{off an email). The exporters do this automatically, and so could}
@r{something like @code{message-send-hook}.}
d @r{Delete the footnote at point, and all definitions of and references}
@r{to it.}
@end example
Depending on the variable @code{org-footnote-auto-adjust}@footnote{the
corresponding in-buffer options are @code{fnadjust} and @code{nofnadjust}.},
renumbering and sorting footnotes can be automatic after each insertion or
deletion.
@kindex C-c C-c
@item C-c C-c
If the cursor is on a footnote reference, jump to the definition. If it is a
the definition, jump back to the reference. When called at a footnote
location with a prefix argument, offer the same menu as @kbd{C-c C-x f}.
@kindex C-c C-o
@kindex mouse-1
@kindex mouse-2
@item C-c C-o @r{or} mouse-1/2
Footnote labels are also links to the corresponding definition/reference, and
you can use the usual commands to follow these links.
@end table
@node Orgstruct mode, , Footnotes, Document Structure
@section The Orgstruct minor mode
@cindex Orgstruct mode
@cindex minor mode for structure editing
If you like the intuitive way the Org-mode structure editing and list
formatting works, you might want to use these commands in other modes like
Text mode or Mail mode as well. The minor mode @code{orgstruct-mode} makes
this possible. Toggle the mode with @kbd{M-x orgstruct-mode}, or
turn it on by default, for example in Mail mode, with one of:
@lisp
(add-hook 'mail-mode-hook 'turn-on-orgstruct)
(add-hook 'mail-mode-hook 'turn-on-orgstruct++)
@end lisp
When this mode is active and the cursor is on a line that looks to Org like a
headline or the first line of a list item, most structure editing commands
will work, even if the same keys normally have different functionality in the
major mode you are using. If the cursor is not in one of those special
lines, Orgstruct mode lurks silently in the shadow. When you use
@code{orgstruct++-mode}, Org will also export indentation and autofill
settings into that mode, and detect item context after the first line of an
item.
@node Tables, Hyperlinks, Document Structure, Top
@chapter Tables
@cindex tables
@cindex editing tables
Org comes with a fast and intuitive table editor. Spreadsheet-like
calculations are supported in connection with the Emacs @file{calc}
package
@ifinfo
(@pxref{Top,Calc,,Calc,Gnu Emacs Calculator Manual}).
@end ifinfo
@ifnotinfo
(see the Emacs Calculator manual for more information about the Emacs
calculator).
@end ifnotinfo
@menu
* Built-in table editor:: Simple tables
* Column width and alignment:: Overrule the automatic settings
* Column groups:: Grouping to trigger vertical lines
* Orgtbl mode:: The table editor as minor mode
* The spreadsheet:: The table editor has spreadsheet capabilities
* Org-Plot:: Plotting from org tables
@end menu
@node Built-in table editor, Column width and alignment, Tables, Tables
@section The built-in table editor
@cindex table editor, built-in
Org makes it easy to format tables in plain ASCII. Any line with
@samp{|} as the first non-whitespace character is considered part of a
table. @samp{|} is also the column separator. A table might look like
this:
@example
| Name | Phone | Age |
|-------+-------+-----|
| Peter | 1234 | 17 |
| Anna | 4321 | 25 |
@end example
A table is re-aligned automatically each time you press @key{TAB} or
@key{RET} or @kbd{C-c C-c} inside the table. @key{TAB} also moves to
the next field (@key{RET} to the next row) and creates new table rows
at the end of the table or before horizontal lines. The indentation
of the table is set by the first line. Any line starting with
@samp{|-} is considered as a horizontal separator line and will be
expanded on the next re-align to span the whole table width. So, to
create the above table, you would only type
@example
|Name|Phone|Age|
|-
@end example
@noindent and then press @key{TAB} to align the table and start filling in
fields. Even faster would be to type @code{|Name|Phone|Age} followed by
@kbd{C-c @key{RET}}.
@vindex org-enable-table-editor
@vindex org-table-auto-blank-field
When typing text into a field, Org treats @key{DEL},
@key{Backspace}, and all character keys in a special way, so that
inserting and deleting avoids shifting other fields. Also, when
typing @emph{immediately after the cursor was moved into a new field
with @kbd{@key{TAB}}, @kbd{S-@key{TAB}} or @kbd{@key{RET}}}, the
field is automatically made blank. If this behavior is too
unpredictable for you, configure the variables
@code{org-enable-table-editor} and @code{org-table-auto-blank-field}.
@table @kbd
@tsubheading{Creation and conversion}
@orgcmd{C-c |,org-table-create-or-convert-from-region}
Convert the active region to table. If every line contains at least one
TAB character, the function assumes that the material is tab separated.
If every line contains a comma, comma-separated values (CSV) are assumed.
If not, lines are split at whitespace into fields. You can use a prefix
argument to force a specific separator: @kbd{C-u} forces CSV, @kbd{C-u
C-u} forces TAB, and a numeric argument N indicates that at least N
consecutive spaces, or alternatively a TAB will be the separator.
@*
If there is no active region, this command creates an empty Org
table. But it's easier just to start typing, like
@kbd{|Name|Phone|Age @key{RET} |- @key{TAB}}.
@tsubheading{Re-aligning and field motion}
@orgcmd{C-c C-c,org-ctrl-c-ctrl-c}
Re-align the table without moving the cursor.
@c
@orgcmd{<TAB>,org-cycle}
Re-align the table, move to the next field. Creates a new row if
necessary.
@c
@orgcmd{S-@key{TAB},org-shifttab}
Re-align, move to previous field.
@c
@orgcmd{@key{RET},org-return}
Re-align the table and move down to next row. Creates a new row if
necessary. At the beginning or end of a line, @key{RET} still does
NEWLINE, so it can be used to split a table.
@c
@kindex M-a
@item M-a
Move to beginning of the current table field, or on to the previous field.
@kindex M-e
@item M-e
Move to end of the current table field, or on to the next field.
@tsubheading{Column and row editing}
@kindex M-@key{left}
@kindex M-@key{right}
@item M-@key{left}
@itemx M-@key{right}
Move the current column left/right.
@c
@kindex M-S-@key{left}
@item M-S-@key{left}
Kill the current column.
@c
@kindex M-S-@key{right}
@item M-S-@key{right}
Insert a new column to the left of the cursor position.
@c
@kindex M-@key{up}
@kindex M-@key{down}
@item M-@key{up}
@itemx M-@key{down}
Move the current row up/down.
@c
@kindex M-S-@key{up}
@item M-S-@key{up}
Kill the current row or horizontal line.
@c
@kindex M-S-@key{down}
@item M-S-@key{down}
Insert a new row above the current row. With a prefix argument, the line is
created below the current one.
@c
@kindex C-c -
@item C-c -
Insert a horizontal line below current row. With a prefix argument, the line
is created above the current line.
@c
@kindex C-c @key{RET}
@item C-c @key{RET}
Insert a horizontal line below current row, and move the cursor into the row
below that line.
@c
@kindex C-c ^
@item C-c ^
Sort the table lines in the region. The position of point indicates the
column to be used for sorting, and the range of lines is the range
between the nearest horizontal separator lines, or the entire table. If
point is before the first column, you will be prompted for the sorting
column. If there is an active region, the mark specifies the first line
and the sorting column, while point should be in the last line to be
included into the sorting. The command prompts for the sorting type
(alphabetically, numerically, or by time). When called with a prefix
argument, alphabetic sorting will be case-sensitive.
@tsubheading{Regions}
@kindex C-c C-x M-w
@item C-c C-x M-w
Copy a rectangular region from a table to a special clipboard. Point and
mark determine edge fields of the rectangle. If there is no active region,
copy just the current field. The process ignores horizontal separator lines.
@c
@kindex C-c C-x C-w
@item C-c C-x C-w
Copy a rectangular region from a table to a special clipboard, and
blank all fields in the rectangle. So this is the ``cut'' operation.
@c
@kindex C-c C-x C-y
@item C-c C-x C-y
Paste a rectangular region into a table.
The upper left corner ends up in the current field. All involved fields
will be overwritten. If the rectangle does not fit into the present table,
the table is enlarged as needed. The process ignores horizontal separator
lines.
@c
@kindex M-@key{RET}
@itemx M-@kbd{RET}
Wrap several fields in a column like a paragraph. If there is an active
region, and both point and mark are in the same column, the text in the
column is wrapped to minimum width for the given number of lines. A numeric
prefix argument may be used to change the number of desired lines. If there
is no region, the current field is split at the cursor position and the text
fragment to the right of the cursor is prepended to the field one line
down. If there is no region, but you specify a prefix argument, the current
field is made blank, and the content is appended to the field above.
@tsubheading{Calculations}
@cindex formula, in tables
@cindex calculations, in tables
@cindex region, active
@cindex active region
@cindex transient mark mode
@kindex C-c +
@item C-c +
Sum the numbers in the current column, or in the rectangle defined by
the active region. The result is shown in the echo area and can
be inserted with @kbd{C-y}.
@c
@kindex S-@key{RET}
@item S-@key{RET}
@vindex org-table-copy-increment
When current field is empty, copy from first non-empty field above. When not
empty, copy current field down to next row and move cursor along with it.
Depending on the variable @code{org-table-copy-increment}, integer field
values will be incremented during copy. Integers that are too large will not
be incremented. Also, a @code{0} prefix argument temporarily disables the
increment. This key is also used by shift-selection and related modes
(@pxref{Conflicts}).
@tsubheading{Miscellaneous}
@kindex C-c `
@item C-c `
Edit the current field in a separate window. This is useful for fields that
are not fully visible (@pxref{Column width and alignment}). When called with
a @kbd{C-u} prefix, just make the full field visible, so that it can be
edited in place.
@c
@item M-x org-table-import
Import a file as a table. The table should be TAB or whitespace
separated. Use, for example, to import a spreadsheet table or data
from a database, because these programs generally can write
TAB-separated text files. This command works by inserting the file into
the buffer and then converting the region to a table. Any prefix
argument is passed on to the converter, which uses it to determine the
separator.
@item C-c |
Tables can also be imported by pasting tabular text into the Org
buffer, selecting the pasted text with @kbd{C-x C-x} and then using the
@kbd{C-c |} command (see above under @i{Creation and conversion}).
@c
@item M-x org-table-export
@vindex org-table-export-default-format
Export the table, by default as a TAB-separated file. Use for data
exchange with, for example, spreadsheet or database programs. The format
used to export the file can be configured in the variable
@code{org-table-export-default-format}. You may also use properties
@code{TABLE_EXPORT_FILE} and @code{TABLE_EXPORT_FORMAT} to specify the file
name and the format for table export in a subtree. Org supports quite
general formats for exported tables. The exporter format is the same as the
format used by Orgtbl radio tables, see @ref{Translator functions}, for a
detailed description.
@end table
If you don't like the automatic table editor because it gets in your
way on lines which you would like to start with @samp{|}, you can turn
it off with
@lisp
(setq org-enable-table-editor nil)
@end lisp
@noindent Then the only table command that still works is
@kbd{C-c C-c} to do a manual re-align.
@node Column width and alignment, Column groups, Built-in table editor, Tables
@section Column width and alignment
@cindex narrow columns in tables
@cindex alignment in tables
The width of columns is automatically determined by the table editor. And
also the alignment of a column is determined automatically from the fraction
of number-like versus non-number fields in the column.
Sometimes a single field or a few fields need to carry more text, leading to
inconveniently wide columns. Or maybe you want to make a table with several
columns having a fixed width, regardless of content. To set@footnote{This
feature does not work on XEmacs.} the width of a column, one field anywhere
in the column may contain just the string @samp{<N>} where @samp{N} is an
integer specifying the width of the column in characters. The next re-align
will then set the width of this column to this value.
@example
@group
|---+------------------------------| |---+--------|
| | | | | <6> |
| 1 | one | | 1 | one |
| 2 | two | ----\ | 2 | two |
| 3 | This is a long chunk of text | ----/ | 3 | This=> |
| 4 | four | | 4 | four |
|---+------------------------------| |---+--------|
@end group
@end example
@noindent
Fields that are wider become clipped and end in the string @samp{=>}.
Note that the full text is still in the buffer, it is only invisible.
To see the full text, hold the mouse over the field---a tool-tip window
will show the full content. To edit such a field, use the command
@kbd{C-c `} (that is @kbd{C-c} followed by the backquote). This will
open a new window with the full field. Edit it and finish with @kbd{C-c
C-c}.
@vindex org-startup-align-all-tables
When visiting a file containing a table with narrowed columns, the
necessary character hiding has not yet happened, and the table needs to
be aligned before it looks nice. Setting the option
@code{org-startup-align-all-tables} will realign all tables in a file
upon visiting, but also slow down startup. You can also set this option
on a per-file basis with:
@example
#+STARTUP: align
#+STARTUP: noalign
@end example
If you would like to overrule the automatic alignment of number-rich columns
to the right and of string-rich column to the left, you and use @samp{<r>},
@samp{c}@footnote{Centering does not work inside Emacs, but it does have an
effect when exporting to HTML.} or @samp{<l>} in a similar fashion. You may
also combine alignment and field width like this: @samp{<l10>}.
Lines which only contain these formatting cookies will be removed
automatically when exporting the document.
@node Column groups, Orgtbl mode, Column width and alignment, Tables
@section Column groups
@cindex grouping columns in tables
When Org exports tables, it does so by default without vertical
lines because that is visually more satisfying in general. Occasionally
however, vertical lines can be useful to structure a table into groups
of columns, much like horizontal lines can do for groups of rows. In
order to specify column groups, you can use a special row where the
first field contains only @samp{/}. The further fields can either
contain @samp{<} to indicate that this column should start a group,
@samp{>} to indicate the end of a column, or @samp{<>} to make a column
a group of its own. Boundaries between column groups will upon export be
marked with vertical lines. Here is an example:
@example
| N | N^2 | N^3 | N^4 | sqrt(n) | sqrt[4](N) |
|---+-----+-----+-----+---------+------------|
| / | < | | > | < | > |
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 4 | 8 | 16 | 1.4142 | 1.1892 |
| 3 | 9 | 27 | 81 | 1.7321 | 1.3161 |
|---+-----+-----+-----+---------+------------|
#+TBLFM: $2=$1^2::$3=$1^3::$4=$1^4::$5=sqrt($1)::$6=sqrt(sqrt(($1)))
@end example
It is also sufficient to just insert the column group starters after
every vertical line you would like to have:
@example
| N | N^2 | N^3 | N^4 | sqrt(n) | sqrt[4](N) |
|----+-----+-----+-----+---------+------------|
| / | < | | | < | |
@end example
@node Orgtbl mode, The spreadsheet, Column groups, Tables
@section The Orgtbl minor mode
@cindex Orgtbl mode
@cindex minor mode for tables
If you like the intuitive way the Org table editor works, you
might also want to use it in other modes like Text mode or Mail mode.
The minor mode Orgtbl mode makes this possible. You can always toggle
the mode with @kbd{M-x orgtbl-mode}. To turn it on by default, for
example in mail mode, use
@lisp
(add-hook 'mail-mode-hook 'turn-on-orgtbl)
@end lisp
Furthermore, with some special setup, it is possible to maintain tables
in arbitrary syntax with Orgtbl mode. For example, it is possible to
construct La@TeX{} tables with the underlying ease and power of
Orgtbl mode, including spreadsheet capabilities. For details, see
@ref{Tables in arbitrary syntax}.
@node The spreadsheet, Org-Plot, Orgtbl mode, Tables
@section The spreadsheet
@cindex calculations, in tables
@cindex spreadsheet capabilities
@cindex @file{calc} package
The table editor makes use of the Emacs @file{calc} package to implement
spreadsheet-like capabilities. It can also evaluate Emacs Lisp forms to
derive fields from other fields. While fully featured, Org's implementation
is not identical to other spreadsheets. For example, Org knows the concept
of a @emph{column formula} that will be applied to all non-header fields in a
column without having to copy the formula to each relevant field. There is
also a formula debugger, and a formula editor with features for highlighting
fields in the table corresponding to the references at the point in the
formula, moving these references by arrow keys
@menu
* References:: How to refer to another field or range
* Formula syntax for Calc:: Using Calc to compute stuff
* Formula syntax for Lisp:: Writing formulas in Emacs Lisp
* Field formulas:: Formulas valid for a single field
* Column formulas:: Formulas valid for an entire column
* Editing and debugging formulas:: Fixing formulas
* Updating the table:: Recomputing all dependent fields
* Advanced features:: Field names, parameters and automatic recalc
@end menu
@node References, Formula syntax for Calc, The spreadsheet, The spreadsheet
@subsection References
@cindex references
To compute fields in the table from other fields, formulas must
reference other fields or ranges. In Org, fields can be referenced
by name, by absolute coordinates, and by relative coordinates. To find
out what the coordinates of a field are, press @kbd{C-c ?} in that
field, or press @kbd{C-c @}} to toggle the display of a grid.
@subsubheading Field references
@cindex field references
@cindex references, to fields
Formulas can reference the value of another field in two ways. Like in
any other spreadsheet, you may reference fields with a letter/number
combination like @code{B3}, meaning the 2nd field in the 3rd row.
@c Such references are always fixed to that field, they don't change
@c when you copy and paste a formula to a different field. So
@c Org's @code{B3} behaves like @code{$B$3} in other spreadsheets.
@noindent
Org also uses another, more general operator that looks like this:
@example
@@@var{row}$@var{column}
@end example
@noindent
Column references can be absolute like @samp{1}, @samp{2},...@samp{@var{N}},
or relative to the current column like @samp{+1} or @samp{-2}.
The row specification only counts data lines and ignores horizontal
separator lines (hlines). You can use absolute row numbers
@samp{1}...@samp{@var{N}}, and row numbers relative to the current row like
@samp{+3} or @samp{-1}. Or specify the row relative to one of the
hlines: @samp{I} refers to the first hline@footnote{Note that only
hlines are counted that @emph{separate} table lines. If the table
starts with a hline above the header, it does not count.}, @samp{II} to
the second, etc@. @samp{-I} refers to the first such line above the
current line, @samp{+I} to the first such line below the current line.
You can also write @samp{III+2} which is the second data line after the
third hline in the table.
@samp{0} refers to the current row and column. Also, if you omit
either the column or the row part of the reference, the current
row/column is implied.
Org's references with @emph{unsigned} numbers are fixed references
in the sense that if you use the same reference in the formula for two
different fields, the same field will be referenced each time.
Org's references with @emph{signed} numbers are floating
references because the same reference operator can reference different
fields depending on the field being calculated by the formula.
As a special case, references like @samp{$LR5} and @samp{$LR12} can be used
to refer in a stable way to the 5th and 12th field in the last row of the
table.
Here are a few examples:
@example
@@2$3 @r{2nd row, 3rd column}
C2 @r{same as previous}
$5 @r{column 5 in the current row}
E& @r{same as previous}
@@2 @r{current column, row 2}
@@-1$-3 @r{the field one row up, three columns to the left}
@@-I$2 @r{field just under hline above current row, column 2}
@end example
@subsubheading Range references
@cindex range references
@cindex references, to ranges
You may reference a rectangular range of fields by specifying two field
references connected by two dots @samp{..}. If both fields are in the
current row, you may simply use @samp{$2..$7}, but if at least one field
is in a different row, you need to use the general @code{@@row$column}
format at least for the first field (i.e the reference must start with
@samp{@@} in order to be interpreted correctly). Examples:
@example
$1..$3 @r{First three fields in the current row.}
$P..$Q @r{Range, using column names (see under Advanced)}
@@2$1..@@4$3 @r{6 fields between these two fields.}
A2..C4 @r{Same as above.}
@@-1$-2..@@-1 @r{3 numbers from the column to the left, 2 up to current row}
@end example
@noindent Range references return a vector of values that can be fed
into Calc vector functions. Empty fields in ranges are normally
suppressed, so that the vector contains only the non-empty fields (but
see the @samp{E} mode switch below). If there are no non-empty fields,
@samp{[0]} is returned to avoid syntax errors in formulas.
@subsubheading Field coordinates in formulas
@cindex field coordinates
@cindex coordinates, of field
@cindex row, of field coordinates
@cindex column, of field coordinates
For Calc formulas and Lisp formulas @code{@@#} and @code{$#} can be used to
get the row or column number of the field where the formula result goes.
The traditional Lisp formula equivalents are @code{org-table-current-dline}
and @code{org-table-current-column}. Examples:
@example
if(@@# % 2, $#, string("")) @r{column number on odd lines only}
$3 = remote(FOO, @@@@#$2) @r{copy column 2 from table FOO into}
@r{column 3 of the current table}
@end example
@noindent For the second example, table FOO must have at least as many rows
as the current table. Inefficient@footnote{The computation time scales as
O(N^2) because table FOO is parsed for each field to be copied.} for large
number of rows.
@subsubheading Named references
@cindex named references
@cindex references, named
@cindex name, of column or field
@cindex constants, in calculations
@cindex #+CONSTANTS
@vindex org-table-formula-constants
@samp{$name} is interpreted as the name of a column, parameter or
constant. Constants are defined globally through the variable
@code{org-table-formula-constants}, and locally (for the file) through a
line like
@example
#+CONSTANTS: c=299792458. pi=3.14 eps=2.4e-6
@end example
@noindent
@vindex constants-unit-system
@pindex constants.el
Also properties (@pxref{Properties and Columns}) can be used as
constants in table formulas: for a property @samp{:Xyz:} use the name
@samp{$PROP_Xyz}, and the property will be searched in the current
outline entry and in the hierarchy above it. If you have the
@file{constants.el} package, it will also be used to resolve constants,
including natural constants like @samp{$h} for Planck's constant, and
units like @samp{$km} for kilometers@footnote{@file{constants.el} can
supply the values of constants in two different unit systems, @code{SI}
and @code{cgs}. Which one is used depends on the value of the variable
@code{constants-unit-system}. You can use the @code{#+STARTUP} options
@code{constSI} and @code{constcgs} to set this value for the current
buffer.}. Column names and parameters can be specified in special table
lines. These are described below, see @ref{Advanced features}. All
names must start with a letter, and further consist of letters and
numbers.
@subsubheading Remote references
@cindex remote references
@cindex references, remote
@cindex references, to a different table
@cindex name, of column or field
@cindex constants, in calculations
@cindex #+TBLNAME
You may also reference constants, fields and ranges from a different table,
either in the current file or even in a different file. The syntax is
@example
remote(NAME-OR-ID,REF)
@end example
@noindent
where NAME can be the name of a table in the current file as set by a
@code{#+TBLNAME: NAME} line before the table. It can also be the ID of an
entry, even in a different file, and the reference then refers to the first
table in that entry. REF is an absolute field or range reference as
described above for example @code{@@3$3} or @code{$somename}, valid in the
referenced table.
@node Formula syntax for Calc, Formula syntax for Lisp, References, The spreadsheet
@subsection Formula syntax for Calc
@cindex formula syntax, Calc
@cindex syntax, of formulas
A formula can be any algebraic expression understood by the Emacs
@file{Calc} package. @b{Note that @file{calc} has the
non-standard convention that @samp{/} has lower precedence than
@samp{*}, so that @samp{a/b*c} is interpreted as @samp{a/(b*c)}.} Before
evaluation by @code{calc-eval} (@pxref{Calling Calc from
Your Programs,calc-eval,Calling Calc from Your Lisp Programs,Calc,GNU
Emacs Calc Manual}),
@c FIXME: The link to the Calc manual in HTML does not work.
variable substitution takes place according to the rules described above.
@cindex vectors, in table calculations
The range vectors can be directly fed into the Calc vector functions
like @samp{vmean} and @samp{vsum}.
@cindex format specifier
@cindex mode, for @file{calc}
@vindex org-calc-default-modes
A formula can contain an optional mode string after a semicolon. This
string consists of flags to influence Calc and other modes during
execution. By default, Org uses the standard Calc modes (precision
12, angular units degrees, fraction and symbolic modes off). The display
format, however, has been changed to @code{(float 8)} to keep tables
compact. The default settings can be configured using the variable
@code{org-calc-default-modes}.
@example
p20 @r{set the internal Calc calculation precision to 20 digits}
n3 s3 e2 f4 @r{Normal, scientific, engineering, or fixed}
@r{format of the result of Calc passed back to Org.}
@r{Calc formatting is unlimited in precision as}
@r{long as the Calc calculation precision is greater.}
D R @r{angle modes: degrees, radians}
F S @r{fraction and symbolic modes}
N @r{interpret all fields as numbers, use 0 for non-numbers}
T @r{force text interpretation}
E @r{keep empty fields in ranges}
L @r{literal}
@end example
@noindent
Unless you use large integer numbers or high-precision-calculation
and -display for floating point numbers you may alternatively provide a
@code{printf} format specifier to reformat the Calc result after it has been
passed back to Org instead of letting Calc already do the
formatting@footnote{The @code{printf} reformatting is limited in precision
because the value passed to it is converted into an @code{integer} or
@code{double}. The @code{integer} is limited in size by truncating the
signed value to 32 bits. The @code{double} is limited in precision to 64
bits overall which leaves approximately 16 significant decimal digits.}.
A few examples:
@example
$1+$2 @r{Sum of first and second field}
$1+$2;%.2f @r{Same, format result to two decimals}
exp($2)+exp($1) @r{Math functions can be used}
$0;%.1f @r{Reformat current cell to 1 decimal}
($3-32)*5/9 @r{Degrees F -> C conversion}
$c/$1/$cm @r{Hz -> cm conversion, using @file{constants.el}}
tan($1);Dp3s1 @r{Compute in degrees, precision 3, display SCI 1}
sin($1);Dp3%.1e @r{Same, but use printf specifier for display}
vmean($2..$7) @r{Compute column range mean, using vector function}
vmean($2..$7);EN @r{Same, but treat empty fields as 0}
taylor($3,x=7,2) @r{taylor series of $3, at x=7, second degree}
@end example
Calc also contains a complete set of logical operations. For example
@example
if($1<20,teen,string("")) @r{``teen'' if age $1 less than 20, else empty}
@end example
@node Formula syntax for Lisp, Field formulas, Formula syntax for Calc, The spreadsheet
@subsection Emacs Lisp forms as formulas
@cindex Lisp forms, as table formulas
It is also possible to write a formula in Emacs Lisp; this can be useful
for string manipulation and control structures, if Calc's
functionality is not enough. If a formula starts with a single-quote
followed by an opening parenthesis, then it is evaluated as a Lisp form.
The evaluation should return either a string or a number. Just as with
@file{calc} formulas, you can specify modes and a printf format after a
semicolon. With Emacs Lisp forms, you need to be conscious about the way
field references are interpolated into the form. By default, a
reference will be interpolated as a Lisp string (in double-quotes)
containing the field. If you provide the @samp{N} mode switch, all
referenced elements will be numbers (non-number fields will be zero) and
interpolated as Lisp numbers, without quotes. If you provide the
@samp{L} flag, all fields will be interpolated literally, without quotes.
I.e., if you want a reference to be interpreted as a string by the Lisp
form, enclose the reference operator itself in double-quotes, like
@code{"$3"}. Ranges are inserted as space-separated fields, so you can
embed them in list or vector syntax. A few examples, note how the
@samp{N} mode is used when we do computations in Lisp.
@example
@r{Swap the first two characters of the content of column 1}
'(concat (substring $1 1 2) (substring $1 0 1) (substring $1 2))
@r{Add columns 1 and 2, equivalent to Calc's @code{$1+$2}}
'(+ $1 $2);N
@r{Compute the sum of columns 1-4, like Calc's @code{vsum($1..$4)}}
'(apply '+ '($1..$4));N
@end example
@node Field formulas, Column formulas, Formula syntax for Lisp, The spreadsheet
@subsection Field formulas
@cindex field formula
@cindex formula, for individual table field
To assign a formula to a particular field, type it directly into the
field, preceded by @samp{:=}, for example @samp{:=$1+$2}. When you
press @key{TAB} or @key{RET} or @kbd{C-c C-c} with the cursor still in
the field, the formula will be stored as the formula for this field,
evaluated, and the current field replaced with the result.
@cindex #+TBLFM
Formulas are stored in a special line starting with @samp{#+TBLFM:}
directly below the table. If you typed the equation in the 4th field of
the 3rd data line in the table, the formula will look like
@samp{@@3$4=$1+$2}. When inserting/deleting/swapping column and rows
with the appropriate commands, @i{absolute references} (but not relative
ones) in stored formulas are modified in order to still reference the
same field. Of course this is not true if you edit the table structure
with normal editing commands---then you must fix the equations yourself.
The left-hand side of a formula may also be a named field (@pxref{Advanced
features}), or a last-row reference like @samp{$LR3}.
Instead of typing an equation into the field, you may also use the
following command
@table @kbd
@kindex C-u C-c =
@item C-u C-c =
Install a new formula for the current field. The command prompts for a
formula with default taken from the @samp{#+TBLFM:} line, applies
it to the current field, and stores it.
@end table
@node Column formulas, Editing and debugging formulas, Field formulas, The spreadsheet
@subsection Column formulas
@cindex column formula
@cindex formula, for table column
Often in a table, the same formula should be used for all fields in a
particular column. Instead of having to copy the formula to all fields
in that column, Org allows you to assign a single formula to an entire
column. If the table contains horizontal separator hlines, everything
before the first such line is considered part of the table @emph{header}
and will not be modified by column formulas.
To assign a formula to a column, type it directly into any field in the
column, preceded by an equal sign, like @samp{=$1+$2}. When you press
@key{TAB} or @key{RET} or @kbd{C-c C-c} with the cursor still in the field,
the formula will be stored as the formula for the current column, evaluated
and the current field replaced with the result. If the field contains only
@samp{=}, the previously stored formula for this column is used. For each
column, Org will only remember the most recently used formula. In the
@samp{#+TBLFM:} line, column formulas will look like @samp{$4=$1+$2}. The left-hand
side of a column formula cannot currently be the name of column, it
must be the numeric column reference.
Instead of typing an equation into the field, you may also use the
following command:
@table @kbd
@kindex C-c =
@item C-c =
Install a new formula for the current column and replace current field with
the result of the formula. The command prompts for a formula, with default
taken from the @samp{#+TBLFM} line, applies it to the current field and
stores it. With a numeric prefix argument(e.g. @kbd{C-5 C-c =}) the command
will apply it to that many consecutive fields in the current column.
@end table
@node Editing and debugging formulas, Updating the table, Column formulas, The spreadsheet
@subsection Editing and debugging formulas
@cindex formula editing
@cindex editing, of table formulas
@vindex org-table-use-standard-references
You can edit individual formulas in the minibuffer or directly in the
field. Org can also prepare a special buffer with all active
formulas of a table. When offering a formula for editing, Org
converts references to the standard format (like @code{B3} or @code{D&})
if possible. If you prefer to only work with the internal format (like
@code{@@3$2} or @code{$4}), configure the variable
@code{org-table-use-standard-references}.
@table @kbd
@kindex C-c =
@kindex C-u C-c =
@item C-c =
@itemx C-u C-c =
Edit the formula associated with the current column/field in the
minibuffer. See @ref{Column formulas}, and @ref{Field formulas}.
@kindex C-u C-u C-c =
@item C-u C-u C-c =
Re-insert the active formula (either a
field formula, or a column formula) into the current field, so that you
can edit it directly in the field. The advantage over editing in the
minibuffer is that you can use the command @kbd{C-c ?}.
@kindex C-c ?
@item C-c ?
While editing a formula in a table field, highlight the field(s)
referenced by the reference at the cursor position in the formula.
@kindex C-c @}
@item C-c @}
Toggle the display of row and column numbers for a table, using
overlays. These are updated each time the table is aligned; you can
force it with @kbd{C-c C-c}.
@kindex C-c @{
@item C-c @{
Toggle the formula debugger on and off. See below.
@kindex C-c '
@item C-c '
Edit all formulas for the current table in a special buffer, where the
formulas will be displayed one per line. If the current field has an
active formula, the cursor in the formula editor will mark it.
While inside the special buffer, Org will automatically highlight
any field or range reference at the cursor position. You may edit,
remove and add formulas, and use the following commands:
@table @kbd
@kindex C-c C-c
@kindex C-x C-s
@item C-c C-c
@itemx C-x C-s
Exit the formula editor and store the modified formulas. With @kbd{C-u}
prefix, also apply the new formulas to the entire table.
@kindex C-c C-q
@item C-c C-q
Exit the formula editor without installing changes.
@kindex C-c C-r
@item C-c C-r
Toggle all references in the formula editor between standard (like
@code{B3}) and internal (like @code{@@3$2}).
@kindex @key{TAB}
@item @key{TAB}
Pretty-print or indent Lisp formula at point. When in a line containing
a Lisp formula, format the formula according to Emacs Lisp rules.
Another @key{TAB} collapses the formula back again. In the open
formula, @key{TAB} re-indents just like in Emacs Lisp mode.
@kindex M-@key{TAB}
@item M-@key{TAB}
Complete Lisp symbols, just like in Emacs Lisp mode.
@kindex S-@key{up}
@kindex S-@key{down}
@kindex S-@key{left}
@kindex S-@key{right}
@item S-@key{up}/@key{down}/@key{left}/@key{right}
Shift the reference at point. For example, if the reference is
@code{B3} and you press @kbd{S-@key{right}}, it will become @code{C3}.
This also works for relative references and for hline references.
@kindex M-S-@key{up}
@kindex M-S-@key{down}
@item M-S-@key{up}/@key{down}
Move the test line for column formulas in the Org buffer up and
down.
@kindex M-@key{up}
@kindex M-@key{down}
@item M-@key{up}/@key{down}
Scroll the window displaying the table.
@kindex C-c @}
@item C-c @}
Turn the coordinate grid in the table on and off.
@end table
@end table
Making a table field blank does not remove the formula associated with
the field, because that is stored in a different line (the @samp{#+TBLFM}
line)---during the next recalculation the field will be filled again.
To remove a formula from a field, you have to give an empty reply when
prompted for the formula, or to edit the @samp{#+TBLFM} line.
@kindex C-c C-c
You may edit the @samp{#+TBLFM} directly and re-apply the changed
equations with @kbd{C-c C-c} in that line or with the normal
recalculation commands in the table.
@subsubheading Debugging formulas
@cindex formula debugging
@cindex debugging, of table formulas
When the evaluation of a formula leads to an error, the field content
becomes the string @samp{#ERROR}. If you would like see what is going
on during variable substitution and calculation in order to find a bug,
turn on formula debugging in the @code{Tbl} menu and repeat the
calculation, for example by pressing @kbd{C-u C-u C-c = @key{RET}} in a
field. Detailed information will be displayed.
@node Updating the table, Advanced features, Editing and debugging formulas, The spreadsheet
@subsection Updating the table
@cindex recomputing table fields
@cindex updating, table
Recalculation of a table is normally not automatic, but needs to be
triggered by a command. See @ref{Advanced features}, for a way to make
recalculation at least semi-automatic.
In order to recalculate a line of a table or the entire table, use the
following commands:
@table @kbd
@kindex C-c *
@item C-c *
Recalculate the current row by first applying the stored column formulas
from left to right, and all field formulas in the current row.
@c
@kindex C-u C-c *
@item C-u C-c *
@kindex C-u C-c C-c
@itemx C-u C-c C-c
Recompute the entire table, line by line. Any lines before the first
hline are left alone, assuming that these are part of the table header.
@c
@kindex C-u C-u C-c *
@kindex C-u C-u C-c C-c
@item C-u C-u C-c *
@itemx C-u C-u C-c C-c
Iterate the table by recomputing it until no further changes occur.
This may be necessary if some computed fields use the value of other
fields that are computed @i{later} in the calculation sequence.
@item M-x org-table-recalculate-buffer-tables
Recompute all tables in the current buffer.
@item M-x org-table-iterate-buffer-tables
Iterate all tables in the current buffer, in order to converge table-to-table
dependencies.
@end table
@node Advanced features, , Updating the table, The spreadsheet
@subsection Advanced features
If you want the recalculation of fields to happen automatically, or if
you want to be able to assign @i{names} to fields and columns, you need
to reserve the first column of the table for special marking characters.
@table @kbd
@kindex C-#
@item C-#
Rotate the calculation mark in first column through the states @samp{ },
@samp{#}, @samp{*}, @samp{!}, @samp{$}. When there is an active region,
change all marks in the region.
@end table
Here is an example of a table that collects exam results of students and
makes use of these features:
@example
@group
|---+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------|
| | Student | Prob 1 | Prob 2 | Prob 3 | Total | Note |
|---+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------|
| ! | | P1 | P2 | P3 | Tot | |
| # | Maximum | 10 | 15 | 25 | 50 | 10.0 |
| ^ | | m1 | m2 | m3 | mt | |
|---+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------|
| # | Peter | 10 | 8 | 23 | 41 | 8.2 |
| # | Sam | 2 | 4 | 3 | 9 | 1.8 |
|---+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------|
| | Average | | | | 29.7 | |
| ^ | | | | | at | |
| $ | max=50 | | | | | |
|---+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------|
#+TBLFM: $6=vsum($P1..$P3)::$7=10*$Tot/$max;%.1f::$at=vmean(@@-II..@@-I);%.1f
@end group
@end example
@noindent @b{Important}: please note that for these special tables,
recalculating the table with @kbd{C-u C-c *} will only affect rows that
are marked @samp{#} or @samp{*}, and fields that have a formula assigned
to the field itself. The column formulas are not applied in rows with
empty first field.
@cindex marking characters, tables
The marking characters have the following meaning:
@table @samp
@item !
The fields in this line define names for the columns, so that you may
refer to a column as @samp{$Tot} instead of @samp{$6}.
@item ^
This row defines names for the fields @emph{above} the row. With such
a definition, any formula in the table may use @samp{$m1} to refer to
the value @samp{10}. Also, if you assign a formula to a names field, it
will be stored as @samp{$name=...}.
@item _
Similar to @samp{^}, but defines names for the fields in the row
@emph{below}.
@item $
Fields in this row can define @emph{parameters} for formulas. For
example, if a field in a @samp{$} row contains @samp{max=50}, then
formulas in this table can refer to the value 50 using @samp{$max}.
Parameters work exactly like constants, only that they can be defined on
a per-table basis.
@item #
Fields in this row are automatically recalculated when pressing
@key{TAB} or @key{RET} or @kbd{S-@key{TAB}} in this row. Also, this row
is selected for a global recalculation with @kbd{C-u C-c *}. Unmarked
lines will be left alone by this command.
@item *
Selects this line for global recalculation with @kbd{C-u C-c *}, but
not for automatic recalculation. Use this when automatic
recalculation slows down editing too much.
@item
Unmarked lines are exempt from recalculation with @kbd{C-u C-c *}.
All lines that should be recalculated should be marked with @samp{#}
or @samp{*}.
@item /
Do not export this line. Useful for lines that contain the narrowing
@samp{<N>} markers or column group markers.
@end table
Finally, just to whet your appetite for what can be done with the
fantastic @file{calc.el} package, here is a table that computes the Taylor
series of degree @code{n} at location @code{x} for a couple of
functions.
@example
@group
|---+-------------+---+-----+--------------------------------------|
| | Func | n | x | Result |
|---+-------------+---+-----+--------------------------------------|
| # | exp(x) | 1 | x | 1 + x |
| # | exp(x) | 2 | x | 1 + x + x^2 / 2 |
| # | exp(x) | 3 | x | 1 + x + x^2 / 2 + x^3 / 6 |
| # | x^2+sqrt(x) | 2 | x=0 | x*(0.5 / 0) + x^2 (2 - 0.25 / 0) / 2 |
| # | x^2+sqrt(x) | 2 | x=1 | 2 + 2.5 x - 2.5 + 0.875 (x - 1)^2 |
| * | tan(x) | 3 | x | 0.0175 x + 1.77e-6 x^3 |
|---+-------------+---+-----+--------------------------------------|
#+TBLFM: $5=taylor($2,$4,$3);n3
@end group
@end example
@node Org-Plot, , The spreadsheet, Tables
@section Org-Plot
@cindex graph, in tables
@cindex plot tables using Gnuplot
@cindex #+PLOT
Org-Plot can produce 2D and 3D graphs of information stored in org tables
using @file{Gnuplot} @uref{http://www.gnuplot.info/} and @file{gnuplot-mode}
@uref{http://cars9.uchicago.edu/~ravel/software/gnuplot-mode.html}. To see
this in action, ensure that you have both Gnuplot and Gnuplot mode installed
on your system, then call @code{org-plot/gnuplot} on the following table.
@example
@group
#+PLOT: title:"Citas" ind:1 deps:(3) type:2d with:histograms set:"yrange [0:]"
| Sede | Max cites | H-index |
|-----------+-----------+---------|
| Chile | 257.72 | 21.39 |
| Leeds | 165.77 | 19.68 |
| Sao Paolo | 71.00 | 11.50 |
| Stockholm | 134.19 | 14.33 |
| Morelia | 257.56 | 17.67 |
@end group
@end example
Notice that Org Plot is smart enough to apply the table's headers as labels.
Further control over the labels, type, content, and appearance of plots can
be exercised through the @code{#+PLOT:} lines preceding a table. See below
for a complete list of Org-plot options. For more information and examples
see the Org-plot tutorial at
@uref{http://orgmode.org/worg/org-tutorials/org-plot.php}.
@subsubheading Plot Options
@table @code
@item set
Specify any @command{gnuplot} option to be set when graphing.
@item title
Specify the title of the plot.
@item ind
Specify which column of the table to use as the @code{x} axis.
@item deps
Specify the columns to graph as a Lisp style list, surrounded by parentheses
and separated by spaces for example @code{dep:(3 4)} to graph the third and
fourth columns (defaults to graphing all other columns aside from the @code{ind}
column).
@item type
Specify whether the plot will be @code{2d}, @code{3d}, or @code{grid}.
@item with
Specify a @code{with} option to be inserted for every col being plotted
(e.g. @code{lines}, @code{points}, @code{boxes}, @code{impulses}, etc...).
Defaults to @code{lines}.
@item file
If you want to plot to a file, specify @code{"@var{path/to/desired/output-file}"}.
@item labels
List of labels to be used for the deps (defaults to the column headers if
they exist).
@item line
Specify an entire line to be inserted in the Gnuplot script.
@item map
When plotting @code{3d} or @code{grid} types, set this to @code{t} to graph a
flat mapping rather than a @code{3d} slope.
@item timefmt
Specify format of Org-mode timestamps as they will be parsed by Gnuplot.
Defaults to @samp{%Y-%m-%d-%H:%M:%S}.
@item script
If you want total control, you can specify a script file (place the file name
between double-quotes) which will be used to plot. Before plotting, every
instance of @code{$datafile} in the specified script will be replaced with
the path to the generated data file. Note: even if you set this option, you
may still want to specify the plot type, as that can impact the content of
the data file.
@end table
@node Hyperlinks, TODO Items, Tables, Top
@chapter Hyperlinks
@cindex hyperlinks
Like HTML, Org provides links inside a file, external links to
other files, Usenet articles, emails, and much more.
@menu
* Link format:: How links in Org are formatted
* Internal links:: Links to other places in the current file
* External links:: URL-like links to the world
* Handling links:: Creating, inserting and following
* Using links outside Org:: Linking from my C source code?
* Link abbreviations:: Shortcuts for writing complex links
* Search options:: Linking to a specific location
* Custom searches:: When the default search is not enough
@end menu
@node Link format, Internal links, Hyperlinks, Hyperlinks
@section Link format
@cindex link format
@cindex format, of links
Org will recognize plain URL-like links and activate them as
clickable links. The general link format, however, looks like this:
@example
[[link][description]] @r{or alternatively} [[link]]
@end example
@noindent
Once a link in the buffer is complete (all brackets present), Org
will change the display so that @samp{description} is displayed instead
of @samp{[[link][description]]} and @samp{link} is displayed instead of
@samp{[[link]]}. Links will be highlighted in the face @code{org-link},
which by default is an underlined face. You can directly edit the
visible part of a link. Note that this can be either the @samp{link}
part (if there is no description) or the @samp{description} part. To
edit also the invisible @samp{link} part, use @kbd{C-c C-l} with the
cursor on the link.
If you place the cursor at the beginning or just behind the end of the
displayed text and press @key{BACKSPACE}, you will remove the
(invisible) bracket at that location. This makes the link incomplete
and the internals are again displayed as plain text. Inserting the
missing bracket hides the link internals again. To show the
internal structure of all links, use the menu entry
@code{Org->Hyperlinks->Literal links}.
@node Internal links, External links, Link format, Hyperlinks
@section Internal links
@cindex internal links
@cindex links, internal
@cindex targets, for links
@cindex property, CUSTOM_ID
If the link does not look like a URL, it is considered to be internal in the
current file. The most important case is a link like
@samp{[[#my-custom-id]]} which will link to the entry with the
@code{CUSTOM_ID} property @samp{my-custom-id}. Such custom IDs are very good
for HTML export (@pxref{HTML export}) where they produce pretty section
links. You are responsible yourself to make sure these custom IDs are unique
in a file.
Links such as @samp{[[My Target]]} or @samp{[[My Target][Find my target]]}
lead to a text search in the current file.
The link can be followed with @kbd{C-c C-o} when the cursor is on the link,
or with a mouse click (@pxref{Handling links}). Links to custom IDs will
point to the corresponding headline. The preferred match for a text link is
a @i{dedicated target}: the same string in double angular brackets. Targets
may be located anywhere; sometimes it is convenient to put them into a
comment line. For example
@example
# <<My Target>>
@end example
@noindent In HTML export (@pxref{HTML export}), such targets will become
named anchors for direct access through @samp{http} links@footnote{Note that
text before the first headline is usually not exported, so the first such
target should be after the first headline, or in the line directly before the
first headline.}.
If no dedicated target exists, Org will search for a headline that is exactly
the link text but may also include a TODO keyword and tags@footnote{To insert
a link targeting a headline, in-buffer completion can be used. Just type a
star followed by a few optional letters into the buffer and press
@kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. All headlines in the current buffer will be offered as
completions.}. In non-Org files, the search will look for the words in the
link text, in the above example the search would be for @samp{my target}.
Following a link pushes a mark onto Org's own mark ring. You can
return to the previous position with @kbd{C-c &}. Using this command
several times in direct succession goes back to positions recorded
earlier.
@menu
* Radio targets:: Make targets trigger links in plain text
@end menu
@node Radio targets, , Internal links, Internal links
@subsection Radio targets
@cindex radio targets
@cindex targets, radio
@cindex links, radio targets
Org can automatically turn any occurrences of certain target names
in normal text into a link. So without explicitly creating a link, the
text connects to the target radioing its position. Radio targets are
enclosed by triple angular brackets. For example, a target @samp{<<<My
Target>>>} causes each occurrence of @samp{my target} in normal text to
become activated as a link. The Org file is scanned automatically
for radio targets only when the file is first loaded into Emacs. To
update the target list during editing, press @kbd{C-c C-c} with the
cursor on or at a target.
@node External links, Handling links, Internal links, Hyperlinks
@section External links
@cindex links, external
@cindex external links
@cindex links, external
@cindex Gnus links
@cindex BBDB links
@cindex IRC links
@cindex URL links
@cindex file links
@cindex VM links
@cindex RMAIL links
@cindex WANDERLUST links
@cindex MH-E links
@cindex USENET links
@cindex SHELL links
@cindex Info links
@cindex Elisp links
Org supports links to files, websites, Usenet and email messages,
BBDB database entries and links to both IRC conversations and their
logs. External links are URL-like locators. They start with a short
identifying string followed by a colon. There can be no space after
the colon. The following list shows examples for each link type.
@example
http://www.astro.uva.nl/~dominik @r{on the web}
doi:10.1000/182 @r{DOI for an electronic resource}
file:/home/dominik/images/jupiter.jpg @r{file, absolute path}
/home/dominik/images/jupiter.jpg @r{same as above}
file:papers/last.pdf @r{file, relative path}
./papers/last.pdf @r{same as above}
file:/myself@@some.where:papers/last.pdf @r{file, path on remote machine}
/myself@@some.where:papers/last.pdf @r{same as above}
file:sometextfile::NNN @r{file with line number to jump to}
file:projects.org @r{another Org file}
file:projects.org::some words @r{text search in Org file}
file:projects.org::*task title @r{heading search in Org file}
docview:papers/last.pdf::NNN @r{open file in doc-view mode at page NNN}
id:B7423F4D-2E8A-471B-8810-C40F074717E9 @r{Link to heading by ID}
news:comp.emacs @r{Usenet link}
mailto:adent@@galaxy.net @r{Mail link}
vm:folder @r{VM folder link}
vm:folder#id @r{VM message link}
vm://myself@@some.where.org/folder#id @r{VM on remote machine}
wl:folder @r{WANDERLUST folder link}
wl:folder#id @r{WANDERLUST message link}
mhe:folder @r{MH-E folder link}
mhe:folder#id @r{MH-E message link}
rmail:folder @r{RMAIL folder link}
rmail:folder#id @r{RMAIL message link}
gnus:group @r{Gnus group link}
gnus:group#id @r{Gnus article link}
bbdb:R.*Stallman @r{BBDB link (with regexp)}
irc:/irc.com/#emacs/bob @r{IRC link}
info:org:External%20links @r{Info node link (with encoded space)}
shell:ls *.org @r{A shell command}
elisp:org-agenda @r{Interactive Elisp command}
elisp:(find-file-other-frame "Elisp.org") @r{Elisp form to evaluate}
@end example
A link should be enclosed in double brackets and may contain a
descriptive text to be displayed instead of the URL (@pxref{Link
format}), for example:
@example
[[http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/][GNU Emacs]]
@end example
@noindent
If the description is a file name or URL that points to an image, HTML
export (@pxref{HTML export}) will inline the image as a clickable
button. If there is no description at all and the link points to an
image,
that image will be inlined into the exported HTML file.
@cindex square brackets, around links
@cindex plain text external links
Org also finds external links in the normal text and activates them
as links. If spaces must be part of the link (for example in
@samp{bbdb:Richard Stallman}), or if you need to remove ambiguities
about the end of the link, enclose them in square brackets.
@node Handling links, Using links outside Org, External links, Hyperlinks
@section Handling links
@cindex links, handling
Org provides methods to create a link in the correct syntax, to
insert it into an Org file, and to follow the link.
@table @kbd
@kindex C-c l
@cindex storing links
@item C-c l
Store a link to the current location. This is a @emph{global} command (you
must create the key binding yourself) which can be used in any buffer to
create a link. The link will be stored for later insertion into an Org
buffer (see below). What kind of link will be created depends on the current
buffer:
@b{Org-mode buffers}@*
For Org files, if there is a @samp{<<target>>} at the cursor, the link points
to the target. Otherwise it points to the current headline, which will also
be the description.
@vindex org-link-to-org-use-id
@cindex property, CUSTOM_ID
@cindex property, ID
If the headline has a @code{CUSTOM_ID} property, a link to this custom ID
will be stored. In addition or alternatively (depending on the value of
@code{org-link-to-org-use-id}), a globally unique @code{ID} property will be
created and/or used to construct a link. So using this command in Org
buffers will potentially create two links: a human-readable from the custom
ID, and one that is globally unique and works even if the entry is moved from
file to file. Later, when inserting the link, you need to decide which one
to use.
@b{Email/News clients: VM, Rmail, Wanderlust, MH-E, Gnus}@*
Pretty much all Emacs mail clients are supported. The link will point to the
current article, or, in some GNUS buffers, to the group. The description is
constructed from the author and the subject.
@b{Web browsers: W3 and W3M}@*
Here the link will be the current URL, with the page title as description.
@b{Contacts: BBDB}@*
Links created in a BBDB buffer will point to the current entry.
@b{Chat: IRC}@*
@vindex org-irc-link-to-logs
For IRC links, if you set the variable @code{org-irc-link-to-logs} to
@code{t}, a @samp{file:/} style link to the relevant point in the logs for
the current conversation is created. Otherwise an @samp{irc:/} style link to
the user/channel/server under the point will be stored.
@b{Other files}@*
For any other files, the link will point to the file, with a search string
(@pxref{Search options}) pointing to the contents of the current line. If
there is an active region, the selected words will form the basis of the
search string. If the automatically created link is not working correctly or
accurately enough, you can write custom functions to select the search string
and to do the search for particular file types---see @ref{Custom searches}.
The key binding @kbd{C-c l} is only a suggestion---see @ref{Installation}.
@b{Agenda view}@*
When the cursor is in an agenda view, the created link points to the
entry referenced by the current line.
@c
@kindex C-c C-l
@cindex link completion
@cindex completion, of links
@cindex inserting links
@item C-c C-l
@vindex org-keep-stored-link-after-insertion
Insert a link@footnote{ Note that you don't have to use this command to
insert a link. Links in Org are plain text, and you can type or paste them
straight into the buffer. By using this command, the links are automatically
enclosed in double brackets, and you will be asked for the optional
descriptive text.}. This prompts for a link to be inserted into the buffer.
You can just type a link, using text for an internal link, or one of the link
type prefixes mentioned in the examples above. The link will be inserted
into the buffer@footnote{After insertion of a stored link, the link will be
removed from the list of stored links. To keep it in the list later use, use
a triple @kbd{C-u} prefix argument to @kbd{C-c C-l}, or configure the option
@code{org-keep-stored-link-after-insertion}.}, along with a descriptive text.
If some text was selected when this command is called, the selected text
becomes the default description.
@b{Inserting stored links}@*
All links stored during the
current session are part of the history for this prompt, so you can access
them with @key{up} and @key{down} (or @kbd{M-p/n}).
@b{Completion support}@* Completion with @key{TAB} will help you to insert
valid link prefixes like @samp{http:} or @samp{ftp:}, including the prefixes
defined through link abbreviations (@pxref{Link abbreviations}). If you
press @key{RET} after inserting only the @var{prefix}, Org will offer
specific completion support for some link types@footnote{This works by
calling a special function @code{org-PREFIX-complete-link}.} For
example, if you type @kbd{file @key{RET}}, file name completion (alternative
access: @kbd{C-u C-c C-l}, see below) will be offered, and after @kbd{bbdb
@key{RET}} you can complete contact names.
@kindex C-u C-c C-l
@cindex file name completion
@cindex completion, of file names
@item C-u C-c C-l
When @kbd{C-c C-l} is called with a @kbd{C-u} prefix argument, a link to
a file will be inserted and you may use file name completion to select
the name of the file. The path to the file is inserted relative to the
directory of the current Org file, if the linked file is in the current
directory or in a sub-directory of it, or if the path is written relative
to the current directory using @samp{../}. Otherwise an absolute path
is used, if possible with @samp{~/} for your home directory. You can
force an absolute path with two @kbd{C-u} prefixes.
@c
@item C-c C-l @ @r{(with cursor on existing link)}
When the cursor is on an existing link, @kbd{C-c C-l} allows you to edit the
link and description parts of the link.
@c
@cindex following links
@kindex C-c C-o
@kindex @key{RET}
@item C-c C-o @ @r{(or, if @code{org-return-follows-link} is set, also} @key{RET}
@vindex org-file-apps
Open link at point. This will launch a web browser for URLs (using
@command{browse-url-at-point}), run VM/MH-E/Wanderlust/Rmail/Gnus/BBDB for
the corresponding links, and execute the command in a shell link. When the
cursor is on an internal link, this command runs the corresponding search.
When the cursor is on a TAG list in a headline, it creates the corresponding
TAGS view. If the cursor is on a timestamp, it compiles the agenda for that
date. Furthermore, it will visit text and remote files in @samp{file:} links
with Emacs and select a suitable application for local non-text files.
Classification of files is based on file extension only. See option
@code{org-file-apps}. If you want to override the default application and
visit the file with Emacs, use a @kbd{C-u} prefix. If you want to avoid
opening in Emacs, use a @kbd{C-u C-u} prefix.@*
If the cursor is on a headline, but not on a link, offer all links in the
headline and entry text.
@c
@kindex mouse-2
@kindex mouse-1
@item mouse-2
@itemx mouse-1
On links, @kbd{mouse-2} will open the link just as @kbd{C-c C-o}
would. Under Emacs 22, @kbd{mouse-1} will also follow a link.
@c
@kindex mouse-3
@item mouse-3
@vindex org-display-internal-link-with-indirect-buffer
Like @kbd{mouse-2}, but force file links to be opened with Emacs, and
internal links to be displayed in another window@footnote{See the
variable @code{org-display-internal-link-with-indirect-buffer}}.
@c
@cindex inlining images
@cindex images, inlining
@kindex C-c C-x C-v
@vindex org-startup-with-inline-images
@cindex @code{inlineimages}, STARTUP keyword
@cindex @code{noinlineimages}, STARTUP keyword
@item C-c C-x C-v
Toggle the inline display of linked images. Normally this will only inline
images that have no description part in the link, i.e. images that will also
be inlined during export. When called with a prefix argument, also display
images that do have a link description. You can ask for inline images to be
displayed at startup by configuring the variable
@code{org-startup-with-inline-images}@footnote{with corresponding
@code{#+STARTUP} keywords @code{inlineimages} and @code{inlineimages}}.
@cindex mark ring
@kindex C-c %
@item C-c %
Push the current position onto the mark ring, to be able to return
easily. Commands following an internal link do this automatically.
@c
@cindex links, returning to
@kindex C-c &
@item C-c &
Jump back to a recorded position. A position is recorded by the
commands following internal links, and by @kbd{C-c %}. Using this
command several times in direct succession moves through a ring of
previously recorded positions.
@c
@kindex C-c C-x C-n
@kindex C-c C-x C-p
@cindex links, finding next/previous
@item C-c C-x C-n
@itemx C-c C-x C-p
Move forward/backward to the next link in the buffer. At the limit of
the buffer, the search fails once, and then wraps around. The key
bindings for this are really too long, you might want to bind this also
to @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p}
@lisp
(add-hook 'org-load-hook
(lambda ()
(define-key 'org-mode-map "\C-n" 'org-next-link)
(define-key 'org-mode-map "\C-p" 'org-previous-link)))
@end lisp
@end table
@node Using links outside Org, Link abbreviations, Handling links, Hyperlinks
@section Using links outside Org
You can insert and follow links that have Org syntax not only in
Org, but in any Emacs buffer. For this, you should create two
global commands, like this (please select suitable global keys
yourself):
@lisp
(global-set-key "\C-c L" 'org-insert-link-global)
(global-set-key "\C-c o" 'org-open-at-point-global)
@end lisp
@node Link abbreviations, Search options, Using links outside Org, Hyperlinks
@section Link abbreviations
@cindex link abbreviations
@cindex abbreviation, links
Long URLs can be cumbersome to type, and often many similar links are
needed in a document. For this you can use link abbreviations. An
abbreviated link looks like this
@example
[[linkword:tag][description]]
@end example
@noindent
@vindex org-link-abbrev-alist
where the tag is optional.
The @i{linkword} must be a word, starting with a letter, followed by
letters, numbers, @samp{-}, and @samp{_}. Abbreviations are resolved
according to the information in the variable @code{org-link-abbrev-alist}
that relates the linkwords to replacement text. Here is an example:
@smalllisp
@group
(setq org-link-abbrev-alist
'(("bugzilla" . "http://10.1.2.9/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=")
("google" . "http://www.google.com/search?q=")
("gmap" . "http://maps.google.com/maps?q=%s")
("omap" . "http://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?q=%s&polygon=1")
("ads" . "http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-abs_connect?author=%s&db_key=AST")))
@end group
@end smalllisp
If the replacement text contains the string @samp{%s}, it will be
replaced with the tag. Otherwise the tag will be appended to the string
in order to create the link. You may also specify a function that will
be called with the tag as the only argument to create the link.
With the above setting, you could link to a specific bug with
@code{[[bugzilla:129]]}, search the web for @samp{OrgMode} with
@code{[[google:OrgMode]]}, show the map location of the Free Software
Foundation @code{[[gmap:51 Franklin Street, Boston]]} or of Carsten office
@code{[[omap:Science Park 904, Amsterdam, The Netherlands]]} and find out
what the Org author is doing besides Emacs hacking with
@code{[[ads:Dominik,C]]}.
If you need special abbreviations just for a single Org buffer, you
can define them in the file with
@cindex #+LINK
@example
#+LINK: bugzilla http://10.1.2.9/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=
#+LINK: google http://www.google.com/search?q=%s
@end example
@noindent
In-buffer completion (@pxref{Completion}) can be used after @samp{[} to
complete link abbreviations. You may also define a function
@code{org-PREFIX-complete-link} that implements special (e.g. completion)
support for inserting such a link with @kbd{C-c C-l}. Such a function should
not accept any arguments, and return the full link with prefix.
@node Search options, Custom searches, Link abbreviations, Hyperlinks
@section Search options in file links
@cindex search option in file links
@cindex file links, searching
File links can contain additional information to make Emacs jump to a
particular location in the file when following a link. This can be a
line number or a search option after a double@footnote{For backward
compatibility, line numbers can also follow a single colon.} colon. For
example, when the command @kbd{C-c l} creates a link (@pxref{Handling
links}) to a file, it encodes the words in the current line as a search
string that can be used to find this line back later when following the
link with @kbd{C-c C-o}.
Here is the syntax of the different ways to attach a search to a file
link, together with an explanation:
@example
[[file:~/code/main.c::255]]
[[file:~/xx.org::My Target]]
[[file:~/xx.org::*My Target]]
[[file:~/xx.org::#my-custom-id]]
[[file:~/xx.org::/regexp/]]
@end example
@table @code
@item 255
Jump to line 255.
@item My Target
Search for a link target @samp{<<My Target>>}, or do a text search for
@samp{my target}, similar to the search in internal links, see
@ref{Internal links}. In HTML export (@pxref{HTML export}), such a file
link will become an HTML reference to the corresponding named anchor in
the linked file.
@item *My Target
In an Org file, restrict search to headlines.
@item #my-custom-id
Link to a heading with a @code{CUSTOM_ID} property
@item /regexp/
Do a regular expression search for @code{regexp}. This uses the Emacs
command @code{occur} to list all matches in a separate window. If the
target file is in Org-mode, @code{org-occur} is used to create a
sparse tree with the matches.
@c If the target file is a directory,
@c @code{grep} will be used to search all files in the directory.
@end table
As a degenerate case, a file link with an empty file name can be used
to search the current file. For example, @code{[[file:::find me]]} does
a search for @samp{find me} in the current file, just as
@samp{[[find me]]} would.
@node Custom searches, , Search options, Hyperlinks
@section Custom Searches
@cindex custom search strings
@cindex search strings, custom
The default mechanism for creating search strings and for doing the
actual search related to a file link may not work correctly in all
cases. For example, Bib@TeX{} database files have many entries like
@samp{year="1993"} which would not result in good search strings,
because the only unique identification for a Bib@TeX{} entry is the
citation key.
@vindex org-create-file-search-functions
@vindex org-execute-file-search-functions
If you come across such a problem, you can write custom functions to set
the right search string for a particular file type, and to do the search
for the string in the file. Using @code{add-hook}, these functions need
to be added to the hook variables
@code{org-create-file-search-functions} and
@code{org-execute-file-search-functions}. See the docstring for these
variables for more information. Org actually uses this mechanism
for Bib@TeX{} database files, and you can use the corresponding code as
an implementation example. See the file @file{org-bibtex.el}.
@node TODO Items, Tags, Hyperlinks, Top
@chapter TODO items
@cindex TODO items
Org-mode does not maintain TODO lists as separate documents@footnote{Of
course, you can make a document that contains only long lists of TODO items,
but this is not required.}. Instead, TODO items are an integral part of the
notes file, because TODO items usually come up while taking notes! With Org
mode, simply mark any entry in a tree as being a TODO item. In this way,
information is not duplicated, and the entire context from which the TODO
item emerged is always present.
Of course, this technique for managing TODO items scatters them
throughout your notes file. Org-mode compensates for this by providing
methods to give you an overview of all the things that you have to do.
@menu
* TODO basics:: Marking and displaying TODO entries
* TODO extensions:: Workflow and assignments
* Progress logging:: Dates and notes for progress
* Priorities:: Some things are more important than others
* Breaking down tasks:: Splitting a task into manageable pieces
* Checkboxes:: Tick-off lists
@end menu
@node TODO basics, TODO extensions, TODO Items, TODO Items
@section Basic TODO functionality
Any headline becomes a TODO item when it starts with the word
@samp{TODO}, for example:
@example
*** TODO Write letter to Sam Fortune
@end example
@noindent
The most important commands to work with TODO entries are:
@table @kbd
@kindex C-c C-t
@cindex cycling, of TODO states
@item C-c C-t
Rotate the TODO state of the current item among
@example
,-> (unmarked) -> TODO -> DONE --.
'--------------------------------'
@end example
The same rotation can also be done ``remotely'' from the timeline and
agenda buffers with the @kbd{t} command key (@pxref{Agenda commands}).
@kindex C-u C-c C-t
@item C-u C-c C-t
Select a specific keyword using completion or (if it has been set up)
the fast selection interface. For the latter, you need to assign keys
to TODO states, see @ref{Per-file keywords}, and @ref{Setting tags}, for
more information.
@kindex S-@key{right}
@kindex S-@key{left}
@vindex org-treat-S-cursor-todo-selection-as-state-change
@item S-@key{right}
@itemx S-@key{left}
Select the following/preceding TODO state, similar to cycling. Useful
mostly if more than two TODO states are possible (@pxref{TODO
extensions}). See also @ref{Conflicts}, for a discussion of the interaction
with @code{shift-selection-mode}. See also the variable
@code{org-treat-S-cursor-todo-selection-as-state-change}.
@kindex C-c / t
@cindex sparse tree, for TODO
@itemx C-c / t
@vindex org-todo-keywords
View TODO items in a @emph{sparse tree} (@pxref{Sparse trees}). Folds the
entire buffer, but shows all TODO items (with not-DONE state) and the
headings hierarchy above them. With a prefix argument (or by using @kbd{C-c
/ T}), search for a specific TODO. You will be prompted for the keyword, and
you can also give a list of keywords like @code{KWD1|KWD2|...} to list
entries that match any one of these keywords. With numeric prefix argument
N, show the tree for the Nth keyword in the variable
@code{org-todo-keywords}. With two prefix arguments, find all TODO states,
both un-done and done.
@kindex C-c a t
@item C-c a t
Show the global TODO list. Collects the TODO items (with not-DONE states)
from all agenda files (@pxref{Agenda Views}) into a single buffer. The new
buffer will be in @code{agenda-mode}, which provides commands to examine and
manipulate the TODO entries from the new buffer (@pxref{Agenda commands}).
@xref{Global TODO list}, for more information.
@kindex S-M-@key{RET}
@item S-M-@key{RET}
Insert a new TODO entry below the current one.
@end table
@noindent
@vindex org-todo-state-tags-triggers
Changing a TODO state can also trigger tag changes. See the docstring of the
option @code{org-todo-state-tags-triggers} for details.
@node TODO extensions, Progress logging, TODO basics, TODO Items
@section Extended use of TODO keywords
@cindex extended TODO keywords
@vindex org-todo-keywords
By default, marked TODO entries have one of only two states: TODO and
DONE. Org-mode allows you to classify TODO items in more complex ways
with @emph{TODO keywords} (stored in @code{org-todo-keywords}). With
special setup, the TODO keyword system can work differently in different
files.
Note that @i{tags} are another way to classify headlines in general and
TODO items in particular (@pxref{Tags}).
@menu
* Workflow states:: From TODO to DONE in steps
* TODO types:: I do this, Fred does the rest
* Multiple sets in one file:: Mixing it all, and still finding your way
* Fast access to TODO states:: Single letter selection of a state
* Per-file keywords:: Different files, different requirements
* Faces for TODO keywords:: Highlighting states
* TODO dependencies:: When one task needs to wait for others
@end menu
@node Workflow states, TODO types, TODO extensions, TODO extensions
@subsection TODO keywords as workflow states
@cindex TODO workflow
@cindex workflow states as TODO keywords
You can use TODO keywords to indicate different @emph{sequential} states
in the process of working on an item, for example@footnote{Changing
this variable only becomes effective after restarting Org-mode in a
buffer.}:
@lisp
(setq org-todo-keywords
'((sequence "TODO" "FEEDBACK" "VERIFY" "|" "DONE" "DELEGATED")))
@end lisp
The vertical bar separates the TODO keywords (states that @emph{need
action}) from the DONE states (which need @emph{no further action}). If
you don't provide the separator bar, the last state is used as the DONE
state.
@cindex completion, of TODO keywords
With this setup, the command @kbd{C-c C-t} will cycle an entry from TODO
to FEEDBACK, then to VERIFY, and finally to DONE and DELEGATED. You may
also use a numeric prefix argument to quickly select a specific state. For
example @kbd{C-3 C-c C-t} will change the state immediately to VERIFY.
Or you can use @kbd{S-@key{left}} to go backward through the sequence. If you
define many keywords, you can use in-buffer completion
(@pxref{Completion}) or even a special one-key selection scheme
(@pxref{Fast access to TODO states}) to insert these words into the
buffer. Changing a TODO state can be logged with a timestamp, see
@ref{Tracking TODO state changes}, for more information.
@node TODO types, Multiple sets in one file, Workflow states, TODO extensions
@subsection TODO keywords as types
@cindex TODO types
@cindex names as TODO keywords
@cindex types as TODO keywords
The second possibility is to use TODO keywords to indicate different
@emph{types} of action items. For example, you might want to indicate
that items are for ``work'' or ``home''. Or, when you work with several
people on a single project, you might want to assign action items
directly to persons, by using their names as TODO keywords. This would
be set up like this:
@lisp
(setq org-todo-keywords '((type "Fred" "Sara" "Lucy" "|" "DONE")))
@end lisp
In this case, different keywords do not indicate a sequence, but rather
different types. So the normal work flow would be to assign a task to a
person, and later to mark it DONE. Org-mode supports this style by adapting
the workings of the command @kbd{C-c C-t}@footnote{This is also true for the
@kbd{t} command in the timeline and agenda buffers.}. When used several
times in succession, it will still cycle through all names, in order to first
select the right type for a task. But when you return to the item after some
time and execute @kbd{C-c C-t} again, it will switch from any name directly
to DONE. Use prefix arguments or completion to quickly select a specific
name. You can also review the items of a specific TODO type in a sparse tree
by using a numeric prefix to @kbd{C-c / t}. For example, to see all things
Lucy has to do, you would use @kbd{C-3 C-c / t}. To collect Lucy's items
from all agenda files into a single buffer, you would use the numeric prefix
argument as well when creating the global TODO list: @kbd{C-3 C-c a t}.
@node Multiple sets in one file, Fast access to TODO states, TODO types, TODO extensions
@subsection Multiple keyword sets in one file
@cindex TODO keyword sets
Sometimes you may want to use different sets of TODO keywords in
parallel. For example, you may want to have the basic
@code{TODO}/@code{DONE}, but also a workflow for bug fixing, and a
separate state indicating that an item has been canceled (so it is not
DONE, but also does not require action). Your setup would then look
like this:
@lisp
(setq org-todo-keywords
'((sequence "TODO" "|" "DONE")
(sequence "REPORT" "BUG" "KNOWNCAUSE" "|" "FIXED")
(sequence "|" "CANCELED")))
@end lisp
The keywords should all be different, this helps Org-mode to keep track
of which subsequence should be used for a given entry. In this setup,
@kbd{C-c C-t} only operates within a subsequence, so it switches from
@code{DONE} to (nothing) to @code{TODO}, and from @code{FIXED} to
(nothing) to @code{REPORT}. Therefore you need a mechanism to initially
select the correct sequence. Besides the obvious ways like typing a
keyword or using completion, you may also apply the following commands:
@table @kbd
@kindex C-S-@key{right}
@kindex C-S-@key{left}
@kindex C-u C-u C-c C-t
@item C-u C-u C-c C-t
@itemx C-S-@key{right}
@itemx C-S-@key{left}
These keys jump from one TODO subset to the next. In the above example,
@kbd{C-u C-u C-c C-t} or @kbd{C-S-@key{right}} would jump from @code{TODO} or
@code{DONE} to @code{REPORT}, and any of the words in the second row to
@code{CANCELED}. Note that the @kbd{C-S-} key binding conflict with
@code{shift-selection-mode} (@pxref{Conflicts}).
@kindex S-@key{right}
@kindex S-@key{left}
@item S-@key{right}
@itemx S-@key{left}
@kbd{S-@key{<left>}} and @kbd{S-@key{<right>}} and walk through @emph{all}
keywords from all sets, so for example @kbd{S-@key{<right>}} would switch
from @code{DONE} to @code{REPORT} in the example above. See also
@ref{Conflicts}, for a discussion of the interaction with
@code{shift-selection-mode}.
@end table
@node Fast access to TODO states, Per-file keywords, Multiple sets in one file, TODO extensions
@subsection Fast access to TODO states
If you would like to quickly change an entry to an arbitrary TODO state
instead of cycling through the states, you can set up keys for
single-letter access to the states. This is done by adding the section
key after each keyword, in parentheses. For example:
@lisp
(setq org-todo-keywords
'((sequence "TODO(t)" "|" "DONE(d)")
(sequence "REPORT(r)" "BUG(b)" "KNOWNCAUSE(k)" "|" "FIXED(f)")
(sequence "|" "CANCELED(c)")))
@end lisp
@vindex org-fast-tag-selection-include-todo
If you then press @code{C-c C-t} followed by the selection key, the entry
will be switched to this state. @key{SPC} can be used to remove any TODO
keyword from an entry.@footnote{Check also the variable
@code{org-fast-tag-selection-include-todo}, it allows you to change the TODO
state through the tags interface (@pxref{Setting tags}), in case you like to
mingle the two concepts. Note that this means you need to come up with
unique keys across both sets of keywords.}
@node Per-file keywords, Faces for TODO keywords, Fast access to TODO states, TODO extensions
@subsection Setting up keywords for individual files
@cindex keyword options
@cindex per-file keywords
@cindex #+TODO
@cindex #+TYP_TODO
@cindex #+SEQ_TODO
It can be very useful to use different aspects of the TODO mechanism in
different files. For file-local settings, you need to add special lines
to the file which set the keywords and interpretation for that file
only. For example, to set one of the two examples discussed above, you
need one of the following lines, starting in column zero anywhere in the
file:
@example
#+TODO: TODO FEEDBACK VERIFY | DONE CANCELED
@end example
@noindent (you may also write @code{#+SEQ_TODO} to be explicit about the
interpretation, but it means the same as @code{#+TODO}), or
@example
#+TYP_TODO: Fred Sara Lucy Mike | DONE
@end example
A setup for using several sets in parallel would be:
@example
#+TODO: TODO | DONE
#+TODO: REPORT BUG KNOWNCAUSE | FIXED
#+TODO: | CANCELED
@end example
@cindex completion, of option keywords
@kindex M-@key{TAB}
@noindent To make sure you are using the correct keyword, type
@samp{#+} into the buffer and then use @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} completion.
@cindex DONE, final TODO keyword
Remember that the keywords after the vertical bar (or the last keyword
if no bar is there) must always mean that the item is DONE (although you
may use a different word). After changing one of these lines, use
@kbd{C-c C-c} with the cursor still in the line to make the changes
known to Org-mode@footnote{Org-mode parses these lines only when
Org-mode is activated after visiting a file. @kbd{C-c C-c} with the
cursor in a line starting with @samp{#+} is simply restarting Org-mode
for the current buffer.}.
@node Faces for TODO keywords, TODO dependencies, Per-file keywords, TODO extensions
@subsection Faces for TODO keywords
@cindex faces, for TODO keywords
@vindex org-todo @r{(face)}
@vindex org-done @r{(face)}
@vindex org-todo-keyword-faces
Org-mode highlights TODO keywords with special faces: @code{org-todo}
for keywords indicating that an item still has to be acted upon, and
@code{org-done} for keywords indicating that an item is finished. If
you are using more than 2 different states, you might want to use
special faces for some of them. This can be done using the variable
@code{org-todo-keyword-faces}. For example:
@lisp
@group
(setq org-todo-keyword-faces
'(("TODO" . org-warning) ("STARTED" . "yellow")
("CANCELED" . (:foreground "blue" :weight bold))))
@end group
@end lisp
While using a list with face properties as shown for CANCELED @emph{should}
work, this does not aways seem to be the case. If necessary, define a
special face and use that. A string is interpreted as a color. The variable
@code{org-faces-easy-properties} determines if that color is interpreted as a
foreground or a background color.
@node TODO dependencies, , Faces for TODO keywords, TODO extensions
@subsection TODO dependencies
@cindex TODO dependencies
@cindex dependencies, of TODO states
@vindex org-enforce-todo-dependencies
@cindex property, ORDERED
The structure of Org files (hierarchy and lists) makes it easy to define TODO
dependencies. Usually, a parent TODO task should not be marked DONE until
all subtasks (defined as children tasks) are marked as DONE. And sometimes
there is a logical sequence to a number of (sub)tasks, so that one task
cannot be acted upon before all siblings above it are done. If you customize
the variable @code{org-enforce-todo-dependencies}, Org will block entries
from changing state to DONE while they have children that are not DONE.
Furthermore, if an entry has a property @code{ORDERED}, each of its children
will be blocked until all earlier siblings are marked DONE. Here is an
example:
@example
* TODO Blocked until (two) is done
** DONE one
** TODO two
* Parent
:PROPERTIES:
:ORDERED: t
:END:
** TODO a
** TODO b, needs to wait for (a)
** TODO c, needs to wait for (a) and (b)
@end example
@table @kbd
@kindex C-c C-x o
@item C-c C-x o
@vindex org-track-ordered-property-with-tag
@cindex property, ORDERED
Toggle the @code{ORDERED} property of the current entry. A property is used
for this behavior because this should be local to the current entry, not
inherited like a tag. However, if you would like to @i{track} the value of
this property with a tag for better visibility, customize the variable
@code{org-track-ordered-property-with-tag}.
@kindex C-u C-u C-u C-c C-t
@item C-u C-u C-u C-c C-t
Change TODO state, circumventing any state blocking.
@end table
@vindex org-agenda-dim-blocked-tasks
If you set the variable @code{org-agenda-dim-blocked-tasks}, TODO entries
that cannot be closed because of such dependencies will be shown in a dimmed
font or even made invisible in agenda views (@pxref{Agenda Views}).
@cindex checkboxes and TODO dependencies
@vindex org-enforce-todo-dependencies
You can also block changes of TODO states by looking at checkboxes
(@pxref{Checkboxes}). If you set the variable
@code{org-enforce-todo-checkbox-dependencies}, an entry that has unchecked
checkboxes will be blocked from switching to DONE.
If you need more complex dependency structures, for example dependencies
between entries in different trees or files, check out the contributed
module @file{org-depend.el}.
@page
@node Progress logging, Priorities, TODO extensions, TODO Items
@section Progress logging
@cindex progress logging
@cindex logging, of progress
Org-mode can automatically record a timestamp and possibly a note when
you mark a TODO item as DONE, or even each time you change the state of
a TODO item. This system is highly configurable, settings can be on a
per-keyword basis and can be localized to a file or even a subtree. For
information on how to clock working time for a task, see @ref{Clocking
work time}.
@menu
* Closing items:: When was this entry marked DONE?
* Tracking TODO state changes:: When did the status change?
* Tracking your habits:: How consistent have you been?
@end menu
@node Closing items, Tracking TODO state changes, Progress logging, Progress logging
@subsection Closing items
The most basic logging is to keep track of @emph{when} a certain TODO
item was finished. This is achieved with@footnote{The corresponding
in-buffer setting is: @code{#+STARTUP: logdone}}.
@lisp
(setq org-log-done 'time)
@end lisp
@noindent
Then each time you turn an entry from a TODO (not-done) state into any
of the DONE states, a line @samp{CLOSED: [timestamp]} will be inserted
just after the headline. If you turn the entry back into a TODO item
through further state cycling, that line will be removed again. If you
want to record a note along with the timestamp, use@footnote{The
corresponding in-buffer setting is: @code{#+STARTUP: lognotedone}}
@lisp
(setq org-log-done 'note)
@end lisp
@noindent
You will then be prompted for a note, and that note will be stored below
the entry with a @samp{Closing Note} heading.
In the timeline (@pxref{Timeline}) and in the agenda
(@pxref{Weekly/daily agenda}), you can then use the @kbd{l} key to
display the TODO items with a @samp{CLOSED} timestamp on each day,
giving you an overview of what has been done.
@node Tracking TODO state changes, Tracking your habits, Closing items, Progress logging
@subsection Tracking TODO state changes
@cindex drawer, for state change recording
@vindex org-log-states-order-reversed
@vindex org-log-into-drawer
@cindex property, LOG_INTO_DRAWER
When TODO keywords are used as workflow states (@pxref{Workflow states}), you
might want to keep track of when a state change occurred and maybe take a
note about this change. You can either record just a timestamp, or a
time-stamped note for a change. These records will be inserted after the
headline as an itemized list, newest first@footnote{See the variable
@code{org-log-states-order-reversed}}. When taking a lot of notes, you might
want to get the notes out of the way into a drawer (@pxref{Drawers}).
Customize the variable @code{org-log-into-drawer} to get this
behavior---the recommended drawer for this is called @code{LOGBOOK}. You can
also overrule the setting of this variable for a subtree by setting a
@code{LOG_INTO_DRAWER} property.
Since it is normally too much to record a note for every state, Org-mode
expects configuration on a per-keyword basis for this. This is achieved by
adding special markers @samp{!} (for a timestamp) and @samp{@@} (for a note)
in parentheses after each keyword. For example, with the setting
@lisp
(setq org-todo-keywords
'((sequence "TODO(t)" "WAIT(w@@/!)" "|" "DONE(d!)" "CANCELED(c@@)")))
@end lisp
@noindent
@vindex org-log-done
you not only define global TODO keywords and fast access keys, but also
request that a time is recorded when the entry is set to
DONE@footnote{It is possible that Org-mode will record two timestamps
when you are using both @code{org-log-done} and state change logging.
However, it will never prompt for two notes---if you have configured
both, the state change recording note will take precedence and cancel
the @samp{Closing Note}.}, and that a note is recorded when switching to
WAIT or CANCELED. The setting for WAIT is even more special: the
@samp{!} after the slash means that in addition to the note taken when
entering the state, a timestamp should be recorded when @i{leaving} the
WAIT state, if and only if the @i{target} state does not configure
logging for entering it. So it has no effect when switching from WAIT
to DONE, because DONE is configured to record a timestamp only. But
when switching from WAIT back to TODO, the @samp{/!} in the WAIT
setting now triggers a timestamp even though TODO has no logging
configured.
You can use the exact same syntax for setting logging preferences local
to a buffer:
@example
#+TODO: TODO(t) WAIT(w@@/!) | DONE(d!) CANCELED(c@@)
@end example
@cindex property, LOGGING
In order to define logging settings that are local to a subtree or a
single item, define a LOGGING property in this entry. Any non-empty
LOGGING property resets all logging settings to nil. You may then turn
on logging for this specific tree using STARTUP keywords like
@code{lognotedone} or @code{logrepeat}, as well as adding state specific
settings like @code{TODO(!)}. For example
@example
* TODO Log each state with only a time
:PROPERTIES:
:LOGGING: TODO(!) WAIT(!) DONE(!) CANCELED(!)
:END:
* TODO Only log when switching to WAIT, and when repeating
:PROPERTIES:
:LOGGING: WAIT(@@) logrepeat
:END:
* TODO No logging at all
:PROPERTIES:
:LOGGING: nil
:END:
@end example
@node Tracking your habits, , Tracking TODO state changes, Progress logging
@subsection Tracking your habits
@cindex habits
Org has the ability to track the consistency of a special category of TODOs,
called ``habits''. A habit has the following properties:
@enumerate
@item
You have enabled the @code{habits} module by customizing the variable
@code{org-modules}.
@item
The habit is a TODO, with a TODO keyword representing an open state.
@item
The property @code{STYLE} is set to the value @code{habit}.
@item
The TODO has a scheduled date, usually with a @code{.+} style repeat
interval. A @code{++} style may be appropriate for habits with time
constraints, e.g., must be done on weekends, or a @code{+} style for an
unusual habit that can have a backlog, e.g., weekly reports.
@item
The TODO may also have minimum and maximum ranges specified by using the
syntax @samp{.+2d/3d}, which says that you want to do the task at least every
three days, but at most every two days.
@item
You must also have state logging for the @code{DONE} state enabled, in order
for historical data to be represented in the consistency graph. If it's not
enabled it's not an error, but the consistency graphs will be largely
meaningless.
@end enumerate
To give you an idea of what the above rules look like in action, here's an
actual habit with some history:
@example
** TODO Shave
SCHEDULED: <2009-10-17 Sat .+2d/4d>
- State "DONE" from "TODO" [2009-10-15 Thu]
- State "DONE" from "TODO" [2009-10-12 Mon]
- State "DONE" from "TODO" [2009-10-10 Sat]
- State "DONE" from "TODO" [2009-10-04 Sun]
- State "DONE" from "TODO" [2009-10-02 Fri]
- State "DONE" from "TODO" [2009-09-29 Tue]
- State "DONE" from "TODO" [2009-09-25 Fri]
- State "DONE" from "TODO" [2009-09-19 Sat]
- State "DONE" from "TODO" [2009-09-16 Wed]
- State "DONE" from "TODO" [2009-09-12 Sat]
:PROPERTIES:
:STYLE: habit
:LAST_REPEAT: [2009-10-19 Mon 00:36]
:END:
@end example
What this habit says is: I want to shave at most every 2 days (given by the
@code{SCHEDULED} date and repeat interval) and at least every 4 days. If
today is the 15th, then the habit first appears in the agenda on Oct 17,
after the minimum of 2 days has elapsed, and will appear overdue on Oct 19,
after four days have elapsed.
What's really useful about habits is that they are displayed along with a
consistency graph, to show how consistent you've been at getting that task
done in the past. This graph shows every day that the task was done over the
past three weeks, with colors for each day. The colors used are:
@table @code
@item Blue
If the task wasn't to be done yet on that day.
@item Green
If the task could have been done on that day.
@item Yellow
If the task was going to be overdue the next day.
@item Red
If the task was overdue on that day.
@end table
In addition to coloring each day, the day is also marked with an asterisk if
the task was actually done that day, and an exclamation mark to show where
the current day falls in the graph.
There are several configuration variables that can be used to change the way
habits are displayed in the agenda.
@table @code
@item org-habit-graph-column
The buffer column at which the consistency graph should be drawn. This will
overwrite any text in that column, so it's a good idea to keep your habits'
titles brief and to the point.
@item org-habit-preceding-days
The amount of history, in days before today, to appear in consistency graphs.
@item org-habit-following-days
The number of days after today that will appear in consistency graphs.
@item org-habit-show-habits-only-for-today
If non-nil, only show habits in today's agenda view. This is set to true by
default.
@end table
Lastly, pressing @kbd{K} in the agenda buffer will cause habits to
temporarily be disabled and they won't appear at all. Press @kbd{K} again to
bring them back. They are also subject to tag filtering, if you have habits
which should only be done in certain contexts, for example.
@node Priorities, Breaking down tasks, Progress logging, TODO Items
@section Priorities
@cindex priorities
If you use Org-mode extensively, you may end up with enough TODO items that
it starts to make sense to prioritize them. Prioritizing can be done by
placing a @emph{priority cookie} into the headline of a TODO item, like this
@example
*** TODO [#A] Write letter to Sam Fortune
@end example
@noindent
@vindex org-priority-faces
By default, Org-mode supports three priorities: @samp{A}, @samp{B}, and
@samp{C}. @samp{A} is the highest priority. An entry without a cookie is
treated just like priority @samp{B}. Priorities make a difference only for
sorting in the agenda (@pxref{Weekly/daily agenda}); outside the agenda, they
have no inherent meaning to Org-mode. The cookies can be highlighted with
special faces by customizing the variable @code{org-priority-faces}.
Priorities can be attached to any outline node; they do not need to be TODO
items.
@table @kbd
@kindex @kbd{C-c ,}
@item @kbd{C-c ,}
Set the priority of the current headline. The command prompts for a
priority character @samp{A}, @samp{B} or @samp{C}. When you press
@key{SPC} instead, the priority cookie is removed from the headline.
The priorities can also be changed ``remotely'' from the timeline and
agenda buffer with the @kbd{,} command (@pxref{Agenda commands}).
@c
@kindex S-@key{up}
@kindex S-@key{down}
@item S-@key{up}
@itemx S-@key{down}
@vindex org-priority-start-cycle-with-default
Increase/decrease priority of current headline@footnote{See also the option
@code{org-priority-start-cycle-with-default}.}. Note that these keys are
also used to modify timestamps (@pxref{Creating timestamps}). See also
@ref{Conflicts}, for a discussion of the interaction with
@code{shift-selection-mode}.
@end table
@vindex org-highest-priority
@vindex org-lowest-priority
@vindex org-default-priority
You can change the range of allowed priorities by setting the variables
@code{org-highest-priority}, @code{org-lowest-priority}, and
@code{org-default-priority}. For an individual buffer, you may set
these values (highest, lowest, default) like this (please make sure that
the highest priority is earlier in the alphabet than the lowest
priority):
@cindex #+PRIORITIES
@example
#+PRIORITIES: A C B
@end example
@node Breaking down tasks, Checkboxes, Priorities, TODO Items
@section Breaking tasks down into subtasks
@cindex tasks, breaking down
@cindex statistics, for TODO items
@vindex org-agenda-todo-list-sublevels
It is often advisable to break down large tasks into smaller, manageable
subtasks. You can do this by creating an outline tree below a TODO item,
with detailed subtasks on the tree@footnote{To keep subtasks out of the
global TODO list, see the @code{org-agenda-todo-list-sublevels}.}. To keep
the overview over the fraction of subtasks that are already completed, insert
either @samp{[/]} or @samp{[%]} anywhere in the headline. These cookies will
be updated each time the TODO status of a child changes, or when pressing
@kbd{C-c C-c} on the cookie. For example:
@example
* Organize Party [33%]
** TODO Call people [1/2]
*** TODO Peter
*** DONE Sarah
** TODO Buy food
** DONE Talk to neighbor
@end example
@cindex property, COOKIE_DATA
If a heading has both checkboxes and TODO children below it, the meaning of
the statistics cookie become ambiguous. Set the property
@code{COOKIE_DATA} to either @samp{checkbox} or @samp{todo} to resolve
this issue.
@vindex org-hierarchical-todo-statistics
If you would like to have the statistics cookie count any TODO entries in the
subtree (not just direct children), configure the variable
@code{org-hierarchical-todo-statistics}. To do this for a single subtree,
include the word @samp{recursive} into the value of the @code{COOKIE_DATA}
property.
@example
* Parent capturing statistics [2/20]
:PROPERTIES:
:COOKIE_DATA: todo recursive
:END:
@end example
If you would like a TODO entry to automatically change to DONE
when all children are done, you can use the following setup:
@example
(defun org-summary-todo (n-done n-not-done)
"Switch entry to DONE when all subentries are done, to TODO otherwise."
(let (org-log-done org-log-states) ; turn off logging
(org-todo (if (= n-not-done 0) "DONE" "TODO"))))
(add-hook 'org-after-todo-statistics-hook 'org-summary-todo)
@end example
Another possibility is the use of checkboxes to identify (a hierarchy of) a
large number of subtasks (@pxref{Checkboxes}).
@node Checkboxes, , Breaking down tasks, TODO Items
@section Checkboxes
@cindex checkboxes
@vindex org-list-automatic-rules
Every item in a plain list@footnote{With the exception of description
lists. But you can allow it by modifying @code{org-list-automatic-rules}
accordingly.} (@pxref{Plain lists}) can be made into a checkbox by starting
it with the string @samp{[ ]}. This feature is similar to TODO items
(@pxref{TODO Items}), but is more lightweight. Checkboxes are not included
into the global TODO list, so they are often great to split a task into a
number of simple steps. Or you can use them in a shopping list. To toggle a
checkbox, use @kbd{C-c C-c}, or use the mouse (thanks to Piotr Zielinski's
@file{org-mouse.el}).
Here is an example of a checkbox list.
@example
* TODO Organize party [2/4]
- [-] call people [1/3]
- [ ] Peter
- [X] Sarah
- [ ] Sam
- [X] order food
- [ ] think about what music to play
- [X] talk to the neighbors
@end example
Checkboxes work hierarchically, so if a checkbox item has children that
are checkboxes, toggling one of the children checkboxes will make the
parent checkbox reflect if none, some, or all of the children are
checked.
@cindex statistics, for checkboxes
@cindex checkbox statistics
@cindex property, COOKIE_DATA
@vindex org-hierarchical-checkbox-statistics
The @samp{[2/4]} and @samp{[1/3]} in the first and second line are cookies
indicating how many checkboxes present in this entry have been checked off,
and the total number of checkboxes present. This can give you an idea on how
many checkboxes remain, even without opening a folded entry. The cookies can
be placed into a headline or into (the first line of) a plain list item.
Each cookie covers checkboxes of direct children structurally below the
headline/item on which the cookie appears@footnote{Set the variable
@code{org-hierarchical-checkbox-statistics} if you want such cookies to
represent the all checkboxes below the cookie, not just the direct
children.}. You have to insert the cookie yourself by typing either
@samp{[/]} or @samp{[%]}. With @samp{[/]} you get an @samp{n out of m}
result, as in the examples above. With @samp{[%]} you get information about
the percentage of checkboxes checked (in the above example, this would be
@samp{[50%]} and @samp{[33%]}, respectively). In a headline, a cookie can
count either checkboxes below the heading or TODO states of children, and it
will display whatever was changed last. Set the property @code{COOKIE_DATA}
to either @samp{checkbox} or @samp{todo} to resolve this issue.
@cindex blocking, of checkboxes
@cindex checkbox blocking
@cindex property, ORDERED
If the current outline node has an @code{ORDERED} property, checkboxes must
be checked off in sequence, and an error will be thrown if you try to check
off a box while there are unchecked boxes above it.
@noindent The following commands work with checkboxes:
@table @kbd
@kindex C-c C-c
@item C-c C-c
Toggle checkbox status or (with prefix arg) checkbox presence at point. With
double prefix argument, set it to @samp{[-]}, which is considered to be an
intermediate state.
@kindex C-c C-x C-b
@item C-c C-x C-b
Toggle checkbox status or (with prefix arg) checkbox presence at point. With
double prefix argument, set it to @samp{[-]}, which is considered to be an
intermediate state.
@itemize @minus
@item
If there is an active region, toggle the first checkbox in the region
and set all remaining boxes to the same status as the first. With a prefix
arg, add or remove the checkbox for all items in the region.
@item
If the cursor is in a headline, toggle checkboxes in the region between
this headline and the next (so @emph{not} the entire subtree).
@item
If there is no active region, just toggle the checkbox at point.
@end itemize
@kindex M-S-@key{RET}
@item M-S-@key{RET}
Insert a new item with a checkbox.
This works only if the cursor is already in a plain list item
(@pxref{Plain lists}).
@kindex C-c C-x o
@item C-c C-x o
@vindex org-track-ordered-property-with-tag
@cindex property, ORDERED
Toggle the @code{ORDERED} property of the entry, to toggle if checkboxes must
be checked off in sequence. A property is used for this behavior because
this should be local to the current entry, not inherited like a tag.
However, if you would like to @i{track} the value of this property with a tag
for better visibility, customize the variable
@code{org-track-ordered-property-with-tag}.
@kindex C-c #
@item C-c #
Update the statistics cookie in the current outline entry. When called with
a @kbd{C-u} prefix, update the entire file. Checkbox statistic cookies are
updated automatically if you toggle checkboxes with @kbd{C-c C-c} and make
new ones with @kbd{M-S-@key{RET}}. TODO statistics cookies update when
changing TODO states. If you delete boxes/entries or add/change them by
hand, use this command to get things back into sync. Or simply toggle any
entry twice (checkboxes with @kbd{C-c C-c}).
@end table
@node Tags, Properties and Columns, TODO Items, Top
@chapter Tags
@cindex tags
@cindex headline tagging
@cindex matching, tags
@cindex sparse tree, tag based
An excellent way to implement labels and contexts for cross-correlating
information is to assign @i{tags} to headlines. Org-mode has extensive
support for tags.
@vindex org-tag-faces
Every headline can contain a list of tags; they occur at the end of the
headline. Tags are normal words containing letters, numbers, @samp{_}, and
@samp{@@}. Tags must be preceded and followed by a single colon, e.g.,
@samp{:work:}. Several tags can be specified, as in @samp{:work:urgent:}.
Tags will by default be in bold face with the same color as the headline.
You may specify special faces for specific tags using the variable
@code{org-tag-faces}, in much the same way as you can for TODO keywords
(@pxref{Faces for TODO keywords}).
@menu
* Tag inheritance:: Tags use the tree structure of the outline
* Setting tags:: How to assign tags to a headline
* Tag searches:: Searching for combinations of tags
@end menu
@node Tag inheritance, Setting tags, Tags, Tags
@section Tag inheritance
@cindex tag inheritance
@cindex inheritance, of tags
@cindex sublevels, inclusion into tags match
@i{Tags} make use of the hierarchical structure of outline trees. If a
heading has a certain tag, all subheadings will inherit the tag as
well. For example, in the list
@example
* Meeting with the French group :work:
** Summary by Frank :boss:notes:
*** TODO Prepare slides for him :action:
@end example
@noindent
the final heading will have the tags @samp{:work:}, @samp{:boss:},
@samp{:notes:}, and @samp{:action:} even though the final heading is not
explicitly marked with those tags. You can also set tags that all entries in
a file should inherit just as if these tags were defined in a hypothetical
level zero that surrounds the entire file. Use a line like this@footnote{As
with all these in-buffer settings, pressing @kbd{C-c C-c} activates any
changes in the line.}:
@cindex #+FILETAGS
@example
#+FILETAGS: :Peter:Boss:Secret:
@end example
@noindent
@vindex org-use-tag-inheritance
@vindex org-tags-exclude-from-inheritance
To limit tag inheritance to specific tags, or to turn it off entirely, use
the variables @code{org-use-tag-inheritance} and
@code{org-tags-exclude-from-inheritance}.
@vindex org-tags-match-list-sublevels
When a headline matches during a tags search while tag inheritance is turned
on, all the sublevels in the same tree will (for a simple match form) match
as well@footnote{This is only true if the search does not involve more
complex tests including properties (@pxref{Property searches}).}. The list
of matches may then become very long. If you only want to see the first tags
match in a subtree, configure the variable
@code{org-tags-match-list-sublevels} (not recommended).
@node Setting tags, Tag searches, Tag inheritance, Tags
@section Setting tags
@cindex setting tags
@cindex tags, setting
@kindex M-@key{TAB}
Tags can simply be typed into the buffer at the end of a headline.
After a colon, @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} offers completion on tags. There is
also a special command for inserting tags:
@table @kbd
@kindex C-c C-q
@item C-c C-q
@cindex completion, of tags
@vindex org-tags-column
Enter new tags for the current headline. Org-mode will either offer
completion or a special single-key interface for setting tags, see
below. After pressing @key{RET}, the tags will be inserted and aligned
to @code{org-tags-column}. When called with a @kbd{C-u} prefix, all
tags in the current buffer will be aligned to that column, just to make
things look nice. TAGS are automatically realigned after promotion,
demotion, and TODO state changes (@pxref{TODO basics}).
@kindex C-c C-c
@item C-c C-c
When the cursor is in a headline, this does the same as @kbd{C-c C-q}.
@end table
@vindex org-tag-alist
Org will support tag insertion based on a @emph{list of tags}. By
default this list is constructed dynamically, containing all tags
currently used in the buffer. You may also globally specify a hard list
of tags with the variable @code{org-tag-alist}. Finally you can set
the default tags for a given file with lines like
@cindex #+TAGS
@example
#+TAGS: @@work @@home @@tennisclub
#+TAGS: laptop car pc sailboat
@end example
If you have globally defined your preferred set of tags using the
variable @code{org-tag-alist}, but would like to use a dynamic tag list
in a specific file, add an empty TAGS option line to that file:
@example
#+TAGS:
@end example
@vindex org-tag-persistent-alist
If you have a preferred set of tags that you would like to use in every file,
in addition to those defined on a per-file basis by TAGS option lines, then
you may specify a list of tags with the variable
@code{org-tag-persistent-alist}. You may turn this off on a per-file basis
by adding a STARTUP option line to that file:
@example
#+STARTUP: noptag
@end example
By default Org-mode uses the standard minibuffer completion facilities for
entering tags. However, it also implements another, quicker, tag selection
method called @emph{fast tag selection}. This allows you to select and
deselect tags with just a single key press. For this to work well you should
assign unique letters to most of your commonly used tags. You can do this
globally by configuring the variable @code{org-tag-alist} in your
@file{.emacs} file. For example, you may find the need to tag many items in
different files with @samp{:@@home:}. In this case you can set something
like:
@lisp
(setq org-tag-alist '(("@@work" . ?w) ("@@home" . ?h) ("laptop" . ?l)))
@end lisp
@noindent If the tag is only relevant to the file you are working on, then you
can instead set the TAGS option line as:
@example
#+TAGS: @@work(w) @@home(h) @@tennisclub(t) laptop(l) pc(p)
@end example
@noindent The tags interface will show the available tags in a splash
window. If you want to start a new line after a specific tag, insert
@samp{\n} into the tag list
@example
#+TAGS: @@work(w) @@home(h) @@tennisclub(t) \n laptop(l) pc(p)
@end example
@noindent or write them in two lines:
@example
#+TAGS: @@work(w) @@home(h) @@tennisclub(t)
#+TAGS: laptop(l) pc(p)
@end example
@noindent
You can also group together tags that are mutually exclusive by using
braces, as in:
@example
#+TAGS: @{ @@work(w) @@home(h) @@tennisclub(t) @} laptop(l) pc(p)
@end example
@noindent you indicate that at most one of @samp{@@work}, @samp{@@home},
and @samp{@@tennisclub} should be selected. Multiple such groups are allowed.
@noindent Don't forget to press @kbd{C-c C-c} with the cursor in one of
these lines to activate any changes.
@noindent
To set these mutually exclusive groups in the variable @code{org-tags-alist},
you must use the dummy tags @code{:startgroup} and @code{:endgroup} instead
of the braces. Similarly, you can use @code{:newline} to indicate a line
break. The previous example would be set globally by the following
configuration:
@lisp
(setq org-tag-alist '((:startgroup . nil)
("@@work" . ?w) ("@@home" . ?h)
("@@tennisclub" . ?t)
(:endgroup . nil)
("laptop" . ?l) ("pc" . ?p)))
@end lisp
If at least one tag has a selection key then pressing @kbd{C-c C-c} will
automatically present you with a special interface, listing inherited tags,
the tags of the current headline, and a list of all valid tags with
corresponding keys@footnote{Keys will automatically be assigned to tags which
have no configured keys.}. In this interface, you can use the following
keys:
@table @kbd
@item a-z...
Pressing keys assigned to tags will add or remove them from the list of
tags in the current line. Selecting a tag in a group of mutually
exclusive tags will turn off any other tags from that group.
@kindex @key{TAB}
@item @key{TAB}
Enter a tag in the minibuffer, even if the tag is not in the predefined
list. You will be able to complete on all tags present in the buffer.
@kindex @key{SPC}
@item @key{SPC}
Clear all tags for this line.
@kindex @key{RET}
@item @key{RET}
Accept the modified set.
@item C-g
Abort without installing changes.
@item q
If @kbd{q} is not assigned to a tag, it aborts like @kbd{C-g}.
@item !
Turn off groups of mutually exclusive tags. Use this to (as an
exception) assign several tags from such a group.
@item C-c
Toggle auto-exit after the next change (see below).
If you are using expert mode, the first @kbd{C-c} will display the
selection window.
@end table
@noindent
This method lets you assign tags to a headline with very few keys. With
the above setup, you could clear the current tags and set @samp{@@home},
@samp{laptop} and @samp{pc} tags with just the following keys: @kbd{C-c
C-c @key{SPC} h l p @key{RET}}. Switching from @samp{@@home} to
@samp{@@work} would be done with @kbd{C-c C-c w @key{RET}} or
alternatively with @kbd{C-c C-c C-c w}. Adding the non-predefined tag
@samp{Sarah} could be done with @kbd{C-c C-c @key{TAB} S a r a h
@key{RET} @key{RET}}.
@vindex org-fast-tag-selection-single-key
If you find that most of the time you need only a single key press to
modify your list of tags, set the variable
@code{org-fast-tag-selection-single-key}. Then you no longer have to
press @key{RET} to exit fast tag selection---it will immediately exit
after the first change. If you then occasionally need more keys, press
@kbd{C-c} to turn off auto-exit for the current tag selection process
(in effect: start selection with @kbd{C-c C-c C-c} instead of @kbd{C-c
C-c}). If you set the variable to the value @code{expert}, the special
window is not even shown for single-key tag selection, it comes up only
when you press an extra @kbd{C-c}.
@node Tag searches, , Setting tags, Tags
@section Tag searches
@cindex tag searches
@cindex searching for tags
Once a system of tags has been set up, it can be used to collect related
information into special lists.
@table @kbd
@kindex C-c \
@kindex C-c / m
@item C-c \
@itemx C-c / m
Create a sparse tree with all headlines matching a tags search. With a
@kbd{C-u} prefix argument, ignore headlines that are not a TODO line.
@kindex C-c a m
@item C-c a m
Create a global list of tag matches from all agenda files.
@xref{Matching tags and properties}.
@kindex C-c a M
@item C-c a M
@vindex org-tags-match-list-sublevels
Create a global list of tag matches from all agenda files, but check
only TODO items and force checking subitems (see variable
@code{org-tags-match-list-sublevels}).
@end table
These commands all prompt for a match string which allows basic Boolean logic
like @samp{+boss+urgent-project1}, to find entries with tags @samp{boss} and
@samp{urgent}, but not @samp{project1}, or @samp{Kathy|Sally} to find entries
which are tagged, like @samp{Kathy} or @samp{Sally}. The full syntax of the search
string is rich and allows also matching against TODO keywords, entry levels
and properties. For a complete description with many examples, see
@ref{Matching tags and properties}.
@node Properties and Columns, Dates and Times, Tags, Top
@chapter Properties and columns
@cindex properties
Properties are a set of key-value pairs associated with an entry. There
are two main applications for properties in Org-mode. First, properties
are like tags, but with a value. Second, you can use properties to
implement (very basic) database capabilities in an Org buffer. For
an example of the first application, imagine maintaining a file where
you document bugs and plan releases for a piece of software. Instead of
using tags like @code{:release_1:}, @code{:release_2:}, one can use a
property, say @code{:Release:}, that in different subtrees has different
values, such as @code{1.0} or @code{2.0}. For an example of the second
application of properties, imagine keeping track of your music CDs,
where properties could be things such as the album, artist, date of
release, number of tracks, and so on.
Properties can be conveniently edited and viewed in column view
(@pxref{Column view}).
@menu
* Property syntax:: How properties are spelled out
* Special properties:: Access to other Org-mode features
* Property searches:: Matching property values
* Property inheritance:: Passing values down the tree
* Column view:: Tabular viewing and editing
* Property API:: Properties for Lisp programmers
@end menu
@node Property syntax, Special properties, Properties and Columns, Properties and Columns
@section Property syntax
@cindex property syntax
@cindex drawer, for properties
Properties are key-value pairs. They need to be inserted into a special
drawer (@pxref{Drawers}) with the name @code{PROPERTIES}. Each property
is specified on a single line, with the key (surrounded by colons)
first, and the value after it. Here is an example:
@example
* CD collection
** Classic
*** Goldberg Variations
:PROPERTIES:
:Title: Goldberg Variations
:Composer: J.S. Bach
:Artist: Glen Gould
:Publisher: Deutsche Grammophon
:NDisks: 1
:END:
@end example
You may define the allowed values for a particular property @samp{:Xyz:}
by setting a property @samp{:Xyz_ALL:}. This special property is
@emph{inherited}, so if you set it in a level 1 entry, it will apply to
the entire tree. When allowed values are defined, setting the
corresponding property becomes easier and is less prone to typing
errors. For the example with the CD collection, we can predefine
publishers and the number of disks in a box like this:
@example
* CD collection
:PROPERTIES:
:NDisks_ALL: 1 2 3 4
:Publisher_ALL: "Deutsche Grammophon" Philips EMI
:END:
@end example
If you want to set properties that can be inherited by any entry in a
file, use a line like
@cindex property, _ALL
@cindex #+PROPERTY
@example
#+PROPERTY: NDisks_ALL 1 2 3 4
@end example
@vindex org-global-properties
Property values set with the global variable
@code{org-global-properties} can be inherited by all entries in all
Org files.
@noindent
The following commands help to work with properties:
@table @kbd
@kindex M-@key{TAB}
@item M-@key{TAB}
After an initial colon in a line, complete property keys. All keys used
in the current file will be offered as possible completions.
@kindex C-c C-x p
@item C-c C-x p
Set a property. This prompts for a property name and a value. If
necessary, the property drawer is created as well.
@item M-x org-insert-property-drawer
Insert a property drawer into the current entry. The drawer will be
inserted early in the entry, but after the lines with planning
information like deadlines.
@kindex C-c C-c
@item C-c C-c
With the cursor in a property drawer, this executes property commands.
@item C-c C-c s
Set a property in the current entry. Both the property and the value
can be inserted using completion.
@kindex S-@key{right}
@kindex S-@key{left}
@item S-@key{left}/@key{right}
Switch property at point to the next/previous allowed value.
@item C-c C-c d
Remove a property from the current entry.
@item C-c C-c D
Globally remove a property, from all entries in the current file.
@item C-c C-c c
Compute the property at point, using the operator and scope from the
nearest column format definition.
@end table
@node Special properties, Property searches, Property syntax, Properties and Columns
@section Special properties
@cindex properties, special
Special properties provide an alternative access method to Org-mode
features, like the TODO state or the priority of an entry, discussed in the
previous chapters. This interface exists so that you can include
these states in a column view (@pxref{Column view}), or to use them in
queries. The following property names are special and should not be
used as keys in the properties drawer:
@cindex property, special, TODO
@cindex property, special, TAGS
@cindex property, special, ALLTAGS
@cindex property, special, CATEGORY
@cindex property, special, PRIORITY
@cindex property, special, DEADLINE
@cindex property, special, SCHEDULED
@cindex property, special, CLOSED
@cindex property, special, TIMESTAMP
@cindex property, special, TIMESTAMP_IA
@cindex property, special, CLOCKSUM
@cindex property, special, BLOCKED
@c guessing that ITEM is needed in this area; also, should this list be sorted?
@cindex property, special, ITEM
@example
TODO @r{The TODO keyword of the entry.}
TAGS @r{The tags defined directly in the headline.}
ALLTAGS @r{All tags, including inherited ones.}
CATEGORY @r{The category of an entry.}
PRIORITY @r{The priority of the entry, a string with a single letter.}
DEADLINE @r{The deadline time string, without the angular brackets.}
SCHEDULED @r{The scheduling timestamp, without the angular brackets.}
CLOSED @r{When was this entry closed?}
TIMESTAMP @r{The first keyword-less timestamp in the entry.}
TIMESTAMP_IA @r{The first inactive timestamp in the entry.}
CLOCKSUM @r{The sum of CLOCK intervals in the subtree. @code{org-clock-sum}}
@r{must be run first to compute the values.}
BLOCKED @r{"t" if task is currently blocked by children or siblings}
ITEM @r{The content of the entry.}
@end example
@node Property searches, Property inheritance, Special properties, Properties and Columns
@section Property searches
@cindex properties, searching
@cindex searching, of properties
To create sparse trees and special lists with selection based on properties,
the same commands are used as for tag searches (@pxref{Tag searches}).
@table @kbd
@kindex C-c \
@kindex C-c / m
@item C-c \
@itemx C-c / m
Create a sparse tree with all matching entries. With a
@kbd{C-u} prefix argument, ignore headlines that are not a TODO line.
@kindex C-c a m
@item C-c a m
Create a global list of tag/property matches from all agenda files.
@xref{Matching tags and properties}.
@kindex C-c a M
@item C-c a M
@vindex org-tags-match-list-sublevels
Create a global list of tag matches from all agenda files, but check
only TODO items and force checking of subitems (see variable
@code{org-tags-match-list-sublevels}).
@end table
The syntax for the search string is described in @ref{Matching tags and
properties}.
There is also a special command for creating sparse trees based on a
single property:
@table @kbd
@kindex C-c / p
@item C-c / p
Create a sparse tree based on the value of a property. This first
prompts for the name of a property, and then for a value. A sparse tree
is created with all entries that define this property with the given
value. If you enclose the value into curly braces, it is interpreted as
a regular expression and matched against the property values.
@end table
@node Property inheritance, Column view, Property searches, Properties and Columns
@section Property Inheritance
@cindex properties, inheritance
@cindex inheritance, of properties
@vindex org-use-property-inheritance
The outline structure of Org-mode documents lends itself for an
inheritance model of properties: if the parent in a tree has a certain
property, the children can inherit this property. Org-mode does not
turn this on by default, because it can slow down property searches
significantly and is often not needed. However, if you find inheritance
useful, you can turn it on by setting the variable
@code{org-use-property-inheritance}. It may be set to @code{t} to make
all properties inherited from the parent, to a list of properties
that should be inherited, or to a regular expression that matches
inherited properties. If a property has the value @samp{nil}, this is
interpreted as an explicit undefine of he property, so that inheritance
search will stop at this value and return @code{nil}.
Org-mode has a few properties for which inheritance is hard-coded, at
least for the special applications for which they are used:
@cindex property, COLUMNS
@table @code
@item COLUMNS
The @code{:COLUMNS:} property defines the format of column view
(@pxref{Column view}). It is inherited in the sense that the level
where a @code{:COLUMNS:} property is defined is used as the starting
point for a column view table, independently of the location in the
subtree from where columns view is turned on.
@item CATEGORY
@cindex property, CATEGORY
For agenda view, a category set through a @code{:CATEGORY:} property
applies to the entire subtree.
@item ARCHIVE
@cindex property, ARCHIVE
For archiving, the @code{:ARCHIVE:} property may define the archive
location for the entire subtree (@pxref{Moving subtrees}).
@item LOGGING
@cindex property, LOGGING
The LOGGING property may define logging settings for an entry or a
subtree (@pxref{Tracking TODO state changes}).
@end table
@node Column view, Property API, Property inheritance, Properties and Columns
@section Column view
A great way to view and edit properties in an outline tree is
@emph{column view}. In column view, each outline node is turned into a
table row. Columns in this table provide access to properties of the
entries. Org-mode implements columns by overlaying a tabular structure
over the headline of each item. While the headlines have been turned
into a table row, you can still change the visibility of the outline
tree. For example, you get a compact table by switching to CONTENTS
view (@kbd{S-@key{TAB} S-@key{TAB}}, or simply @kbd{c} while column view
is active), but you can still open, read, and edit the entry below each
headline. Or, you can switch to column view after executing a sparse
tree command and in this way get a table only for the selected items.
Column view also works in agenda buffers (@pxref{Agenda Views}) where
queries have collected selected items, possibly from a number of files.
@menu
* Defining columns:: The COLUMNS format property
* Using column view:: How to create and use column view
* Capturing column view:: A dynamic block for column view
@end menu
@node Defining columns, Using column view, Column view, Column view
@subsection Defining columns
@cindex column view, for properties
@cindex properties, column view
Setting up a column view first requires defining the columns. This is
done by defining a column format line.
@menu
* Scope of column definitions:: Where defined, where valid?
* Column attributes:: Appearance and content of a column
@end menu
@node Scope of column definitions, Column attributes, Defining columns, Defining columns
@subsubsection Scope of column definitions
To define a column format for an entire file, use a line like
@cindex #+COLUMNS
@example
#+COLUMNS: %25ITEM %TAGS %PRIORITY %TODO
@end example
To specify a format that only applies to a specific tree, add a
@code{:COLUMNS:} property to the top node of that tree, for example:
@example
** Top node for columns view
:PROPERTIES:
:COLUMNS: %25ITEM %TAGS %PRIORITY %TODO
:END:
@end example
If a @code{:COLUMNS:} property is present in an entry, it defines columns
for the entry itself, and for the entire subtree below it. Since the
column definition is part of the hierarchical structure of the document,
you can define columns on level 1 that are general enough for all
sublevels, and more specific columns further down, when you edit a
deeper part of the tree.
@node Column attributes, , Scope of column definitions, Defining columns
@subsubsection Column attributes
A column definition sets the attributes of a column. The general
definition looks like this:
@example
%[@var{width}]@var{property}[(@var{title})][@{@var{summary-type}@}]
@end example
@noindent
Except for the percent sign and the property name, all items are
optional. The individual parts have the following meaning:
@example
@var{width} @r{An integer specifying the width of the column in characters.}
@r{If omitted, the width will be determined automatically.}
@var{property} @r{The property that should be edited in this column.}
@r{Special properties representing meta data are allowed here}
@r{as well (@pxref{Special properties})}
@var{title} @r{The header text for the column. If omitted, the property}
@r{name is used.}
@{@var{summary-type}@} @r{The summary type. If specified, the column values for}
@r{parent nodes are computed from the children.}
@r{Supported summary types are:}
@{+@} @r{Sum numbers in this column.}
@{+;%.1f@} @r{Like @samp{+}, but format result with @samp{%.1f}.}
@{$@} @r{Currency, short for @samp{+;%.2f}.}
@{:@} @r{Sum times, HH:MM, plain numbers are hours.}
@{X@} @r{Checkbox status, @samp{[X]} if all children are @samp{[X]}.}
@{X/@} @r{Checkbox status, @samp{[n/m]}.}
@{X%@} @r{Checkbox status, @samp{[n%]}.}
@{min@} @r{Smallest number in column.}
@{max@} @r{Largest number.}
@{mean@} @r{Arithmetic mean of numbers.}
@{:min@} @r{Smallest time value in column.}
@{:max@} @r{Largest time value.}
@{:mean@} @r{Arithmetic mean of time values.}
@{@@min@} @r{Minimum age (in days/hours/mins/seconds).}
@{@@max@} @r{Maximum age (in days/hours/mins/seconds).}
@{@@mean@} @r{Arithmetic mean of ages (in days/hours/mins/seconds).}
@{est+@} @r{Add low-high estimates.}
@end example
@noindent
Be aware that you can only have one summary type for any property you
include. Subsequent columns referencing the same property will all display the
same summary information.
The @code{est+} summary type requires further explanation. It is used for
combining estimates, expressed as low-high ranges. For example, instead
of estimating a particular task will take 5 days, you might estimate it as
5-6 days if you're fairly confident you know how much woark is required, or
1-10 days if you don't really know what needs to be done. Both ranges
average at 5.5 days, but the first represents a more predictable delivery.
When combining a set of such estimates, simply adding the lows and highs
produces an unrealistically wide result. Instead, @code{est+} adds the
statistical mean and variance of the sub-tasks, generating a final estimate
from the sum. For example, suppose you had ten tasks, each of which was
estimated at 0.5 to 2 days of work. Straight addition produces an estimate
of 5 to 20 days, representing what to expect if everything goes either
extremely well or extremely poorly. In contrast, @code{est+} estimates the
full job more realistically, at 10-15 days.
Here is an example for a complete columns definition, along with allowed
values.
@example
:COLUMNS: %25ITEM %9Approved(Approved?)@{X@} %Owner %11Status \@footnote{Please note that the COLUMNS definition must be on a single line---it is wrapped here only because of formatting constraints.}
%10Time_Estimate@{:@} %CLOCKSUM
:Owner_ALL: Tammy Mark Karl Lisa Don
:Status_ALL: "In progress" "Not started yet" "Finished" ""
:Approved_ALL: "[ ]" "[X]"
@end example
@noindent
The first column, @samp{%25ITEM}, means the first 25 characters of the
item itself, i.e. of the headline. You probably always should start the
column definition with the @samp{ITEM} specifier. The other specifiers
create columns @samp{Owner} with a list of names as allowed values, for
@samp{Status} with four different possible values, and for a checkbox
field @samp{Approved}. When no width is given after the @samp{%}
character, the column will be exactly as wide as it needs to be in order
to fully display all values. The @samp{Approved} column does have a
modified title (@samp{Approved?}, with a question mark). Summaries will
be created for the @samp{Time_Estimate} column by adding time duration
expressions like HH:MM, and for the @samp{Approved} column, by providing
an @samp{[X]} status if all children have been checked. The
@samp{CLOCKSUM} column is special, it lists the sum of CLOCK intervals
in the subtree.
@node Using column view, Capturing column view, Defining columns, Column view
@subsection Using column view
@table @kbd
@tsubheading{Turning column view on and off}
@kindex C-c C-x C-c
@item C-c C-x C-c
@vindex org-columns-default-format
Turn on column view. If the cursor is before the first headline in the file,
column view is turned on for the entire file, using the @code{#+COLUMNS}
definition. If the cursor is somewhere inside the outline, this command
searches the hierarchy, up from point, for a @code{:COLUMNS:} property that
defines a format. When one is found, the column view table is established
for the tree starting at the entry that contains the @code{:COLUMNS:}
property. If no such property is found, the format is taken from the
@code{#+COLUMNS} line or from the variable @code{org-columns-default-format},
and column view is established for the current entry and its subtree.
@kindex r
@item r
Recreate the column view, to include recent changes made in the buffer.
@kindex g
@item g
Same as @kbd{r}.
@kindex q
@item q
Exit column view.
@tsubheading{Editing values}
@item @key{left} @key{right} @key{up} @key{down}
Move through the column view from field to field.
@kindex S-@key{left}
@kindex S-@key{right}
@item S-@key{left}/@key{right}
Switch to the next/previous allowed value of the field. For this, you
have to have specified allowed values for a property.
@item 1..9,0
Directly select the nth allowed value, @kbd{0} selects the 10th value.
@kindex n
@kindex p
@itemx n / p
Same as @kbd{S-@key{left}/@key{right}}
@kindex e
@item e
Edit the property at point. For the special properties, this will
invoke the same interface that you normally use to change that
property. For example, when editing a TAGS property, the tag completion
or fast selection interface will pop up.
@kindex C-c C-c
@item C-c C-c
When there is a checkbox at point, toggle it.
@kindex v
@item v
View the full value of this property. This is useful if the width of
the column is smaller than that of the value.
@kindex a
@item a
Edit the list of allowed values for this property. If the list is found
in the hierarchy, the modified values is stored there. If no list is
found, the new value is stored in the first entry that is part of the
current column view.
@tsubheading{Modifying the table structure}
@kindex <
@kindex >
@item < / >
Make the column narrower/wider by one character.
@kindex S-M-@key{right}
@item S-M-@key{right}
Insert a new column, to the left of the current column.
@kindex S-M-@key{left}
@item S-M-@key{left}
Delete the current column.
@end table
@node Capturing column view, , Using column view, Column view
@subsection Capturing column view
Since column view is just an overlay over a buffer, it cannot be
exported or printed directly. If you want to capture a column view, use
a @code{columnview} dynamic block (@pxref{Dynamic blocks}). The frame
of this block looks like this:
@cindex #+BEGIN, columnview
@example
* The column view
#+BEGIN: columnview :hlines 1 :id "label"
#+END:
@end example
@noindent This dynamic block has the following parameters:
@table @code
@item :id
This is the most important parameter. Column view is a feature that is
often localized to a certain (sub)tree, and the capture block might be
at a different location in the file. To identify the tree whose view to
capture, you can use 4 values:
@cindex property, ID
@example
local @r{use the tree in which the capture block is located}
global @r{make a global view, including all headings in the file}
"file:@var{path-to-file}"
@r{run column view at the top of this file}
"@var{ID}" @r{call column view in the tree that has an @code{:ID:}}
@r{property with the value @i{label}. You can use}
@r{@kbd{M-x org-id-copy} to create a globally unique ID for}
@r{the current entry and copy it to the kill-ring.}
@end example
@item :hlines
When @code{t}, insert an hline after every line. When a number @var{N}, insert
an hline before each headline with level @code{<= @var{N}}.
@item :vlines
When set to @code{t}, force column groups to get vertical lines.
@item :maxlevel
When set to a number, don't capture entries below this level.
@item :skip-empty-rows
When set to @code{t}, skip rows where the only non-empty specifier of the
column view is @code{ITEM}.
@end table
@noindent
The following commands insert or update the dynamic block:
@table @kbd
@kindex C-c C-x i
@item C-c C-x i
Insert a dynamic block capturing a column view. You will be prompted
for the scope or ID of the view.
@kindex C-c C-c
@item C-c C-c
@kindex C-c C-x C-u
@itemx C-c C-x C-u
Update dynamic block at point. The cursor needs to be in the
@code{#+BEGIN} line of the dynamic block.
@kindex C-u C-c C-x C-u
@item C-u C-c C-x C-u
Update all dynamic blocks (@pxref{Dynamic blocks}). This is useful if
you have several clock table blocks in a buffer.
@end table
You can add formulas to the column view table and you may add plotting
instructions in front of the table---these will survive an update of the
block. If there is a @code{#+TBLFM:} after the table, the table will
actually be recalculated automatically after an update.
An alternative way to capture and process property values into a table is
provided by Eric Schulte's @file{org-collector.el} which is a contributed
package@footnote{Contributed packages are not part of Emacs, but are
distributed with the main distribution of Org (visit
@uref{http://orgmode.org}).}. It provides a general API to collect
properties from entries in a certain scope, and arbitrary Lisp expressions to
process these values before inserting them into a table or a dynamic block.
@node Property API, , Column view, Properties and Columns
@section The Property API
@cindex properties, API
@cindex API, for properties
There is a full API for accessing and changing properties. This API can
be used by Emacs Lisp programs to work with properties and to implement
features based on them. For more information see @ref{Using the
property API}.
@node Dates and Times, Capture - Refile - Archive, Properties and Columns, Top
@chapter Dates and times
@cindex dates
@cindex times
@cindex timestamp
@cindex date stamp
To assist project planning, TODO items can be labeled with a date and/or
a time. The specially formatted string carrying the date and time
information is called a @emph{timestamp} in Org-mode. This may be a
little confusing because timestamp is often used as indicating when
something was created or last changed. However, in Org-mode this term
is used in a much wider sense.
@menu
* Timestamps:: Assigning a time to a tree entry
* Creating timestamps:: Commands which insert timestamps
* Deadlines and scheduling:: Planning your work
* Clocking work time:: Tracking how long you spend on a task
* Effort estimates:: Planning work effort in advance
* Relative timer:: Notes with a running timer
* Countdown timer:: Starting a countdown timer for a task
@end menu
@node Timestamps, Creating timestamps, Dates and Times, Dates and Times
@section Timestamps, deadlines, and scheduling
@cindex timestamps
@cindex ranges, time
@cindex date stamps
@cindex deadlines
@cindex scheduling
A timestamp is a specification of a date (possibly with a time or a range of
times) in a special format, either @samp{<2003-09-16 Tue>} or
@samp{<2003-09-16 Tue 09:39>} or @samp{<2003-09-16 Tue
12:00-12:30>}@footnote{This is inspired by the standard ISO 8601 date/time
format. To use an alternative format, see @ref{Custom time format}.}. A
timestamp can appear anywhere in the headline or body of an Org tree entry.
Its presence causes entries to be shown on specific dates in the agenda
(@pxref{Weekly/daily agenda}). We distinguish:
@table @var
@item Plain timestamp; Event; Appointment
@cindex timestamp
A simple timestamp just assigns a date/time to an item. This is just
like writing down an appointment or event in a paper agenda. In the
timeline and agenda displays, the headline of an entry associated with a
plain timestamp will be shown exactly on that date.
@example
* Meet Peter at the movies <2006-11-01 Wed 19:15>
* Discussion on climate change <2006-11-02 Thu 20:00-22:00>
@end example
@item Timestamp with repeater interval
@cindex timestamp, with repeater interval
A timestamp may contain a @emph{repeater interval}, indicating that it
applies not only on the given date, but again and again after a certain
interval of N days (d), weeks (w), months (m), or years (y). The
following will show up in the agenda every Wednesday:
@example
* Pick up Sam at school <2007-05-16 Wed 12:30 +1w>
@end example
@item Diary-style sexp entries
For more complex date specifications, Org-mode supports using the
special sexp diary entries implemented in the Emacs calendar/diary
package. For example
@example
* The nerd meeting on every 2nd Thursday of the month
<%%(diary-float t 4 2)>
@end example
@item Time/Date range
@cindex timerange
@cindex date range
Two timestamps connected by @samp{--} denote a range. The headline
will be shown on the first and last day of the range, and on any dates
that are displayed and fall in the range. Here is an example:
@example
** Meeting in Amsterdam
<2004-08-23 Mon>--<2004-08-26 Thu>
@end example
@item Inactive timestamp
@cindex timestamp, inactive
@cindex inactive timestamp
Just like a plain timestamp, but with square brackets instead of
angular ones. These timestamps are inactive in the sense that they do
@emph{not} trigger an entry to show up in the agenda.
@example
* Gillian comes late for the fifth time [2006-11-01 Wed]
@end example
@end table
@node Creating timestamps, Deadlines and scheduling, Timestamps, Dates and Times
@section Creating timestamps
@cindex creating timestamps
@cindex timestamps, creating
For Org-mode to recognize timestamps, they need to be in the specific
format. All commands listed below produce timestamps in the correct
format.
@table @kbd
@orgcmd{C-c .,org-time-stamp}
Prompt for a date and insert a corresponding timestamp. When the cursor is
at an existing timestamp in the buffer, the command is used to modify this
timestamp instead of inserting a new one. When this command is used twice in
succession, a time range is inserted.
@c
@orgcmd{C-c !,org-time-stamp-inactive}
Like @kbd{C-c .}, but insert an inactive timestamp that will not cause
an agenda entry.
@c
@kindex C-u C-c .
@kindex C-u C-c !
@item C-u C-c .
@itemx C-u C-c !
@vindex org-time-stamp-rounding-minutes
Like @kbd{C-c .} and @kbd{C-c !}, but use the alternative format which
contains date and time. The default time can be rounded to multiples of 5
minutes, see the option @code{org-time-stamp-rounding-minutes}.
@c
@orgcmd{C-c <,org-date-from-calendar}
Insert a timestamp corresponding to the cursor date in the Calendar.
@c
@orgcmd{C-c >,org-goto-calendar}
Access the Emacs calendar for the current date. If there is a
timestamp in the current line, go to the corresponding date
instead.
@c
@orgcmd{C-c C-o,org-open-at-point}
Access the agenda for the date given by the timestamp or -range at
point (@pxref{Weekly/daily agenda}).
@c
@orgcmdkkcc{S-@key{left},S-@key{right},org-timestamp-down-day,org-timestamp-up-day}
Change date at cursor by one day. These key bindings conflict with
shift-selection and related modes (@pxref{Conflicts}).
@c
@orgcmdkkcc{S-@key{up},S-@key{down},org-timestamp-up,org-timestamp-down-down}
Change the item under the cursor in a timestamp. The cursor can be on a
year, month, day, hour or minute. When the timestamp contains a time range
like @samp{15:30-16:30}, modifying the first time will also shift the second,
shifting the time block with constant length. To change the length, modify
the second time. Note that if the cursor is in a headline and not at a
timestamp, these same keys modify the priority of an item.
(@pxref{Priorities}). The key bindings also conflict with shift-selection and
related modes (@pxref{Conflicts}).
@c
@orgcmd{C-c C-y,org-evaluate-time-range}
@cindex evaluate time range
Evaluate a time range by computing the difference between start and end.
With a prefix argument, insert result after the time range (in a table: into
the following column).
@end table
@menu
* The date/time prompt:: How Org-mode helps you entering date and time
* Custom time format:: Making dates look different
@end menu
@node The date/time prompt, Custom time format, Creating timestamps, Creating timestamps
@subsection The date/time prompt
@cindex date, reading in minibuffer
@cindex time, reading in minibuffer
@vindex org-read-date-prefer-future
When Org-mode prompts for a date/time, the default is shown in default
date/time format, and the prompt therefore seems to ask for a specific
format. But it will in fact accept any string containing some date and/or
time information, and it is really smart about interpreting your input. You
can, for example, use @kbd{C-y} to paste a (possibly multi-line) string
copied from an email message. Org-mode will find whatever information is in
there and derive anything you have not specified from the @emph{default date
and time}. The default is usually the current date and time, but when
modifying an existing timestamp, or when entering the second stamp of a
range, it is taken from the stamp in the buffer. When filling in
information, Org-mode assumes that most of the time you will want to enter a
date in the future: if you omit the month/year and the given day/month is
@i{before} today, it will assume that you mean a future date@footnote{See the
variable @code{org-read-date-prefer-future}. You may set that variable to
the symbol @code{time} to even make a time before now shift the date to
tomorrow.}. If the date has been automatically shifted into the future, the
time prompt will show this with @samp{(=>F).}
For example, let's assume that today is @b{June 13, 2006}. Here is how
various inputs will be interpreted, the items filled in by Org-mode are
in @b{bold}.
@example
3-2-5 --> 2003-02-05
2/5/3 --> 2003-02-05
14 --> @b{2006}-@b{06}-14
12 --> @b{2006}-@b{07}-12
2/5 --> @b{2007}-02-05
Fri --> nearest Friday (default date or later)
sep 15 --> @b{2006}-09-15
feb 15 --> @b{2007}-02-15
sep 12 9 --> 2009-09-12
12:45 --> @b{2006}-@b{06}-@b{13} 12:45
22 sept 0:34 --> @b{2006}-09-22 0:34
w4 --> ISO week for of the current year @b{2006}
2012 w4 fri --> Friday of ISO week 4 in 2012
2012-w04-5 --> Same as above
@end example
Furthermore you can specify a relative date by giving, as the
@emph{first} thing in the input: a plus/minus sign, a number and a
letter ([dwmy]) to indicate change in days, weeks, months, or years. With a
single plus or minus, the date is always relative to today. With a
double plus or minus, it is relative to the default date. If instead of
a single letter, you use the abbreviation of day name, the date will be
the nth such day. E.g.
@example
+0 --> today
. --> today
+4d --> four days from today
+4 --> same as above
+2w --> two weeks from today
++5 --> five days from default date
+2tue --> second Tuesday from now.
@end example
@vindex parse-time-months
@vindex parse-time-weekdays
The function understands English month and weekday abbreviations. If
you want to use unabbreviated names and/or other languages, configure
the variables @code{parse-time-months} and @code{parse-time-weekdays}.
You can specify a time range by giving start and end times or by giving a
start time and a duration (in HH:MM format). Use '-' or '--' as the separator
in the former case and use '+' as the separator in the latter case. E.g.
@example
11am-1:15pm --> 11:00-13:15
11am--1:15pm --> same as above
11am+2:15 --> same as above
@end example
@cindex calendar, for selecting date
@vindex org-popup-calendar-for-date-prompt
Parallel to the minibuffer prompt, a calendar is popped up@footnote{If
you don't need/want the calendar, configure the variable
@code{org-popup-calendar-for-date-prompt}.}. When you exit the date
prompt, either by clicking on a date in the calendar, or by pressing
@key{RET}, the date selected in the calendar will be combined with the
information entered at the prompt. You can control the calendar fully
from the minibuffer:
@kindex <
@kindex >
@kindex M-v
@kindex C-v
@kindex mouse-1
@kindex S-@key{right}
@kindex S-@key{left}
@kindex S-@key{down}
@kindex S-@key{up}
@kindex M-S-@key{right}
@kindex M-S-@key{left}
@kindex @key{RET}
@example
@key{RET} @r{Choose date at cursor in calendar.}
mouse-1 @r{Select date by clicking on it.}
S-@key{right}/@key{left} @r{One day forward/backward.}
S-@key{down}/@key{up} @r{One week forward/backward.}
M-S-@key{right}/@key{left} @r{One month forward/backward.}
> / < @r{Scroll calendar forward/backward by one month.}
M-v / C-v @r{Scroll calendar forward/backward by 3 months.}
@end example
@vindex org-read-date-display-live
The actions of the date/time prompt may seem complex, but I assure you they
will grow on you, and you will start getting annoyed by pretty much any other
way of entering a date/time out there. To help you understand what is going
on, the current interpretation of your input will be displayed live in the
minibuffer@footnote{If you find this distracting, turn the display of with
@code{org-read-date-display-live}.}.
@node Custom time format, , The date/time prompt, Creating timestamps
@subsection Custom time format
@cindex custom date/time format
@cindex time format, custom
@cindex date format, custom
@vindex org-display-custom-times
@vindex org-time-stamp-custom-formats
Org-mode uses the standard ISO notation for dates and times as it is
defined in ISO 8601. If you cannot get used to this and require another
representation of date and time to keep you happy, you can get it by
customizing the variables @code{org-display-custom-times} and
@code{org-time-stamp-custom-formats}.
@table @kbd
@orgcmd{C-c C-x C-t,org-toggle-time-stamp-overlays}
Toggle the display of custom formats for dates and times.
@end table
@noindent
Org-mode needs the default format for scanning, so the custom date/time
format does not @emph{replace} the default format---instead it is put
@emph{over} the default format using text properties. This has the
following consequences:
@itemize @bullet
@item
You cannot place the cursor onto a timestamp anymore, only before or
after.
@item
The @kbd{S-@key{up}/@key{down}} keys can no longer be used to adjust
each component of a timestamp. If the cursor is at the beginning of
the stamp, @kbd{S-@key{up}/@key{down}} will change the stamp by one day,
just like @kbd{S-@key{left}/@key{right}}. At the end of the stamp, the
time will be changed by one minute.
@item
If the timestamp contains a range of clock times or a repeater, these
will not be overlayed, but remain in the buffer as they were.
@item
When you delete a timestamp character-by-character, it will only
disappear from the buffer after @emph{all} (invisible) characters
belonging to the ISO timestamp have been removed.
@item
If the custom timestamp format is longer than the default and you are
using dates in tables, table alignment will be messed up. If the custom
format is shorter, things do work as expected.
@end itemize
@node Deadlines and scheduling, Clocking work time, Creating timestamps, Dates and Times
@section Deadlines and scheduling
A timestamp may be preceded by special keywords to facilitate planning:
@table @var
@item DEADLINE
@cindex DEADLINE keyword
Meaning: the task (most likely a TODO item, though not necessarily) is supposed
to be finished on that date.
@vindex org-deadline-warning-days
On the deadline date, the task will be listed in the agenda. In
addition, the agenda for @emph{today} will carry a warning about the
approaching or missed deadline, starting
@code{org-deadline-warning-days} before the due date, and continuing
until the entry is marked DONE. An example:
@example
*** TODO write article about the Earth for the Guide
The editor in charge is [[bbdb:Ford Prefect]]
DEADLINE: <2004-02-29 Sun>
@end example
You can specify a different lead time for warnings for a specific
deadlines using the following syntax. Here is an example with a warning
period of 5 days @code{DEADLINE: <2004-02-29 Sun -5d>}.
@item SCHEDULED
@cindex SCHEDULED keyword
Meaning: you are planning to start working on that task on the given
date.
@vindex org-agenda-skip-scheduled-if-done
The headline will be listed under the given date@footnote{It will still
be listed on that date after it has been marked DONE. If you don't like
this, set the variable @code{org-agenda-skip-scheduled-if-done}.}. In
addition, a reminder that the scheduled date has passed will be present
in the compilation for @emph{today}, until the entry is marked DONE.
I.e. the task will automatically be forwarded until completed.
@example
*** TODO Call Trillian for a date on New Years Eve.
SCHEDULED: <2004-12-25 Sat>
@end example
@noindent
@b{Important:} Scheduling an item in Org-mode should @i{not} be
understood in the same way that we understand @i{scheduling a meeting}.
Setting a date for a meeting is just a simple appointment, you should
mark this entry with a simple plain timestamp, to get this item shown
on the date where it applies. This is a frequent misunderstanding by
Org users. In Org-mode, @i{scheduling} means setting a date when you
want to start working on an action item.
@end table
You may use timestamps with repeaters in scheduling and deadline
entries. Org-mode will issue early and late warnings based on the
assumption that the timestamp represents the @i{nearest instance} of
the repeater. However, the use of diary sexp entries like
@c
@code{<%%(diary-float t 42)>}
@c
in scheduling and deadline timestamps is limited. Org-mode does not
know enough about the internals of each sexp function to issue early and
late warnings. However, it will show the item on each day where the
sexp entry matches.
@menu
* Inserting deadline/schedule:: Planning items
* Repeated tasks:: Items that show up again and again
@end menu
@node Inserting deadline/schedule, Repeated tasks, Deadlines and scheduling, Deadlines and scheduling
@subsection Inserting deadlines or schedules
The following commands allow you to quickly insert a deadline or to schedule
an item:
@table @kbd
@c
@orgcmd{C-c C-d,org-deadline}
Insert @samp{DEADLINE} keyword along with a stamp. The insertion will happen
in the line directly following the headline. When called with a prefix arg,
an existing deadline will be removed from the entry. Depending on the
variable @code{org-log-redeadline}@footnote{with corresponding
@code{#+STARTUP} keywords @code{logredeadline}, @code{lognoteredeadline},
and @code{nologredeadline}}, a note will be taken when changing an existing
deadline.
@c FIXME Any CLOSED timestamp will be removed.????????
@c
@orgcmd{C-c C-s,org-schedule}
Insert @samp{SCHEDULED} keyword along with a stamp. The insertion will
happen in the line directly following the headline. Any CLOSED timestamp
will be removed. When called with a prefix argument, remove the scheduling
date from the entry. Depending on the variable
@code{org-log-reschedule}@footnote{with corresponding @code{#+STARTUP}
keywords @code{logredeadline}, @code{lognoteredeadline}, and
@code{nologredeadline}}, a note will be taken when changing an existing
scheduling time.
@c
@orgcmd{C-c C-x C-k,org-mark-entry-for-agenda-action}
@kindex k a
@kindex k s
Mark the current entry for agenda action. After you have marked the entry
like this, you can open the agenda or the calendar to find an appropriate
date. With the cursor on the selected date, press @kbd{k s} or @kbd{k d} to
schedule the marked item.
@c
@orgcmd{C-c / d,org-check-deadlines}
@cindex sparse tree, for deadlines
@vindex org-deadline-warning-days
Create a sparse tree with all deadlines that are either past-due, or
which will become due within @code{org-deadline-warning-days}.
With @kbd{C-u} prefix, show all deadlines in the file. With a numeric
prefix, check that many days. For example, @kbd{C-1 C-c / d} shows
all deadlines due tomorrow.
@c
@orgcmd{C-c / b,org-check-before-date}
Sparse tree for deadlines and scheduled items before a given date.
@c
@orgcmd{C-c / a,org-check-after-date}
Sparse tree for deadlines and scheduled items after a given date.
@end table
@node Repeated tasks, , Inserting deadline/schedule, Deadlines and scheduling
@subsection Repeated tasks
@cindex tasks, repeated
@cindex repeated tasks
Some tasks need to be repeated again and again. Org-mode helps to
organize such tasks using a so-called repeater in a DEADLINE, SCHEDULED,
or plain timestamp. In the following example
@example
** TODO Pay the rent
DEADLINE: <2005-10-01 Sat +1m>
@end example
@noindent
the @code{+1m} is a repeater; the intended interpretation is that the task
has a deadline on <2005-10-01> and repeats itself every (one) month starting
from that time. If you need both a repeater and a special warning period in
a deadline entry, the repeater should come first and the warning period last:
@code{DEADLINE: <2005-10-01 Sat +1m -3d>}.
@vindex org-todo-repeat-to-state
Deadlines and scheduled items produce entries in the agenda when they are
over-due, so it is important to be able to mark such an entry as completed
once you have done so. When you mark a DEADLINE or a SCHEDULE with the TODO
keyword DONE, it will no longer produce entries in the agenda. The problem
with this is, however, that then also the @emph{next} instance of the
repeated entry will not be active. Org-mode deals with this in the following
way: When you try to mark such an entry DONE (using @kbd{C-c C-t}), it will
shift the base date of the repeating timestamp by the repeater interval, and
immediately set the entry state back to TODO@footnote{In fact, the target
state is taken from, in this sequence, the @code{REPEAT_TO_STATE} property or
the variable @code{org-todo-repeat-to-state}. If neither of these is
specified, the target state defaults to the first state of the TODO state
sequence.}. In the example above, setting the state to DONE would actually
switch the date like this:
@example
** TODO Pay the rent
DEADLINE: <2005-11-01 Tue +1m>
@end example
@vindex org-log-repeat
A timestamp@footnote{You can change this using the option
@code{org-log-repeat}, or the @code{#+STARTUP} options @code{logrepeat},
@code{lognoterepeat}, and @code{nologrepeat}. With @code{lognoterepeat}, you
will also be prompted for a note.} will be added under the deadline, to keep
a record that you actually acted on the previous instance of this deadline.
As a consequence of shifting the base date, this entry will no longer be
visible in the agenda when checking past dates, but all future instances
will be visible.
With the @samp{+1m} cookie, the date shift will always be exactly one
month. So if you have not paid the rent for three months, marking this
entry DONE will still keep it as an overdue deadline. Depending on the
task, this may not be the best way to handle it. For example, if you
forgot to call you father for 3 weeks, it does not make sense to call
him 3 times in a single day to make up for it. Finally, there are tasks
like changing batteries which should always repeat a certain time
@i{after} the last time you did it. For these tasks, Org-mode has
special repeaters markers with @samp{++} and @samp{.+}. For example:
@example
** TODO Call Father
DEADLINE: <2008-02-10 Sun ++1w>
Marking this DONE will shift the date by at least one week,
but also by as many weeks as it takes to get this date into
the future. However, it stays on a Sunday, even if you called
and marked it done on Saturday.
** TODO Check the batteries in the smoke detectors
DEADLINE: <2005-11-01 Tue .+1m>
Marking this DONE will shift the date to one month after
today.
@end example
You may have both scheduling and deadline information for a specific
task---just make sure that the repeater intervals on both are the same.
An alternative to using a repeater is to create a number of copies of a task
subtree, with dates shifted in each copy. The command @kbd{C-c C-x c} was
created for this purpose, it is described in @ref{Structure editing}.
@node Clocking work time, Effort estimates, Deadlines and scheduling, Dates and Times
@section Clocking work time
@cindex clocking time
@cindex time clocking
Org-mode allows you to clock the time you spend on specific tasks in a
project. When you start working on an item, you can start the clock.
When you stop working on that task, or when you mark the task done, the
clock is stopped and the corresponding time interval is recorded. It
also computes the total time spent on each subtree of a project. And it
remembers a history or tasks recently clocked, to that you can jump quickly
between a number of tasks absorbing your time.
To save the clock history across Emacs sessions, use
@lisp
(setq org-clock-persist 'history)
(org-clock-persistence-insinuate)
@end lisp
When you clock into a new task after resuming Emacs, the incomplete
clock@footnote{To resume the clock under the assumption that you have worked
on this task while outside Emacs, use @code{(setq org-clock-persist t)}.}
will be found (@pxref{Resolving idle time}) and you will be prompted about
what to do with it.
@menu
* Clocking commands:: Starting and stopping a clock
* The clock table:: Detailed reports
* Resolving idle time:: Resolving time when you've been idle
@end menu
@node Clocking commands, The clock table, Clocking work time, Clocking work time
@subsection Clocking commands
@table @kbd
@orgcmd{C-c C-x C-i,org-clock-in}
@vindex org-clock-into-drawer
Start the clock on the current item (clock-in). This inserts the CLOCK
keyword together with a timestamp. If this is not the first clocking of
this item, the multiple CLOCK lines will be wrapped into a
@code{:LOGBOOK:} drawer (see also the variable
@code{org-clock-into-drawer}). When called with a @kbd{C-u} prefix argument,
select the task from a list of recently clocked tasks. With two @kbd{C-u
C-u} prefixes, clock into the task at point and mark it as the default task.
The default task will always be available when selecting a clocking task,
with letter @kbd{d}.@*
@cindex property: CLOCK_MODELINE_TOTAL
@cindex property: LAST_REPEAT
@vindex org-clock-modeline-total
While the clock is running, the current clocking time is shown in the mode
line, along with the title of the task. The clock time shown will be all
time ever clocked for this task and its children. If the task has an effort
estimate (@pxref{Effort estimates}), the mode line displays the current
clocking time against it@footnote{To add an effort estimate ``on the fly'',
hook a function doing this to @code{org-clock-in-prepare-hook}.} If the task
is a repeating one (@pxref{Repeated tasks}), only the time since the last
reset of the task @footnote{as recorded by the @code{LAST_REPEAT} property}
will be shown. More control over what time is shown can be exercised with
the @code{CLOCK_MODELINE_TOTAL} property. It may have the values
@code{current} to show only the current clocking instance, @code{today} to
show all time clocked on this tasks today (see also the variable
@code{org-extend-today-until}), @code{all} to include all time, or
@code{auto} which is the default@footnote{See also the variable
@code{org-clock-modeline-total}.}.@* Clicking with @kbd{mouse-1} onto the
mode line entry will pop up a menu with clocking options.
@c
@orgcmd{C-c C-x C-o,org-clock-out}
@vindex org-log-note-clock-out
Stop the clock (clock-out). This inserts another timestamp at the same
location where the clock was last started. It also directly computes
the resulting time in inserts it after the time range as @samp{=>
HH:MM}. See the variable @code{org-log-note-clock-out} for the
possibility to record an additional note together with the clock-out
timestamp@footnote{The corresponding in-buffer setting is:
@code{#+STARTUP: lognoteclock-out}}.
@orgcmd{C-c C-x C-e,org-clock-modify-effort-estimate}
Update the effort estimate for the current clock task.
@kindex C-c C-y
@kindex C-c C-c
@orgcmdkkc{C-c C-c,C-c C-y,org-evaluate-time-range}
Recompute the time interval after changing one of the timestamps. This
is only necessary if you edit the timestamps directly. If you change
them with @kbd{S-@key{cursor}} keys, the update is automatic.
@orgcmd{C-c C-t,org-todo}
Changing the TODO state of an item to DONE automatically stops the clock
if it is running in this same item.
@orgcmd{C-c C-x C-x,org-clock-cancel}
Cancel the current clock. This is useful if a clock was started by
mistake, or if you ended up working on something else.
@orgcmd{C-c C-x C-j,org-clock-goto}
Jump to the headline of the currently clocked in task. With a @kbd{C-u}
prefix arg, select the target task from a list of recently clocked tasks.
@orgcmd{C-c C-x C-d,org-clock-display}
@vindex org-remove-highlights-with-change
Display time summaries for each subtree in the current buffer. This
puts overlays at the end of each headline, showing the total time
recorded under that heading, including the time of any subheadings. You
can use visibility cycling to study the tree, but the overlays disappear
when you change the buffer (see variable
@code{org-remove-highlights-with-change}) or press @kbd{C-c C-c}.
@end table
The @kbd{l} key may be used in the timeline (@pxref{Timeline}) and in
the agenda (@pxref{Weekly/daily agenda}) to show which tasks have been
worked on or closed during a day.
@node The clock table, Resolving idle time, Clocking commands, Clocking work time
@subsection The clock table
@cindex clocktable, dynamic block
@cindex report, of clocked time
Org mode can produce quite complex reports based on the time clocking
inormation. Such a report is called a @emph{clock table}, because it is
formatted as one or several Org tables.
@table @kbd
@orgcmd{C-c C-x C-r,org-clock-report}
Insert a dynamic block (@pxref{Dynamic blocks}) containing a clock
report as an Org-mode table into the current file. When the cursor is
at an existing clock table, just update it. When called with a prefix
argument, jump to the first clock report in the current document and
update it.
@orgcmdkkc{C-c C-c,C-c C-x C-u,org-dblock-update}
Update dynamic block at point. The cursor needs to be in the
@code{#+BEGIN} line of the dynamic block.
@orgkey{C-u C-c C-x C-u}
Update all dynamic blocks (@pxref{Dynamic blocks}). This is useful if
you have several clock table blocks in a buffer.
@orgcmdkxkc{S-@key{left},S-@key{right},org-clocktable-try-shift}
Shift the current @code{:block} interval and update the table. The cursor
needs to be in the @code{#+BEGIN: clocktable} line for this command. If
@code{:block} is @code{today}, it will be shifted to @code{today-1} etc.
@end table
Here is an example of the frame for a clock table as it is inserted into the
buffer with the @kbd{C-c C-x C-r} command:
@cindex #+BEGIN, clocktable
@example
#+BEGIN: clocktable :maxlevel 2 :emphasize nil :scope file
#+END: clocktable
@end example
@noindent
@vindex org-clocktable-defaults
The @samp{BEGIN} line and specify a number of options to define the scope,
structure, and formatting of the report. Defaults for all these options can
be configured in the variable @code{org-clocktable-defaults}.
@noindent First there are options that determine which clock entries are to
be selected:
@example
:maxlevel @r{Maximum level depth to which times are listed in the table.}
@r{Clocks at deeper levels will be summed into the upper level.}
:scope @r{The scope to consider. This can be any of the following:}
nil @r{the current buffer or narrowed region}
file @r{the full current buffer}
subtree @r{the subtree where the clocktable is located}
tree@var{N} @r{the surrounding level @var{N} tree, for example @code{tree3}}
tree @r{the surrounding level 1 tree}
agenda @r{all agenda files}
("file"..) @r{scan these files}
file-with-archives @r{current file and its archives}
agenda-with-archives @r{all agenda files, including archives}
:block @r{The time block to consider. This block is specified either}
@r{absolute, or relative to the current time and may be any of}
@r{these formats:}
2007-12-31 @r{New year eve 2007}
2007-12 @r{December 2007}
2007-W50 @r{ISO-week 50 in 2007}
2007 @r{the year 2007}
today, yesterday, today-@var{N} @r{a relative day}
thisweek, lastweek, thisweek-@var{N} @r{a relative week}
thismonth, lastmonth, thismonth-@var{N} @r{a relative month}
thisyear, lastyear, thisyear-@var{N} @r{a relative year}
@r{Use @kbd{S-@key{left}/@key{right}} keys to shift the time interval.}
:tstart @r{A time string specifying when to start considering times.}
:tend @r{A time string specifying when to stop considering times.}
:step @r{@code{week} or @code{day}, to split the table into chunks.}
@r{To use this, @code{:block} or @code{:tstart}, @code{:tend} are needed.}
:stepskip0 @r{Do not show steps that have zero time.}
:fileskip0 @r{Do not show table sections from files which did not contribute.}
:tags @r{A tags match to select entries that should contribute}.
@end example
Then there are options which determine the formatting of the table. There
options are interpreted by the function @code{org-clocktable-write-default},
but you can specify your own function using the @code{:formatter} parameter.
@example
:emphasize @r{When @code{t}, emphasize level one and level two items.}
:link @r{Link the item headlines in the table to their origins.}
:narrow @r{An integer to limit the width of the headline column in}
@r{the org table. Does not work together with @code{:link}.}
@r{If you write it like @samp{50!}, then the headline will also}
@r{be shortened in export, and will work with @code{:link}.}
:indent @r{Indent each headline field according to its level.}
:tcolumns @r{Number of columns to be used for times. If this is smaller}
@r{than @code{:maxlevel}, lower levels will be lumped into one column.}
:level @r{Should a level number column be included?}
:compact @r{Abbreviation for @code{:level nil :indent t :narrow 40! :tcolumns 1}}
@r{All are overwritten except if there is an explicit @code{:narrow}}
:timestamp @r{A timestamp for the entry, when available. Look for SCHEDULED,}
@r{DEADLINE, TIMESTAMP and TIMESTAMP_IA, in this order.}
:formula @r{Content of a @code{#+TBLFM} line to be added and evaluated.}
@r{As a special case, @samp{:formula %} adds a column with % time.}
@r{If you do not specify a formula here, any existing formula.}
@r{below the clock table will survive updates and be evaluated.}
:formatter @r{A function to format clock data and insert it into the buffer.}
@end example
To get a clock summary of the current level 1 tree, for the current
day, you could write
@example
#+BEGIN: clocktable :maxlevel 2 :block today :scope tree1 :link t
#+END: clocktable
@end example
@noindent
and to use a specific time range you could write@footnote{Note that all
parameters must be specified in a single line---the line is broken here
only to fit it into the manual.}
@example
#+BEGIN: clocktable :tstart "<2006-08-10 Thu 10:00>"
:tend "<2006-08-10 Thu 12:00>"
#+END: clocktable
@end example
A summary of the current subtree with % times would be
@example
#+BEGIN: clocktable :scope subtree :link t :formula %
#+END: clocktable
@end example
A horizontally compact representation of everything clocked during last week
would be
@example
#+BEGIN: clocktable :scope agenda :block lastweek :compact t
#+END: clocktable
@end example
@node Resolving idle time, , The clock table, Clocking work time
@subsection Resolving idle time
@cindex resolve idle time
@cindex idle, resolve, dangling
If you clock in on a work item, and then walk away from your
computer---perhaps to take a phone call---you often need to ``resolve'' the
time you were away by either subtracting it from the current clock, or
applying it to another one.
@vindex org-clock-idle-time
By customizing the variable @code{org-clock-idle-time} to some integer, such
as 10 or 15, Emacs can alert you when you get back to your computer after
being idle for that many minutes@footnote{On computers using Mac OS X,
idleness is based on actual user idleness, not just Emacs' idle time. For
X11, you can install a utility program @file{x11idle.c}, available in the
UTILITIES directory of the Org git distribution, to get the same general
treatment of idleness. On other systems, idle time refers to Emacs idle time
only.}, and ask what you want to do with the idle time. There will be a
question waiting for you when you get back, indicating how much idle time has
passed (constantly updated with the current amount), as well as a set of
choices to correct the discrepancy:
@table @kbd
@item k
To keep some or all of the minutes and stay clocked in, press @kbd{k}. Org
will ask how many of the minutes to keep. Press @key{RET} to keep them all,
effectively changing nothing, or enter a number to keep that many minutes.
@item K
If you use the shift key and press @kbd{K}, it will keep however many minutes
you request and then immediately clock out of that task. If you keep all of
the minutes, this is the same as just clocking out of the current task.
@item s
To keep none of the minutes, use @kbd{s} to subtract all the away time from
the clock, and then check back in from the moment you returned.
@item S
To keep none of the minutes and just clock out at the start of the away time,
use the shift key and press @kbd{S}. Remember that using shift will always
leave you clocked out, no matter which option you choose.
@item C
To cancel the clock altogether, use @kbd{C}. Note that if instead of
canceling you subtract the away time, and the resulting clock amount is less
than a minute, the clock will still be canceled rather than clutter up the
log with an empty entry.
@end table
What if you subtracted those away minutes from the current clock, and now
want to apply them to a new clock? Simply clock in to any task immediately
after the subtraction. Org will notice that you have subtracted time ``on
the books'', so to speak, and will ask if you want to apply those minutes to
the next task you clock in on.
There is one other instance when this clock resolution magic occurs. Say you
were clocked in and hacking away, and suddenly your cat chased a mouse who
scared a hamster that crashed into your UPS's power button! You suddenly
lose all your buffers, but thanks to auto-save you still have your recent Org
mode changes, including your last clock in.
If you restart Emacs and clock into any task, Org will notice that you have a
dangling clock which was never clocked out from your last session. Using
that clock's starting time as the beginning of the unaccounted-for period,
Org will ask how you want to resolve that time. The logic and behavior is
identical to dealing with away time due to idleness, it's just happening due
to a recovery event rather than a set amount of idle time.
You can also check all the files visited by your Org agenda for dangling
clocks at any time using @kbd{M-x org-resolve-clocks}.
@node Effort estimates, Relative timer, Clocking work time, Dates and Times
@section Effort estimates
@cindex effort estimates
@cindex property, Effort
@vindex org-effort-property
If you want to plan your work in a very detailed way, or if you need to
produce offers with quotations of the estimated work effort, you may want to
assign effort estimates to entries. If you are also clocking your work, you
may later want to compare the planned effort with the actual working time, a
great way to improve planning estimates. Effort estimates are stored in a
special property @samp{Effort}@footnote{You may change the property being
used with the variable @code{org-effort-property}.}. You can set the effort
for an entry with the following commands:
@table @kbd
@orgcmd{C-c C-x e,org-set-effort}
Set the effort estimate for the current entry. With a numeric prefix
argument, set it to the NTH allowed value (see below). This command is also
accessible from the agenda with the @kbd{e} key.
@orgcmd{C-c C-x C-e,org-clock-modify-effort-estimate}
Modify the effort estimate of the item currently being clocked.
@end table
Clearly the best way to work with effort estimates is through column view
(@pxref{Column view}). You should start by setting up discrete values for
effort estimates, and a @code{COLUMNS} format that displays these values
together with clock sums (if you want to clock your time). For a specific
buffer you can use
@example
#+PROPERTY: Effort_ALL 0 0:10 0:30 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00
#+COLUMNS: %40ITEM(Task) %17Effort(Estimated Effort)@{:@} %CLOCKSUM
@end example
@noindent
@vindex org-global-properties
@vindex org-columns-default-format
or, even better, you can set up these values globally by customizing the
variables @code{org-global-properties} and @code{org-columns-default-format}.
In particular if you want to use this setup also in the agenda, a global
setup may be advised.
The way to assign estimates to individual items is then to switch to column
mode, and to use @kbd{S-@key{right}} and @kbd{S-@key{left}} to change the
value. The values you enter will immediately be summed up in the hierarchy.
In the column next to it, any clocked time will be displayed.
@vindex org-agenda-columns-add-appointments-to-effort-sum
If you switch to column view in the daily/weekly agenda, the effort column
will summarize the estimated work effort for each day@footnote{Please note
the pitfalls of summing hierarchical data in a flat list (@pxref{Agenda
column view}).}, and you can use this to find space in your schedule. To get
an overview of the entire part of the day that is committed, you can set the
option @code{org-agenda-columns-add-appointments-to-effort-sum}. The
appointments on a day that take place over a specified time interval will
then also be added to the load estimate of the day.
Effort estimates can be used in secondary agenda filtering that is triggered
with the @kbd{/} key in the agenda (@pxref{Agenda commands}). If you have
these estimates defined consistently, two or three key presses will narrow
down the list to stuff that fits into an available time slot.
@node Relative timer, Countdown timer, Effort estimates, Dates and Times
@section Taking notes with a relative timer
@cindex relative timer
When taking notes during, for example, a meeting or a video viewing, it can
be useful to have access to times relative to a starting time. Org provides
such a relative timer and make it easy to create timed notes.
@table @kbd
@orgcmd{C-c C-x .,org-timer}
Insert a relative time into the buffer. The first time you use this, the
timer will be started. When called with a prefix argument, the timer is
restarted.
@orgcmd{C-c C-x -,org-timer-item}
Insert a description list item with the current relative time. With a prefix
argument, first reset the timer to 0.
@orgcmd{M-@key{RET},org-insert-heading}
Once the timer list is started, you can also use @kbd{M-@key{RET}} to insert
new timer items.
@c for key sequences with a comma, command name macros fail :(
@kindex C-c C-x ,
@item C-c C-x ,
Pause the timer, or continue it if it is already paused
(@command{org-timer-pause-or-continue}).
@c removed the sentence because it is redundant to the following item
@kindex C-u C-c C-x ,
@item C-u C-c C-x ,
Stop the timer. After this, you can only start a new timer, not continue the
old one. This command also removes the timer from the mode line.
@orgcmd{C-c C-x 0,org-timer-start}
Reset the timer without inserting anything into the buffer. By default, the
timer is reset to 0. When called with a @kbd{C-u} prefix, reset the timer to
specific starting offset. The user is prompted for the offset, with a
default taken from a timer string at point, if any, So this can be used to
restart taking notes after a break in the process. When called with a double
prefix argument @kbd{C-u C-u}, change all timer strings in the active region
by a certain amount. This can be used to fix timer strings if the timer was
not started at exactly the right moment.
@end table
@node Countdown timer, , Relative timer, Dates and Times
@section Countdown timer
@cindex Countdown timer
@kindex C-c C-x ;
@kindex ;
Calling @code{org-timer-set-timer} from an Org-mode buffer runs a countdown
timer. Use @key{;} from agenda buffers, @key{C-c C-x ;} everwhere else.
@code{org-timer-set-timer} prompts the user for a duration and displays a
countdown timer in the modeline. @code{org-timer-default-timer} sets the
default countdown value. Giving a prefix numeric argument overrides this
default value.
@node Capture - Refile - Archive, Agenda Views, Dates and Times, Top
@chapter Capture - Refile - Archive
@cindex capture
An important part of any organization system is the ability to quickly
capture new ideas and tasks, and to associate reference material with them.
Org does this using a process called @i{capture}. It also can store files
related to a task (@i{attachments}) in a special directory. Once in the
system, tasks and projects need to be moved around. Moving completed project
trees to an archive file keeps the system compact and fast.
@menu
* Capture:: Capturing new stuff
* Attachments:: Add files to tasks
* RSS Feeds:: Getting input from RSS feeds
* Protocols:: External (e.g. Browser) access to Emacs and Org
* Refiling notes:: Moving a tree from one place to another
* Archiving:: What to do with finished projects
@end menu
@node Capture, Attachments, Capture - Refile - Archive, Capture - Refile - Archive
@section Capture
@cindex capture
Org's method for capturing new items is heavily inspired by John Wiegley
excellent remember package. Up to version 6.36 Org used a special setup
for @file{remember.el}. @file{org-remember.el} is still part of Org-mode for
backward compatibility with existing setups. You can find the documentation
for org-remember at @url{http://orgmode.org/org-remember.pdf}.
The new capturing setup described here is preferred and should be used by new
users. To convert your @code{org-remember-templates}, run the command
@example
@kbd{M-x org-capture-import-remember-templates @key{RET}}
@end example
@noindent and then customize the new variable with @kbd{M-x
customize-variable org-capture-templates}, check the result, and save the
customization. You can then use both remember and capture until
you are familiar with the new mechanism.
Capture lets you quickly store notes with little interruption of your work
flow. The basic process of capturing is very similar to remember, but Org
does enhance it with templates and more.
@menu
* Setting up capture:: Where notes will be stored
* Using capture:: Commands to invoke and terminate capture
* Capture templates:: Define the outline of different note types
@end menu
@node Setting up capture, Using capture, Capture, Capture
@subsection Setting up capture
The following customization sets a default target file for notes, and defines
a global key@footnote{Please select your own key, @kbd{C-c c} is only a
suggestion.} for capturing new material.
@vindex org-default-notes-file
@example
(setq org-default-notes-file (concat org-directory "/notes.org"))
(define-key global-map "\C-cc" 'org-capture)
@end example
@node Using capture, Capture templates, Setting up capture, Capture
@subsection Using capture
@table @kbd
@kindex C-c c
@item C-c c
Call the command @code{org-capture}. If you have templates defined
@pxref{Capture templates}, it will offer these templates for selection or use
a new Org outline node as the default template. It will insert the template
into the target file and switch to an indirect buffer narrowed to this new
node. You may then insert the information you want.
@kindex C-c C-c
@item C-c C-c
Once you have finished entering information into the capture buffer,
@kbd{C-c C-c} will return you to the window configuration before the capture
process, so that you can resume your work without further distraction.
@kindex C-c C-w
@item C-c C-w
Finalize the capture process by refiling (@pxref{Refiling notes}) the note to
a different place. Please realize that this is a normal refiling command
that will be executed - so the cursor position at the moment you run this
command is important. If you have inserted a tree with a parent and
children, first move the cursor back to the parent.
@kindex C-c C-k
@item C-c C-k
Abort the capture process and return to the previous state.
@end table
You can also call @code{org-capture} in a special way from the agenda, using
the @kbd{k c} key combination. With this access, any timestamps inserted by
the selected capture template will default to the cursor date in the agenda,
rather than to the current date.
@node Capture templates, , Using capture, Capture
@subsection Capture templates
@cindex templates, for Capture
You can use templates for different types of capture items, and
for different target locations. The easiest way to create such templates is
through the customize interface.
@table @kbd
@kindex C-c c C
@item C-c c C
Customize the variable @code{org-capture-templates}.
@end table
Before we give the formal description of template definitions, let's look at
an example. Say you would like to use one template to create general TODO
entries, and you want to put these entries under the heading @samp{Tasks} in
your file @file{~/org/gtd.org}. Also, a date tree in the file
@file{journal.org} should capture journal entries. A possible configuration
would look like:
@example
(setq org-capture-templates
'(("t" "Todo" entry (file+headline "~/org/gtd.org" "Tasks")
"* TODO %?\n %i\n %a")
("j" "Journal" entry (file+datetree "~/org/journal.org")
"* %?\nEntered on %U\n %i\n %a")))
@end example
@noindent If you then press @kbd{C-c c t}, Org will prepare the template
for you like this:
@example
* TODO
[[file:@var{link to where you initiated capture}]]
@end example
@noindent
During expansion of the template, @code{%a} has been replaced by a link to
the location from where you called the capture command. This can be
extremely useful for deriving tasks from emails, for example. You fill in
the task definition, press @code{C-c C-c} and Org returns you to the same
place where you started the capture process.
@menu
* Template elements:: What is needed for a complete template entry
* Template expansion:: Filling in information about time and context
@end menu
@node Template elements, Template expansion, Capture templates, Capture templates
@subsubsection Template elements
Now lets look at the elements of a template definition. Each entry in
@code{org-capture-templates} is a list with the following items:
@table @var
@item keys
The keys that will select the template, as a string, characters
only, for example @code{"a"} for a template to be selected with a
single key, or @code{"bt"} for selection with two keys. When using
several keys, keys using the same prefix key must be sequential
in the list and preceded by a 2-element entry explaining the
prefix key, for example
@example
("b" "Templates for marking stuff to buy")
@end example
@noindent If you do not define a template for the @kbd{C} key, this key will
be used to open the customize buffer for this complex variable.
@item description
A short string describing the template, which will be shown during
selection.
@item type
The type of entry, a symbol. Valid values are:
@table @code
@item entry
An Org-mode node, with a headline. Will be filed as the child of the
target entry or as a top-level entry. The target file should be an Org-mode
file.
@item item
A plain list item, placed in the first plain list at the target
location. Again the target file should be an Org file.
@item checkitem
A checkbox item. This only differs from the plain list item by the
default template.
@item table-line
a new line in the first table at the target location. Where exactly the
line will be inserted depends on the properties @code{:prepend} and
@code{:table-line-pos} (see below).
@item plain
Text to be inserted as it is.
@end table
@item target
@vindex org-default-notes-file
Specification of where the captured item should be placed. In Org-mode
files, targets usually define a node. Entries will become children of this
node, other types will be added to the table or list in the body of this
node. Most target specifications contain a file name. If that file name is
the empty string, it defaults to @code{org-default-notes-file}.
Valid values are:
@table @code
@item (file "path/to/file")
Text will be placed at the beginning or end of that file.
@item (id "id of existing org entry")
Filing as child of this entry, or in the body of the entry.
@item (file+headline "path/to/file" "node headline")
Fast configuration if the target heading is unique in the file.
@item (file+olp "path/to/file" "Level 1 heading" "Level 2" ...)
For non-unique headings, the full path is safer.
@item (file+regexp "path/to/file" "regexp to find location")
Use a regular expression to position the cursor.
@item (file+datetree "path/to/file")
Will create a heading in a date tree.
@item (file+function "path/to/file" function-finding-location)
A function to find the right location in the file.
@item (clock)
File to the entry that is currently being clocked.
@item (function function-finding-location)
Most general way, write your own function to find both
file and location.
@end table
@item template
The template for creating the capture item. If you leave this empty, an
appropriate default template will be used. Otherwise this is a string with
escape codes, which will be replaced depending on time and context of the
capture call. The string with escapes may be loaded from a template file,
using the special syntax @code{(file "path/to/template")}. See below for
more details.
@item properties
The rest of the entry is a property list of additional options.
Recognized properties are:
@table @code
@item :prepend
Normally new captured information will be appended at
the target location (last child, last table line, last list item...).
Setting this property will change that.
@item :immediate-finish
When set, do not offer to edit the information, just
file it away immediately. This makes sense if the template only needs
information that can be added automatically.
@item :empty-lines
Set this to the number of lines to insert
before and after the new item. Default 0, only common other value is 1.
@item :clock-in
Start the clock in this item.
@item :clock-resume
If starting the capture interrupted a clock, restart that clock when finished
with the capture.
@item :unnarrowed
Do not narrow the target buffer, simply show the full buffer. Default is to
narrow it so that you only see the new material.
@item :kill-buffer
If the target file was not yet visited when capture was invoked, kill the
buffer again after capture is completed.
@end table
@end table
@node Template expansion, , Template elements, Capture templates
@subsubsection Template expansion
In the template itself, special @kbd{%}-escapes@footnote{If you need one of
these sequences literally, escape the @kbd{%} with a backslash.} allow
dynamic insertion of content:
@comment SJE: should these sentences terminate in period?
@smallexample
%^@{@var{prompt}@} @r{prompt the user for a string and replace this sequence with it.}
@r{You may specify a default value and a completion table with}
@r{%^@{prompt|default|completion2|completion3...@}}
@r{The arrow keys access a prompt-specific history.}
%a @r{annotation, normally the link created with @code{org-store-link}}
%A @r{like @code{%a}, but prompt for the description part}
%i @r{initial content, the region when capture is called while the}
@r{region is active.}
@r{The entire text will be indented like @code{%i} itself.}
%t @r{timestamp, date only}
%T @r{timestamp with date and time}
%u, %U @r{like the above, but inactive timestamps}
%^t @r{like @code{%t}, but prompt for date. Similarly @code{%^T}, @code{%^u}, @code{%^U}}
@r{You may define a prompt like @code{%^@{Birthday@}t}}
%n @r{user name (taken from @code{user-full-name})}
%c @r{Current kill ring head.}
%x @r{Content of the X clipboard.}
%^C @r{Interactive selection of which kill or clip to use.}
%^L @r{Like @code{%^C}, but insert as link.}
%k @r{title of the currently clocked task}
%K @r{link to the currently clocked task}
%^g @r{prompt for tags, with completion on tags in target file.}
%^G @r{prompt for tags, with completion all tags in all agenda files.}
%^@{@var{prop}@}p @r{Prompt the user for a value for property @var{prop}}
%:keyword @r{specific information for certain link types, see below}
%[@var{file}] @r{insert the contents of the file given by @var{file}}
%(@var{sexp}) @r{evaluate Elisp @var{sexp} and replace with the result}
@end smallexample
@noindent
For specific link types, the following keywords will be
defined@footnote{If you define your own link types (@pxref{Adding
hyperlink types}), any property you store with
@code{org-store-link-props} can be accessed in capture templates in a
similar way.}:
@vindex org-from-is-user-regexp
@smallexample
Link type | Available keywords
-------------------+----------------------------------------------
bbdb | %:name %:company
irc | %:server %:port %:nick
vm, wl, mh, mew, rmail | %:type %:subject %:message-id
| %:from %:fromname %:fromaddress
| %:to %:toname %:toaddress
| %:date @r{(message date header field)}
| %:date-timestamp @r{(date as active timestamp)}
| %:date-timestamp-inactive @r{(date as inactive timestamp)}
| %:fromto @r{(either "to NAME" or "from NAME")@footnote{This will always be the other, not the user. See the variable @code{org-from-is-user-regexp}.}}
gnus | %:group, @r{for messages also all email fields}
w3, w3m | %:url
info | %:file %:node
calendar | %:date
@end smallexample
@noindent
To place the cursor after template expansion use:
@smallexample
%? @r{After completing the template, position cursor here.}
@end smallexample
@node Attachments, RSS Feeds, Capture, Capture - Refile - Archive
@section Attachments
@cindex attachments
@vindex org-attach-directory
It is often useful to associate reference material with an outline node/task.
Small chunks of plain text can simply be stored in the subtree of a project.
Hyperlinks (@pxref{Hyperlinks}) can establish associations with
files that live elsewhere on your computer or in the cloud, like emails or
source code files belonging to a project. Another method is @i{attachments},
which are files located in a directory belonging to an outline node. Org
uses directories named by the unique ID of each entry. These directories are
located in the @file{data} directory which lives in the same directory where
your Org file lives@footnote{If you move entries or Org files from one
directory to another, you may want to configure @code{org-attach-directory}
to contain an absolute path.}. If you initialize this directory with
@code{git init}, Org will automatically commit changes when it sees them.
The attachment system has been contributed to Org by John Wiegley.
In cases where it seems better to do so, you can also attach a directory of your
choice to an entry. You can also make children inherit the attachment
directory from a parent, so that an entire subtree uses the same attached
directory.
@noindent The following commands deal with attachments:
@table @kbd
@kindex C-c C-a
@item C-c C-a
The dispatcher for commands related to the attachment system. After these
keys, a list of commands is displayed and you must press an additional key
to select a command:
@table @kbd
@kindex C-c C-a a
@item a
@vindex org-attach-method
Select a file and move it into the task's attachment directory. The file
will be copied, moved, or linked, depending on @code{org-attach-method}.
Note that hard links are not supported on all systems.
@kindex C-c C-a c
@kindex C-c C-a m
@kindex C-c C-a l
@item c/m/l
Attach a file using the copy/move/link method.
Note that hard links are not supported on all systems.
@kindex C-c C-a n
@item n
Create a new attachment as an Emacs buffer.
@kindex C-c C-a z
@item z
Synchronize the current task with its attachment directory, in case you added
attachments yourself.
@kindex C-c C-a o
@item o
@vindex org-file-apps
Open current task's attachment. If there is more than one, prompt for a
file name first. Opening will follow the rules set by @code{org-file-apps}.
For more details, see the information on following hyperlinks
(@pxref{Handling links}).
@kindex C-c C-a O
@item O
Also open the attachment, but force opening the file in Emacs.
@kindex C-c C-a f
@item f
Open the current task's attachment directory.
@kindex C-c C-a F
@item F
Also open the directory, but force using @command{dired} in Emacs.
@kindex C-c C-a d
@item d
Select and delete a single attachment.
@kindex C-c C-a D
@item D
Delete all of a task's attachments. A safer way is to open the directory in
@command{dired} and delete from there.
@kindex C-c C-a s
@item C-c C-a s
@cindex property, ATTACH_DIR
Set a specific directory as the entry's attachment directory. This works by
putting the directory path into the @code{ATTACH_DIR} property.
@kindex C-c C-a i
@item C-c C-a i
@cindex property, ATTACH_DIR_INHERIT
Set the @code{ATTACH_DIR_INHERIT} property, so that children will use the
same directory for attachments as the parent does.
@end table
@end table
@node RSS Feeds, Protocols, Attachments, Capture - Refile - Archive
@section RSS feeds
@cindex RSS feeds
@cindex Atom feeds
Org can add and change entries based on information found in RSS feeds and
Atom feeds. You could use this to make a task out of each new podcast in a
podcast feed. Or you could use a phone-based note-creating service on the
web to import tasks into Org. To access feeds, configure the variable
@code{org-feed-alist}. The docstring of this variable has detailed
information. Here is just an example:
@example
(setq org-feed-alist
'(("Slashdot"
"http://rss.slashdot.org/Slashdot/slashdot"
"~/txt/org/feeds.org" "Slashdot Entries")))
@end example
@noindent
will configure that new items from the feed provided by
@code{rss.slashdot.org} will result in new entries in the file
@file{~/org/feeds.org} under the heading @samp{Slashdot Entries}, whenever
the following command is used:
@table @kbd
@kindex C-c C-x g
@item C-c C-x g
Collect items from the feeds configured in @code{org-feed-alist} and act upon
them.
@kindex C-c C-x G
@item C-c C-x G
Prompt for a feed name and go to the inbox configured for this feed.
@end table
Under the same headline, Org will create a drawer @samp{FEEDSTATUS} in which
it will store information about the status of items in the feed, to avoid
adding the same item several times. You should add @samp{FEEDSTATUS} to the
list of drawers in that file:
@example
#+DRAWERS: LOGBOOK PROPERTIES FEEDSTATUS
@end example
For more information, including how to read atom feeds, see
@file{org-feed.el} and the docstring of @code{org-feed-alist}.
@node Protocols, Refiling notes, RSS Feeds, Capture - Refile - Archive
@section Protocols for external access
@cindex protocols, for external access
@cindex emacsserver
You can set up Org for handling protocol calls from outside applications that
are passed to Emacs through the @file{emacsserver}. For example, you can
configure bookmarks in your web browser to send a link to the current page to
Org and create a note from it using capture (@pxref{Capture}). Or you
could create a bookmark that will tell Emacs to open the local source file of
a remote website you are looking at with the browser. See
@uref{http://orgmode.org/worg/org-contrib/org-protocol.php} for detailed
documentation and setup instructions.
@node Refiling notes, Archiving, Protocols, Capture - Refile - Archive
@section Refiling notes
@cindex refiling notes
When reviewing the captured data, you may want to refile some of the entries
into a different list, for example into a project. Cutting, finding the
right location, and then pasting the note is cumbersome. To simplify this
process, you can use the following special command:
@table @kbd
@kindex C-c C-w
@item C-c C-w
@vindex org-reverse-note-order
@vindex org-refile-targets
@vindex org-refile-use-outline-path
@vindex org-outline-path-complete-in-steps
@vindex org-refile-allow-creating-parent-nodes
@vindex org-log-refile
@vindex org-refile-use-cache
Refile the entry or region at point. This command offers possible locations
for refiling the entry and lets you select one with completion. The item (or
all items in the region) is filed below the target heading as a subitem.
Depending on @code{org-reverse-note-order}, it will be either the first or
last subitem.@*
By default, all level 1 headlines in the current buffer are considered to be
targets, but you can have more complex definitions across a number of files.
See the variable @code{org-refile-targets} for details. If you would like to
select a location via a file-path-like completion along the outline path, see
the variables @code{org-refile-use-outline-path} and
@code{org-outline-path-complete-in-steps}. If you would like to be able to
create new nodes as new parents for refiling on the fly, check the
variable @code{org-refile-allow-creating-parent-nodes}.
When the variable @code{org-log-refile}@footnote{with corresponding
@code{#+STARTUP} keywords @code{logrefile}, @code{lognoterefile},
and @code{nologrefile}} is set, a time stamp or a note will be
recorded when an entry has been refiled.
@kindex C-u C-c C-w
@item C-u C-c C-w
Use the refile interface to jump to a heading.
@kindex C-u C-u C-c C-w
@item C-u C-u C-c C-w
Jump to the location where @code{org-refile} last moved a tree to.
@item C-2 C-c C-w
Refile as the child of the item currently being clocked.
@item C-0 C-c C-w @ @r{or} @ C-u C-u C-u C-c C-w
Clear the target cache. Caching of refile targets can be turned on by
setting @code{org-refile-use-cache}. To make the command seen new possible
targets, you have to clear the cache with this command.
@end table
@node Archiving, , Refiling notes, Capture - Refile - Archive
@section Archiving
@cindex archiving
When a project represented by a (sub)tree is finished, you may want
to move the tree out of the way and to stop it from contributing to the
agenda. Archiving is important to keep your working files compact and global
searches like the construction of agenda views fast.
@table @kbd
@kindex C-c C-x C-a
@item C-c C-x C-a
@vindex org-archive-default-command
Archive the current entry using the command specified in the variable
@code{org-archive-default-command}.
@end table
@menu
* Moving subtrees:: Moving a tree to an archive file
* Internal archiving:: Switch off a tree but keep it in the file
@end menu
@node Moving subtrees, Internal archiving, Archiving, Archiving
@subsection Moving a tree to the archive file
@cindex external archiving
The most common archiving action is to move a project tree to another file,
the archive file.
@table @kbd
@kindex C-c $
@kindex C-c C-x C-s
@item C-c C-x C-s@ @r{or short} @ C-c $
@vindex org-archive-location
Archive the subtree starting at the cursor position to the location
given by @code{org-archive-location}.
@kindex C-u C-c C-x C-s
@item C-u C-c C-x C-s
Check if any direct children of the current headline could be moved to
the archive. To do this, each subtree is checked for open TODO entries.
If none are found, the command offers to move it to the archive
location. If the cursor is @emph{not} on a headline when this command
is invoked, the level 1 trees will be checked.
@end table
@cindex archive locations
The default archive location is a file in the same directory as the
current file, with the name derived by appending @file{_archive} to the
current file name. For information and examples on how to change this,
see the documentation string of the variable
@code{org-archive-location}. There is also an in-buffer option for
setting this variable, for example@footnote{For backward compatibility,
the following also works: If there are several such lines in a file,
each specifies the archive location for the text below it. The first
such line also applies to any text before its definition. However,
using this method is @emph{strongly} deprecated as it is incompatible
with the outline structure of the document. The correct method for
setting multiple archive locations in a buffer is using properties.}:
@cindex #+ARCHIVE
@example
#+ARCHIVE: %s_done::
@end example
@cindex property, ARCHIVE
@noindent
If you would like to have a special ARCHIVE location for a single entry
or a (sub)tree, give the entry an @code{:ARCHIVE:} property with the
location as the value (@pxref{Properties and Columns}).
@vindex org-archive-save-context-info
When a subtree is moved, it receives a number of special properties that
record context information like the file from where the entry came, its
outline path the archiving time etc. Configure the variable
@code{org-archive-save-context-info} to adjust the amount of information
added.
@node Internal archiving, , Moving subtrees, Archiving
@subsection Internal archiving
If you want to just switch off (for agenda views) certain subtrees without
moving them to a different file, you can use the @code{ARCHIVE tag}.
A headline that is marked with the ARCHIVE tag (@pxref{Tags}) stays at
its location in the outline tree, but behaves in the following way:
@itemize @minus
@item
@vindex org-cycle-open-archived-trees
It does not open when you attempt to do so with a visibility cycling
command (@pxref{Visibility cycling}). You can force cycling archived
subtrees with @kbd{C-@key{TAB}}, or by setting the option
@code{org-cycle-open-archived-trees}. Also normal outline commands like
@code{show-all} will open archived subtrees.
@item
@vindex org-sparse-tree-open-archived-trees
During sparse tree construction (@pxref{Sparse trees}), matches in
archived subtrees are not exposed, unless you configure the option
@code{org-sparse-tree-open-archived-trees}.
@item
@vindex org-agenda-skip-archived-trees
During agenda view construction (@pxref{Agenda Views}), the content of
archived trees is ignored unless you configure the option
@code{org-agenda-skip-archived-trees}, in which case these trees will always
be included. In the agenda you can press @kbd{v a} to get archives
temporarily included.
@item
@vindex org-export-with-archived-trees
Archived trees are not exported (@pxref{Exporting}), only the headline
is. Configure the details using the variable
@code{org-export-with-archived-trees}.
@item
@vindex org-columns-skip-archived-trees
Archived trees are excluded from column view unless the variable
@code{org-columns-skip-archived-trees} is configured to @code{nil}.
@end itemize
The following commands help manage the ARCHIVE tag:
@table @kbd
@kindex C-c C-x a
@item C-c C-x a
Toggle the ARCHIVE tag for the current headline. When the tag is set,
the headline changes to a shadowed face, and the subtree below it is
hidden.
@kindex C-u C-c C-x a
@item C-u C-c C-x a
Check if any direct children of the current headline should be archived.
To do this, each subtree is checked for open TODO entries. If none are
found, the command offers to set the ARCHIVE tag for the child. If the
cursor is @emph{not} on a headline when this command is invoked, the
level 1 trees will be checked.
@kindex C-@kbd{TAB}
@item C-@kbd{TAB}
Cycle a tree even if it is tagged with ARCHIVE.
@kindex C-c C-x A
@item C-c C-x A
Move the current entry to the @emph{Archive Sibling}. This is a sibling of
the entry with the heading @samp{Archive} and the tag @samp{ARCHIVE}. The
entry becomes a child of that sibling and in this way retains a lot of its
original context, including inherited tags and approximate position in the
outline.
@end table
@node Agenda Views, Markup, Capture - Refile - Archive, Top
@chapter Agenda views
@cindex agenda views
Due to the way Org works, TODO items, time-stamped items, and
tagged headlines can be scattered throughout a file or even a number of
files. To get an overview of open action items, or of events that are
important for a particular date, this information must be collected,
sorted and displayed in an organized way.
Org can select items based on various criteria and display them
in a separate buffer. Seven different view types are provided:
@itemize @bullet
@item
an @emph{agenda} that is like a calendar and shows information
for specific dates,
@item
a @emph{TODO list} that covers all unfinished
action items,
@item
a @emph{match view}, showings headlines based on the tags, properties, and
TODO state associated with them,
@item
a @emph{timeline view} that shows all events in a single Org file,
in time-sorted view,
@item
a @emph{text search view} that shows all entries from multiple files
that contain specified keywords,
@item
a @emph{stuck projects view} showing projects that currently don't move
along, and
@item
@emph{custom views} that are special searches and combinations of different
views.
@end itemize
@noindent
The extracted information is displayed in a special @emph{agenda
buffer}. This buffer is read-only, but provides commands to visit the
corresponding locations in the original Org files, and even to
edit these files remotely.
@vindex org-agenda-window-setup
@vindex org-agenda-restore-windows-after-quit
Two variables control how the agenda buffer is displayed and whether the
window configuration is restored when the agenda exits:
@code{org-agenda-window-setup} and
@code{org-agenda-restore-windows-after-quit}.
@menu
* Agenda files:: Files being searched for agenda information
* Agenda dispatcher:: Keyboard access to agenda views
* Built-in agenda views:: What is available out of the box?
* Presentation and sorting:: How agenda items are prepared for display
* Agenda commands:: Remote editing of Org trees
* Custom agenda views:: Defining special searches and views
* Exporting Agenda Views:: Writing a view to a file
* Agenda column view:: Using column view for collected entries
@end menu
@node Agenda files, Agenda dispatcher, Agenda Views, Agenda Views
@section Agenda files
@cindex agenda files
@cindex files for agenda
@vindex org-agenda-files
The information to be shown is normally collected from all @emph{agenda
files}, the files listed in the variable
@code{org-agenda-files}@footnote{If the value of that variable is not a
list, but a single file name, then the list of agenda files will be
maintained in that external file.}. If a directory is part of this list,
all files with the extension @file{.org} in this directory will be part
of the list.
Thus, even if you only work with a single Org file, that file should
be put into the list@footnote{When using the dispatcher, pressing
@kbd{<} before selecting a command will actually limit the command to
the current file, and ignore @code{org-agenda-files} until the next
dispatcher command.}. You can customize @code{org-agenda-files}, but
the easiest way to maintain it is through the following commands
@cindex files, adding to agenda list
@table @kbd
@orgcmd{C-c [,org-agenda-to-front}
Add current file to the list of agenda files. The file is added to
the front of the list. If it was already in the list, it is moved to
the front. With a prefix argument, file is added/moved to the end.
@orgcmd{C-c ],org-remove-file}
Remove current file from the list of agenda files.
@kindex C-,
@orgcmd{C-',org-cycle-agenda-files}
@itemx C-,
Cycle through agenda file list, visiting one file after the other.
@kindex M-x org-iswitchb
@item M-x org-iswitchb
Command to use an @code{iswitchb}-like interface to switch to and between Org
buffers.
@end table
@noindent
The Org menu contains the current list of files and can be used
to visit any of them.
If you would like to focus the agenda temporarily on a file not in
this list, or on just one file in the list, or even on only a subtree in a
file, then this can be done in different ways. For a single agenda command,
you may press @kbd{<} once or several times in the dispatcher
(@pxref{Agenda dispatcher}). To restrict the agenda scope for an
extended period, use the following commands:
@table @kbd
@orgcmd{C-c C-x <,org-agenda-set-restriction-lock}
Permanently restrict the agenda to the current subtree. When with a
prefix argument, or with the cursor before the first headline in a file,
the agenda scope is set to the entire file. This restriction remains in
effect until removed with @kbd{C-c C-x >}, or by typing either @kbd{<}
or @kbd{>} in the agenda dispatcher. If there is a window displaying an
agenda view, the new restriction takes effect immediately.
@orgcmd{C-c C-x >,org-agenda-remove-restriction-lock}
Remove the permanent restriction created by @kbd{C-c C-x <}.
@end table
@noindent
When working with @file{speedbar.el}, you can use the following commands in
the Speedbar frame:
@table @kbd
@orgcmdtkc{< @r{in the speedbar frame},<,org-speedbar-set-agenda-restriction}
Permanently restrict the agenda to the item---either an Org file or a subtree
in such a file---at the cursor in the Speedbar frame.
If there is a window displaying an agenda view, the new restriction takes
effect immediately.
@orgcmdtkc{> @r{in the speedbar frame},>,org-agenda-remove-restriction-lock}
Lift the restriction.
@end table
@node Agenda dispatcher, Built-in agenda views, Agenda files, Agenda Views
@section The agenda dispatcher
@cindex agenda dispatcher
@cindex dispatching agenda commands
The views are created through a dispatcher, which should be bound to a
global key---for example @kbd{C-c a} (@pxref{Installation}). In the
following we will assume that @kbd{C-c a} is indeed how the dispatcher
is accessed and list keyboard access to commands accordingly. After
pressing @kbd{C-c a}, an additional letter is required to execute a
command. The dispatcher offers the following default commands:
@table @kbd
@item a
Create the calendar-like agenda (@pxref{Weekly/daily agenda}).
@item t @r{/} T
Create a list of all TODO items (@pxref{Global TODO list}).
@item m @r{/} M
Create a list of headlines matching a TAGS expression (@pxref{Matching
tags and properties}).
@item L
Create the timeline view for the current buffer (@pxref{Timeline}).
@item s
Create a list of entries selected by a boolean expression of keywords
and/or regular expressions that must or must not occur in the entry.
@item /
@vindex org-agenda-text-search-extra-files
Search for a regular expression in all agenda files and additionally in
the files listed in @code{org-agenda-text-search-extra-files}. This
uses the Emacs command @code{multi-occur}. A prefix argument can be
used to specify the number of context lines for each match, default is
1.
@item # @r{/} !
Create a list of stuck projects (@pxref{Stuck projects}).
@item <
Restrict an agenda command to the current buffer@footnote{For backward
compatibility, you can also press @kbd{1} to restrict to the current
buffer.}. After pressing @kbd{<}, you still need to press the character
selecting the command.
@item < <
If there is an active region, restrict the following agenda command to
the region. Otherwise, restrict it to the current subtree@footnote{For
backward compatibility, you can also press @kbd{0} to restrict to the
current region/subtree.}. After pressing @kbd{< <}, you still need to press the
character selecting the command.
@end table
You can also define custom commands that will be accessible through the
dispatcher, just like the default commands. This includes the
possibility to create extended agenda buffers that contain several
blocks together, for example the weekly agenda, the global TODO list and
a number of special tags matches. @xref{Custom agenda views}.
@node Built-in agenda views, Presentation and sorting, Agenda dispatcher, Agenda Views
@section The built-in agenda views
In this section we describe the built-in views.
@menu
* Weekly/daily agenda:: The calendar page with current tasks
* Global TODO list:: All unfinished action items
* Matching tags and properties:: Structured information with fine-tuned search
* Timeline:: Time-sorted view for single file
* Search view:: Find entries by searching for text
* Stuck projects:: Find projects you need to review
@end menu
@node Weekly/daily agenda, Global TODO list, Built-in agenda views, Built-in agenda views
@subsection The weekly/daily agenda
@cindex agenda
@cindex weekly agenda
@cindex daily agenda
The purpose of the weekly/daily @emph{agenda} is to act like a page of a
paper agenda, showing all the tasks for the current week or day.
@table @kbd
@cindex org-agenda, command
@orgcmd{C-c a a,org-agenda-list}
@vindex org-agenda-ndays
Compile an agenda for the current week from a list of Org files. The agenda
shows the entries for each day. With a numeric prefix@footnote{For backward
compatibility, the universal prefix @kbd{C-u} causes all TODO entries to be
listed before the agenda. This feature is deprecated, use the dedicated TODO
list, or a block agenda instead (@pxref{Block agenda}).} (like @kbd{C-u 2 1
C-c a a}) you may set the number of days to be displayed (see also the
variable @code{org-agenda-ndays})
@end table
Remote editing from the agenda buffer means, for example, that you can
change the dates of deadlines and appointments from the agenda buffer.
The commands available in the Agenda buffer are listed in @ref{Agenda
commands}.
@subsubheading Calendar/Diary integration
@cindex calendar integration
@cindex diary integration
Emacs contains the calendar and diary by Edward M. Reingold. The
calendar displays a three-month calendar with holidays from different
countries and cultures. The diary allows you to keep track of
anniversaries, lunar phases, sunrise/set, recurrent appointments
(weekly, monthly) and more. In this way, it is quite complementary to
Org. It can be very useful to combine output from Org with
the diary.
In order to include entries from the Emacs diary into Org-mode's
agenda, you only need to customize the variable
@lisp
(setq org-agenda-include-diary t)
@end lisp
@noindent After that, everything will happen automatically. All diary
entries including holidays, anniversaries, etc., will be included in the
agenda buffer created by Org-mode. @key{SPC}, @key{TAB}, and
@key{RET} can be used from the agenda buffer to jump to the diary
file in order to edit existing diary entries. The @kbd{i} command to
insert new entries for the current date works in the agenda buffer, as
well as the commands @kbd{S}, @kbd{M}, and @kbd{C} to display
Sunrise/Sunset times, show lunar phases and to convert to other
calendars, respectively. @kbd{c} can be used to switch back and forth
between calendar and agenda.
If you are using the diary only for sexp entries and holidays, it is
faster to not use the above setting, but instead to copy or even move
the entries into an Org file. Org-mode evaluates diary-style sexp
entries, and does it faster because there is no overhead for first
creating the diary display. Note that the sexp entries must start at
the left margin, no whitespace is allowed before them. For example,
the following segment of an Org file will be processed and entries
will be made in the agenda:
@example
* Birthdays and similar stuff
#+CATEGORY: Holiday
%%(org-calendar-holiday) ; special function for holiday names
#+CATEGORY: Ann
%%(diary-anniversary 5 14 1956)@footnote{Note that the order of the arguments (month, day, year) depends on the setting of @code{calendar-date-style}.} Arthur Dent is %d years old
%%(diary-anniversary 10 2 1869) Mahatma Gandhi would be %d years old
@end example
@subsubheading Anniversaries from BBDB
@cindex BBDB, anniversaries
@cindex anniversaries, from BBDB
If you are using the Big Brothers Database to store your contacts, you will
very likely prefer to store anniversaries in BBDB rather than in a
separate Org or diary file. Org supports this and will show BBDB
anniversaries as part of the agenda. All you need to do is to add the
following to one your your agenda files:
@example
* Anniversaries
:PROPERTIES:
:CATEGORY: Anniv
:END:
%%(org-bbdb-anniversaries)
@end example
You can then go ahead and define anniversaries for a BBDB record. Basically,
you need to press @kbd{C-o anniversary @key{RET}} with the cursor in a BBDB
record and then add the date in the format @code{YYYY-MM-DD}, followed by a
space and the class of the anniversary (@samp{birthday} or @samp{wedding}, or
a format string). If you omit the class, it will default to @samp{birthday}.
Here are a few examples, the header for the file @file{org-bbdb.el} contains
more detailed information.
@example
1973-06-22
1955-08-02 wedding
2008-04-14 %s released version 6.01 of org-mode, %d years ago
@end example
After a change to BBDB, or for the first agenda display during an Emacs
session, the agenda display will suffer a short delay as Org updates its
hash with anniversaries. However, from then on things will be very fast---much
faster in fact than a long list of @samp{%%(diary-anniversary)} entries
in an Org or Diary file.
@subsubheading Appointment reminders
@cindex @file{appt.el}
@cindex appointment reminders
Org can interact with Emacs appointments notification facility. To add all
the appointments of your agenda files, use the command
@code{org-agenda-to-appt}. This command also lets you filter through the
list of your appointments and add only those belonging to a specific category
or matching a regular expression. See the docstring for details.
@node Global TODO list, Matching tags and properties, Weekly/daily agenda, Built-in agenda views
@subsection The global TODO list
@cindex global TODO list
@cindex TODO list, global
The global TODO list contains all unfinished TODO items formatted and
collected into a single place.
@table @kbd
@orgcmd{C-c a t,org-todo-list}
Show the global TODO list. This collects the TODO items from all agenda
files (@pxref{Agenda Views}) into a single buffer. By default, this lists
items with a state the is not a DONE state. The buffer is in
@code{agenda-mode}, so there are commands to examine and manipulate the TODO
entries directly from that buffer (@pxref{Agenda commands}).
@orgcmd{C-c a T,org-todo-list}
@cindex TODO keyword matching
@vindex org-todo-keywords
Like the above, but allows selection of a specific TODO keyword. You can
also do this by specifying a prefix argument to @kbd{C-c a t}. You are
prompted for a keyword, and you may also specify several keywords by
separating them with @samp{|} as the boolean OR operator. With a numeric
prefix, the nth keyword in @code{org-todo-keywords} is selected.
@kindex r
The @kbd{r} key in the agenda buffer regenerates it, and you can give
a prefix argument to this command to change the selected TODO keyword,
for example @kbd{3 r}. If you often need a search for a specific
keyword, define a custom command for it (@pxref{Agenda dispatcher}).@*
Matching specific TODO keywords can also be done as part of a tags
search (@pxref{Tag searches}).
@end table
Remote editing of TODO items means that you can change the state of a
TODO entry with a single key press. The commands available in the
TODO list are described in @ref{Agenda commands}.
@cindex sublevels, inclusion into TODO list
Normally the global TODO list simply shows all headlines with TODO
keywords. This list can become very long. There are two ways to keep
it more compact:
@itemize @minus
@item
@vindex org-agenda-todo-ignore-scheduled
@vindex org-agenda-todo-ignore-deadlines
@vindex org-agenda-todo-ignore-with-date
Some people view a TODO item that has been @emph{scheduled} for execution or
have a @emph{deadline} (@pxref{Timestamps}) as no longer @emph{open}.
Configure the variables @code{org-agenda-todo-ignore-scheduled},
@code{org-agenda-todo-ignore-deadlines}, and/or
@code{org-agenda-todo-ignore-with-date} to exclude such items from the
global TODO list.
@item
@vindex org-agenda-todo-list-sublevels
TODO items may have sublevels to break up the task into subtasks. In
such cases it may be enough to list only the highest level TODO headline
and omit the sublevels from the global list. Configure the variable
@code{org-agenda-todo-list-sublevels} to get this behavior.
@end itemize
@node Matching tags and properties, Timeline, Global TODO list, Built-in agenda views
@subsection Matching tags and properties
@cindex matching, of tags
@cindex matching, of properties
@cindex tags view
@cindex match view
If headlines in the agenda files are marked with @emph{tags} (@pxref{Tags}),
or have properties (@pxref{Properties and Columns}), you can select headlines
based on this metadata and collect them into an agenda buffer. The match
syntax described here also applies when creating sparse trees with @kbd{C-c /
m}.
@table @kbd
@orgcmd{C-c a m,org-tags-view}
Produce a list of all headlines that match a given set of tags. The
command prompts for a selection criterion, which is a boolean logic
expression with tags, like @samp{+work+urgent-withboss} or
@samp{work|home} (@pxref{Tags}). If you often need a specific search,
define a custom command for it (@pxref{Agenda dispatcher}).
@orgcmd{C-c a M,org-tags-view}
@vindex org-tags-match-list-sublevels
@vindex org-agenda-tags-todo-honor-ignore-options
Like @kbd{C-c a m}, but only select headlines that are also TODO items in a
not-DONE state and force checking subitems (see variable
@code{org-tags-match-list-sublevels}). To exclude scheduled/deadline items,
see the variable @code{org-agenda-tags-todo-honor-ignore-options}. Matching
specific TODO keywords together with a tags match is also possible, see
@ref{Tag searches}.
@end table
The commands available in the tags list are described in @ref{Agenda
commands}.
@subsubheading Match syntax
@cindex Boolean logic, for tag/property searches
A search string can use Boolean operators @samp{&} for AND and @samp{|} for
OR. @samp{&} binds more strongly than @samp{|}. Parentheses are currently
not implemented. Each element in the search is either a tag, a regular
expression matching tags, or an expression like @code{PROPERTY OPERATOR
VALUE} with a comparison operator, accessing a property value. Each element
may be preceded by @samp{-}, to select against it, and @samp{+} is syntactic
sugar for positive selection. The AND operator @samp{&} is optional when
@samp{+} or @samp{-} is present. Here are some examples, using only tags.
@table @samp
@item +work-boss
Select headlines tagged @samp{:work:}, but discard those also tagged
@samp{:boss:}.
@item work|laptop
Selects lines tagged @samp{:work:} or @samp{:laptop:}.
@item work|laptop+night
Like before, but require the @samp{:laptop:} lines to be tagged also
@samp{:night:}.
@end table
@cindex regular expressions, with tags search
Instead of a tag, you may also specify a regular expression enclosed in curly
braces. For example,
@samp{work+@{^boss.*@}} matches headlines that contain the tag
@samp{:work:} and any tag @i{starting} with @samp{boss}.
@cindex TODO keyword matching, with tags search
@cindex level, require for tags/property match
@cindex category, require for tags/property match
@vindex org-odd-levels-only
You may also test for properties (@pxref{Properties and Columns}) at the same
time as matching tags. The properties may be real properties, or special
properties that represent other metadata (@pxref{Special properties}). For
example, the ``property'' @code{TODO} represents the TODO keyword of the
entry. Or, the ``property'' @code{LEVEL} represents the level of an entry.
So a search @samp{+LEVEL=3+boss-TODO="DONE"} lists all level three headlines
that have the tag @samp{boss} and are @emph{not} marked with the TODO keyword
DONE. In buffers with @code{org-odd-levels-only} set, @samp{LEVEL} does not
count the number of stars, but @samp{LEVEL=2} will correspond to 3 stars etc.
Here are more examples:
@table @samp
@item work+TODO="WAITING"
Select @samp{:work:}-tagged TODO lines with the specific TODO
keyword @samp{WAITING}.
@item work+TODO="WAITING"|home+TODO="WAITING"
Waiting tasks both at work and at home.
@end table
When matching properties, a number of different operators can be used to test
the value of a property. Here is a complex example:
@example
+work-boss+PRIORITY="A"+Coffee="unlimited"+Effort<2 \
+With=@{Sarah\|Denny@}+SCHEDULED>="<2008-10-11>"
@end example
@noindent
The type of comparison will depend on how the comparison value is written:
@itemize @minus
@item
If the comparison value is a plain number, a numerical comparison is done,
and the allowed operators are @samp{<}, @samp{=}, @samp{>}, @samp{<=},
@samp{>=}, and @samp{<>}.
@item
If the comparison value is enclosed in double-quotes,
a string comparison is done, and the same operators are allowed.
@item
If the comparison value is enclosed in double-quotes @emph{and} angular
brackets (like @samp{DEADLINE<="<2008-12-24 18:30>"}), both values are
assumed to be date/time specifications in the standard Org way, and the
comparison will be done accordingly. Special values that will be recognized
are @code{"<now>"} for now (including time), and @code{"<today>"}, and
@code{"<tomorrow>"} for these days at 0:00 hours, i.e. without a time
specification. Also strings like @code{"<+5d>"} or @code{"<-2m>"} with units
@code{d}, @code{w}, @code{m}, and @code{y} for day, week, month, and year,
respectively, can be used.
@item
If the comparison value is enclosed
in curly braces, a regexp match is performed, with @samp{=} meaning that the
regexp matches the property value, and @samp{<>} meaning that it does not
match.
@end itemize
So the search string in the example finds entries tagged @samp{:work:} but
not @samp{:boss:}, which also have a priority value @samp{A}, a
@samp{:Coffee:} property with the value @samp{unlimited}, an @samp{Effort}
property that is numerically smaller than 2, a @samp{:With:} property that is
matched by the regular expression @samp{Sarah\|Denny}, and that are scheduled
on or after October 11, 2008.
Accessing TODO, LEVEL, and CATEGORY during a search is fast. Accessing any
other properties will slow down the search. However, once you have paid the
price by accessing one property, testing additional properties is cheap
again.
You can configure Org-mode to use property inheritance during a search, but
beware that this can slow down searches considerably. See @ref{Property
inheritance}, for details.
For backward compatibility, and also for typing speed, there is also a
different way to test TODO states in a search. For this, terminate the
tags/property part of the search string (which may include several terms
connected with @samp{|}) with a @samp{/} and then specify a Boolean
expression just for TODO keywords. The syntax is then similar to that for
tags, but should be applied with care: for example, a positive selection on
several TODO keywords cannot meaningfully be combined with boolean AND.
However, @emph{negative selection} combined with AND can be meaningful. To
make sure that only lines are checked that actually have any TODO keyword
(resulting in a speed-up), use @kbd{C-c a M}, or equivalently start the TODO
part after the slash with @samp{!}. Using @kbd{C-c a M} or @samp{/!} will
not match TODO keywords in a DONE state. Examples:
@table @samp
@item work/WAITING
Same as @samp{work+TODO="WAITING"}
@item work/!-WAITING-NEXT
Select @samp{:work:}-tagged TODO lines that are neither @samp{WAITING}
nor @samp{NEXT}
@item work/!+WAITING|+NEXT
Select @samp{:work:}-tagged TODO lines that are either @samp{WAITING} or
@samp{NEXT}.
@end table
@node Timeline, Search view, Matching tags and properties, Built-in agenda views
@subsection Timeline for a single file
@cindex timeline, single file
@cindex time-sorted view
The timeline summarizes all time-stamped items from a single Org-mode
file in a @emph{time-sorted view}. The main purpose of this command is
to give an overview over events in a project.
@table @kbd
@orgcmd{C-c a L,org-timeline}
Show a time-sorted view of the Org file, with all time-stamped items.
When called with a @kbd{C-u} prefix, all unfinished TODO entries
(scheduled or not) are also listed under the current date.
@end table
@noindent
The commands available in the timeline buffer are listed in
@ref{Agenda commands}.
@node Search view, Stuck projects, Timeline, Built-in agenda views
@subsection Search view
@cindex search view
@cindex text search
@cindex searching, for text
This agenda view is a general text search facility for Org-mode entries.
It is particularly useful to find notes.
@table @kbd
@orgcmd{C-c a s,org-search-view}
This is a special search that lets you select entries by matching a substring
or specific words using a boolean logic.
@end table
For example, the search string @samp{computer equipment} will find entries
that contain @samp{computer equipment} as a substring. If the two words are
separated by more space or a line break, the search will still match.
Search view can also search for specific keywords in the entry, using Boolean
logic. The search string @samp{+computer +wifi -ethernet -@{8\.11[bg]@}}
will search for note entries that contain the keywords @code{computer}
and @code{wifi}, but not the keyword @code{ethernet}, and which are also
not matched by the regular expression @code{8\.11[bg]}, meaning to
exclude both 8.11b and 8.11g. The first @samp{+} is necessary to turn on
word search, other @samp{+} characters are optional. For more details, see
the docstring of the command @code{org-search-view}.
@vindex org-agenda-text-search-extra-files
Note that in addition to the agenda files, this command will also search
the files listed in @code{org-agenda-text-search-extra-files}.
@node Stuck projects, , Search view, Built-in agenda views
@subsection Stuck projects
If you are following a system like David Allen's GTD to organize your
work, one of the ``duties'' you have is a regular review to make sure
that all projects move along. A @emph{stuck} project is a project that
has no defined next actions, so it will never show up in the TODO lists
Org-mode produces. During the review, you need to identify such
projects and define next actions for them.
@table @kbd
@orgcmd{C-c a #,org-agenda-list-stuck-projects}
List projects that are stuck.
@kindex C-c a !
@item C-c a !
@vindex org-stuck-projects
Customize the variable @code{org-stuck-projects} to define what a stuck
project is and how to find it.
@end table
You almost certainly will have to configure this view before it will
work for you. The built-in default assumes that all your projects are
level-2 headlines, and that a project is not stuck if it has at least
one entry marked with a TODO keyword TODO or NEXT or NEXTACTION.
Let's assume that you, in your own way of using Org-mode, identify
projects with a tag PROJECT, and that you use a TODO keyword MAYBE to
indicate a project that should not be considered yet. Let's further
assume that the TODO keyword DONE marks finished projects, and that NEXT
and TODO indicate next actions. The tag @@SHOP indicates shopping and
is a next action even without the NEXT tag. Finally, if the project
contains the special word IGNORE anywhere, it should not be listed
either. In this case you would start by identifying eligible projects
with a tags/todo match@footnote{@xref{Tag searches}.}
@samp{+PROJECT/-MAYBE-DONE}, and then check for TODO, NEXT, @@SHOP, and
IGNORE in the subtree to identify projects that are not stuck. The
correct customization for this is
@lisp
(setq org-stuck-projects
'("+PROJECT/-MAYBE-DONE" ("NEXT" "TODO") ("@@SHOP")
"\\<IGNORE\\>"))
@end lisp
Note that if a project is identified as non-stuck, the subtree of this entry
will still be searched for stuck projects.
@node Presentation and sorting, Agenda commands, Built-in agenda views, Agenda Views
@section Presentation and sorting
@cindex presentation, of agenda items
@vindex org-agenda-prefix-format
Before displaying items in an agenda view, Org-mode visually prepares
the items and sorts them. Each item occupies a single line. The line
starts with a @emph{prefix} that contains the @emph{category}
(@pxref{Categories}) of the item and other important information. You can
customize the prefix using the option @code{org-agenda-prefix-format}.
The prefix is followed by a cleaned-up version of the outline headline
associated with the item.
@menu
* Categories:: Not all tasks are equal
* Time-of-day specifications:: How the agenda knows the time
* Sorting of agenda items:: The order of things
@end menu
@node Categories, Time-of-day specifications, Presentation and sorting, Presentation and sorting
@subsection Categories
@cindex category
@cindex #+CATEGORY
The category is a broad label assigned to each agenda item. By default,
the category is simply derived from the file name, but you can also
specify it with a special line in the buffer, like this@footnote{For
backward compatibility, the following also works: if there are several
such lines in a file, each specifies the category for the text below it.
The first category also applies to any text before the first CATEGORY
line. However, using this method is @emph{strongly} deprecated as it is
incompatible with the outline structure of the document. The correct
method for setting multiple categories in a buffer is using a
property.}:
@example
#+CATEGORY: Thesis
@end example
@noindent
@cindex property, CATEGORY
If you would like to have a special CATEGORY for a single entry or a
(sub)tree, give the entry a @code{:CATEGORY:} property with the
special category you want to apply as the value.
@noindent
The display in the agenda buffer looks best if the category is not
longer than 10 characters.
@noindent
You can set up icons for category by customizing the
@code{org-agenda-category-icon-alist} variable.
@node Time-of-day specifications, Sorting of agenda items, Categories, Presentation and sorting
@subsection Time-of-day specifications
@cindex time-of-day specification
Org-mode checks each agenda item for a time-of-day specification. The
time can be part of the timestamp that triggered inclusion into the
agenda, for example as in @w{@samp{<2005-05-10 Tue 19:00>}}. Time
ranges can be specified with two timestamps, like
@c
@w{@samp{<2005-05-10 Tue 20:30>--<2005-05-10 Tue 22:15>}}.
In the headline of the entry itself, a time(range) may also appear as
plain text (like @samp{12:45} or a @samp{8:30-1pm}). If the agenda
integrates the Emacs diary (@pxref{Weekly/daily agenda}), time
specifications in diary entries are recognized as well.
For agenda display, Org-mode extracts the time and displays it in a
standard 24 hour format as part of the prefix. The example times in
the previous paragraphs would end up in the agenda like this:
@example
8:30-13:00 Arthur Dent lies in front of the bulldozer
12:45...... Ford Prefect arrives and takes Arthur to the pub
19:00...... The Vogon reads his poem
20:30-22:15 Marvin escorts the Hitchhikers to the bridge
@end example
@cindex time grid
If the agenda is in single-day mode, or for the display of today, the
timed entries are embedded in a time grid, like
@example
8:00...... ------------------
8:30-13:00 Arthur Dent lies in front of the bulldozer
10:00...... ------------------
12:00...... ------------------
12:45...... Ford Prefect arrives and takes Arthur to the pub
14:00...... ------------------
16:00...... ------------------
18:00...... ------------------
19:00...... The Vogon reads his poem
20:00...... ------------------
20:30-22:15 Marvin escorts the Hitchhikers to the bridge
@end example
@vindex org-agenda-use-time-grid
@vindex org-agenda-time-grid
The time grid can be turned on and off with the variable
@code{org-agenda-use-time-grid}, and can be configured with
@code{org-agenda-time-grid}.
@node Sorting of agenda items, , Time-of-day specifications, Presentation and sorting
@subsection Sorting of agenda items
@cindex sorting, of agenda items
@cindex priorities, of agenda items
Before being inserted into a view, the items are sorted. How this is
done depends on the type of view.
@itemize @bullet
@item
@vindex org-agenda-files
For the daily/weekly agenda, the items for each day are sorted. The
default order is to first collect all items containing an explicit
time-of-day specification. These entries will be shown at the beginning
of the list, as a @emph{schedule} for the day. After that, items remain
grouped in categories, in the sequence given by @code{org-agenda-files}.
Within each category, items are sorted by priority (@pxref{Priorities}),
which is composed of the base priority (2000 for priority @samp{A}, 1000
for @samp{B}, and 0 for @samp{C}), plus additional increments for
overdue scheduled or deadline items.
@item
For the TODO list, items remain in the order of categories, but within
each category, sorting takes place according to priority
(@pxref{Priorities}). The priority used for sorting derives from the
priority cookie, with additions depending on how close an item is to its due
or scheduled date.
@item
For tags matches, items are not sorted at all, but just appear in the
sequence in which they are found in the agenda files.
@end itemize
@vindex org-agenda-sorting-strategy
Sorting can be customized using the variable
@code{org-agenda-sorting-strategy}, and may also include criteria based on
the estimated effort of an entry (@pxref{Effort estimates}).
@node Agenda commands, Custom agenda views, Presentation and sorting, Agenda Views
@section Commands in the agenda buffer
@cindex commands, in agenda buffer
Entries in the agenda buffer are linked back to the Org file or diary
file where they originate. You are not allowed to edit the agenda
buffer itself, but commands are provided to show and jump to the
original entry location, and to edit the Org files ``remotely'' from
the agenda buffer. In this way, all information is stored only once,
removing the risk that your agenda and note files may diverge.
Some commands can be executed with mouse clicks on agenda lines. For
the other commands, the cursor needs to be in the desired line.
@table @kbd
@tsubheading{Motion}
@cindex motion commands in agenda
@orgcmd{n,org-agenda-next-line}
Next line (same as @key{up} and @kbd{C-p}).
@orgcmd{p,org-agenda-previous-line}
Previous line (same as @key{down} and @kbd{C-n}).
@tsubheading{View/Go to Org file}
@orgcmdkkc{@key{SPC},mouse-3,org-agenda-show-and-scroll-up}
Display the original location of the item in another window.
With prefix arg, make sure that the entire entry is made visible in the
outline, not only the heading.
@c
@orgcmd{L,org-agenda-recenter}
Display original location and recenter that window.
@c
@orgcmdkkc{@key{TAB},mouse-2,org-agenda-goto}
Go to the original location of the item in another window.
@c
@orgcmd{@key{RET},org-agenda-switch-to}
Go to the original location of the item and delete other windows.
@c
@orgcmd{F,org-agenda-follow-mode}
@vindex org-agenda-start-with-follow-mode
Toggle Follow mode. In Follow mode, as you move the cursor through
the agenda buffer, the other window always shows the corresponding
location in the Org file. The initial setting for this mode in new
agenda buffers can be set with the variable
@code{org-agenda-start-with-follow-mode}.
@c
@orgcmd{C-c C-x b,org-agenda-tree-to-indirect-buffer}
Display the entire subtree of the current item in an indirect buffer. With a
numeric prefix argument N, go up to level N and then take that tree. If N is
negative, go up that many levels. With a @kbd{C-u} prefix, do not remove the
previously used indirect buffer.
@orgcmd{C-c C-o,org-agenda-open-link}
Follow a link in the entry. This will offer a selection of any links in the
text belonging to the referenced Org node. If there is only one link, it
will be followed without a selection prompt.
@tsubheading{Change display}
@cindex display changing, in agenda
@kindex o
@item o
Delete other windows.
@c
@c @kindex v d
@c @kindex d
@c @kindex v w
@c @kindex w
@c @kindex v m
@c @kindex v y
@c @item v d @ @r{or short} @ d
@c @itemx v w @ @r{or short} @ w
@c @itemx v m
@c @itemx v y
@orgcmdkskc{v d,d,org-aganda-day-view}
@xorgcmdkskc{v w,w,org-aganda-day-view}
@xorgcmd{v m,org-agenda-month-view}
@xorgcmd{v y,org-agenda-month-year}
Switch to day/week/month/year view. When switching to day or week view,
this setting becomes the default for subsequent agenda commands. Since
month and year views are slow to create, they do not become the default.
A numeric prefix argument may be used to jump directly to a specific day
of the year, ISO week, month, or year, respectively. For example,
@kbd{32 d} jumps to February 1st, @kbd{9 w} to ISO week number 9. When
setting day, week, or month view, a year may be encoded in the prefix
argument as well. For example, @kbd{200712 w} will jump to week 12 in
2007. If such a year specification has only one or two digits, it will
be mapped to the interval 1938-2037.
@c
@orgcmd{f,org-agenda-later}
@vindex org-agenda-ndays
Go forward in time to display the following @code{org-agenda-ndays} days.
For example, if the display covers a week, switch to the following week.
With prefix arg, go forward that many times @code{org-agenda-ndays} days.
@c
@orgcmd{b,org-agenda-earlier}
Go backward in time to display earlier dates.
@c
@orgcmd{.,org-agenda-goto-today}
Go to today.
@c
@orgcmd{j,org-agenda-goto-date}
Prompt for a date and go there.
@c
@orgcmd{J,org-agenda-clock-goto}
Go to the currently clocked-in task @i{in the agenda buffer}.
@c
@orgcmd{D,org-agenda-toggle-diary}
Toggle the inclusion of diary entries. See @ref{Weekly/daily agenda}.
@c
@orgcmdkskc{v l,l,org-agenda-log-mode}
@kindex v L
@vindex org-log-done
@vindex org-agenda-log-mode-items
Toggle Logbook mode. In Logbook mode, entries that were marked DONE while
logging was on (variable @code{org-log-done}) are shown in the agenda, as are
entries that have been clocked on that day. You can configure the entry
types that should be included in log mode using the variable
@code{org-agenda-log-mode-items}. When called with a @kbd{C-u} prefix, show
all possible logbook entries, including state changes. When called with two
prefix args @kbd{C-u C-u}, show only logging information, nothing else.
@kbd{v L} is equivalent to @kbd{C-u v l}.
@c
@orgcmdkskc{v [,[,org-agenda-manipulate-query-add}
Include inactive timestamps into the current view. Only for weekly/daily
agenda and timeline views.
@c
@orgcmd{v a,org-agenda-archives-mode}
@xorgcmd{v A,org-agenda-archives-mode 'files}
Toggle Archives mode. In Archives mode, trees that are marked
@code{ARCHIVED} are also scanned when producing the agenda. When you use the
capital @kbd{A}, even all archive files are included. To exit archives mode,
press @kbd{v a} again.
@c
@orgcmdkskc{v R,R,org-agenda-clockreport-mode}
@vindex org-agenda-start-with-clockreport-mode
Toggle Clockreport mode. In Clockreport mode, the daily/weekly agenda will
always show a table with the clocked times for the timespan and file scope
covered by the current agenda view. The initial setting for this mode in new
agenda buffers can be set with the variable
@code{org-agenda-start-with-clockreport-mode}. By using a prefix argument
when toggling this mode (i.e. @kbd{C-u R}), the clock table will not show
contributions from entries that are hidden by agenda filtering@footnote{Only
tags filtering will be respected here, effort filtering is ignored.}.
@c
@orgcmdkskc{v E,E,org-agenda-entry-text-mode}
@vindex org-agenda-start-with-entry-text-mode
@vindex org-agenda-entry-text-maxlines
Toggle entry text mode. In entry text mode, a number of lines from the Org
outline node referenced by an agenda line will be displayed below the line.
The maximum number of lines is given by the variable
@code{org-agenda-entry-text-maxlines}. Calling this command with a numeric
prefix argument will temporarily modify that number to the prefix value.
@c
@orgcmd{G,org-agenda-toggle-time-grid}
@vindex org-agenda-use-time-grid
@vindex org-agenda-time-grid
Toggle the time grid on and off. See also the variables
@code{org-agenda-use-time-grid} and @code{org-agenda-time-grid}.
@c
@orgcmd{r,org-agenda-rodo}
Recreate the agenda buffer, for example to reflect the changes after
modification of the timestamps of items with @kbd{S-@key{left}} and
@kbd{S-@key{right}}. When the buffer is the global TODO list, a prefix
argument is interpreted to create a selective list for a specific TODO
keyword.
@orgcmd{g,org-agenda-rodo}
Same as @kbd{r}.
@c
@orgcmdkskc{C-x C-s,s,org-save-all-org-buffers}
Save all Org buffers in the current Emacs session, and also the locations of
IDs.
@c
@orgcmd{C-c C-x C-c,org-agenda-columns}
@vindex org-columns-default-format
Invoke column view (@pxref{Column view}) in the agenda buffer. The column
view format is taken from the entry at point, or (if there is no entry at
point), from the first entry in the agenda view. So whatever the format for
that entry would be in the original buffer (taken from a property, from a
@code{#+COLUMNS} line, or from the default variable
@code{org-columns-default-format}), will be used in the agenda.
@orgcmd{C-c C-x >,org-agenda-remove-restriction-lock}
Remove the restriction lock on the agenda, if it is currently restricted to a
file or subtree (@pxref{Agenda files}).
@tsubheading{Secondary filtering and query editing}
@cindex filtering, by tag and effort, in agenda
@cindex tag filtering, in agenda
@cindex effort filtering, in agenda
@cindex query editing, in agenda
@orgcmd{/,org-agenda-filter-by-tag}
@vindex org-agenda-filter-preset
Filter the current agenda view with respect to a tag and/or effort estimates.
The difference between this and a custom agenda command is that filtering is
very fast, so that you can switch quickly between different filters without
having to recreate the agenda@footnote{Custom commands can preset a filter by
binding the variable @code{org-agenda-filter-preset} as an option. This
filter will then be applied to the view and persist as a basic filter through
refreshes and more secondary filtering. The filter is a global property of
the entire agenda view - in a block agenda, you should only set this in the
global options section, not in the section of an individual block.}
You will be prompted for a tag selection letter, SPC will mean any tag at
all. Pressing @key{TAB} at that prompt will offer use completion to select a
tag (including any tags that do not have a selection character). The command
then hides all entries that do not contain or inherit this tag. When called
with prefix arg, remove the entries that @emph{do} have the tag. A second
@kbd{/} at the prompt will turn off the filter and unhide any hidden entries.
If the first key you press is either @kbd{+} or @kbd{-}, the previous filter
will be narrowed by requiring or forbidding the selected additional tag.
Instead of pressing @kbd{+} or @kbd{-} after @kbd{/}, you can also
immediately use the @kbd{\} command.
@vindex org-sort-agenda-noeffort-is-high
In order to filter for effort estimates, you should set-up allowed
efforts globally, for example
@lisp
(setq org-global-properties
'(("Effort_ALL". "0 0:10 0:30 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00")))
@end lisp
You can then filter for an effort by first typing an operator, one of
@kbd{<}, @kbd{>}, and @kbd{=}, and then the one-digit index of an effort
estimate in your array of allowed values, where @kbd{0} means the 10th value.
The filter will then restrict to entries with effort smaller-or-equal, equal,
or larger-or-equal than the selected value. If the digits 0-9 are not used
as fast access keys to tags, you can also simply press the index digit
directly without an operator. In this case, @kbd{<} will be assumed. For
application of the operator, entries without a defined effort will be treated
according to the value of @code{org-sort-agenda-noeffort-is-high}. To filter
for tasks without effort definition, press @kbd{?} as the operator.
Org also supports automatic, context-aware tag filtering. If the variable
@code{org-agenda-auto-exclude-function} is set to a user-defined function,
that function can decide which tags should be excluded from the agenda
automatically. Once this is set, the @kbd{/} command then accepts @kbd{RET}
as a sub-option key and runs the auto exclusion logic. For example, let's
say you use a @code{Net} tag to identify tasks which need network access, an
@code{Errand} tag for errands in town, and a @code{Call} tag for making phone
calls. You could auto-exclude these tags based on the availability of the
Internet, and outside of business hours, with something like this:
@lisp
@group
(defun org-my-auto-exclude-function (tag)
(and (cond
((string= tag "Net")
(/= 0 (call-process "/sbin/ping" nil nil nil
"-c1" "-q" "-t1" "mail.gnu.org")))
((or (string= tag "Errand") (string= tag "Call"))
(let ((hour (nth 2 (decode-time))))
(or (< hour 8) (> hour 21)))))
(concat "-" tag)))
(setq org-agenda-auto-exclude-function 'org-my-auto-exclude-function)
@end group
@end lisp
@orgcmd{\,org-agenda-filter-by-tag-refine}
Narrow the current agenda filter by an additional condition. When called with
prefix arg, remove the entries that @emph{do} have the tag, or that do match
the effort criterion. You can achieve the same effect by pressing @kbd{+} or
@kbd{-} as the first key after the @kbd{/} command.
@c
@kindex [
@kindex ]
@kindex @{
@kindex @}
@item [ ] @{ @}
@table @i
@item @r{in} search view
add new search words (@kbd{[} and @kbd{]}) or new regular expressions
(@kbd{@{} and @kbd{@}}) to the query string. The opening bracket/brace will
add a positive search term prefixed by @samp{+}, indicating that this search
term @i{must} occur/match in the entry. The closing bracket/brace will add a
negative search term which @i{must not} occur/match in the entry for it to be
selected.
@end table
@tsubheading{Remote editing}
@cindex remote editing, from agenda
@item 0-9
Digit argument.
@c
@cindex undoing remote-editing events
@cindex remote editing, undo
@orgcmd{C-_,org-agenda-undo}
Undo a change due to a remote editing command. The change is undone
both in the agenda buffer and in the remote buffer.
@c
@orgcmd{t,org-agenda-todo}
Change the TODO state of the item, both in the agenda and in the
original org file.
@c
@orgcmd{C-S-@key{right},org-agenda-todo-nextset}
@orgcmd{C-S-@key{left},org-agenda-todo-previousset}
Switch to the next/previous set of TODO keywords.
@c
@orgcmd{C-k,org-agenda-kill}
@vindex org-agenda-confirm-kill
Delete the current agenda item along with the entire subtree belonging
to it in the original Org file. If the text to be deleted remotely
is longer than one line, the kill needs to be confirmed by the user. See
variable @code{org-agenda-confirm-kill}.
@c
@orgcmd{C-c C-w,org-agenda-refile}
Refile the entry at point.
@c
@orgcmdkskc{C-c C-x C-a,a,org-agenda-archive-default-with-confirmation}
@vindex org-archive-default-command
Archive the subtree corresponding to the entry at point using the default
archiving command set in @code{org-archive-default-command}. When using the
@code{a} key, confirmation will be required.
@c
@orgcmd{C-c C-x a,org-agenda-toggle-archive-tag}
Toggle the ARCHIVE tag for the current headline.
@c
@orgcmd{C-c C-x A,org-agenda-archive-to-archive-sibling}
Move the subtree corresponding to the current entry to its @emph{archive
sibling}.
@c
@orgcmdkskc{C-c C-x C-s,$,org-agenda-archive}
Archive the subtree corresponding to the current headline. This means the
entry will be moved to the configured archive location, most likely a
different file.
@c
@orgcmd{T,org-agenda-show-tags}
@vindex org-agenda-show-inherited-tags
Show all tags associated with the current item. This is useful if you have
turned off @code{org-agenda-show-inherited-tags}, but still want to see all
tags of a headline occasionally.
@c
@orgcmd{:,org-agenda-set-tags}
Set tags for the current headline. If there is an active region in the
agenda, change a tag for all headings in the region.
@c
@kindex ,
@item ,
Set the priority for the current item (@command{org-agenda-priority}).
Org-mode prompts for the priority character. If you reply with @key{SPC}, the
priority cookie is removed from the entry.
@c
@orgcmd{P,org-agenda-show-priority}
Display weighted priority of current item.
@c
@orgcmdkkc{+,S-@key{up},org-agenda-priority-up}
Increase the priority of the current item. The priority is changed in
the original buffer, but the agenda is not resorted. Use the @kbd{r}
key for this.
@c
@orgcmdkkc{-,S-@key{down},org-agenda-priority-down}
Decrease the priority of the current item.
@c
@orgcmdkkc{z,C-c C-z,org-agenda-add-note}
@vindex org-log-into-drawer
Add a note to the entry. This note will be recorded, and then files to the
same location where state change notes are put. Depending on
@code{org-log-into-drawer}, this maybe inside a drawer.
@c
@orgcmd{C-c C-a,org-attach}
Dispatcher for all command related to attachments.
@c
@orgcmd{C-c C-s,org-agenda-schedule}
Schedule this item, with prefix arg remove the scheduling timestamp
@c
@orgcmd{C-c C-d,org-agenda-deadline}
Set a deadline for this item, with prefix arg remove the deadline.
@c
@orgcmd{k,org-agenda-action}
Agenda actions, to set dates for selected items to the cursor date.
This command also works in the calendar! The command prompts for an
additional key:
@example
m @r{Mark the entry at point for action. You can also make entries}
@r{in Org files with @kbd{C-c C-x C-k}.}
d @r{Set the deadline of the marked entry to the date at point.}
s @r{Schedule the marked entry at the date at point.}
r @r{Call @code{org-capture} with the cursor date as default date.}
@end example
@noindent
Press @kbd{r} afterward to refresh the agenda and see the effect of the
command.
@c
@orgcmd{S-@key{right},org-agenda-do-date-later}
Change the timestamp associated with the current line by one day into the
future. With a numeric prefix argument, change it by that many days. For
example, @kbd{3 6 5 S-@key{right}} will change it by a year. With a
@kbd{C-u} prefix, change the time by one hour. If you immediately repeat the
command, it will continue to change hours even without the prefix arg. With
a double @kbd{C-u C-u} prefix, do the same for changing minutes. The stamp
is changed in the original Org file, but the change is not directly reflected
in the agenda buffer. Use @kbd{r} or @kbd{g} to update the buffer.
@c
@orgcmd{S-@key{left},org-agenda-do-date-earlier}
Change the timestamp associated with the current line by one day
into the past.
@c
@orgcmd{>,org-agenda-date-prompt}
Change the timestamp associated with the current line. The key @kbd{>} has
been chosen, because it is the same as @kbd{S-.} on my keyboard.
@c
@orgcmd{I,org-agenda-clock-in}
Start the clock on the current item. If a clock is running already, it
is stopped first.
@c
@orgcmd{O,org-agenda-clock-out}
Stop the previously started clock.
@c
@orgcmd{X,org-agenda-clock-cancel}
Cancel the currently running clock.
@c
@orgcmd{J,org-agenda-clock-goto}
Jump to the running clock in another window.
@tsubheading{Bulk remote editing selected entries}
@cindex remote editing, bulk, from agenda
@orgcmd{m,org-agenda-bulk-mark}
Mark the entry at point for bulk action.
@c
@orgcmd{u,org-agenda-bulk-unmark}
Unmark entry for bulk action.
@c
@orgcmd{U,org-agenda-bulk-remove-all-marks}
Unmark all marked entries for bulk action.
@c
@orgcmd{B,org-agenda-bulk-action}
Bulk action: act on all marked entries in the agenda. This will prompt for
another key to select the action to be applied. The prefix arg to @kbd{B}
will be passed through to the @kbd{s} and @kbd{d} commands, to bulk-remove
these special timestamps.
@example
r @r{Prompt for a single refile target and move all entries. The entries}
@r{will no longer be in the agenda, refresh (@kbd{g}) to bring them back.}
$ @r{Archive all selected entries.}
A @r{Archive entries by moving them to their respective archive siblings.}
t @r{Change TODO state. This prompts for a single TODO keyword and}
@r{changes the state of all selected entries, bypassing blocking and}
@r{suppressing logging notes (but not time stamps).}
+ @r{Add a tag to all selected entries.}
- @r{Remove a tag from all selected entries.}
s @r{Schedule all items to a new date. To shift existing schedule dates}
@r{by a fixed number of days, use something starting with double plus}
@r{at the prompt, for example @samp{++8d} or @samp{++2w}.}
d @r{Set deadline to a specific date.}
@end example
@tsubheading{Calendar commands}
@cindex calendar commands, from agenda
@orgcmd{c,org-agenda-goto-calendar}
Open the Emacs calendar and move to the date at the agenda cursor.
@c
@orgcmd{c,org-calendar-goto-agenda}
When in the calendar, compute and show the Org-mode agenda for the
date at the cursor.
@c
@cindex diary entries, creating from agenda
@orgcmd{i,org-agenda-diary-entry}
@vindex org-agenda-diary-file
Insert a new entry into the diary, using the date at the cursor and (for
block entries) the date at the mark. This will add to the Emacs diary
file@footnote{This file is parsed for the agenda when
@code{org-agenda-include-diary} is set.}, in a way similar to the @kbd{i}
command in the calendar. The diary file will pop up in another window, where
you can add the entry.
If you configure @code{org-agenda-diary-file} to point to an Org-mode file,
Org will create entries (in org-mode syntax) in that file instead. Most
entries will be stored in a date-based outline tree that will later make it
easy to archive appointments from previous months/years. The tree will be
built under an entry with a @code{DATE_TREE} property, or else with years as
top-level entries. Emacs will prompt you for the entry text - if you specify
it, the entry will be created in @code{org-agenda-diary-file} without further
interaction. If you directly press @key{RET} at the prompt without typing
text, the target file will be shown in another window for you to finish the
entry there. See also the @kbd{k r} command.
@c
@orgcmd{M,org-agenda-phases-of-moon}
Show the phases of the moon for the three months around current date.
@c
@orgcmd{S,org-agenda-sunrise-sunset}
Show sunrise and sunset times. The geographical location must be set
with calendar variables, see the documentation for the Emacs calendar.
@c
@orgcmd{C,org-agenda-convert-date}
Convert the date at cursor into many other cultural and historic
calendars.
@c
@orgcmd{H,org-agenda-holidays}
Show holidays for three months around the cursor date.
@item M-x org-export-icalendar-combine-agenda-files
Export a single iCalendar file containing entries from all agenda files.
This is a globally available command, and also available in the agenda menu.
@tsubheading{Exporting to a file}
@orgcmd{C-x C-w,org-write-agenda}
@cindex exporting agenda views
@cindex agenda views, exporting
@vindex org-agenda-exporter-settings
Write the agenda view to a file. Depending on the extension of the selected
file name, the view will be exported as HTML (extension @file{.html} or
@file{.htm}), Postscript (extension @file{.ps}), PDF (extension @file{.pdf}),
and plain text (any other extension). When called with a @kbd{C-u} prefix
argument, immediately open the newly created file. Use the variable
@code{org-agenda-exporter-settings} to set options for @file{ps-print} and
for @file{htmlize} to be used during export.
@tsubheading{Quit and Exit}
@orgcmd{q,org-agenda-quit}
Quit agenda, remove the agenda buffer.
@c
@cindex agenda files, removing buffers
@orgcmd{x,org-agenda-exit}
Exit agenda, remove the agenda buffer and all buffers loaded by Emacs
for the compilation of the agenda. Buffers created by the user to
visit Org files will not be removed.
@end table
@node Custom agenda views, Exporting Agenda Views, Agenda commands, Agenda Views
@section Custom agenda views
@cindex custom agenda views
@cindex agenda views, custom
Custom agenda commands serve two purposes: to store and quickly access
frequently used TODO and tags searches, and to create special composite
agenda buffers. Custom agenda commands will be accessible through the
dispatcher (@pxref{Agenda dispatcher}), just like the default commands.
@menu
* Storing searches:: Type once, use often
* Block agenda:: All the stuff you need in a single buffer
* Setting Options:: Changing the rules
@end menu
@node Storing searches, Block agenda, Custom agenda views, Custom agenda views
@subsection Storing searches
The first application of custom searches is the definition of keyboard
shortcuts for frequently used searches, either creating an agenda
buffer, or a sparse tree (the latter covering of course only the current
buffer).
@kindex C-c a C
@vindex org-agenda-custom-commands
Custom commands are configured in the variable
@code{org-agenda-custom-commands}. You can customize this variable, for
example by pressing @kbd{C-c a C}. You can also directly set it with
Emacs Lisp in @file{.emacs}. The following example contains all valid
search types:
@lisp
@group
(setq org-agenda-custom-commands
'(("w" todo "WAITING")
("W" todo-tree "WAITING")
("u" tags "+boss-urgent")
("v" tags-todo "+boss-urgent")
("U" tags-tree "+boss-urgent")
("f" occur-tree "\\<FIXME\\>")
("h" . "HOME+Name tags searches") ; description for "h" prefix
("hl" tags "+home+Lisa")
("hp" tags "+home+Peter")
("hk" tags "+home+Kim")))
@end group
@end lisp
@noindent
The initial string in each entry defines the keys you have to press
after the dispatcher command @kbd{C-c a} in order to access the command.
Usually this will be just a single character, but if you have many
similar commands, you can also define two-letter combinations where the
first character is the same in several combinations and serves as a
prefix key@footnote{You can provide a description for a prefix key by
inserting a cons cell with the prefix and the description.}. The second
parameter is the search type, followed by the string or regular
expression to be used for the matching. The example above will
therefore define:
@table @kbd
@item C-c a w
as a global search for TODO entries with @samp{WAITING} as the TODO
keyword
@item C-c a W
as the same search, but only in the current buffer and displaying the
results as a sparse tree
@item C-c a u
as a global tags search for headlines marked @samp{:boss:} but not
@samp{:urgent:}
@item C-c a v
as the same search as @kbd{C-c a u}, but limiting the search to
headlines that are also TODO items
@item C-c a U
as the same search as @kbd{C-c a u}, but only in the current buffer and
displaying the result as a sparse tree
@item C-c a f
to create a sparse tree (again: current buffer only) with all entries
containing the word @samp{FIXME}
@item C-c a h
as a prefix command for a HOME tags search where you have to press an
additional key (@kbd{l}, @kbd{p} or @kbd{k}) to select a name (Lisa,
Peter, or Kim) as additional tag to match.
@end table
@node Block agenda, Setting Options, Storing searches, Custom agenda views
@subsection Block agenda
@cindex block agenda
@cindex agenda, with block views
Another possibility is the construction of agenda views that comprise
the results of @emph{several} commands, each of which creates a block in
the agenda buffer. The available commands include @code{agenda} for the
daily or weekly agenda (as created with @kbd{C-c a a}), @code{alltodo}
for the global TODO list (as constructed with @kbd{C-c a t}), and the
matching commands discussed above: @code{todo}, @code{tags}, and
@code{tags-todo}. Here are two examples:
@lisp
@group
(setq org-agenda-custom-commands
'(("h" "Agenda and Home-related tasks"
((agenda "")
(tags-todo "home")
(tags "garden")))
("o" "Agenda and Office-related tasks"
((agenda "")
(tags-todo "work")
(tags "office")))))
@end group
@end lisp
@noindent
This will define @kbd{C-c a h} to create a multi-block view for stuff
you need to attend to at home. The resulting agenda buffer will contain
your agenda for the current week, all TODO items that carry the tag
@samp{home}, and also all lines tagged with @samp{garden}. Finally the
command @kbd{C-c a o} provides a similar view for office tasks.
@node Setting Options, , Block agenda, Custom agenda views
@subsection Setting options for custom commands
@cindex options, for custom agenda views
@vindex org-agenda-custom-commands
Org-mode contains a number of variables regulating agenda construction
and display. The global variables define the behavior for all agenda
commands, including the custom commands. However, if you want to change
some settings just for a single custom view, you can do so. Setting
options requires inserting a list of variable names and values at the
right spot in @code{org-agenda-custom-commands}. For example:
@lisp
@group
(setq org-agenda-custom-commands
'(("w" todo "WAITING"
((org-agenda-sorting-strategy '(priority-down))
(org-agenda-prefix-format " Mixed: ")))
("U" tags-tree "+boss-urgent"
((org-show-following-heading nil)
(org-show-hierarchy-above nil)))
("N" search ""
((org-agenda-files '("~org/notes.org"))
(org-agenda-text-search-extra-files nil)))))
@end group
@end lisp
@noindent
Now the @kbd{C-c a w} command will sort the collected entries only by
priority, and the prefix format is modified to just say @samp{ Mixed: }
instead of giving the category of the entry. The sparse tags tree of
@kbd{C-c a U} will now turn out ultra-compact, because neither the
headline hierarchy above the match, nor the headline following the match
will be shown. The command @kbd{C-c a N} will do a text search limited
to only a single file.
@vindex org-agenda-custom-commands
For command sets creating a block agenda,
@code{org-agenda-custom-commands} has two separate spots for setting
options. You can add options that should be valid for just a single
command in the set, and options that should be valid for all commands in
the set. The former are just added to the command entry, the latter
must come after the list of command entries. Going back to the block
agenda example (@pxref{Block agenda}), let's change the sorting strategy
for the @kbd{C-c a h} commands to @code{priority-down}, but let's sort
the results for GARDEN tags query in the opposite order,
@code{priority-up}. This would look like this:
@lisp
@group
(setq org-agenda-custom-commands
'(("h" "Agenda and Home-related tasks"
((agenda)
(tags-todo "home")
(tags "garden"
((org-agenda-sorting-strategy '(priority-up)))))
((org-agenda-sorting-strategy '(priority-down))))
("o" "Agenda and Office-related tasks"
((agenda)
(tags-todo "work")
(tags "office")))))
@end group
@end lisp
As you see, the values and parentheses setting is a little complex.
When in doubt, use the customize interface to set this variable---it
fully supports its structure. Just one caveat: when setting options in
this interface, the @emph{values} are just Lisp expressions. So if the
value is a string, you need to add the double-quotes around the value
yourself.
@node Exporting Agenda Views, Agenda column view, Custom agenda views, Agenda Views
@section Exporting Agenda Views
@cindex agenda views, exporting
If you are away from your computer, it can be very useful to have a printed
version of some agenda views to carry around. Org-mode can export custom
agenda views as plain text, HTML@footnote{You need to install Hrvoje Niksic's
@file{htmlize.el}.}, Postscript, PDF@footnote{To create PDF output, the
ghostscript @file{ps2pdf} utility must be installed on the system. Selecting
a PDF file with also create the postscript file.}, and iCalendar files. If
you want to do this only occasionally, use the command
@table @kbd
@orgcmd{C-x C-w,org-write-agenda}
@cindex exporting agenda views
@cindex agenda views, exporting
@vindex org-agenda-exporter-settings
Write the agenda view to a file. Depending on the extension of the selected
file name, the view will be exported as HTML (extension @file{.html} or
@file{.htm}), Postscript (extension @file{.ps}), iCalendar (extension
@file{.ics}), or plain text (any other extension). Use the variable
@code{org-agenda-exporter-settings} to set options for @file{ps-print} and
for @file{htmlize} to be used during export, for example
@vindex org-agenda-add-entry-text-maxlines
@vindex htmlize-output-type
@vindex ps-number-of-columns
@vindex ps-landscape-mode
@lisp
(setq org-agenda-exporter-settings
'((ps-number-of-columns 2)
(ps-landscape-mode t)
(org-agenda-add-entry-text-maxlines 5)
(htmlize-output-type 'css)))
@end lisp
@end table
If you need to export certain agenda views frequently, you can associate
any custom agenda command with a list of output file names
@footnote{If you want to store standard views like the weekly agenda
or the global TODO list as well, you need to define custom commands for
them in order to be able to specify file names.}. Here is an example
that first defines custom commands for the agenda and the global
TODO list, together with a number of files to which to export them.
Then we define two block agenda commands and specify file names for them
as well. File names can be relative to the current working directory,
or absolute.
@lisp
@group
(setq org-agenda-custom-commands
'(("X" agenda "" nil ("agenda.html" "agenda.ps"))
("Y" alltodo "" nil ("todo.html" "todo.txt" "todo.ps"))
("h" "Agenda and Home-related tasks"
((agenda "")
(tags-todo "home")
(tags "garden"))
nil
("~/views/home.html"))
("o" "Agenda and Office-related tasks"
((agenda)
(tags-todo "work")
(tags "office"))
nil
("~/views/office.ps" "~/calendars/office.ics"))))
@end group
@end lisp
The extension of the file name determines the type of export. If it is
@file{.html}, Org-mode will use the @file{htmlize.el} package to convert
the buffer to HTML and save it to this file name. If the extension is
@file{.ps}, @code{ps-print-buffer-with-faces} is used to produce
Postscript output. If the extension is @file{.ics}, iCalendar export is
run export over all files that were used to construct the agenda, and
limit the export to entries listed in the agenda. Any other
extension produces a plain ASCII file.
The export files are @emph{not} created when you use one of those
commands interactively because this might use too much overhead.
Instead, there is a special command to produce @emph{all} specified
files in one step:
@table @kbd
@orgcmd{C-c a e,org-store-agenda-views}
Export all agenda views that have export file names associated with
them.
@end table
You can use the options section of the custom agenda commands to also
set options for the export commands. For example:
@lisp
(setq org-agenda-custom-commands
'(("X" agenda ""
((ps-number-of-columns 2)
(ps-landscape-mode t)
(org-agenda-prefix-format " [ ] ")
(org-agenda-with-colors nil)
(org-agenda-remove-tags t))
("theagenda.ps"))))
@end lisp
@noindent
This command sets two options for the Postscript exporter, to make it
print in two columns in landscape format---the resulting page can be cut
in two and then used in a paper agenda. The remaining settings modify
the agenda prefix to omit category and scheduling information, and
instead include a checkbox to check off items. We also remove the tags
to make the lines compact, and we don't want to use colors for the
black-and-white printer. Settings specified in
@code{org-agenda-exporter-settings} will also apply, but the settings
in @code{org-agenda-custom-commands} take precedence.
@noindent
From the command line you may also use
@example
emacs -f org-batch-store-agenda-views -kill
@end example
@noindent
or, if you need to modify some parameters@footnote{Quoting depends on the
system you use, please check the FAQ for examples.}
@example
emacs -eval '(org-batch-store-agenda-views \
org-agenda-ndays 30 \
org-agenda-start-day "2007-11-01" \
org-agenda-include-diary nil \
org-agenda-files (quote ("~/org/project.org")))' \
-kill
@end example
@noindent
which will create the agenda views restricted to the file
@file{~/org/project.org}, without diary entries and with a 30-day
extent.
You can also extract agenda information in a way that allows further
processing by other programs. See @ref{Extracting agenda information}, for
more information.
@node Agenda column view, , Exporting Agenda Views, Agenda Views
@section Using column view in the agenda
@cindex column view, in agenda
@cindex agenda, column view
Column view (@pxref{Column view}) is normally used to view and edit
properties embedded in the hierarchical structure of an Org file. It can be
quite useful to use column view also from the agenda, where entries are
collected by certain criteria.
@table @kbd
@orgcmd{C-c C-x C-c,org-agenda-columns}
Turn on column view in the agenda.
@end table
To understand how to use this properly, it is important to realize that the
entries in the agenda are no longer in their proper outline environment.
This causes the following issues:
@enumerate
@item
@vindex org-columns-default-format
@vindex org-overriding-columns-format
Org needs to make a decision which @code{COLUMNS} format to use. Since the
entries in the agenda are collected from different files, and different files
may have different @code{COLUMNS} formats, this is a non-trivial problem.
Org first checks if the variable @code{org-overriding-columns-format} is
currently set, and if so, takes the format from there. Otherwise it takes
the format associated with the first item in the agenda, or, if that item
does not have a specific format (defined in a property, or in its file), it
uses @code{org-columns-default-format}.
@item
@cindex property, special, CLOCKSUM
If any of the columns has a summary type defined (@pxref{Column attributes}),
turning on column view in the agenda will visit all relevant agenda files and
make sure that the computations of this property are up to date. This is
also true for the special @code{CLOCKSUM} property. Org will then sum the
values displayed in the agenda. In the daily/weekly agenda, the sums will
cover a single day, in all other views they cover the entire block. It is
vital to realize that the agenda may show the same entry @emph{twice} (for
example as scheduled and as a deadline), and it may show two entries from the
same hierarchy (for example a @emph{parent} and its @emph{child}). In these
cases, the summation in the agenda will lead to incorrect results because
some values will count double.
@item
When the column view in the agenda shows the @code{CLOCKSUM}, that is always
the entire clocked time for this item. So even in the daily/weekly agenda,
the clocksum listed in column view may originate from times outside the
current view. This has the advantage that you can compare these values with
a column listing the planned total effort for a task---one of the major
applications for column view in the agenda. If you want information about
clocked time in the displayed period use clock table mode (press @kbd{R} in
the agenda).
@end enumerate
@node Markup, Exporting, Agenda Views, Top
@chapter Markup for rich export
When exporting Org-mode documents, the exporter tries to reflect the
structure of the document as accurately as possible in the backend. Since
export targets like HTML, La@TeX{}, or DocBook allow much richer formatting,
Org-mode has rules on how to prepare text for rich export. This section
summarizes the markup rules used in an Org-mode buffer.
@menu
* Structural markup elements:: The basic structure as seen by the exporter
* Images and tables:: Tables and Images will be included
* Literal examples:: Source code examples with special formatting
* Include files:: Include additional files into a document
* Index entries:: Making an index
* Macro replacement:: Use macros to create complex output
* Embedded LaTeX:: LaTeX can be freely used inside Org documents
@end menu
@node Structural markup elements, Images and tables, Markup, Markup
@section Structural markup elements
@menu
* Document title:: Where the title is taken from
* Headings and sections:: The document structure as seen by the exporter
* Table of contents:: The if and where of the table of contents
* Initial text:: Text before the first heading?
* Lists:: Lists
* Paragraphs:: Paragraphs
* Footnote markup:: Footnotes
* Emphasis and monospace:: Bold, italic, etc.
* Horizontal rules:: Make a line
* Comment lines:: What will *not* be exported
@end menu
@node Document title, Headings and sections, Structural markup elements, Structural markup elements
@subheading Document title
@cindex document title, markup rules
@noindent
The title of the exported document is taken from the special line
@cindex #+TITLE
@example
#+TITLE: This is the title of the document
@end example
@noindent
If this line does not exist, the title is derived from the first non-empty,
non-comment line in the buffer. If no such line exists, or if you have
turned off exporting of the text before the first headline (see below), the
title will be the file name without extension.
@cindex property, EXPORT_TITLE
If you are exporting only a subtree by marking is as the region, the heading
of the subtree will become the title of the document. If the subtree has a
property @code{EXPORT_TITLE}, that will take precedence.
@node Headings and sections, Table of contents, Document title, Structural markup elements
@subheading Headings and sections
@cindex headings and sections, markup rules
@vindex org-export-headline-levels
The outline structure of the document as described in @ref{Document
Structure}, forms the basis for defining sections of the exported document.
However, since the outline structure is also used for (for example) lists of
tasks, only the first three outline levels will be used as headings. Deeper
levels will become itemized lists. You can change the location of this
switch globally by setting the variable @code{org-export-headline-levels}, or on a
per-file basis with a line
@cindex #+OPTIONS
@example
#+OPTIONS: H:4
@end example
@node Table of contents, Initial text, Headings and sections, Structural markup elements
@subheading Table of contents
@cindex table of contents, markup rules
@vindex org-export-with-toc
The table of contents is normally inserted directly before the first headline
of the file. If you would like to get it to a different location, insert the
string @code{[TABLE-OF-CONTENTS]} on a line by itself at the desired
location. The depth of the table of contents is by default the same as the
number of headline levels, but you can choose a smaller number, or turn off
the table of contents entirely, by configuring the variable
@code{org-export-with-toc}, or on a per-file basis with a line like
@example
#+OPTIONS: toc:2 (only to two levels in TOC)
#+OPTIONS: toc:nil (no TOC at all)
@end example
@node Initial text, Lists, Table of contents, Structural markup elements
@subheading Text before the first headline
@cindex text before first headline, markup rules
@cindex #+TEXT
Org-mode normally exports the text before the first headline, and even uses
the first line as the document title. The text will be fully marked up. If
you need to include literal HTML, La@TeX{}, or DocBook code, use the special
constructs described below in the sections for the individual exporters.
@vindex org-export-skip-text-before-1st-heading
Some people like to use the space before the first headline for setup and
internal links and therefore would like to control the exported text before
the first headline in a different way. You can do so by setting the variable
@code{org-export-skip-text-before-1st-heading} to @code{t}. On a per-file
basis, you can get the same effect with @samp{#+OPTIONS: skip:t}.
@noindent
If you still want to have some text before the first headline, use the
@code{#+TEXT} construct:
@example
#+OPTIONS: skip:t
#+TEXT: This text will go before the *first* headline.
#+TEXT: [TABLE-OF-CONTENTS]
#+TEXT: This goes between the table of contents and the first headline
@end example
@node Lists, Paragraphs, Initial text, Structural markup elements
@subheading Lists
@cindex lists, markup rules
Plain lists as described in @ref{Plain lists}, are translated to the backend's
syntax for such lists. Most backends support unordered, ordered, and
description lists.
@node Paragraphs, Footnote markup, Lists, Structural markup elements
@subheading Paragraphs, line breaks, and quoting
@cindex paragraphs, markup rules
Paragraphs are separated by at least one empty line. If you need to enforce
a line break within a paragraph, use @samp{\\} at the end of a line.
To keep the line breaks in a region, but otherwise use normal formatting, you
can use this construct, which can also be used to format poetry.
@cindex #+BEGIN_VERSE
@example
#+BEGIN_VERSE
Great clouds overhead
Tiny black birds rise and fall
Snow covers Emacs
-- AlexSchroeder
#+END_VERSE
@end example
When quoting a passage from another document, it is customary to format this
as a paragraph that is indented on both the left and the right margin. You
can include quotations in Org-mode documents like this:
@cindex #+BEGIN_QUOTE
@example
#+BEGIN_QUOTE
Everything should be made as simple as possible,
but not any simpler -- Albert Einstein
#+END_QUOTE
@end example
If you would like to center some text, do it like this:
@cindex #+BEGIN_CENTER
@example
#+BEGIN_CENTER
Everything should be made as simple as possible, \\
but not any simpler
#+END_CENTER
@end example
@node Footnote markup, Emphasis and monospace, Paragraphs, Structural markup elements
@subheading Footnote markup
@cindex footnotes, markup rules
@cindex @file{footnote.el}
Footnotes defined in the way described in @ref{Footnotes}, will be exported by
all backends. Org allows multiple references to the same note, and
different backends support this to varying degrees.
@node Emphasis and monospace, Horizontal rules, Footnote markup, Structural markup elements
@subheading Emphasis and monospace
@cindex underlined text, markup rules
@cindex bold text, markup rules
@cindex italic text, markup rules
@cindex verbatim text, markup rules
@cindex code text, markup rules
@cindex strike-through text, markup rules
You can make words @b{*bold*}, @i{/italic/}, _underlined_, @code{=code=}
and @code{~verbatim~}, and, if you must, @samp{+strike-through+}. Text
in the code and verbatim string is not processed for Org-mode specific
syntax, it is exported verbatim.
@node Horizontal rules, Comment lines, Emphasis and monospace, Structural markup elements
@subheading Horizontal rules
@cindex horizontal rules, markup rules
A line consisting of only dashes, and at least 5 of them, will be
exported as a horizontal line (@samp{<hr/>} in HTML).
@node Comment lines, , Horizontal rules, Structural markup elements
@subheading Comment lines
@cindex comment lines
@cindex exporting, not
@cindex #+BEGIN_COMMENT
Lines starting with @samp{#} in column zero are treated as comments and will
never be exported. If you want an indented line to be treated as a comment,
start it with @samp{#+ }. Also entire subtrees starting with the word
@samp{COMMENT} will never be exported. Finally, regions surrounded by
@samp{#+BEGIN_COMMENT} ... @samp{#+END_COMMENT} will not be exported.
@table @kbd
@kindex C-c ;
@item C-c ;
Toggle the COMMENT keyword at the beginning of an entry.
@end table
@node Images and tables, Literal examples, Structural markup elements, Markup
@section Images and Tables
@cindex tables, markup rules
@cindex #+CAPTION
@cindex #+LABEL
Both the native Org-mode tables (@pxref{Tables}) and tables formatted with
the @file{table.el} package will be exported properly. For Org-mode tables,
the lines before the first horizontal separator line will become table header
lines. You can use the following lines somewhere before the table to assign
a caption and a label for cross references, and in the text you can refer to
the object with @code{\ref@{tab:basic-data@}}:
@example
#+CAPTION: This is the caption for the next table (or link)
#+LABEL: tbl:basic-data
| ... | ...|
|-----|----|
@end example
@cindex inlined images, markup rules
Some backends (HTML, La@TeX{}, and DocBook) allow you to directly include
images into the exported document. Org does this, if a link to an image
files does not have a description part, for example @code{[[./img/a.jpg]]}.
If you wish to define a caption for the image and maybe a label for internal
cross references, make sure that the link is on a line by itself and precede
it with @code{#+CAPTION} and @code{#+LABEL} as follows:
@example
#+CAPTION: This is the caption for the next figure link (or table)
#+LABEL: fig:SED-HR4049
[[./img/a.jpg]]
@end example
You may also define additional attributes for the figure. As this is
backend-specific, see the sections about the individual backends for more
information.
@xref{Handling links,the discussion of image links}.
@node Literal examples, Include files, Images and tables, Markup
@section Literal examples
@cindex literal examples, markup rules
@cindex code line references, markup rules
You can include literal examples that should not be subjected to
markup. Such examples will be typeset in monospace, so this is well suited
for source code and similar examples.
@cindex #+BEGIN_EXAMPLE
@example
#+BEGIN_EXAMPLE
Some example from a text file.
#+END_EXAMPLE
@end example
Note that such blocks may be @i{indented} in order to align nicely with
indented text and in particular with plain list structure (@pxref{Plain
lists}). For simplicity when using small examples, you can also start the
example lines with a colon followed by a space. There may also be additional
whitespace before the colon:
@example
Here is an example
: Some example from a text file.
@end example
@cindex formatting source code, markup rules
If the example is source code from a programming language, or any other text
that can be marked up by font-lock in Emacs, you can ask for the example to
look like the fontified Emacs buffer@footnote{This works automatically for
the HTML backend (it requires version 1.34 of the @file{htmlize.el} package,
which is distributed with Org.) Fontified code chunks in LaTeX can be
achieved using either the listings or the
@url{http://code.google.com/p/minted, minted,} package. To use listings, turn
on the variable @code{org-export-latex-listings} and ensure that the listings
package is included by the LaTeX header (e.g. by configuring
@code{org-export-latex-packages-alist}). See the listings documentation for
configuration options, including obtaining colored output. For minted it is
necessary to install the program @url{http://pygments.org, pygments}, in
addition to setting @code{org-export-latex-minted}, ensuring that the minted
package is included by the LaTeX header, and ensuring that the
@code{-shell-escape} option is passed to @file{pdflatex} (see
@code{org-latex-to-pdf-process}). See the documentation of the variables
@code{org-export-latex-listings} and @code{org-export-latex-minted} for
further details.}. This is done with the @samp{src} block, where you also
need to specify the name of the major mode that should be used to fontify the
example:
@cindex #+BEGIN_SRC
@example
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
(defun org-xor (a b)
"Exclusive or."
(if a (not b) b))
#+END_SRC
@end example
Both in @code{example} and in @code{src} snippets, you can add a @code{-n}
switch to the end of the @code{BEGIN} line, to get the lines of the example
numbered. If you use a @code{+n} switch, the numbering from the previous
numbered snippet will be continued in the current one. In literal examples,
Org will interpret strings like @samp{(ref:name)} as labels, and use them as
targets for special hyperlinks like @code{[[(name)]]} (i.e. the reference name
enclosed in single parenthesis). In HTML, hovering the mouse over such a
link will remote-highlight the corresponding code line, which is kind of
cool.
You can also add a @code{-r} switch which @i{removes} the labels from the
source code@footnote{Adding @code{-k} to @code{-n -r} will @i{keep} the
labels in the source code while using line numbers for the links, which might
be useful to explain those in an org-mode example code.}. With the @code{-n}
switch, links to these references will be labeled by the line numbers from
the code listing, otherwise links will use the labels with no parentheses.
Here is an example:
@example
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp -n -r
(save-excursion (ref:sc)
(goto-char (point-min)) (ref:jump)
#+END_SRC
In line [[(sc)]] we remember the current position. [[(jump)][Line (jump)]]
jumps to point-min.
@end example
@vindex org-coderef-label-format
If the syntax for the label format conflicts with the language syntax, use a
@code{-l} switch to change the format, for example @samp{#+BEGIN_SRC pascal
-n -r -l "((%s))"}. See also the variable @code{org-coderef-label-format}.
HTML export also allows examples to be published as text areas, @xref{Text
areas in HTML export}.
@table @kbd
@kindex C-c '
@item C-c '
Edit the source code example at point in its native mode. This works by
switching to a temporary buffer with the source code. You need to exit by
pressing @kbd{C-c '} again@footnote{Upon exit, lines starting with @samp{*}
or @samp{#} will get a comma prepended, to keep them from being interpreted
by Org as outline nodes or special comments. These commas will be stripped
for editing with @kbd{C-c '}, and also for export.}, the edited version will
then replace the old version in the Org buffer. Fixed-width regions
(where each line starts with a colon followed by a space) will be edited
using @code{artist-mode}@footnote{You may select a different-mode with the
variable @code{org-edit-fixed-width-region-mode}.} to allow creating ASCII
drawings easily. Using this command in an empty line will create a new
fixed-width region.
@kindex C-c l
@item C-c l
Calling @code{org-store-link} while editing a source code example in a
temporary buffer created with @kbd{C-c '} will prompt for a label, make sure
that it is unique in the current buffer, and insert it with the proper
formatting like @samp{(ref:label)} at the end of the current line. Then the
label is stored as a link @samp{(label)}, for retrieval with @kbd{C-c C-l}.
@end table
@node Include files, Index entries, Literal examples, Markup
@section Include files
@cindex include files, markup rules
During export, you can include the content of another file. For example, to
include your @file{.emacs} file, you could use:
@cindex #+INCLUDE
@example
#+INCLUDE: "~/.emacs" src emacs-lisp
@end example
@noindent
The optional second and third parameter are the markup (e.g. @samp{quote},
@samp{example}, or @samp{src}), and, if the markup is @samp{src}, the
language for formatting the contents. The markup is optional, if it is not
given, the text will be assumed to be in Org-mode format and will be
processed normally. The include line will also allow additional keyword
parameters @code{:prefix1} and @code{:prefix} to specify prefixes for the
first line and for each following line, as well as any options accepted by
the selected markup. For example, to include a file as an item, use
@example
#+INCLUDE: "~/snippets/xx" :prefix1 " + " :prefix " "
@end example
@table @kbd
@kindex C-c '
@item C-c '
Visit the include file at point.
@end table
@node Index entries, Macro replacement, Include files, Markup
@section Index entries
@cindex index entries, for publishing
You can specify entries that will be used for generating an index during
publishing. This is done by lines starting with @code{#+INDEX}. An entry
the contains an exclamation mark will create a sub item. See @ref{Generating
an index} for more information.
@example
* Curriculum Vitae
#+INDEX: CV
#+INDEX: Application!CV
@end example
@node Macro replacement, Embedded LaTeX, Index entries, Markup
@section Macro replacement
@cindex macro replacement, during export
@cindex #+MACRO
You can define text snippets with
@example
#+MACRO: name replacement text $1, $2 are arguments
@end example
@noindent which can be referenced anywhere in the document (even in
code examples) with @code{@{@{@{name(arg1,arg2)@}@}@}}. In addition to
defined macros, @code{@{@{@{title@}@}@}}, @code{@{@{@{author@}@}@}}, etc.,
will reference information set by the @code{#+TITLE:}, @code{#+AUTHOR:}, and
similar lines. Also, @code{@{@{@{date(@var{FORMAT})@}@}@}} and
@code{@{@{@{modification-time(@var{FORMAT})@}@}@}} refer to current date time
and to the modification time of the file being exported, respectively.
@var{FORMAT} should be a format string understood by
@code{format-time-string}.
Macro expansion takes place during export, and some people use it to
construct complex HTML code.
@node Embedded LaTeX, , Macro replacement, Markup
@section Embedded La@TeX{}
@cindex @TeX{} interpretation
@cindex La@TeX{} interpretation
Plain ASCII is normally sufficient for almost all note taking. One
exception, however, are scientific notes which need to be able to contain
mathematical symbols and the occasional formula. La@TeX{}@footnote{La@TeX{}
is a macro system based on Donald E. Knuth's @TeX{} system. Many of the
features described here as ``La@TeX{}'' are really from @TeX{}, but for
simplicity I am blurring this distinction.} is widely used to typeset
scientific documents. Org-mode supports embedding La@TeX{} code into its
files, because many academics are used to writing and reading La@TeX{} source
code, and because it can be readily processed to produce pretty output for a
number of export backends.
@menu
* Special symbols:: Greek letters and other symbols
* Subscripts and superscripts:: Simple syntax for raising/lowering text
* LaTeX fragments:: Complex formulas made easy
* Previewing LaTeX fragments:: What will this snippet look like?
* CDLaTeX mode:: Speed up entering of formulas
@end menu
@node Special symbols, Subscripts and superscripts, Embedded LaTeX, Embedded LaTeX
@subsection Special symbols
@cindex math symbols
@cindex special symbols
@cindex @TeX{} macros
@cindex La@TeX{} fragments, markup rules
@cindex HTML entities
@cindex La@TeX{} entities
You can use La@TeX{} macros to insert special symbols like @samp{\alpha} to
indicate the Greek letter, or @samp{\to} to indicate an arrow. Completion
for these macros is available, just type @samp{\} and maybe a few letters,
and press @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} to see possible completions. Unlike La@TeX{}
code, Org-mode allows these macros to be present without surrounding math
delimiters, for example:
@example
Angles are written as Greek letters \alpha, \beta and \gamma.
@end example
@vindex org-entities
During export, these symbols will be transformed into the native format of
the exporter backend. Strings like @code{\alpha} will be exported as
@code{α} in the HTML output, and as @code{$\alpha$} in the La@TeX{}
output. Similarly, @code{\nbsp} will become @code{ } in HTML and
@code{~} in La@TeX{}. If you need such a symbol inside a word, terminate it
like this: @samp{\Aacute@{@}stor}.
A large number of entities is provided, with names taken from both HTML and
La@TeX{}, see the variable @code{org-entities} for the complete list.
@samp{\-} is treated as a shy hyphen, and @samp{--}, @samp{---}, and
@samp{...} are all converted into special commands creating hyphens of
different lengths or a compact set of dots.
If you would like to see entities displayed as UTF8 characters, use the
following command@footnote{You can turn this on by default by setting the
variable @code{org-pretty-entities}, or on a per-file base with the
@code{#+STARTUP} option @code{entitiespretty}.}:
@table @kbd
@kindex C-c C-x \
@item C-c C-x \
Toggle display of entities as UTF8 characters. This does not change the
buffer content which remains plain ASCII, but it overlays the UTF8 character
for display purposes only.
@end table
@node Subscripts and superscripts, LaTeX fragments, Special symbols, Embedded LaTeX
@subsection Subscripts and superscripts
@cindex subscript
@cindex superscript
Just like in La@TeX{}, @samp{^} and @samp{_} are used to indicate super-
and subscripts. Again, these can be used without embedding them in
math-mode delimiters. To increase the readability of ASCII text, it is
not necessary (but OK) to surround multi-character sub- and superscripts
with curly braces. For example
@example
The mass if the sun is M_sun = 1.989 x 10^30 kg. The radius of
the sun is R_@{sun@} = 6.96 x 10^8 m.
@end example
@vindex org-export-with-sub-superscripts
To avoid interpretation as raised or lowered text, you can quote @samp{^} and
@samp{_} with a backslash: @samp{\^} and @samp{\_}. If you write a text
where the underscore is often used in a different context, Org's convention
to always interpret these as subscripts can get in your way. Configure the
variable @code{org-export-with-sub-superscripts} to globally change this
convention, or use, on a per-file basis:
@example
#+OPTIONS: ^:@{@}
@end example
@noindent With this setting, @samp{a_b} will not be interpreted as a
subscript, but @samp{a_@{b@}} will.
@table @kbd
@kindex C-c C-x \
@item C-c C-x \
In addition to showing entities as UTF8 characters, this command will also
format sub- and superscripts in a WYSIWYM way.
@end table
@node LaTeX fragments, Previewing LaTeX fragments, Subscripts and superscripts, Embedded LaTeX
@subsection La@TeX{} fragments
@cindex La@TeX{} fragments
@vindex org-format-latex-header
Going beyond symbols and sub- and superscripts, a full formula language is
needed. Org-mode can contain La@TeX{} math fragments, and it supports ways
to process these for several export backends. When exporting to La@TeX{},
the code is obviously left as it is. When exporting to HTML, Org invokes the
@uref{http://www.mathjax.org, MathJax library} (@pxref{Math formatting in
HTML export}) to process and display the math@footnote{If you plan to use
this regularly or on pages with significant page views, you should install
@file{MathJax} on your own server in order to limit the load of our server.}.
Finally, it can also process the mathematical expressions into
images@footnote{For this to work you need to be on a system with a working
La@TeX{} installation. You also need the @file{dvipng} program, available at
@url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/dvipng/}. The La@TeX{} header that will
be used when processing a fragment can be configured with the variable
@code{org-format-latex-header}.} that can be displayed in a browser or in
DocBook documents.
La@TeX{} fragments don't need any special marking at all. The following
snippets will be identified as La@TeX{} source code:
@itemize @bullet
@item
Environments of any kind@footnote{When @file{MathJax} is used, only the
environment recognized by @file{MathJax} will be processed. When dvipng is
used to create images, any La@TeX{} environments will be handled.}. The only
requirement is that the @code{\begin} statement appears on a new line,
preceded by only whitespace.
@item
Text within the usual La@TeX{} math delimiters. To avoid conflicts with
currency specifications, single @samp{$} characters are only recognized as
math delimiters if the enclosed text contains at most two line breaks, is
directly attached to the @samp{$} characters with no whitespace in between,
and if the closing @samp{$} is followed by whitespace, punctuation or a dash.
For the other delimiters, there is no such restriction, so when in doubt, use
@samp{\(...\)} as inline math delimiters.
@end itemize
@noindent For example:
@example
\begin@{equation@} % arbitrary environments,
x=\sqrt@{b@} % even tables, figures
\end@{equation@} % etc
If $a^2=b$ and \( b=2 \), then the solution must be
either $$ a=+\sqrt@{2@} $$ or \[ a=-\sqrt@{2@} \].
@end example
@noindent
@vindex org-format-latex-options
If you need any of the delimiter ASCII sequences for other purposes, you
can configure the option @code{org-format-latex-options} to deselect the
ones you do not wish to have interpreted by the La@TeX{} converter.
@vindex org-export-with-LaTeX-fragments
LaTeX processing can be configured with the variable
@code{org-export-with-LaTeX-fragments}. The default setting is @code{t}
which means @file{MathJax} for HTML, and no processing for DocBook, ASCII and
LaTeX backends. You can also set this variable on a per-file basis using one
of these lines:
@example
#+OPTIONS: LaTeX:t @r{Do the right thing automatically (MathJax)}
#+OPTIONS: LaTeX:dvipng @r{Force using dvipng images}
#+OPTIONS: LaTeX:nil @r{Do not process La@TeX{} fragments at all}
#+OPTIONS: LaTeX:verbatim @r{Verbatim export, for jsMath or so}
@end example
@node Previewing LaTeX fragments, CDLaTeX mode, LaTeX fragments, Embedded LaTeX
@subsection Previewing LaTeX fragments
@cindex LaTeX fragments, preview
If you have @file{dvipng} installed, La@TeX{} fragments can be processed to
produce preview images of the typeset expressions:
@table @kbd
@kindex C-c C-x C-l
@item C-c C-x C-l
Produce a preview image of the La@TeX{} fragment at point and overlay it
over the source code. If there is no fragment at point, process all
fragments in the current entry (between two headlines). When called
with a prefix argument, process the entire subtree. When called with
two prefix arguments, or when the cursor is before the first headline,
process the entire buffer.
@kindex C-c C-c
@item C-c C-c
Remove the overlay preview images.
@end table
@vindex org-format-latex-options
You can customize the variable @code{org-format-latex-options} to influence
some aspects of the preview. In particular, the @code{:scale} (and for HTML
export, @code{:html-scale}) property can be used to adjust the size of the
preview images.
@node CDLaTeX mode, , Previewing LaTeX fragments, Embedded LaTeX
@subsection Using CDLa@TeX{} to enter math
@cindex CDLa@TeX{}
CDLa@TeX{} mode is a minor mode that is normally used in combination with a
major La@TeX{} mode like AUC@TeX{} in order to speed-up insertion of
environments and math templates. Inside Org-mode, you can make use of
some of the features of CDLa@TeX{} mode. You need to install
@file{cdlatex.el} and @file{texmathp.el} (the latter comes also with
AUC@TeX{}) from @url{http://www.astro.uva.nl/~dominik/Tools/cdlatex}.
Don't use CDLa@TeX{} mode itself under Org-mode, but use the light
version @code{org-cdlatex-mode} that comes as part of Org-mode. Turn it
on for the current buffer with @code{M-x org-cdlatex-mode}, or for all
Org files with
@lisp
(add-hook 'org-mode-hook 'turn-on-org-cdlatex)
@end lisp
When this mode is enabled, the following features are present (for more
details see the documentation of CDLa@TeX{} mode):
@itemize @bullet
@kindex C-c @{
@item
Environment templates can be inserted with @kbd{C-c @{}.
@item
@kindex @key{TAB}
The @key{TAB} key will do template expansion if the cursor is inside a
La@TeX{} fragment@footnote{Org-mode has a method to test if the cursor is
inside such a fragment, see the documentation of the function
@code{org-inside-LaTeX-fragment-p}.}. For example, @key{TAB} will
expand @code{fr} to @code{\frac@{@}@{@}} and position the cursor
correctly inside the first brace. Another @key{TAB} will get you into
the second brace. Even outside fragments, @key{TAB} will expand
environment abbreviations at the beginning of a line. For example, if
you write @samp{equ} at the beginning of a line and press @key{TAB},
this abbreviation will be expanded to an @code{equation} environment.
To get a list of all abbreviations, type @kbd{M-x cdlatex-command-help}.
@item
@kindex _
@kindex ^
@vindex cdlatex-simplify-sub-super-scripts
Pressing @kbd{_} and @kbd{^} inside a La@TeX{} fragment will insert these
characters together with a pair of braces. If you use @key{TAB} to move
out of the braces, and if the braces surround only a single character or
macro, they are removed again (depending on the variable
@code{cdlatex-simplify-sub-super-scripts}).
@item
@kindex `
Pressing the backquote @kbd{`} followed by a character inserts math
macros, also outside La@TeX{} fragments. If you wait more than 1.5 seconds
after the backquote, a help window will pop up.
@item
@kindex '
Pressing the single-quote @kbd{'} followed by another character modifies
the symbol before point with an accent or a font. If you wait more than
1.5 seconds after the backquote, a help window will pop up. Character
modification will work only inside La@TeX{} fragments, outside the quote
is normal.
@end itemize
@node Exporting, Publishing, Markup, Top
@chapter Exporting
@cindex exporting
Org-mode documents can be exported into a variety of other formats. For
printing and sharing of notes, ASCII export produces a readable and simple
version of an Org file. HTML export allows you to publish a notes file on
the web, while the XOXO format provides a solid base for exchange with a
broad range of other applications. La@TeX{} export lets you use Org-mode and
its structured editing functions to easily create La@TeX{} files. DocBook
export makes it possible to convert Org files to many other formats using
DocBook tools. For project management you can create gantt and resource
charts by using TaskJuggler export. To incorporate entries with associated
times like deadlines or appointments into a desktop calendar program like
iCal, Org-mode can also produce extracts in the iCalendar format. Currently
Org-mode only supports export, not import of these different formats.
Org supports export of selected regions when @code{transient-mark-mode} is
enabled (default in Emacs 23).
@menu
* Selective export:: Using tags to select and exclude trees
* Export options:: Per-file export settings
* The export dispatcher:: How to access exporter commands
* ASCII/Latin-1/UTF-8 export:: Exporting to flat files with encoding
* HTML export:: Exporting to HTML
* LaTeX and PDF export:: Exporting to La@TeX{}, and processing to PDF
* DocBook export:: Exporting to DocBook
* TaskJuggler export:: Exporting to TaskJuggler
* Freemind export:: Exporting to Freemind mind maps
* XOXO export:: Exporting to XOXO
* iCalendar export:: Exporting in iCalendar format
@end menu
@node Selective export, Export options, Exporting, Exporting
@section Selective export
@cindex export, selective by tags
@vindex org-export-select-tags
@vindex org-export-exclude-tags
You may use tags to select the parts of a document that should be exported,
or to exclude parts from export. This behavior is governed by two variables:
@code{org-export-select-tags} and @code{org-export-exclude-tags}.
Org first checks if any of the @emph{select} tags is present in the buffer.
If yes, all trees that do not carry one of these tags will be excluded. If a
selected tree is a subtree, the heading hierarchy above it will also be
selected for export, but not the text below those headings.
@noindent
If none of the select tags is found, the whole buffer will be selected for
export.
@noindent
Finally, all subtrees that are marked by any of the @emph{exclude} tags will
be removed from the export buffer.
@node Export options, The export dispatcher, Selective export, Exporting
@section Export options
@cindex options, for export
@cindex completion, of option keywords
The exporter recognizes special lines in the buffer which provide
additional information. These lines may be put anywhere in the file.
The whole set of lines can be inserted into the buffer with @kbd{C-c
C-e t}. For individual lines, a good way to make sure the keyword is
correct is to type @samp{#+} and then use @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} completion
(@pxref{Completion}). For a summary of other in-buffer settings not
specifically related to export, see @ref{In-buffer settings}.
In particular, note that you can place commonly-used (export) options in
a separate file which can be included using @code{#+SETUPFILE}.
@table @kbd
@orgcmd{C-c C-e t,org-insert-export-options-template}
Insert template with export options, see example below.
@end table
@cindex #+TITLE
@cindex #+AUTHOR
@cindex #+DATE
@cindex #+EMAIL
@cindex #+DESCRIPTION
@cindex #+KEYWORDS
@cindex #+LANGUAGE
@cindex #+TEXT
@cindex #+OPTIONS
@cindex #+BIND
@cindex #+LINK_UP
@cindex #+LINK_HOME
@cindex #+EXPORT_SELECT_TAGS
@cindex #+EXPORT_EXCLUDE_TAGS
@cindex #+XSLT
@cindex #+LATEX_HEADER
@vindex user-full-name
@vindex user-mail-address
@vindex org-export-default-language
@example
#+TITLE: the title to be shown (default is the buffer name)
#+AUTHOR: the author (default taken from @code{user-full-name})
#+DATE: a date, fixed, of a format string for @code{format-time-string}
#+EMAIL: his/her email address (default from @code{user-mail-address})
#+DESCRIPTION: the page description, e.g. for the XHTML meta tag
#+KEYWORDS: the page keywords, e.g. for the XHTML meta tag
#+LANGUAGE: language for HTML, e.g. @samp{en} (@code{org-export-default-language})
#+TEXT: Some descriptive text to be inserted at the beginning.
#+TEXT: Several lines may be given.
#+OPTIONS: H:2 num:t toc:t \n:nil @@:t ::t |:t ^:t f:t TeX:t ...
#+BIND: lisp-var lisp-val, e.g.: org-export-latex-low-levels itemize
@r{You need to confirm using these, or configure @code{org-export-allow-BIND}}
#+LINK_UP: the ``up'' link of an exported page
#+LINK_HOME: the ``home'' link of an exported page
#+LATEX_HEADER: extra line(s) for the LaTeX header, like \usepackage@{xyz@}
#+EXPORT_SELECT_TAGS: Tags that select a tree for export
#+EXPORT_EXCLUDE_TAGS: Tags that exclude a tree from export
#+XSLT: the XSLT stylesheet used by DocBook exporter to generate FO file
@end example
@noindent
The OPTIONS line is a compact@footnote{If you want to configure many options
this way, you can use several OPTIONS lines.} form to specify export settings. Here
you can:
@cindex headline levels
@cindex section-numbers
@cindex table of contents
@cindex line-break preservation
@cindex quoted HTML tags
@cindex fixed-width sections
@cindex tables
@cindex @TeX{}-like syntax for sub- and superscripts
@cindex footnotes
@cindex special strings
@cindex emphasized text
@cindex @TeX{} macros
@cindex La@TeX{} fragments
@cindex author info, in export
@cindex time info, in export
@example
H: @r{set the number of headline levels for export}
num: @r{turn on/off section-numbers}
toc: @r{turn on/off table of contents, or set level limit (integer)}
\n: @r{turn on/off line-break-preservation (DOES NOT WORK)}
@@: @r{turn on/off quoted HTML tags}
:: @r{turn on/off fixed-width sections}
|: @r{turn on/off tables}
^: @r{turn on/off @TeX{}-like syntax for sub- and superscripts. If}
@r{you write "^:@{@}", @code{a_@{b@}} will be interpreted, but}
@r{the simple @code{a_b} will be left as it is.}
-: @r{turn on/off conversion of special strings.}
f: @r{turn on/off footnotes like this[1].}
todo: @r{turn on/off inclusion of TODO keywords into exported text}
pri: @r{turn on/off priority cookies}
tags: @r{turn on/off inclusion of tags, may also be @code{not-in-toc}}
<: @r{turn on/off inclusion of any time/date stamps like DEADLINES}
*: @r{turn on/off emphasized text (bold, italic, underlined)}
TeX: @r{turn on/off simple @TeX{} macros in plain text}
LaTeX: @r{configure export of La@TeX{} fragments. Default @code{auto}}
skip: @r{turn on/off skipping the text before the first heading}
author: @r{turn on/off inclusion of author name/email into exported file}
email: @r{turn on/off inclusion of author email into exported file}
creator: @r{turn on/off inclusion of creator info into exported file}
timestamp: @r{turn on/off inclusion creation time into exported file}
d: @r{turn on/off inclusion of drawers}
@end example
@noindent
These options take effect in both the HTML and La@TeX{} export, except
for @code{TeX} and @code{LaTeX}, which are respectively @code{t} and
@code{nil} for the La@TeX{} export.
When exporting only a single subtree by selecting it with @kbd{C-c @@} before
calling an export command, the subtree can overrule some of the file's export
settings with properties @code{EXPORT_FILE_NAME}, @code{EXPORT_TITLE},
@code{EXPORT_TEXT}, @code{EXPORT_AUTHOR}, @code{EXPORT_DATE}, and
@code{EXPORT_OPTIONS}.
@node The export dispatcher, ASCII/Latin-1/UTF-8 export, Export options, Exporting
@section The export dispatcher
@cindex dispatcher, for export commands
All export commands can be reached using the export dispatcher, which is a
prefix key that prompts for an additional key specifying the command.
Normally the entire file is exported, but if there is an active region that
contains one outline tree, the first heading is used as document title and
the subtrees are exported.
@table @kbd
@orgcmd{C-c C-e,org-export}
@vindex org-export-run-in-background
Dispatcher for export and publishing commands. Displays a help-window
listing the additional key(s) needed to launch an export or publishing
command. The prefix arg is passed through to the exporter. A double prefix
@kbd{C-u C-u} causes most commands to be executed in the background, in a
separate Emacs process@footnote{To make this behavior the default, customize
the variable @code{org-export-run-in-background}.}.
@orgcmd{C-c C-e v,org-export-visible}
Like @kbd{C-c C-e}, but only export the text that is currently visible
(i.e. not hidden by outline visibility).
@orgcmd{C-u C-u C-c C-e,org-export}
@vindex org-export-run-in-background
Call an the exporter, but reverse the setting of
@code{org-export-run-in-background}, i.e. request background processing if
not set, or force processing in the current Emacs process if set.
@end table
@node ASCII/Latin-1/UTF-8 export, HTML export, The export dispatcher, Exporting
@section ASCII/Latin-1/UTF-8 export
@cindex ASCII export
@cindex Latin-1 export
@cindex UTF-8 export
ASCII export produces a simple and very readable version of an Org-mode
file, containing only plain ASCII. Latin-1 and UTF-8 export augment the file
with special characters and symbols available in these encodings.
@cindex region, active
@cindex active region
@cindex transient-mark-mode
@table @kbd
@orgcmd{C-c C-e a,org-export-as-ascii}
@cindex property, EXPORT_FILE_NAME
Export as ASCII file. For an Org file, @file{myfile.org}, the ASCII file
will be @file{myfile.txt}. The file will be overwritten without
warning. If there is an active region@footnote{This requires
@code{transient-mark-mode} be turned on.}, only the region will be
exported. If the selected region is a single tree@footnote{To select the
current subtree, use @kbd{C-c @@}.}, the tree head will
become the document title. If the tree head entry has or inherits an
@code{EXPORT_FILE_NAME} property, that name will be used for the
export.
@orgcmd{C-c C-e A,org-export-as-ascii-to-buffer}
Export to a temporary buffer, do not create a file.
@orgcmd{C-c C-e n,org-export-as-latin1}
@xorgcmd{C-c C-e N,org-export-as-latin1-to-buffer}
Like the above commands, but use Latin-1 encoding.
@orgcmd{C-c C-e u,org-export-as-utf8}
@xorgcmd{C-c C-e U,org-export-as-utf8-to-buffer}
Like the above commands, but use UTF-8 encoding.
@item C-c C-e v a/n/u
Export only the visible part of the document.
@end table
@cindex headline levels, for exporting
In the exported version, the first 3 outline levels will become
headlines, defining a general document structure. Additional levels
will be exported as itemized lists. If you want that transition to occur
at a different level, specify it with a prefix argument. For example,
@example
@kbd{C-1 C-c C-e a}
@end example
@noindent
creates only top level headlines and does the rest as items. When
headlines are converted to items, the indentation of the text following
the headline is changed to fit nicely under the item. This is done with
the assumption that the first body line indicates the base indentation of
the body text. Any indentation larger than this is adjusted to preserve
the layout relative to the first line. Should there be lines with less
indentation than the first, these are left alone.
@vindex org-export-ascii-links-to-notes
Links will be exported in a footnote-like style, with the descriptive part in
the text and the link in a note before the next heading. See the variable
@code{org-export-ascii-links-to-notes} for details and other options.
@node HTML export, LaTeX and PDF export, ASCII/Latin-1/UTF-8 export, Exporting
@section HTML export
@cindex HTML export
Org-mode contains an HTML (XHTML 1.0 strict) exporter with extensive
HTML formatting, in ways similar to John Gruber's @emph{markdown}
language, but with additional support for tables.
@menu
* HTML Export commands:: How to invoke HTML export
* Quoting HTML tags:: Using direct HTML in Org-mode
* Links in HTML export:: How links will be interpreted and formatted
* Tables in HTML export:: How to modify the formatting of tables
* Images in HTML export:: How to insert figures into HTML output
* Math formatting in HTML export:: Beautiful math also on the web
* Text areas in HTML export:: An alternative way to show an example
* CSS support:: Changing the appearance of the output
* JavaScript support:: Info and Folding in a web browser
@end menu
@node HTML Export commands, Quoting HTML tags, HTML export, HTML export
@subsection HTML export commands
@cindex region, active
@cindex active region
@cindex transient-mark-mode
@table @kbd
@orgcmd{C-c C-e h,org-export-as-html}
@cindex property, EXPORT_FILE_NAME
Export as HTML file @file{myfile.html}. For an Org file @file{myfile.org},
the ASCII file will be @file{myfile.html}. The file will be overwritten
without warning. If there is an active region@footnote{This requires
@code{transient-mark-mode} be turned on.}, only the region will be
exported. If the selected region is a single tree@footnote{To select the
current subtree, use @kbd{C-c @@}.}, the tree head will become the document
title. If the tree head entry has, or inherits, an @code{EXPORT_FILE_NAME}
property, that name will be used for the export.
@orgcmd{C-c C-e b,org-export-as-html-and-open}
Export as HTML file and immediately open it with a browser.
@orgcmd{C-c C-e H,org-export-as-html-to-buffer}
Export to a temporary buffer, do not create a file.
@orgcmd{C-c C-e R,org-export-region-as-html}
Export the active region to a temporary buffer. With a prefix argument, do
not produce the file header and footer, but just the plain HTML section for
the region. This is good for cut-and-paste operations.
@item C-c C-e v h/b/H/R
Export only the visible part of the document.
@item M-x org-export-region-as-html
Convert the region to HTML under the assumption that it was Org-mode
syntax before. This is a global command that can be invoked in any
buffer.
@item M-x org-replace-region-by-HTML
Replace the active region (assumed to be in Org-mode syntax) by HTML
code.
@end table
@cindex headline levels, for exporting
In the exported version, the first 3 outline levels will become headlines,
defining a general document structure. Additional levels will be exported as
itemized lists. If you want that transition to occur at a different level,
specify it with a numeric prefix argument. For example,
@example
@kbd{C-2 C-c C-e b}
@end example
@noindent
creates two levels of headings and does the rest as items.
@node Quoting HTML tags, Links in HTML export, HTML Export commands, HTML export
@subsection Quoting HTML tags
Plain @samp{<} and @samp{>} are always transformed to @samp{<} and
@samp{>} in HTML export. If you want to include simple HTML tags
which should be interpreted as such, mark them with @samp{@@} as in
@samp{@@<b>bold text@@</b>}. Note that this really works only for
simple tags. For more extensive HTML that should be copied verbatim to
the exported file use either
@cindex #+HTML
@cindex #+BEGIN_HTML
@example
#+HTML: Literal HTML code for export
@end example
@noindent or
@cindex #+BEGIN_HTML
@example
#+BEGIN_HTML
All lines between these markers are exported literally
#+END_HTML
@end example
@node Links in HTML export, Tables in HTML export, Quoting HTML tags, HTML export
@subsection Links in HTML export
@cindex links, in HTML export
@cindex internal links, in HTML export
@cindex external links, in HTML export
Internal links (@pxref{Internal links}) will continue to work in HTML. This
includes automatic links created by radio targets (@pxref{Radio
targets}). Links to external files will still work if the target file is on
the same @i{relative} path as the published Org file. Links to other
@file{.org} files will be translated into HTML links under the assumption
that an HTML version also exists of the linked file, at the same relative
path. @samp{id:} links can then be used to jump to specific entries across
files. For information related to linking files while publishing them to a
publishing directory see @ref{Publishing links}.
If you want to specify attributes for links, you can do so using a special
@code{#+ATTR_HTML} line to define attributes that will be added to the
@code{<a>} or @code{<img>} tags. Here is an example that sets @code{title}
and @code{style} attributes for a link:
@cindex #+ATTR_HTML
@example
#+ATTR_HTML: title="The Org-mode homepage" style="color:red;"
[[http://orgmode.org]]
@end example
@node Tables in HTML export, Images in HTML export, Links in HTML export, HTML export
@subsection Tables
@cindex tables, in HTML
@vindex org-export-html-table-tag
Org-mode tables are exported to HTML using the table tag defined in
@code{org-export-html-table-tag}. The default setting makes tables without
cell borders and frame. If you would like to change this for individual
tables, place something like the following before the table:
@cindex #+CAPTION
@cindex #+ATTR_HTML
@example
#+CAPTION: This is a table with lines around and between cells
#+ATTR_HTML: border="2" rules="all" frame="all"
@end example
@node Images in HTML export, Math formatting in HTML export, Tables in HTML export, HTML export
@subsection Images in HTML export
@cindex images, inline in HTML
@cindex inlining images in HTML
@vindex org-export-html-inline-images
HTML export can inline images given as links in the Org file, and
it can make an image the clickable part of a link. By
default@footnote{But see the variable
@code{org-export-html-inline-images}.}, images are inlined if a link does
not have a description. So @samp{[[file:myimg.jpg]]} will be inlined,
while @samp{[[file:myimg.jpg][the image]]} will just produce a link
@samp{the image} that points to the image. If the description part
itself is a @code{file:} link or a @code{http:} URL pointing to an
image, this image will be inlined and activated so that clicking on the
image will activate the link. For example, to include a thumbnail that
will link to a high resolution version of the image, you could use:
@example
[[file:highres.jpg][file:thumb.jpg]]
@end example
If you need to add attributes to an inlined image, use a @code{#+ATTR_HTML}.
In the example below we specify the @code{alt} and @code{title} attributes to
support text viewers and accessibility, and align it to the right.
@cindex #+CAPTION
@cindex #+ATTR_HTML
@example
#+CAPTION: A black cat stalking a spider
#+ATTR_HTML: alt="cat/spider image" title="Action!" align="right"
[[./img/a.jpg]]
@end example
@noindent
and you could use @code{http} addresses just as well.
@node Math formatting in HTML export, Text areas in HTML export, Images in HTML export, HTML export
@subsection Math formatting in HTML export
@cindex MathJax
@cindex dvipng
La@TeX{} math snippets (@pxref{LaTeX fragments}) can be displayed in two
different ways on HTML pages. The default is to use the
@uref{http://www.mathjax.org, MathJax system} which should work out of the
box with Org mode installation because @code{http://orgmode.org} serves
@file{MathJax} for Org-mode users for small applications and for testing
purposes. @b{If you plan to use this regularly or on pages with significant
page views, you should install MathJax on your own server in order to limit
the load of our server.} To configure @file{MathJax}, use the variable
@code{org-export-html-mathjax-options} or insert something like the following
into the buffer:
@example
#+MATHJAX: align:"left" mathml:t path:"/MathJax/MathJax.js"
@end example
@noindent See the docstring of the variable
@code{org-export-html-mathjax-options} for the meaning of the parameters in
this line.
If you prefer, you can also request that La@TeX{} are processed into small
images that will be inserted into the browser page. Before the availability
of MathJax, this was the default method for Org files. This method requires
that the @file{dvipng} program is available on your system. You can still
get this processing with
@example
#+OPTIONS: LaTeX:dvipng
@end example
@node Text areas in HTML export, CSS support, Math formatting in HTML export, HTML export
@subsection Text areas in HTML export
@cindex text areas, in HTML
An alternative way to publish literal code examples in HTML is to use text
areas, where the example can even be edited before pasting it into an
application. It is triggered by a @code{-t} switch at an @code{example} or
@code{src} block. Using this switch disables any options for syntax and
label highlighting, and line numbering, which may be present. You may also
use @code{-h} and @code{-w} switches to specify the height and width of the
text area, which default to the number of lines in the example, and 80,
respectively. For example
@example
#+BEGIN_EXAMPLE -t -w 40
(defun org-xor (a b)
"Exclusive or."
(if a (not b) b))
#+END_EXAMPLE
@end example
@node CSS support, JavaScript support, Text areas in HTML export, HTML export
@subsection CSS support
@cindex CSS, for HTML export
@cindex HTML export, CSS
@vindex org-export-html-todo-kwd-class-prefix
@vindex org-export-html-tag-class-prefix
You can also give style information for the exported file. The HTML exporter
assigns the following special CSS classes@footnote{If the classes on TODO
keywords and tags lead to conflicts, use the variables
@code{org-export-html-todo-kwd-class-prefix} and
@code{org-export-html-tag-class-prefix} to make them unique.} to appropriate
parts of the document---your style specifications may change these, in
addition to any of the standard classes like for headlines, tables, etc.
@example
p.author @r{author information, including email}
p.date @r{publishing date}
p.creator @r{creator info, about org-mode version}
.title @r{document title}
.todo @r{TODO keywords, all not-done states}
.done @r{the DONE keywords, all stated the count as done}
.WAITING @r{each TODO keyword also uses a class named after itself}
.timestamp @r{timestamp}
.timestamp-kwd @r{keyword associated with a timestamp, like SCHEDULED}
.timestamp-wrapper @r{span around keyword plus timestamp}
.tag @r{tag in a headline}
._HOME @r{each tag uses itself as a class, "@@" replaced by "_"}
.target @r{target for links}
.linenr @r{the line number in a code example}
.code-highlighted @r{for highlighting referenced code lines}
div.outline-N @r{div for outline level N (headline plus text))}
div.outline-text-N @r{extra div for text at outline level N}
.section-number-N @r{section number in headlines, different for each level}
div.figure @r{how to format an inlined image}
pre.src @r{formatted source code}
pre.example @r{normal example}
p.verse @r{verse paragraph}
div.footnotes @r{footnote section headline}
p.footnote @r{footnote definition paragraph, containing a footnote}
.footref @r{a footnote reference number (always a <sup>)}
.footnum @r{footnote number in footnote definition (always <sup>)}
@end example
@vindex org-export-html-style-default
@vindex org-export-html-style-include-default
@vindex org-export-html-style
@vindex org-export-html-extra
@vindex org-export-html-style-default
Each exported file contains a compact default style that defines these
classes in a basic way@footnote{This style is defined in the constant
@code{org-export-html-style-default}, which you should not modify. To turn
inclusion of these defaults off, customize
@code{org-export-html-style-include-default}}. You may overwrite these
settings, or add to them by using the variables @code{org-export-html-style}
(for Org-wide settings) and @code{org-export-html-style-extra} (for more
granular settings, like file-local settings). To set the latter variable
individually for each file, you can use
@cindex #+STYLE
@example
#+STYLE: <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" />
@end example
@noindent
For longer style definitions, you can use several such lines. You could also
directly write a @code{<style>} @code{</style>} section in this way, without
referring to an external file.
In order to add styles to a subtree, use the @code{:HTML_CONTAINER_CLASS:}
property to assign a class to the tree. In order to specify CSS styles for a
particular headline, you can use the id specified in a @code{:CUSTOM_ID:}
property.
@c FIXME: More about header and footer styles
@c FIXME: Talk about links and targets.
@node JavaScript support, , CSS support, HTML export
@subsection JavaScript supported display of web pages
@cindex Rose, Sebastian
Sebastian Rose has written a JavaScript program especially designed to
enhance the web viewing experience of HTML files created with Org. This
program allows you to view large files in two different ways. The first one
is an @emph{Info}-like mode where each section is displayed separately and
navigation can be done with the @kbd{n} and @kbd{p} keys (and some other keys
as well, press @kbd{?} for an overview of the available keys). The second
view type is a @emph{folding} view much like Org provides inside Emacs. The
script is available at @url{http://orgmode.org/org-info.js} and you can find
the documentation for it at @url{http://orgmode.org/worg/code/org-info-js/}.
We host the script at our site, but if you use it a lot, you might
not want to be dependent on @url{orgmode.org} and prefer to install a local
copy on your own web server.
To use the script, you need to make sure that the @file{org-jsinfo.el} module
gets loaded. It should be loaded by default, but you can try @kbd{M-x
customize-variable @key{RET} org-modules @key{RET}} to convince yourself that
this is indeed the case. All it then takes to make use of the program is
adding a single line to the Org file:
@cindex #+INFOJS_OPT
@example
#+INFOJS_OPT: view:info toc:nil
@end example
@noindent
If this line is found, the HTML header will automatically contain the code
needed to invoke the script. Using the line above, you can set the following
viewing options:
@example
path: @r{The path to the script. The default is to grab the script from}
@r{@url{http://orgmode.org/org-info.js}, but you might want to have}
@r{a local copy and use a path like @samp{../scripts/org-info.js}.}
view: @r{Initial view when website is first shown. Possible values are:}
info @r{Info-like interface with one section per page.}
overview @r{Folding interface, initially showing only top-level.}
content @r{Folding interface, starting with all headlines visible.}
showall @r{Folding interface, all headlines and text visible.}
sdepth: @r{Maximum headline level that will still become an independent}
@r{section for info and folding modes. The default is taken from}
@r{@code{org-export-headline-levels} (= the @code{H} switch in @code{#+OPTIONS}).}
@r{If this is smaller than in @code{org-export-headline-levels}, each}
@r{info/folding section can still contain child headlines.}
toc: @r{Should the table of content @emph{initially} be visible?}
@r{Even when @code{nil}, you can always get to the "toc" with @kbd{i}.}
tdepth: @r{The depth of the table of contents. The defaults are taken from}
@r{the variables @code{org-export-headline-levels} and @code{org-export-with-toc}.}
ftoc: @r{Does the css of the page specify a fixed position for the "toc"?}
@r{If yes, the toc will never be displayed as a section.}
ltoc: @r{Should there be short contents (children) in each section?}
@r{Make this @code{above} if the section should be above initial text.}
mouse: @r{Headings are highlighted when the mouse is over them. Should be}
@r{@samp{underline} (default) or a background color like @samp{#cccccc}.}
buttons: @r{Should view-toggle buttons be everywhere? When @code{nil} (the}
@r{default), only one such button will be present.}
@end example
@noindent
@vindex org-infojs-options
@vindex org-export-html-use-infojs
You can choose default values for these options by customizing the variable
@code{org-infojs-options}. If you always want to apply the script to your
pages, configure the variable @code{org-export-html-use-infojs}.
@node LaTeX and PDF export, DocBook export, HTML export, Exporting
@section La@TeX{} and PDF export
@cindex La@TeX{} export
@cindex PDF export
@cindex Guerry, Bastien
Org-mode contains a La@TeX{} exporter written by Bastien Guerry. With
further processing@footnote{The default LaTeX output is designed for
processing with pdftex or latex. It includes packages that are not
compatible with xetex and possibly luatex. See the variables
@code{org-export-latex-default-packages-alist} and
@code{org-export-latex-packages-alist}.}, this backend is also used to
produce PDF output. Since the La@TeX{} output uses @file{hyperref} to
implement links and cross references, the PDF output file will be fully
linked.
@menu
* LaTeX/PDF export commands:: Which key invokes which commands
* Header and sectioning:: Setting up the export file structure
* Quoting LaTeX code:: Incorporating literal La@TeX{} code
* Tables in LaTeX export:: Options for exporting tables to La@TeX{}
* Images in LaTeX export:: How to insert figures into La@TeX{} output
* Beamer class export:: Turning the file into a presentation
@end menu
@node LaTeX/PDF export commands, Header and sectioning, LaTeX and PDF export, LaTeX and PDF export
@subsection La@TeX{} export commands
@cindex region, active
@cindex active region
@cindex transient-mark-mode
@table @kbd
@orgcmd{C-c C-e l,org-export-as-latex}
@cindex property EXPORT_FILE_NAME
Export as La@TeX{} file @file{myfile.tex}. For an Org file
@file{myfile.org}, the ASCII file will be @file{myfile.tex}. The file will
be overwritten without warning. If there is an active region@footnote{This
requires @code{transient-mark-mode} be turned on.}, only the region will be
exported. If the selected region is a single tree@footnote{To select the
current subtree, use @kbd{C-c @@}.}, the tree head will become the document
title. If the tree head entry has or inherits an @code{EXPORT_FILE_NAME}
property, that name will be used for the export.
@orgcmd{C-c C-e L,org-export-as-latex-to-buffer}
Export to a temporary buffer, do not create a file.
@item C-c C-e v l/L
Export only the visible part of the document.
@item M-x org-export-region-as-latex
Convert the region to La@TeX{} under the assumption that it was Org-mode
syntax before. This is a global command that can be invoked in any
buffer.
@item M-x org-replace-region-by-latex
Replace the active region (assumed to be in Org-mode syntax) by La@TeX{}
code.
@orgcmd{C-c C-e p,org-export-as-pdf}
Export as La@TeX{} and then process to PDF.
@orgcmd{C-c C-e d,org-export-as-pdf-and-open}
Export as La@TeX{} and then process to PDF, then open the resulting PDF file.
@end table
@cindex headline levels, for exporting
@vindex org-latex-low-levels
In the exported version, the first 3 outline levels will become
headlines, defining a general document structure. Additional levels
will be exported as description lists. The exporter can ignore them or
convert them to a custom string depending on
@code{org-latex-low-levels}.
If you want that transition to occur at a different level, specify it
with a numeric prefix argument. For example,
@example
@kbd{C-2 C-c C-e l}
@end example
@noindent
creates two levels of headings and does the rest as items.
@node Header and sectioning, Quoting LaTeX code, LaTeX/PDF export commands, LaTeX and PDF export
@subsection Header and sectioning structure
@cindex La@TeX{} class
@cindex La@TeX{} sectioning structure
@cindex La@TeX{} header
@cindex header, for LaTeX files
@cindex sectioning structure, for LaTeX export
By default, the La@TeX{} output uses the class @code{article}.
@vindex org-export-latex-default-class
@vindex org-export-latex-classes
@vindex org-export-latex-default-packages-alist
@vindex org-export-latex-packages-alist
@cindex #+LATEX_HEADER
@cindex #+LATEX_CLASS
@cindex #+LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS
@cindex property, LATEX_CLASS
@cindex property, LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS
You can change this globally by setting a different value for
@code{org-export-latex-default-class} or locally by adding an option like
@code{#+LaTeX_CLASS: myclass} in your file, or with a @code{:LaTeX_CLASS:}
property that applies when exporting a region containing only this (sub)tree.
The class must be listed in @code{org-export-latex-classes}. This variable
defines a header template for each class@footnote{Into which the values of
@code{org-export-latex-default-packages-alist} and
@code{org-export-latex-packages-alist} are spliced.}, and allows you to
define the sectioning structure for each class. You can also define your own
classes there. @code{#+LaTeX_CLASS_OPTIONS} or a @code{LaTeX_CLASS_OPTIONS}
property can specify the options for the @code{\documentclass} macro. You
can also use @code{#+LATEX_HEADER: \usepackage@{xyz@}} to add lines to the
header. See the docstring of @code{org-export-latex-classes} for more
information.
@node Quoting LaTeX code, Tables in LaTeX export, Header and sectioning, LaTeX and PDF export
@subsection Quoting La@TeX{} code
Embedded La@TeX{} as described in @ref{Embedded LaTeX}, will be correctly
inserted into the La@TeX{} file. This includes simple macros like
@samp{\ref@{LABEL@}} to create a cross reference to a figure. Furthermore,
you can add special code that should only be present in La@TeX{} export with
the following constructs:
@cindex #+LaTeX
@cindex #+BEGIN_LaTeX
@example
#+LaTeX: Literal LaTeX code for export
@end example
@noindent or
@cindex #+BEGIN_LaTeX
@example
#+BEGIN_LaTeX
All lines between these markers are exported literally
#+END_LaTeX
@end example
@node Tables in LaTeX export, Images in LaTeX export, Quoting LaTeX code, LaTeX and PDF export
@subsection Tables in La@TeX{} export
@cindex tables, in La@TeX{} export
For La@TeX{} export of a table, you can specify a label and a caption
(@pxref{Images and tables}). You can also use the @code{ATTR_LaTeX} line to
request a @code{longtable} environment for the table, so that it may span
several pages, or provide the @code{multicolumn} keyword that will make the
table span the page in a multicolumn environment (@code{table*} environment).
Finally, you can set the alignment string:
@cindex #+CAPTION
@cindex #+LABEL
@cindex #+ATTR_LaTeX
@example
#+CAPTION: A long table
#+LABEL: tbl:long
#+ATTR_LaTeX: longtable align=l|lp@{3cm@}r|l
| ..... | ..... |
| ..... | ..... |
@end example
@node Images in LaTeX export, Beamer class export, Tables in LaTeX export, LaTeX and PDF export
@subsection Images in La@TeX{} export
@cindex images, inline in La@TeX{}
@cindex inlining images in La@TeX{}
Images that are linked to without a description part in the link, like
@samp{[[file:img.jpg]]} or @samp{[[./img.jpg]]} will be inserted into the PDF
output file resulting from La@TeX{} processing. Org will use an
@code{\includegraphics} macro to insert the image. If you have specified a
caption and/or a label as described in @ref{Images and tables}, the figure
will be wrapped into a @code{figure} environment and thus become a floating
element. You can use an @code{#+ATTR_LaTeX:} line to specify the various
options that can be used in the optional argument of the
@code{\includegraphics} macro. To modify the placement option of the
@code{figure} environment, add something like @samp{placement=[h!]} to the
Attributes.
If you would like to let text flow around the image, add the word @samp{wrap}
to the @code{#+ATTR_LaTeX:} line, which will make the figure occupy the left
half of the page. To fine-tune, the @code{placement} field will be the set
of additional arguments needed by the @code{wrapfigure} environment. Note
that if you change the size of the image, you need to use compatible settings
for @code{\includegraphics} and @code{wrapfigure}.
@cindex #+CAPTION
@cindex #+LABEL
@cindex #+ATTR_LaTeX
@example
#+CAPTION: The black-body emission of the disk around HR 4049
#+LABEL: fig:SED-HR4049
#+ATTR_LaTeX: width=5cm,angle=90
[[./img/sed-hr4049.pdf]]
#+ATTR_LaTeX: width=0.38\textwidth wrap placement=@{r@}@{0.4\textwidth@}
[[./img/hst.png]]
@end example
If you need references to a label created in this way, write
@samp{\ref@{fig:SED-HR4049@}} just like in La@TeX{}.
@node Beamer class export, , Images in LaTeX export, LaTeX and PDF export
@subsection Beamer class export
The LaTeX class @file{beamer} allows production of high quality presentations
using LaTeX and pdf processing. Org-mode has special support for turning an
Org-mode file or tree into a @file{beamer} presentation.
When the LaTeX class for the current buffer (as set with @code{#+LaTeX_CLASS:
beamer}) or subtree (set with a @code{LaTeX_CLASS} property) is
@code{beamer}, a special export mode will turn the file or tree into a beamer
presentation. Any tree with not-too-deep level nesting should in principle be
exportable as a beamer presentation. By default, the top-level entries (or
the first level below the selected subtree heading) will be turned into
frames, and the outline structure below this level will become itemize lists.
You can also configure the variable @code{org-beamer-frame-level} to a
different level - then the hierarchy above frames will produce the sectioning
structure of the presentation.
A template for useful in-buffer settings or properties can be inserted into
the buffer with @kbd{M-x org-insert-beamer-options-template}. Among other
things, this will install a column view format which is very handy for
editing special properties used by beamer.
You can influence the structure of the presentation using the following
properties:
@table @code
@item BEAMER_env
The environment that should be used to format this entry. Valid environments
are defined in the constant @code{org-beamer-environments-default}, and you
can define more in @code{org-beamer-environments-extra}. If this property is
set, the entry will also get a @code{:B_environment:} tag to make this
visible. This tag has no semantic meaning, it is only a visual aid.
@item BEAMER_envargs
The beamer-special arguments that should be used for the environment, like
@code{[t]} or @code{[<+->]} of @code{<2-3>}. If the @code{BEAMER_col}
property is also set, something like @code{C[t]} can be added here as well to
set an options argument for the implied @code{columns} environment.
@code{c[t]} will set an option for the implied @code{column} environment.
@item BEAMER_col
The width of a column that should start with this entry. If this property is
set, the entry will also get a @code{:BMCOL:} property to make this visible.
Also this tag is only a visual aid. When this is a plain number, it will be
interpreted as a fraction of @code{\textwidth}. Otherwise it will be assumed
that you have specified the units, like @samp{3cm}. The first such property
in a frame will start a @code{columns} environment to surround the columns.
This environment is closed when an entry has a @code{BEAMER_col} property
with value 0 or 1, or automatically at the end of the frame.
@item BEAMER_extra
Additional commands that should be inserted after the environment has been
opened. For example, when creating a frame, this can be used to specify
transitions.
@end table
Frames will automatically receive a @code{fragile} option if they contain
source code that uses the verbatim environment. Special @file{beamer}
specific code can be inserted using @code{#+BEAMER:} and
@code{#+BEGIN_beamer...#+end_beamer} constructs, similar to other export
backends, but with the difference that @code{#+LaTeX:} stuff will be included
in the presentation as well.
Outline nodes with @code{BEAMER_env} property value @samp{note} or
@samp{noteNH} will be formatted as beamer notes, i,e, they will be wrapped
into @code{\note@{...@}}. The former will include the heading as part of the
note text, the latter will ignore the heading of that node. To simplify note
generation, it is actually enough to mark the note with a @emph{tag} (either
@code{:B_note:} or @code{:B_noteNH:}) instead of creating the
@code{BEAMER_env} property.
You can turn on a special minor mode @code{org-beamer-mode} for editing
support with
@example
#+STARTUP: beamer
@end example
@table @kbd
@orgcmd{C-c C-b,org-beamer-select-environment}
In @code{org-beamer-mode}, this key offers fast selection of a beamer
environment or the @code{BEAMER_col} property.
@end table
Column view provides a great way to set the environment of a node and other
important parameters. Make sure you are using a COLUMN format that is geared
toward this special purpose. The command @kbd{M-x
org-insert-beamer-options-template} defines such a format.
Here is a simple example Org document that is intended for beamer export.
@smallexample
#+LaTeX_CLASS: beamer
#+TITLE: Example Presentation
#+AUTHOR: Carsten Dominik
#+LaTeX_CLASS_OPTIONS: [presentation]
#+BEAMER_FRAME_LEVEL: 2
#+BEAMER_HEADER_EXTRA: \usetheme@{Madrid@}\usecolortheme@{default@}
#+COLUMNS: %35ITEM %10BEAMER_env(Env) %10BEAMER_envargs(Args) %4BEAMER_col(Col) %8BEAMER_extra(Ex)
* This is the first structural section
** Frame 1 \\ with a subtitle
*** Thanks to Eric Fraga :BMCOL:B_block:
:PROPERTIES:
:BEAMER_env: block
:BEAMER_envargs: C[t]
:BEAMER_col: 0.5
:END:
for the first viable beamer setup in Org
*** Thanks to everyone else :BMCOL:B_block:
:PROPERTIES:
:BEAMER_col: 0.5
:BEAMER_env: block
:BEAMER_envargs: <2->
:END:
for contributing to the discussion
**** This will be formatted as a beamer note :B_note:
** Frame 2 \\ where we will not use columns
*** Request :B_block:
Please test this stuff!
:PROPERTIES:
:BEAMER_env: block
:END:
@end smallexample
For more information, see the documentation on Worg.
@node DocBook export, TaskJuggler export, LaTeX and PDF export, Exporting
@section DocBook export
@cindex DocBook export
@cindex PDF export
@cindex Cui, Baoqiu
Org contains a DocBook exporter written by Baoqiu Cui. Once an Org file is
exported to DocBook format, it can be further processed to produce other
formats, including PDF, HTML, man pages, etc., using many available DocBook
tools and stylesheets.
Currently DocBook exporter only supports DocBook V5.0.
@menu
* DocBook export commands:: How to invoke DocBook export
* Quoting DocBook code:: Incorporating DocBook code in Org files
* Recursive sections:: Recursive sections in DocBook
* Tables in DocBook export:: Tables are exported as HTML tables
* Images in DocBook export:: How to insert figures into DocBook output
* Special characters:: How to handle special characters
@end menu
@node DocBook export commands, Quoting DocBook code, DocBook export, DocBook export
@subsection DocBook export commands
@cindex region, active
@cindex active region
@cindex transient-mark-mode
@table @kbd
@orgcmd{C-c C-e D,org-export-as-docbook}
@cindex property EXPORT_FILE_NAME
Export as DocBook file. For an Org file, @file{myfile.org}, the DocBook XML
file will be @file{myfile.xml}. The file will be overwritten without
warning. If there is an active region@footnote{This requires
@code{transient-mark-mode} to be turned on}, only the region will be
exported. If the selected region is a single tree@footnote{To select the
current subtree, use @kbd{C-c @@}.}, the tree head will become the document
title. If the tree head entry has, or inherits, an @code{EXPORT_FILE_NAME}
property, that name will be used for the export.
@orgcmd{C-c C-e V,org-export-as-docbook-pdf-and-open}
Export as DocBook file, process to PDF, then open the resulting PDF file.
@vindex org-export-docbook-xslt-proc-command
@vindex org-export-docbook-xsl-fo-proc-command
Note that, in order to produce PDF output based on exported DocBook file, you
need to have XSLT processor and XSL-FO processor software installed on your
system. Check variables @code{org-export-docbook-xslt-proc-command} and
@code{org-export-docbook-xsl-fo-proc-command}.
@vindex org-export-docbook-xslt-stylesheet
The stylesheet argument @code{%s} in variable
@code{org-export-docbook-xslt-proc-command} is replaced by the value of
variable @code{org-export-docbook-xslt-stylesheet}, which needs to be set by
the user. You can also overrule this global setting on a per-file basis by
adding an in-buffer setting @code{#+XSLT:} to the Org file.
@orgkey{C-c C-e v D}
Export only the visible part of the document.
@end table
@node Quoting DocBook code, Recursive sections, DocBook export commands, DocBook export
@subsection Quoting DocBook code
You can quote DocBook code in Org files and copy it verbatim into exported
DocBook file with the following constructs:
@cindex #+DOCBOOK
@cindex #+BEGIN_DOCBOOK
@example
#+DOCBOOK: Literal DocBook code for export
@end example
@noindent or
@cindex #+BEGIN_DOCBOOK
@example
#+BEGIN_DOCBOOK
All lines between these markers are exported by DocBook exporter
literally.
#+END_DOCBOOK
@end example
For example, you can use the following lines to include a DocBook warning
admonition. As to what this warning says, you should pay attention to the
document context when quoting DocBook code in Org files. You may make
exported DocBook XML files invalid by not quoting DocBook code correctly.
@example
#+BEGIN_DOCBOOK
<warning>
<para>You should know what you are doing when quoting DocBook XML code
in your Org file. Invalid DocBook XML file may be generated by
DocBook exporter if you are not careful!</para>
</warning>
#+END_DOCBOOK
@end example
@node Recursive sections, Tables in DocBook export, Quoting DocBook code, DocBook export
@subsection Recursive sections
@cindex DocBook recursive sections
DocBook exporter exports Org files as articles using the @code{article}
element in DocBook. Recursive sections, i.e. @code{section} elements, are
used in exported articles. Top level headlines in Org files are exported as
top level sections, and lower level headlines are exported as nested
sections. The entire structure of Org files will be exported completely, no
matter how many nested levels of headlines there are.
Using recursive sections makes it easy to port and reuse exported DocBook
code in other DocBook document types like @code{book} or @code{set}.
@node Tables in DocBook export, Images in DocBook export, Recursive sections, DocBook export
@subsection Tables in DocBook export
@cindex tables, in DocBook export
Tables in Org files are exported as HTML tables, which have been supported since
DocBook V4.3.
If a table does not have a caption, an informal table is generated using the
@code{informaltable} element; otherwise, a formal table will be generated
using the @code{table} element.
@node Images in DocBook export, Special characters, Tables in DocBook export, DocBook export
@subsection Images in DocBook export
@cindex images, inline in DocBook
@cindex inlining images in DocBook
Images that are linked to without a description part in the link, like
@samp{[[file:img.jpg]]} or @samp{[[./img.jpg]]}, will be exported to DocBook
using @code{mediaobject} elements. Each @code{mediaobject} element contains
an @code{imageobject} that wraps an @code{imagedata} element. If you have
specified a caption for an image as described in @ref{Images and tables}, a
@code{caption} element will be added in @code{mediaobject}. If a label is
also specified, it will be exported as an @code{xml:id} attribute of the
@code{mediaobject} element.
@vindex org-export-docbook-default-image-attributes
Image attributes supported by the @code{imagedata} element, like @code{align}
or @code{width}, can be specified in two ways: you can either customize
variable @code{org-export-docbook-default-image-attributes} or use the
@code{#+ATTR_DOCBOOK:} line. Attributes specified in variable
@code{org-export-docbook-default-image-attributes} are applied to all inline
images in the Org file to be exported (unless they are overridden by image
attributes specified in @code{#+ATTR_DOCBOOK:} lines).
The @code{#+ATTR_DOCBOOK:} line can be used to specify additional image
attributes or override default image attributes for individual images. If
the same attribute appears in both the @code{#+ATTR_DOCBOOK:} line and
variable @code{org-export-docbook-default-image-attributes}, the former
takes precedence. Here is an example about how image attributes can be
set:
@cindex #+CAPTION
@cindex #+LABEL
@cindex #+ATTR_DOCBOOK
@example
#+CAPTION: The logo of Org-mode
#+LABEL: unicorn-svg
#+ATTR_DOCBOOK: scalefit="1" width="100%" depth="100%"
[[./img/org-mode-unicorn.svg]]
@end example
@vindex org-export-docbook-inline-image-extensions
By default, DocBook exporter recognizes the following image file types:
@file{jpeg}, @file{jpg}, @file{png}, @file{gif}, and @file{svg}. You can
customize variable @code{org-export-docbook-inline-image-extensions} to add
more types to this list as long as DocBook supports them.
@node Special characters, , Images in DocBook export, DocBook export
@subsection Special characters in DocBook export
@cindex Special characters in DocBook export
@vindex org-export-docbook-doctype
@vindex org-entities
Special characters that are written in @TeX{}-like syntax, such as @code{\alpha},
@code{\Gamma}, and @code{\Zeta}, are supported by DocBook exporter. These
characters are rewritten to XML entities, like @code{α},
@code{Γ}, and @code{Ζ}, based on the list saved in variable
@code{org-entities}. As long as the generated DocBook file includes the
corresponding entities, these special characters are recognized.
You can customize variable @code{org-export-docbook-doctype} to include the
entities you need. For example, you can set variable
@code{org-export-docbook-doctype} to the following value to recognize all
special characters included in XHTML entities:
@example
"<!DOCTYPE article [
<!ENTITY % xhtml1-symbol PUBLIC
\"-//W3C//ENTITIES Symbol for HTML//EN//XML\"
\"http://www.w3.org/2003/entities/2007/xhtml1-symbol.ent\"
>
%xhtml1-symbol;
]>
"
@end example
@node TaskJuggler export, Freemind export, DocBook export, Exporting
@section TaskJuggler export
@cindex TaskJuggler export
@cindex Project management
@uref{http://www.taskjuggler.org/, TaskJuggler} is a project management tool.
It provides an optimizing scheduler that computes your project time lines and
resource assignments based on the project outline and the constraints that
you have provided.
The TaskJuggler exporter is a bit different from other exporters, such as the
HTML and LaTeX exporters for example, in that it does not export all the
nodes of a document or strictly follow the order of the nodes in the
document.
Instead the TaskJuggler exporter looks for a tree that defines the tasks and
a optionally tree that defines the resources for this project. It then
creates a TaskJuggler file based on these trees and the attributes defined in
all the nodes.
@subsection TaskJuggler export commands
@table @kbd
@orgcmd{C-c C-e j,org-export-as-taskjuggler}
Export as TaskJuggler file.
@orgcmd{C-c C-e J,org-export-as-taskjuggler-and-open}
Export as TaskJuggler file and then open the file with TaskJugglerUI.
@end table
@subsection Tasks
@vindex org-export-taskjuggler-project-tag
Create your tasks as you usually do with Org-mode. Assign efforts to each
task using properties (it's easiest to do this in the column view). You
should end up with something similar to the example by Peter Jones in
@url{http://www.contextualdevelopment.com/static/artifacts/articles/2008/project-planning/project-planning.org}.
Now mark the top node of your tasks with a tag named
@code{:taskjuggler_project:} (or whatever you customized
@code{org-export-taskjuggler-project-tag} to). You are now ready to export
the project plan with @kbd{C-c C-e J} which will export the project plan and
open a gantt chart in TaskJugglerUI.
@subsection Resources
@vindex org-export-taskjuggler-resource-tag
Next you can define resources and assign those to work on specific tasks. You
can group your resources hierarchically. Tag the top node of the resources
with @code{:taskjuggler_resource:} (or whatever you customized
@code{org-export-taskjuggler-resource-tag} to). You can optionally assign an
identifier (named @samp{resource_id}) to the resources (using the standard
Org properties commands, @pxref{Property syntax}) or you can let the exporter
generate identifiers automatically (the exporter picks the first word of the
headline as the identifier as long as it is unique, see the documentation of
@code{org-taskjuggler-get-unique-id}). Using that identifier you can then
allocate resources to tasks. This is again done with the @samp{allocate}
property on the tasks. Do this in column view or when on the task type
@kbd{C-c C-x p allocate @key{RET} <resource_id> @key{RET}}.
Once the allocations are done you can again export to TaskJuggler and check
in the Resource Allocation Graph which person is working on what task at what
time.
@subsection Export of properties
The exporter also takes TODO state information into consideration, i.e. if a
task is marked as done it will have the corresponding attribute in
TaskJuggler (@samp{complete 100}). Also it will export any property on a task
resource or resource node which is known to TaskJuggler, such as
@samp{limits}, @samp{vacation}, @samp{shift}, @samp{booking},
@samp{efficiency}, @samp{journalentry}, @samp{rate} for resources or
@samp{account}, @samp{start}, @samp{note}, @samp{duration}, @samp{end},
@samp{journalentry}, @samp{milestone}, @samp{reference}, @samp{responsible},
@samp{scheduling}, etc for tasks.
@subsection Dependencies
The exporter will handle dependencies that are defined in the tasks either
with the @samp{ORDERED} attribute (@pxref{TODO dependencies}), with the
@samp{BLOCKER} attribute (see org-depend.el) or alternatively with a
@samp{depends} attribute. Both the @samp{BLOCKER} and the @samp{depends}
attribute can be either @samp{previous-sibling} or a reference to an
identifier (named @samp{task_id}) which is defined for another task in the
project. @samp{BLOCKER} and the @samp{depends} attribute can define multiple
dependencies separated by either space or comma. You can also specify
optional attributes on the dependency by simply appending it. The following
examples should illustrate this:
@example
* Preparation
:PROPERTIES:
:task_id: preparation
:ORDERED: t
:END:
* Training material
:PROPERTIES:
:task_id: training_material
:ORDERED: t
:END:
** Markup Guidelines
:PROPERTIES:
:Effort: 2.0
:END:
** Workflow Guidelines
:PROPERTIES:
:Effort: 2.0
:END:
* Presentation
:PROPERTIES:
:Effort: 2.0
:BLOCKER: training_material @{ gapduration 1d @} preparation
:END:
@end example
@subsection Reports
@vindex org-export-taskjuggler-default-reports
TaskJuggler can produce many kinds of reports (e.g. gantt chart, resource
allocation, etc). The user defines what kind of reports should be generated
for a project in the TaskJuggler file. The exporter will automatically insert
some default reports in the file. These defaults are defined in
@code{org-export-taskjuggler-default-reports}. They can be modified using
customize along with a number of other options. For a more complete list, see
@kbd{M-x customize-group @key{RET} org-export-taskjuggler @key{RET}}.
For more information and examples see the Org-taskjuggler tutorial at
@uref{http://orgmode.org/worg/org-tutorials/org-taskjuggler.php}.
@node Freemind export, XOXO export, TaskJuggler export, Exporting
@section Freemind export
@cindex Freemind export
@cindex mind map
The Freemind exporter was written by Lennart Borgman.
@table @kbd
@orgcmd{C-c C-e m,org-export-as-freemind}
Export as Freemind mind map @file{myfile.mm}.
@end table
@node XOXO export, iCalendar export, Freemind export, Exporting
@section XOXO export
@cindex XOXO export
Org-mode contains an exporter that produces XOXO-style output.
Currently, this exporter only handles the general outline structure and
does not interpret any additional Org-mode features.
@table @kbd
@orgcmd{C-c C-e x,org-export-as-xoxo}
Export as XOXO file @file{myfile.html}.
@orgkey{C-c C-e v x}
Export only the visible part of the document.
@end table
@node iCalendar export, , XOXO export, Exporting
@section iCalendar export
@cindex iCalendar export
@vindex org-icalendar-include-todo
@vindex org-icalendar-use-deadline
@vindex org-icalendar-use-scheduled
@vindex org-icalendar-categories
@vindex org-icalendar-alarm-time
Some people use Org-mode for keeping track of projects, but still prefer a
standard calendar application for anniversaries and appointments. In this
case it can be useful to show deadlines and other time-stamped items in Org
files in the calendar application. Org-mode can export calendar information
in the standard iCalendar format. If you also want to have TODO entries
included in the export, configure the variable
@code{org-icalendar-include-todo}. Plain timestamps are exported as VEVENT,
and TODO items as VTODO. It will also create events from deadlines that are
in non-TODO items. Deadlines and scheduling dates in TODO items will be used
to set the start and due dates for the TODO entry@footnote{See the variables
@code{org-icalendar-use-deadline} and @code{org-icalendar-use-scheduled}.}.
As categories, it will use the tags locally defined in the heading, and the
file/tree category@footnote{To add inherited tags or the TODO state,
configure the variable @code{org-icalendar-categories}.}. See the variable
@code{org-icalendar-alarm-time} for a way to assign alarms to entries with a
time.
@vindex org-icalendar-store-UID
@cindex property, ID
The iCalendar standard requires each entry to have a globally unique
identifier (UID). Org creates these identifiers during export. If you set
the variable @code{org-icalendar-store-UID}, the UID will be stored in the
@code{:ID:} property of the entry and re-used next time you report this
entry. Since a single entry can give rise to multiple iCalendar entries (as
a timestamp, a deadline, a scheduled item, and as a TODO item), Org adds
prefixes to the UID, depending on what triggered the inclusion of the entry.
In this way the UID remains unique, but a synchronization program can still
figure out from which entry all the different instances originate.
@table @kbd
@orgcmd{C-c C-e i,org-export-icalendar-this-file}
Create iCalendar entries for the current file and store them in the same
directory, using a file extension @file{.ics}.
@orgcmd{C-c C-e I, org-export-icalendar-all-agenda-files}
@vindex org-agenda-files
Like @kbd{C-c C-e i}, but do this for all files in
@code{org-agenda-files}. For each of these files, a separate iCalendar
file will be written.
@orgcmd{C-c C-e c,org-export-icalendar-combine-agenda-files}
@vindex org-combined-agenda-icalendar-file
Create a single large iCalendar file from all files in
@code{org-agenda-files} and write it to the file given by
@code{org-combined-agenda-icalendar-file}.
@end table
@vindex org-use-property-inheritance
@vindex org-icalendar-include-body
@cindex property, SUMMARY
@cindex property, DESCRIPTION
@cindex property, LOCATION
The export will honor SUMMARY, DESCRIPTION and LOCATION@footnote{The LOCATION
property can be inherited from higher in the hierarchy if you configure
@code{org-use-property-inheritance} accordingly.} properties if the selected
entries have them. If not, the summary will be derived from the headline,
and the description from the body (limited to
@code{org-icalendar-include-body} characters).
How this calendar is best read and updated, depends on the application
you are using. The FAQ covers this issue.
@node Publishing, Working With Source Code, Exporting, Top
@chapter Publishing
@cindex publishing
Org includes a publishing management system that allows you to configure
automatic HTML conversion of @emph{projects} composed of interlinked org
files. You can also configure Org to automatically upload your exported HTML
pages and related attachments, such as images and source code files, to a web
server.
You can also use Org to convert files into PDF, or even combine HTML and PDF
conversion so that files are available in both formats on the server.
Publishing has been contributed to Org by David O'Toole.
@menu
* Configuration:: Defining projects
* Uploading files:: How to get files up on the server
* Sample configuration:: Example projects
* Triggering publication:: Publication commands
@end menu
@node Configuration, Uploading files, Publishing, Publishing
@section Configuration
Publishing needs significant configuration to specify files, destination
and many other properties of a project.
@menu
* Project alist:: The central configuration variable
* Sources and destinations:: From here to there
* Selecting files:: What files are part of the project?
* Publishing action:: Setting the function doing the publishing
* Publishing options:: Tweaking HTML export
* Publishing links:: Which links keep working after publishing?
* Sitemap:: Generating a list of all pages
* Generating an index:: An index that reaches across pages
@end menu
@node Project alist, Sources and destinations, Configuration, Configuration
@subsection The variable @code{org-publish-project-alist}
@cindex org-publish-project-alist
@cindex projects, for publishing
@vindex org-publish-project-alist
Publishing is configured almost entirely through setting the value of one
variable, called @code{org-publish-project-alist}. Each element of the list
configures one project, and may be in one of the two following forms:
@lisp
("project-name" :property value :property value ...)
@r{i.e. a well-formed property list with alternating keys and values}
@r{or}
("project-name" :components ("project-name" "project-name" ...))
@end lisp
In both cases, projects are configured by specifying property values. A
project defines the set of files that will be published, as well as the
publishing configuration to use when publishing those files. When a project
takes the second form listed above, the individual members of the
@code{:components} property are taken to be sub-projects, which group
together files requiring different publishing options. When you publish such
a ``meta-project'', all the components will also be published, in the
sequence given.
@node Sources and destinations, Selecting files, Project alist, Configuration
@subsection Sources and destinations for files
@cindex directories, for publishing
Most properties are optional, but some should always be set. In
particular, Org needs to know where to look for source files,
and where to put published files.
@multitable @columnfractions 0.3 0.7
@item @code{:base-directory}
@tab Directory containing publishing source files
@item @code{:publishing-directory}
@tab Directory where output files will be published. You can directly
publish to a webserver using a file name syntax appropriate for
the Emacs @file{tramp} package. Or you can publish to a local directory and
use external tools to upload your website (@pxref{Uploading files}).
@item @code{:preparation-function}
@tab Function or list of functions to be called before starting the
publishing process, for example, to run @code{make} for updating files to be
published. The project property list is scoped into this call as the
variable @code{project-plist}.
@item @code{:completion-function}
@tab Function or list of functions called after finishing the publishing
process, for example, to change permissions of the resulting files. The
project property list is scoped into this call as the variable
@code{project-plist}.
@end multitable
@noindent
@node Selecting files, Publishing action, Sources and destinations, Configuration
@subsection Selecting files
@cindex files, selecting for publishing
By default, all files with extension @file{.org} in the base directory
are considered part of the project. This can be modified by setting the
properties
@multitable @columnfractions 0.25 0.75
@item @code{:base-extension}
@tab Extension (without the dot!) of source files. This actually is a
regular expression. Set this to the symbol @code{any} if you want to get all
files in @code{:base-directory}, even without extension.
@item @code{:exclude}
@tab Regular expression to match file names that should not be
published, even though they have been selected on the basis of their
extension.
@item @code{:include}
@tab List of files to be included regardless of @code{:base-extension}
and @code{:exclude}.
@end multitable
@node Publishing action, Publishing options, Selecting files, Configuration
@subsection Publishing action
@cindex action, for publishing
Publishing means that a file is copied to the destination directory and
possibly transformed in the process. The default transformation is to export
Org files as HTML files, and this is done by the function
@code{org-publish-org-to-html} which calls the HTML exporter (@pxref{HTML
export}). But you also can publish your content as PDF files using
@code{org-publish-org-to-pdf}, or as @code{ascii}, @code{latin1} or
@code{utf8} encoded files using the corresponding functions. If you want to
publish the Org file itself, but with @i{archived}, @i{commented}, and
@i{tag-excluded} trees removed, use @code{org-publish-org-to-org} and set the
parameters @code{:plain-source} and/or @code{:htmlized-source}. This will
produce @file{file.org} and @file{file.org.html} in the publishing
directory@footnote{@file{file-source.org} and @file{file-source.org.html} if
source and publishing directories are equal. Note that with this kind of
setup, you need to add @code{:exclude "-source\\.org"} to the project
definition in @code{org-publish-project-alist} to avoid that the published
source files will be considered as new org files the next time the project is
published.}. Other files like images only need to be copied to the
publishing destination, for this you may use @code{org-publish-attachment}.
For non-Org files, you always need to specify the publishing function:
@multitable @columnfractions 0.3 0.7
@item @code{:publishing-function}
@tab Function executing the publication of a file. This may also be a
list of functions, which will all be called in turn.
@item @code{:plain-source}
@tab Non-nil means, publish plain source.
@item @code{:htmlized-source}
@tab Non-nil means, publish htmlized source.
@end multitable
The function must accept three arguments: a property list containing at least
a @code{:publishing-directory} property, the name of the file to be
published, and the path to the publishing directory of the output file. It
should take the specified file, make the necessary transformation (if any)
and place the result into the destination folder.
@node Publishing options, Publishing links, Publishing action, Configuration
@subsection Options for the HTML/La@TeX{} exporters
@cindex options, for publishing
The property list can be used to set many export options for the HTML
and La@TeX{} exporters. In most cases, these properties correspond to user
variables in Org. The table below lists these properties along
with the variable they belong to. See the documentation string for the
respective variable for details.
@vindex org-export-html-link-up
@vindex org-export-html-link-home
@vindex org-export-default-language
@vindex org-display-custom-times
@vindex org-export-headline-levels
@vindex org-export-with-section-numbers
@vindex org-export-section-number-format
@vindex org-export-with-toc
@vindex org-export-preserve-breaks
@vindex org-export-with-archived-trees
@vindex org-export-with-emphasize
@vindex org-export-with-sub-superscripts
@vindex org-export-with-special-strings
@vindex org-export-with-footnotes
@vindex org-export-with-drawers
@vindex org-export-with-tags
@vindex org-export-with-todo-keywords
@vindex org-export-with-priority
@vindex org-export-with-TeX-macros
@vindex org-export-with-LaTeX-fragments
@vindex org-export-skip-text-before-1st-heading
@vindex org-export-with-fixed-width
@vindex org-export-with-timestamps
@vindex org-export-author-info
@vindex org-export-email
@vindex org-export-creator-info
@vindex org-export-with-tables
@vindex org-export-highlight-first-table-line
@vindex org-export-html-style-include-default
@vindex org-export-html-style
@vindex org-export-html-style-extra
@vindex org-export-html-link-org-files-as-html
@vindex org-export-html-inline-images
@vindex org-export-html-extension
@vindex org-export-html-table-tag
@vindex org-export-html-expand
@vindex org-export-html-with-timestamp
@vindex org-export-publishing-directory
@vindex org-export-html-preamble
@vindex org-export-html-postamble
@vindex org-export-html-auto-preamble
@vindex org-export-html-auto-postamble
@vindex user-full-name
@vindex user-mail-address
@vindex org-export-select-tags
@vindex org-export-exclude-tags
@multitable @columnfractions 0.32 0.68
@item @code{:link-up} @tab @code{org-export-html-link-up}
@item @code{:link-home} @tab @code{org-export-html-link-home}
@item @code{:language} @tab @code{org-export-default-language}
@item @code{:customtime} @tab @code{org-display-custom-times}
@item @code{:headline-levels} @tab @code{org-export-headline-levels}
@item @code{:section-numbers} @tab @code{org-export-with-section-numbers}
@item @code{:section-number-format} @tab @code{org-export-section-number-format}
@item @code{:table-of-contents} @tab @code{org-export-with-toc}
@item @code{:preserve-breaks} @tab @code{org-export-preserve-breaks}
@item @code{:archived-trees} @tab @code{org-export-with-archived-trees}
@item @code{:emphasize} @tab @code{org-export-with-emphasize}
@item @code{:sub-superscript} @tab @code{org-export-with-sub-superscripts}
@item @code{:special-strings} @tab @code{org-export-with-special-strings}
@item @code{:footnotes} @tab @code{org-export-with-footnotes}
@item @code{:drawers} @tab @code{org-export-with-drawers}
@item @code{:tags} @tab @code{org-export-with-tags}
@item @code{:todo-keywords} @tab @code{org-export-with-todo-keywords}
@item @code{:priority} @tab @code{org-export-with-priority}
@item @code{:TeX-macros} @tab @code{org-export-with-TeX-macros}
@item @code{:LaTeX-fragments} @tab @code{org-export-with-LaTeX-fragments}
@item @code{:latex-listings} @tab @code{org-export-latex-listings}
@item @code{:skip-before-1st-heading} @tab @code{org-export-skip-text-before-1st-heading}
@item @code{:fixed-width} @tab @code{org-export-with-fixed-width}
@item @code{:timestamps} @tab @code{org-export-with-timestamps}
@item @code{:author-info} @tab @code{org-export-author-info}
@item @code{:email-info} @tab @code{org-export-email-info}
@item @code{:creator-info} @tab @code{org-export-creator-info}
@item @code{:tables} @tab @code{org-export-with-tables}
@item @code{:table-auto-headline} @tab @code{org-export-highlight-first-table-line}
@item @code{:style-include-default} @tab @code{org-export-html-style-include-default}
@item @code{:style} @tab @code{org-export-html-style}
@item @code{:style-extra} @tab @code{org-export-html-style-extra}
@item @code{:convert-org-links} @tab @code{org-export-html-link-org-files-as-html}
@item @code{:inline-images} @tab @code{org-export-html-inline-images}
@item @code{:html-extension} @tab @code{org-export-html-extension}
@item @code{:xml-declaration} @tab @code{org-export-html-xml-declaration}
@item @code{:html-table-tag} @tab @code{org-export-html-table-tag}
@item @code{:expand-quoted-html} @tab @code{org-export-html-expand}
@item @code{:timestamp} @tab @code{org-export-html-with-timestamp}
@item @code{:publishing-directory} @tab @code{org-export-publishing-directory}
@item @code{:preamble} @tab @code{org-export-html-preamble}
@item @code{:postamble} @tab @code{org-export-html-postamble}
@item @code{:auto-preamble} @tab @code{org-export-html-auto-preamble}
@item @code{:auto-postamble} @tab @code{org-export-html-auto-postamble}
@item @code{:author} @tab @code{user-full-name}
@item @code{:email} @tab @code{user-mail-address} : @code{addr;addr;..}
@item @code{:select-tags} @tab @code{org-export-select-tags}
@item @code{:exclude-tags} @tab @code{org-export-exclude-tags}
@item @code{:latex-image-options} @tab @code{org-export-latex-image-default-option}
@end multitable
Most of the @code{org-export-with-*} variables have the same effect in
both HTML and La@TeX{} exporters, except for @code{:TeX-macros} and
@code{:LaTeX-fragments}, respectively @code{nil} and @code{t} in the
La@TeX{} export.
@vindex org-publish-project-alist
When a property is given a value in @code{org-publish-project-alist},
its setting overrides the value of the corresponding user variable (if
any) during publishing. Options set within a file (@pxref{Export
options}), however, override everything.
@node Publishing links, Sitemap, Publishing options, Configuration
@subsection Links between published files
@cindex links, publishing
To create a link from one Org file to another, you would use
something like @samp{[[file:foo.org][The foo]]} or simply
@samp{file:foo.org.} (@pxref{Hyperlinks}). When published, this link
becomes a link to @file{foo.html}. In this way, you can interlink the
pages of your "org web" project and the links will work as expected when
you publish them to HTML. If you also publish the Org source file and want
to link to that, use an @code{http:} link instead of a @code{file:} link,
because @code{file:} links are converted to link to the corresponding
@file{html} file.
You may also link to related files, such as images. Provided you are careful
with relative file names, and provided you have also configured Org to upload
the related files, these links will work too. See @ref{Complex example}, for
an example of this usage.
Sometimes an Org file to be published may contain links that are
only valid in your production environment, but not in the publishing
location. In this case, use the property
@multitable @columnfractions 0.4 0.6
@item @code{:link-validation-function}
@tab Function to validate links
@end multitable
@noindent
to define a function for checking link validity. This function must
accept two arguments, the file name and a directory relative to which
the file name is interpreted in the production environment. If this
function returns @code{nil}, then the HTML generator will only insert a
description into the HTML file, but no link. One option for this
function is @code{org-publish-validate-link} which checks if the given
file is part of any project in @code{org-publish-project-alist}.
@node Sitemap, Generating an index, Publishing links, Configuration
@subsection Generating a sitemap
@cindex sitemap, of published pages
The following properties may be used to control publishing of
a map of files for a given project.
@multitable @columnfractions 0.35 0.65
@item @code{:auto-sitemap}
@tab When non-nil, publish a sitemap during @code{org-publish-current-project}
or @code{org-publish-all}.
@item @code{:sitemap-filename}
@tab Filename for output of sitemap. Defaults to @file{sitemap.org} (which
becomes @file{sitemap.html}).
@item @code{:sitemap-title}
@tab Title of sitemap page. Defaults to name of file.
@item @code{:sitemap-function}
@tab Plug-in function to use for generation of the sitemap.
Defaults to @code{org-publish-org-sitemap}, which generates a plain list
of links to all files in the project.
@item @code{:sitemap-sort-folders}
@tab Where folders should appear in the sitemap. Set this to @code{first}
(default) or @code{last} to display folders first or last,
respectively. Any other value will mix files and folders.
@item @code{:sitemap-alphabetically}
@tab The site map is normally sorted alphabetically. Set this explicitly to
@code{nil} to turn off sorting.
@item @code{:sitemap-ignore-case}
@tab Should sorting be case-sensitive? Default @code{nil}.
@end multitable
@node Generating an index, , Sitemap, Configuration
@subsection Generating an index
@cindex index, in a publishing project
Org-mode can generate an index across the files of a publishing project.
@multitable @columnfractions 0.25 0.75
@item @code{:makeindex}
@tab When non-nil, generate in index in the file @file{theindex.org} and
publish it as @file{theindex.html}.
@end multitable
The file will be create when first publishing a project with the
@code{:makeindex} set. The file only contains a statement @code{#+include:
"theindex.inc"}. You can then built around this include statement by adding
a title, style information etc.
@node Uploading files, Sample configuration, Configuration, Publishing
@section Uploading files
@cindex rsync
@cindex unison
For those people already utilizing third party sync tools such as
@command{rsync} or @command{unison}, it might be preferable not to use the built in
@i{remote} publishing facilities of Org-mode which rely heavily on
Tramp. Tramp, while very useful and powerful, tends not to be
so efficient for multiple file transfer and has been known to cause problems
under heavy usage.
Specialized synchronization utilities offer several advantages. In addition
to timestamp comparison, they also do content and permissions/attribute
checks. For this reason you might prefer to publish your web to a local
directory (possibly even @i{in place} with your Org files) and then use
@file{unison} or @file{rsync} to do the synchronization with the remote host.
Since Unison (for example) can be configured as to which files to transfer to
a certain remote destination, it can greatly simplify the project publishing
definition. Simply keep all files in the correct location, process your Org
files with @code{org-publish} and let the synchronization tool do the rest.
You do not need, in this scenario, to include attachments such as @file{jpg},
@file{css} or @file{gif} files in the project definition since the 3rd party
tool syncs them.
Publishing to a local directory is also much faster than to a remote one, so
that you can afford more easily to republish entire projects. If you set
@code{org-publish-use-timestamps-flag} to @code{nil}, you gain the main
benefit of re-including any changed external files such as source example
files you might include with @code{#+INCLUDE}. The timestamp mechanism in
Org is not smart enough to detect if included files have been modified.
@node Sample configuration, Triggering publication, Uploading files, Publishing
@section Sample configuration
Below we provide two example configurations. The first one is a simple
project publishing only a set of Org files. The second example is
more complex, with a multi-component project.
@menu
* Simple example:: One-component publishing
* Complex example:: A multi-component publishing example
@end menu
@node Simple example, Complex example, Sample configuration, Sample configuration
@subsection Example: simple publishing configuration
This example publishes a set of Org files to the @file{public_html}
directory on the local machine.
@lisp
(setq org-publish-project-alist
'(("org"
:base-directory "~/org/"
:publishing-directory "~/public_html"
:section-numbers nil
:table-of-contents nil
:style "<link rel=\"stylesheet\"
href=\"../other/mystyle.css\"
type=\"text/css\"/>")))
@end lisp
@node Complex example, , Simple example, Sample configuration
@subsection Example: complex publishing configuration
This more complicated example publishes an entire website, including
Org files converted to HTML, image files, Emacs Lisp source code, and
style sheets. The publishing directory is remote and private files are
excluded.
To ensure that links are preserved, care should be taken to replicate
your directory structure on the web server, and to use relative file
paths. For example, if your Org files are kept in @file{~/org} and your
publishable images in @file{~/images}, you would link to an image with
@c
@example
file:../images/myimage.png
@end example
@c
On the web server, the relative path to the image should be the
same. You can accomplish this by setting up an "images" folder in the
right place on the web server, and publishing images to it.
@lisp
(setq org-publish-project-alist
'(("orgfiles"
:base-directory "~/org/"
:base-extension "org"
:publishing-directory "/ssh:user@@host:~/html/notebook/"
:publishing-function org-publish-org-to-html
:exclude "PrivatePage.org" ;; regexp
:headline-levels 3
:section-numbers nil
:table-of-contents nil
:style "<link rel=\"stylesheet\"
href=\"../other/mystyle.css\" type=\"text/css\"/>"
:auto-preamble t
:auto-postamble nil)
("images"
:base-directory "~/images/"
:base-extension "jpg\\|gif\\|png"
:publishing-directory "/ssh:user@@host:~/html/images/"
:publishing-function org-publish-attachment)
("other"
:base-directory "~/other/"
:base-extension "css\\|el"
:publishing-directory "/ssh:user@@host:~/html/other/"
:publishing-function org-publish-attachment)
("website" :components ("orgfiles" "images" "other"))))
@end lisp
@node Triggering publication, , Sample configuration, Publishing
@section Triggering publication
Once properly configured, Org can publish with the following commands:
@table @kbd
@orgcmd{C-c C-e X,org-publish}
Prompt for a specific project and publish all files that belong to it.
@orgcmd{C-c C-e P,org-publish-current-project}
Publish the project containing the current file.
@orgcmd{C-c C-e F,org-publish-current-file}
Publish only the current file.
@orgcmd{C-c C-e E,org-publish-all}
Publish every project.
@end table
@vindex org-publish-use-timestamps-flag
Org uses timestamps to track when a file has changed. The above functions
normally only publish changed files. You can override this and force
publishing of all files by giving a prefix argument to any of the commands
above, or by customizing the variable @code{org-publish-use-timestamps-flag}.
This may be necessary in particular if files include other files via
@code{#+SETUPFILE:} or @code{#+INCLUDE:}.
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
@comment Working With Source Code, Miscellaneous, Publishing, Top
@node Working With Source Code, Miscellaneous, Publishing, Top
@chapter Working with source code
@cindex Schulte, Eric
@cindex Davison, Dan
@cindex source code, working with
Source code can be included in Org-mode documents using a @samp{src} block,
e.g.
@example
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
(defun org-xor (a b)
"Exclusive or."
(if a (not b) b))
#+END_SRC
@end example
Org-mode provides a number of features for working with live source code,
including editing of code blocks in their native major-mode, evaluation of
code blocks, tangling of code blocks, and exporting code blocks and their
results in several formats. This functionality was contributed by Eric
Schulte and Dan Davison, and was originally named Org-babel.
The following sections describe Org-mode's code block handling facilities.
@menu
* Structure of code blocks:: Code block syntax described
* Editing source code:: Language major-mode editing
* Exporting code blocks:: Export contents and/or results
* Extracting source code:: Create pure source code files
* Evaluating code blocks:: Place results of evaluation in the Org-mode buffer
* Library of Babel:: Use and contribute to a library of useful code blocks
* Languages:: List of supported code block languages
* Header arguments:: Configure code block functionality
* Results of evaluation:: How evaluation results are handled
* Noweb reference syntax:: Literate programming in Org-mode
* Key bindings and useful functions:: Work quickly with code blocks
* Batch execution:: Call functions from the command line
@end menu
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
@comment Structure of code blocks, Editing source code, Working With Source Code, Working With Source Code
@node Structure of code blocks, Editing source code, Working With Source Code, Working With Source Code
@section Structure of code blocks
@cindex code block, structure
@cindex source code, block structure
The structure of code blocks is as follows:
@example
#+srcname: <name>
#+begin_src <language> <switches> <header arguments>
<body>
#+end_src
@end example
code blocks can also be embedded in text as so called inline code blocks as
@example
src_<language>@{<body>@}
@end example
or
@example
src_<language>[<header arguments>]@{<body>@}
@end example
@table @code
@item <name>
This name is associated with the code block. This is similar to the
@samp{#+tblname} lines that can be used to name tables in Org-mode files.
Referencing the name of a code block makes it possible to evaluate the
block from other places in the file, other files, or from Org-mode table
formulas (see @ref{The spreadsheet}).
@item <language>
The language of the code in the block.
@item <switches>
Switches controlling exportation of the code block (see switches discussion in
@ref{Literal examples})
@item <header arguments>
Optional header arguments control many aspects of evaluation, export and
tangling of code blocks. See the @ref{Header arguments}
section. Header arguments can also be set on a per-buffer or per-subtree
basis using properties.
@item <body>
The source code.
@end table
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
@comment Editing source code, Exporting code blocks, Structure of code blocks, Working With Source Code
@node Editing source code, Exporting code blocks, Structure of code blocks, Working With Source Code
@section Editing source code
@cindex code block, editing
@cindex source code, editing
@kindex C-c '
Use @kbd{C-c '} to edit the current code block. This brings up
a language major-mode edit buffer containing the body of the code
block. Saving this buffer will write the new contents back to the Org
buffer. Use @kbd{C-c '} again to exit.
The @code{org-src-mode} minor mode will be active in the edit buffer. The
following variables can be used to configure the behavior of the edit
buffer. See also the customization group @code{org-edit-structure} for
further configuration options.
@table @code
@item org-src-lang-modes
If an Emacs major-mode named @code{<lang>-mode} exists, where
@code{<lang>} is the language named in the header line of the code block,
then the edit buffer will be placed in that major-mode. This variable
can be used to map arbitrary language names to existing major modes.
@item org-src-window-setup
Controls the way Emacs windows are rearranged when the edit buffer is created.
@item org-src-preserve-indentation
This variable is especially useful for tangling languages such as
python, in which whitespace indentation in the output is critical.
@item org-src-ask-before-returning-to-edit-buffer
By default, Org will ask before returning to an open edit buffer. Set
this variable to nil to switch without asking.
@end table
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
@comment Exporting code blocks, Extracting source code, Editing source code, Working With Source Code
@node Exporting code blocks, Extracting source code, Editing source code, Working With Source Code
@section Exporting code blocks
@cindex code block, exporting
@cindex source code, exporting
It is possible to export the @emph{contents} of code blocks, the
@emph{results} of code block evaluation, @emph{neither}, or @emph{both}. For
most languages, the default exports the contents of code blocks. However, for
some languages (e.g. @code{ditaa}) the default exports the results of code
block evaluation. For information on exporting code block bodies, see
@ref{Literal examples}.
The @code{:exports} header argument can be used to specify export
behavior:
@subsubheading Header arguments:
@table @code
@item :exports code
The default in most languages. The body of the code block is exported, as
described in @ref{Literal examples}.
@item :exports results
The code block will be evaluated and the results will be placed in the
Org-mode buffer for export, either updating previous results of the code
block located anywhere in the buffer or, if no previous results exist,
placing the results immediately after the code block. The body of the code
block will not be exported.
@item :exports both
Both the code block and its results will be exported.
@item :exports none
Neither the code block nor its results will be exported.
@end table
It is possible to inhibit the evaluation of code blocks during export.
Setting the the @code{org-export-babel-evaluate} variable to @code{nil} will
ensure that no code blocks are evaluated as part of the export process. This
can be useful in situations where potentially untrusted Org-mode files are
exported in an automated fashion, for example when Org-mode is used as the
markup language for a wiki.
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
@comment Extracting source code, Evaluating code blocks, Exporting code blocks, Working With Source Code
@node Extracting source code, Evaluating code blocks, Exporting code blocks, Working With Source Code
@section Extracting source code
@cindex source code, extracting
@cindex code block, extracting source code
Creating pure source code files by extracting code from source blocks is
referred to as ``tangling''---a term adopted from the literate programming
community. During ``tangling'' of code blocks their bodies are expanded
using @code{org-babel-expand-src-block} which can expand both variable and
``noweb'' style references (see @ref{Noweb reference syntax}).
@subsubheading Header arguments
@table @code
@item :tangle no
The default. The code block is not included in the tangled output.
@item :tangle yes
Include the code block in the tangled output. The output file name is the
name of the org file with the extension @samp{.org} replaced by the extension
for the block language.
@item :tangle filename
Include the code block in the tangled output to file @samp{filename}.
@end table
@kindex C-c C-v t
@subsubheading Functions
@table @code
@item org-babel-tangle
Tangle the current file. Bound to @kbd{C-c C-v t}.
@item org-babel-tangle-file
Choose a file to tangle. Bound to @kbd{C-c C-v f}.
@end table
@subsubheading Hooks
@table @code
@item org-babel-post-tangle-hook
This hook is run from within code files tangled by @code{org-babel-tangle}.
Example applications could include post-processing, compilation or evaluation
of tangled code files.
@end table
@node Evaluating code blocks, Library of Babel, Extracting source code, Working With Source Code
@section Evaluating code blocks
@cindex code block, evaluating
@cindex source code, evaluating
Code blocks can be evaluated@footnote{Whenever code is evaluated there is a
potential for that code to do harm. Org-mode provides a number of safeguards
to ensure that it only evaluates code with explicit confirmation from the
user. For information on these safeguards (and on how to disable them) see
@ref{Code evaluation security}.} and the results placed in the Org-mode
buffer. By default, evaluation is only turned on for @code{emacs-lisp} code
blocks, however support exists for evaluating blocks in many languages. See
@ref{Languages} for a list of supported languages. See @ref{Structure of
code blocks} for information on the syntax used to define a code block.
@kindex C-c C-c
There are a number of ways to evaluate code blocks. The simplest is to press
@kbd{C-c C-c} or @kbd{C-c C-v e} with the point on a code block@footnote{The
@code{org-babel-no-eval-on-ctrl-c-ctrl-c} variable can be used to remove code
evaluation from the @kbd{C-c C-c} key binding.}. This will call the
@code{org-babel-execute-src-block} function to evaluate the block and insert
its results into the Org-mode buffer.
It is also possible to evaluate named code blocks from anywhere in an
Org-mode buffer or an Org-mode table. @code{#+call} (or synonymously
@code{#+function} or @code{#+lob}) lines can be used to remotely execute code
blocks located in the current Org-mode buffer or in the ``Library of Babel''
(see @ref{Library of Babel}). These lines use the following syntax.
@example
#+call: <name>(<arguments>) <header arguments>
#+function: <name>(<arguments>) <header arguments>
#+lob: <name>(<arguments>) <header arguments>
@end example
@table @code
@item <name>
The name of the code block to be evaluated.
@item <arguments>
Arguments specified in this section will be passed to the code block.
@item <header arguments>
Header arguments can be placed after the function invocation. See
@ref{Header arguments} for more information on header arguments.
@end table
@node Library of Babel, Languages, Evaluating code blocks, Working With Source Code
@section Library of Babel
@cindex babel, library of
@cindex source code, library
@cindex code block, library
The ``Library of Babel'' is a library of code blocks
that can be called from any Org-mode file. The library is housed in an
Org-mode file located in the @samp{contrib} directory of Org-mode.
Org-mode users can deposit functions they believe to be generally
useful in the library.
Code blocks defined in the ``Library of Babel'' can be called remotely as if
they were in the current Org-mode buffer (see @ref{Evaluating code blocks}
for information on the syntax of remote code block evaluation).
@kindex C-c C-v i
Code blocks located in any Org-mode file can be loaded into the ``Library of
Babel'' with the @code{org-babel-lob-ingest} function, bound to @kbd{C-c C-v
i}.
@node Languages, Header arguments, Library of Babel, Working With Source Code
@section Languages
@cindex babel, languages
@cindex source code, languages
@cindex code block, languages
Code blocks in the following languages are supported.
@multitable @columnfractions 0.28 0.3 0.22 0.2
@item @b{Language} @tab @b{Identifier} @tab @b{Language} @tab @b{Identifier}
@item Asymptote @tab asymptote @tab C @tab C
@item C++ @tab C++ @tab Clojure @tab clojure
@item css @tab css @tab ditaa @tab ditaa
@item Graphviz @tab dot @tab Emacs Lisp @tab emacs-lisp
@item gnuplot @tab gnuplot @tab Haskell @tab haskell
@item LaTeX @tab latex @tab Matlab @tab matlab
@item Mscgen @tab mscgen @tab Objective Caml @tab ocaml
@item Octave @tab octave @tab OZ @tab oz
@item Perl @tab perl @tab Python @tab python
@item R @tab R @tab Ruby @tab ruby
@item Sass @tab sass @tab GNU Screen @tab screen
@item shell @tab sh @tab SQL @tab sql
@item Sqlite @tab sqlite
@end multitable
Language-specific documentation is available for some languages. If
available, it can be found at
@uref{http://orgmode.org/worg/org-contrib/babel/languages}.
The @code{org-babel-load-languages} controls which languages are enabled for
evaluation (by default only @code{emacs-lisp} is enabled). This variable can
be set using the customization interface or by adding code like the following
to your emacs configuration.
@quotation
The following disables @code{emacs-lisp} evaluation and enables evaluation of
@code{R} code blocks.
@end quotation
@lisp
(org-babel-do-load-languages
'org-babel-load-languages
'((emacs-lisp . nil)
(R . t)))
@end lisp
It is also possible to enable support for a language by loading the related
elisp file with @code{require}.
@quotation
The following adds support for evaluating @code{clojure} code blocks.
@end quotation
@lisp
(require 'ob-clojure)
@end lisp
@node Header arguments, Results of evaluation, Languages, Working With Source Code
@section Header arguments
@cindex code block, header arguments
@cindex source code, block header arguments
Code block functionality can be configured with header arguments. This
section provides an overview of the use of header arguments, and then
describes each header argument in detail.
@menu
* Using header arguments:: Different ways to set header arguments
* Specific header arguments:: List of header arguments
@end menu
@node Using header arguments, Specific header arguments, Header arguments, Header arguments
@subsection Using header arguments
The values of header arguments can be set in six different ways, each more
specific (and having higher priority) than the last.
@menu
* System-wide header arguments:: Set global default values
* Language-specific header arguments:: Set default values by language
* Buffer-wide header arguments:: Set default values for a specific buffer
* Header arguments in Org-mode properties:: Set default values for a buffer or heading
* Code block specific header arguments:: The most common way to set values
* Header arguments in function calls:: The most specific level
@end menu
@node System-wide header arguments, Language-specific header arguments, Using header arguments, Using header arguments
@subsubheading System-wide header arguments
@vindex org-babel-default-header-args
System-wide values of header arguments can be specified by customizing the
@code{org-babel-default-header-args} variable:
@example
:session => "none"
:results => "replace"
:exports => "code"
:cache => "no"
:noweb => "no"
@end example
@c @example
@c org-babel-default-header-args is a variable defined in `org-babel.el'.
@c Its value is
@c ((:session . "none")
@c (:results . "replace")
@c (:exports . "code")
@c (:cache . "no")
@c (:noweb . "no"))
@c Documentation:
@c Default arguments to use when evaluating a code block.
@c @end example
For example, the following example could be used to set the default value of
@code{:noweb} header arguments to @code{yes}. This would have the effect of
expanding @code{:noweb} references by default when evaluating source code
blocks.
@lisp
(setq org-babel-default-header-args
(cons '(:noweb . "yes")
(assq-delete-all :noweb org-babel-default-header-args)))
@end lisp
@node Language-specific header arguments, Buffer-wide header arguments, System-wide header arguments, Using header arguments
@subsubheading Language-specific header arguments
Each language can define its own set of default header arguments. See the
language-specific documentation available online at
@uref{http://orgmode.org/worg/org-contrib/babel}.
@node Buffer-wide header arguments, Header arguments in Org-mode properties, Language-specific header arguments, Using header arguments
@subsubheading Buffer-wide header arguments
Buffer-wide header arguments may be specified through the use of a special
line placed anywhere in an Org-mode file. The line consists of the
@code{#+BABEL:} keyword followed by a series of header arguments which may be
specified using the standard header argument syntax.
For example the following would set @code{session} to @code{*R*}, and
@code{results} to @code{silent} for every code block in the buffer, ensuring
that all execution took place in the same session, and no results would be
inserted into the buffer.
@example
#+BABEL: :session *R* :results silent
@end example
@node Header arguments in Org-mode properties, Code block specific header arguments, Buffer-wide header arguments, Using header arguments
@subsubheading Header arguments in Org-mode properties
Header arguments are also read from Org-mode properties (see @ref{Property
syntax}), which can be set on a buffer-wide or per-heading basis. An example
of setting a header argument for all code blocks in a buffer is
@example
#+property: tangle yes
@end example
When properties are used to set default header arguments, they are looked up
with inheritance, so the value of the @code{:cache} header argument will default
to @code{yes} in all code blocks in the subtree rooted at the following
heading:
@example
* outline header
:PROPERTIES:
:cache: yes
:END:
@end example
@kindex C-c C-x p
@vindex org-babel-default-header-args
Properties defined in this way override the properties set in
@code{org-babel-default-header-args}. It is convenient to use the
@code{org-set-property} function bound to @kbd{C-c C-x p} to set properties
in Org-mode documents.
@node Code block specific header arguments, Header arguments in function calls, Header arguments in Org-mode properties, Using header arguments
@subsubheading Code block specific header arguments
The most common way to assign values to header arguments is at the
code block level. This can be done by listing a sequence of header
arguments and their values as part of the @code{#+begin_src} line.
Properties set in this way override both the values of
@code{org-babel-default-header-args} and header arguments specified as
properties. In the following example, the @code{:results} header argument
is set to @code{silent}, meaning the results of execution will not be
inserted in the buffer, and the @code{:exports} header argument is set to
@code{code}, meaning only the body of the code block will be
preserved on export to HTML or LaTeX.
@example
#+source: factorial
#+begin_src haskell :results silent :exports code :var n=0
fac 0 = 1
fac n = n * fac (n-1)
#+end_src
@end example
Similarly, it is possible to set header arguments for inline code blocks:
@example
src_haskell[:exports both]@{fac 5@}
@end example
@node Header arguments in function calls, , Code block specific header arguments, Using header arguments
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
@subsubheading Header arguments in function calls
At the most specific level, header arguments for ``Library of Babel'' or
function call lines can be set as shown below:
@example
#+call: factorial(n=5) :exports results
@end example
@node Specific header arguments, , Using header arguments, Header arguments
@subsection Specific header arguments
The following header arguments are defined:
@menu
* var:: Pass arguments to code blocks
* results:: Specify the type of results and how they will
be collected and handled
* file:: Specify a path for file output
* dir:: Specify the default (possibly remote)
directory for code block execution
* exports:: Export code and/or results
* tangle:: Toggle tangling and specify file name
* comments:: Toggle insertion of comments in tangled
code files
* no-expand:: Turn off variable assignment and noweb
expansion during tangling
* session:: Preserve the state of code evaluation
* noweb:: Toggle expansion of noweb references
* cache:: Avoid re-evaluating unchanged code blocks
* hlines:: Handle horizontal lines in tables
* colnames:: Handle column names in tables
* rownames:: Handle row names in tables
* shebang:: Make tangled files executable
* eval:: Limit evaluation of specific code blocks
@end menu
@node var, results, Specific header arguments, Specific header arguments
@subsubsection @code{:var}
The @code{:var} header argument is used to pass arguments to code blocks.
The specifics of how arguments are included in a code block vary by language;
these are addressed in the language-specific documentation. However, the
syntax used to specify arguments is the same across all languages. The
values passed to arguments can be literal values, values from org-mode tables
and literal example blocks, or the results of other code blocks.
These values can be indexed in a manner similar to arrays---see the
``indexable variable values'' heading below.
The following syntax is used to pass arguments to code blocks using the
@code{:var} header argument.
@example
:var name=assign
@end example
where @code{assign} can take one of the following forms
@itemize @bullet
@item literal value
either a string @code{"string"} or a number @code{9}.
@item reference
a table name:
@example
#+tblname: example-table
| 1 |
| 2 |
| 3 |
| 4 |
#+source: table-length
#+begin_src emacs-lisp :var table=example-table
(length table)
#+end_src
#+results: table-length
: 4
@end example
a code block name, as assigned by @code{#+srcname:}, followed by
parentheses:
@example
#+begin_src emacs-lisp :var length=table-length()
(* 2 length)
#+end_src
#+results:
: 8
@end example
In addition, an argument can be passed to the code block referenced
by @code{:var}. The argument is passed within the parentheses following the
code block name:
@example
#+source: double
#+begin_src emacs-lisp :var input=8
(* 2 input)
#+end_src
#+results: double
: 16
#+source: squared
#+begin_src emacs-lisp :var input=double(input=1)
(* input input)
#+end_src
#+results: squared
: 4
@end example
@end itemize
@subsubheading Alternate argument syntax
It is also possible to specify arguments in a potentially more natural way
using the @code{#+source:} line of a code block. As in the following
example arguments can be packed inside of parenthesis, separated by commas,
following the source name.
@example
#+source: double(input=0, x=2)
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(* 2 (+ input x))
#+end_src
@end example
@subsubheading Indexable variable values
It is possible to reference portions of variable values by ``indexing'' into
the variables. Indexes are 0 based with negative values counting back from
the end. If an index is separated by @code{,}s then each subsequent section
will index into the next deepest nesting or dimension of the value. The
following example assigns the last cell of the first row the table
@code{example-table} to the variable @code{data}:
@example
#+results: example-table
| 1 | a |
| 2 | b |
| 3 | c |
| 4 | d |
#+begin_src emacs-lisp :var data=example-table[0,-1]
data
#+end_src
#+results:
: a
@end example
Ranges of variable values can be referenced using two integers separated by a
@code{:}, in which case the entire inclusive range is referenced. For
example the following assigns the middle three rows of @code{example-table}
to @code{data}.
@example
#+results: example-table
| 1 | a |
| 2 | b |
| 3 | c |
| 4 | d |
| 5 | 3 |
#+begin_src emacs-lisp :var data=example-table[1:3]
data
#+end_src
#+results:
| 2 | b |
| 3 | c |
| 4 | d |
@end example
Additionally, an empty index, or the single character @code{*}, are both
interpreted to mean the entire range and as such are equivalent to
@code{0:-1}, as shown in the following example in which the entire first
column is referenced.
@example
#+results: example-table
| 1 | a |
| 2 | b |
| 3 | c |
| 4 | d |
#+begin_src emacs-lisp :var data=example-table[,0]
data
#+end_src
#+results:
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
@end example
It is possible to index into the results of code blocks as well as tables.
Any number of dimensions can be indexed. Dimensions are separated from one
another by commas, as shown in the following example.
@example
#+source: 3D
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
'(((1 2 3) (4 5 6) (7 8 9))
((10 11 12) (13 14 15) (16 17 18))
((19 20 21) (22 23 24) (25 26 27)))
#+end_src
#+begin_src emacs-lisp :var data=3D[1,,1]
data
#+end_src
#+results:
| 11 | 14 | 17 |
@end example
@node results, file, var, Specific header arguments
@subsubsection @code{:results}
There are three classes of @code{:results} header argument. Only one option of
each type may be supplied per code block.
@itemize @bullet
@item
@b{collection} header arguments specify how the results should be collected
from the code block
@item
@b{type} header arguments specify what type of result the code block will
return---which has implications for how they will be inserted into the
Org-mode buffer
@item
@b{handling} header arguments specify how the results of evaluating the code
block should be handled.
@end itemize
@subsubheading Collection
The following options are mutually exclusive, and specify how the results
should be collected from the code block.
@itemize @bullet
@item @code{value}
This is the default. The result is the value of the last statement in the
code block. This header argument places the evaluation in functional
mode. Note that in some languages, e.g., python, use of this result type
requires that a @code{return} statement be included in the body of the source
code block. E.g., @code{:results value}.
@item @code{output}
The result is the collection of everything printed to STDOUT during the
execution of the code block. This header argument places the
evaluation in scripting mode. E.g., @code{:results output}.
@end itemize
@subsubheading Type
The following options are mutually exclusive and specify what type of results
the code block will return. By default, results are inserted as either a
table or scalar depending on their value.
@itemize @bullet
@item @code{table}, @code{vector}
The results should be interpreted as an Org-mode table. If a single value is
returned, it will be converted into a table with one row and one column.
E.g., @code{:results value table}.
@item @code{scalar}, @code{verbatim}
The results should be interpreted literally---they will not be
converted into a table. The results will be inserted into the Org-mode
buffer as quoted text. E.g., @code{:results value verbatim}.
@item @code{file}
The results will be interpreted as the path to a file, and will be inserted
into the Org-mode buffer as a file link. E.g., @code{:results value file}.
@item @code{raw}, @code{org}
The results are interpreted as raw Org-mode code and are inserted directly
into the buffer. If the results look like a table they will be aligned as
such by Org-mode. E.g., @code{:results value raw}.
@item @code{html}
Results are assumed to be HTML and will be enclosed in a @code{begin_html}
block. E.g., @code{:results value html}.
@item @code{latex}
Results assumed to be LaTeX and are enclosed in a @code{begin_latex} block.
E.g., @code{:results value latex}.
@item @code{code}
Result are assumed to be parseable code and are enclosed in a code block.
E.g., @code{:results value code}.
@item @code{pp}
The result is converted to pretty-printed code and is enclosed in a code
block. This option currently supports Emacs Lisp, python, and ruby. E.g.,
@code{:results value pp}.
@end itemize
@subsubheading Handling
The following results options indicate what happens with the
results once they are collected.
@itemize @bullet
@item @code{silent}
The results will be echoed in the minibuffer but will not be inserted into
the Org-mode buffer. E.g., @code{:results output silent}.
@item @code{replace}
The default value. Any existing results will be removed, and the new results
will be inserted into the Org-mode buffer in their place. E.g.,
@code{:results output replace}.
@item @code{append}
If there are pre-existing results of the code block then the new results will
be appended to the existing results. Otherwise the new results will be
inserted as with @code{replace}.
@item @code{prepend}
If there are pre-existing results of the code block then the new results will
be prepended to the existing results. Otherwise the new results will be
inserted as with @code{replace}.
@end itemize
@node file, dir, results, Specific header arguments
@subsubsection @code{:file}
The header argument @code{:file} is used to specify a path for file output.
An Org-mode style @code{file:} link is inserted into the buffer as the result
(see @ref{Link format}). Common examples are graphical output from R,
gnuplot, ditaa and LaTeX code blocks.
Note that for some languages, including R, gnuplot, LaTeX and ditaa,
graphical output is sent to the specified file without the file being
referenced explicitly in the code block. See the documentation for the
individual languages for details. In contrast, general purpose languages such
as python and ruby require that the code explicitly create output
corresponding to the path indicated by @code{:file}.
@node dir, exports, file, Specific header arguments
@subsubsection @code{:dir} and remote execution
While the @code{:file} header argument can be used to specify the path to the
output file, @code{:dir} specifies the default directory during code block
execution. If it is absent, then the directory associated with the current
buffer is used. In other words, supplying @code{:dir path} temporarily has
the same effect as changing the current directory with @kbd{M-x cd path}, and
then not supplying @code{:dir}. Under the surface, @code{:dir} simply sets
the value of the Emacs variable @code{default-directory}.
When using @code{:dir}, you should supply a relative path for file output
(e.g. @code{:file myfile.jpg} or @code{:file results/myfile.jpg}) in which
case that path will be interpreted relative to the default directory.
In other words, if you want your plot to go into a folder called Work in your
home directory, you could use
@example
#+begin_src R :file myplot.png :dir ~/Work
matplot(matrix(rnorm(100), 10), type="l")
#+end_src
@end example
@subsubheading Remote execution
A directory on a remote machine can be specified using tramp file syntax, in
which case the code will be evaluated on the remote machine. An example is
@example
#+begin_src R :file plot.png :dir /dand@@yakuba.princeton.edu:
plot(1:10, main=system("hostname", intern=TRUE))
#+end_src
@end example
Text results will be returned to the local Org-mode buffer as usual, and file
output will be created on the remote machine with relative paths interpreted
relative to the remote directory. An Org-mode link to the remote file will be
created.
So, in the above example a plot will be created on the remote machine,
and a link of the following form will be inserted in the org buffer:
@example
[[file:/scp:dand@@yakuba.princeton.edu:/home/dand/plot.png][plot.png]]
@end example
Most of this functionality follows immediately from the fact that @code{:dir}
sets the value of the Emacs variable @code{default-directory}, thanks to
tramp. Those using XEmacs, or GNU Emacs prior to version 23 may need to
install tramp separately in order for the these features to work correctly.
@subsubheading Further points
@itemize @bullet
@item
If @code{:dir} is used in conjunction with @code{:session}, although it will
determine the starting directory for a new session as expected, no attempt is
currently made to alter the directory associated with an existing session.
@item
@code{:dir} should typically not be used to create files during export with
@code{:exports results} or @code{:exports both}. The reason is that, in order
to retain portability of exported material between machines, during export
links inserted into the buffer will *not* be expanded against @code{default
directory}. Therefore, if @code{default-directory} is altered using
@code{:dir}, it is probable that the file will be created in a location to
which the link does not point.
@end itemize
@node exports, tangle, dir, Specific header arguments
@subsubsection @code{:exports}
The @code{:exports} header argument specifies what should be included in HTML
or LaTeX exports of the Org-mode file.
@itemize @bullet
@item @code{code}
The default. The body of code is included into the exported file. E.g.,
@code{:exports code}.
@item @code{results}
The result of evaluating the code is included in the exported file. E.g.,
@code{:exports results}.
@item @code{both}
Both the code and results are included in the exported file. E.g.,
@code{:exports both}.
@item @code{none}
Nothing is included in the exported file. E.g., @code{:exports none}.
@end itemize
@node tangle, comments, exports, Specific header arguments
@subsubsection @code{:tangle}
The @code{:tangle} header argument specifies whether or not the code
block should be included in tangled extraction of source code files.
@itemize @bullet
@item @code{yes}
The code block is exported to a source code file named after the
basename (name w/o extension) of the Org-mode file. E.g., @code{:tangle
yes}.
@item @code{no}
The default. The code block is not exported to a source code file.
E.g., @code{:tangle no}.
@item other
Any other string passed to the @code{:tangle} header argument is interpreted
as a file basename to which the block will be exported. E.g., @code{:tangle
basename}.
@end itemize
@node comments, no-expand, tangle, Specific header arguments
@subsubsection @code{:comments}
By default code blocks are tangled to source-code files without any insertion
of comments beyond those which may already exist in the body of the code
block. The @code{:comments} header argument can be set as follows to control
the insertion of extra comments into the tangled code file.
@itemize @bullet
@item @code{no}
The default. No extra comments are inserted during tangling.
@item @code{link}
The code block is wrapped in comments which contain pointers back to the
original Org file from which the code was tangled.
@item @code{yes}
A synonym for ``link'' to maintain backwards compatibility.
@item @code{org}
Include text from the org-mode file as a comment.
The text is picked from the leading context of the tangled code and is
limited by the nearest headline or source block as the case may be.
@item @code{both}
Turns on both the ``link'' and ``org'' comment options.
@end itemize
@node no-expand, session, comments, Specific header arguments
@subsubsection @code{:no-expand}
By default, code blocks are expanded with @code{org-babel-expand-src-block}
during tangling. This has the effect of assigning values to variables
specified with @code{:var} (see @ref{var}), and of replacing ``noweb''
references (see @ref{Noweb reference syntax}) with their targets. The
@code{:no-expand} header argument can be used to turn off this behavior.
@node session, noweb, no-expand, Specific header arguments
@subsubsection @code{:session}
The @code{:session} header argument starts a session for an interpreted
language where state is preserved.
By default, a session is not started.
A string passed to the @code{:session} header argument will give the session
a name. This makes it possible to run concurrent sessions for each
interpreted language.
@node noweb, cache, session, Specific header arguments
@subsubsection @code{:noweb}
The @code{:noweb} header argument controls expansion of ``noweb'' style (see
@ref{Noweb reference syntax}) references in a code block. This header
argument can have one of three values: @code{yes} @code{no} or @code{tangle}.
@itemize @bullet
@item @code{yes}
All ``noweb'' syntax references in the body of the code block will be
expanded before the block is evaluated, tangled or exported.
@item @code{no}
The default. No ``noweb'' syntax specific action is taken on evaluating
code blocks, However, noweb references will still be expanded during
tangling.
@item @code{tangle}
All ``noweb'' syntax references in the body of the code block will be
expanded before the block is tangled, however ``noweb'' references will not
be expanded when the block is evaluated or exported.
@end itemize
@subsubheading Noweb prefix lines
Noweb insertions are now placed behind the line prefix of the
@code{<<reference>>}.
This behavior is illustrated in the following example. Because the
@code{<<example>>} noweb reference appears behind the SQL comment syntax,
each line of the expanded noweb reference will be commented.
This code block:
@example
-- <<example>>
@end example
expands to:
@example
-- this is the
-- multi-line body of example
@end example
Note that noweb replacement text that does not contain any newlines will not
be affected by this change, so it is still possible to use inline noweb
references.
@node cache, hlines, noweb, Specific header arguments
@subsubsection @code{:cache}
The @code{:cache} header argument controls the use of in-buffer caching of
the results of evaluating code blocks. It can be used to avoid re-evaluating
unchanged code blocks. This header argument can have one of two
values: @code{yes} or @code{no}.
@itemize @bullet
@item @code{no}
The default. No caching takes place, and the code block will be evaluated
every time it is called.
@item @code{yes}
Every time the code block is run a sha1 hash of the code and arguments
passed to the block will be generated. This hash is packed into the
@code{#+results:} line and will be checked on subsequent
executions of the code block. If the code block has not
changed since the last time it was evaluated, it will not be re-evaluated.
@end itemize
@node hlines, colnames, cache, Specific header arguments
@subsubsection @code{:hlines}
Tables are frequently represented with one or more horizontal lines, or
hlines. The @code{:hlines} argument to a code block accepts the
values @code{yes} or @code{no}, with a default value of @code{no}.
@itemize @bullet
@item @code{no}
Strips horizontal lines from the input table. In most languages this is the
desired effect because an @code{hline} symbol is interpreted as an unbound
variable and raises an error. Setting @code{:hlines no} or relying on the
default value yields the following results.
@example
#+tblname: many-cols
| a | b | c |
|---+---+---|
| d | e | f |
|---+---+---|
| g | h | i |
#+source: echo-table
#+begin_src python :var tab=many-cols
return tab
#+end_src
#+results: echo-table
| a | b | c |
| d | e | f |
| g | h | i |
@end example
@item @code{yes}
Leaves hlines in the table. Setting @code{:hlines yes} has this effect.
@example
#+tblname: many-cols
| a | b | c |
|---+---+---|
| d | e | f |
|---+---+---|
| g | h | i |
#+source: echo-table
#+begin_src python :var tab=many-cols :hlines yes
return tab
#+end_src
#+results: echo-table
| a | b | c |
|---+---+---|
| d | e | f |
|---+---+---|
| g | h | i |
@end example
@end itemize
@node colnames, rownames, hlines, Specific header arguments
@subsubsection @code{:colnames}
The @code{:colnames} header argument accepts the values @code{yes},
@code{no}, or @code{nil} for unassigned. The default value is @code{nil}.
@itemize @bullet
@item @code{nil}
If an input table looks like it has column names
(because its second row is an hline), then the column
names will be removed from the table before
processing, then reapplied to the results.
@example
#+tblname: less-cols
| a |
|---|
| b |
| c |
#+srcname: echo-table-again
#+begin_src python :var tab=less-cols
return [[val + '*' for val in row] for row in tab]
#+end_src
#+results: echo-table-again
| a |
|----|
| b* |
| c* |
@end example
@item @code{no}
No column name pre-processing takes place
@item @code{yes}
Column names are removed and reapplied as with @code{nil} even if the table
does not ``look like'' it has column names (i.e. the second row is not an
hline)
@end itemize
@node rownames, shebang, colnames, Specific header arguments
@subsubsection @code{:rownames}
The @code{:rownames} header argument can take on the values @code{yes}
or @code{no}, with a default value of @code{no}.
@itemize @bullet
@item @code{no}
No row name pre-processing will take place.
@item @code{yes}
The first column of the table is removed from the table before processing,
and is then reapplied to the results.
@example
#+tblname: with-rownames
| one | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| two | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
#+srcname: echo-table-once-again
#+begin_src python :var tab=with-rownames :rownames yes
return [[val + 10 for val in row] for row in tab]
#+end_src
#+results: echo-table-once-again
| one | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
| two | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |
@end example
@end itemize
@node shebang, eval, rownames, Specific header arguments
@subsubsection @code{:shebang}
Setting the @code{:shebang} header argument to a string value
(e.g. @code{:shebang "#!/bin/bash"}) causes the string to be inserted as the
first line of any tangled file holding the code block, and the file
permissions of the tangled file are set to make it executable.
@node eval, , shebang, Specific header arguments
@subsubsection @code{:eval}
The @code{:eval} header argument can be used to limit the evaluation of
specific code blocks. @code{:eval} accepts two arguments ``never'' and
``query''. @code{:eval never} will ensure that a code block is never
evaluated, this can be useful for protecting against the evaluation of
dangerous code blocks. @code{:eval query} will require a query for every
execution of a code block regardless of the value of the
@code{org-confirm-babel-evaluate} variable.
@node Results of evaluation, Noweb reference syntax, Header arguments, Working With Source Code
@section Results of evaluation
@cindex code block, results of evaluation
@cindex source code, results of evaluation
The way in which results are handled depends on whether a session is invoked,
as well as on whether @code{:results value} or @code{:results output} is
used. The following table shows the possibilities:
@multitable @columnfractions 0.26 0.33 0.41
@item @tab @b{Non-session} @tab @b{Session}
@item @code{:results value} @tab value of last expression @tab value of last expression
@item @code{:results output} @tab contents of STDOUT @tab concatenation of interpreter output
@end multitable
Note: With @code{:results value}, the result in both @code{:session} and
non-session is returned to Org-mode as a table (a one- or two-dimensional
vector of strings or numbers) when appropriate.
@subsection Non-session
@subsubsection @code{:results value}
This is the default. Internally, the value is obtained by wrapping the code
in a function definition in the external language, and evaluating that
function. Therefore, code should be written as if it were the body of such a
function. In particular, note that python does not automatically return a
value from a function unless a @code{return} statement is present, and so a
@samp{return} statement will usually be required in python.
This is the only one of the four evaluation contexts in which the code is
automatically wrapped in a function definition.
@subsubsection @code{:results output}
The code is passed to the interpreter as an external process, and the
contents of the standard output stream are returned as text. (In certain
languages this also contains the error output stream; this is an area for
future work.)
@subsection @code{:session}
@subsubsection @code{:results value}
The code is passed to the interpreter running as an interactive Emacs
inferior process. The result returned is the result of the last evaluation
performed by the interpreter. (This is obtained in a language-specific
manner: the value of the variable @code{_} in python and ruby, and the value
of @code{.Last.value} in R).
@subsubsection @code{:results output}
The code is passed to the interpreter running as an interactive Emacs
inferior process. The result returned is the concatenation of the sequence of
(text) output from the interactive interpreter. Notice that this is not
necessarily the same as what would be sent to @code{STDOUT} if the same code
were passed to a non-interactive interpreter running as an external
process. For example, compare the following two blocks:
@example
#+begin_src python :results output
print "hello"
2
print "bye"
#+end_src
#+resname:
: hello
: bye
@end example
In non-session mode, the '2' is not printed and does not appear.
@example
#+begin_src python :results output :session
print "hello"
2
print "bye"
#+end_src
#+resname:
: hello
: 2
: bye
@end example
But in @code{:session} mode, the interactive interpreter receives input '2'
and prints out its value, '2'. (Indeed, the other print statements are
unnecessary here).
@node Noweb reference syntax, Key bindings and useful functions, Results of evaluation, Working With Source Code
@section Noweb reference syntax
@cindex code block, noweb reference
@cindex syntax, noweb
@cindex source code, noweb reference
The ``noweb'' (see @uref{http://www.cs.tufts.edu/~nr/noweb/}) Literate
Programming system allows named blocks of code to be referenced by using the
familiar Noweb syntax:
@example
<<code-block-name>>
@end example
When a code block is tangled or evaluated, whether or not ``noweb''
references are expanded depends upon the value of the @code{:noweb} header
argument. If @code{:noweb yes}, then a Noweb reference is expanded before
evaluation. If @code{:noweb no}, the default, then the reference is not
expanded before evaluation.
Note: the default value, @code{:noweb no}, was chosen to ensure that
correct code is not broken in a language, such as Ruby, where
@code{<<arg>>} is a syntactically valid construct. If @code{<<arg>>} is not
syntactically valid in languages that you use, then please consider setting
the default value.
@node Key bindings and useful functions, Batch execution, Noweb reference syntax, Working With Source Code
@section Key bindings and useful functions
@cindex code block, key bindings
Many common Org-mode key sequences are re-bound depending on
the context.
Within a code block, the following key bindings
are active:
@multitable @columnfractions 0.25 0.75
@kindex C-c C-c
@item @kbd{C-c C-c} @tab org-babel-execute-src-block
@kindex C-c C-o
@item @kbd{C-c C-o} @tab org-babel-open-src-block-result
@kindex C-up
@item @kbd{C-@key{up}} @tab org-babel-load-in-session
@kindex M-down
@item @kbd{M-@key{down}} @tab org-babel-pop-to-session
@end multitable
In an Org-mode buffer, the following key bindings are active:
@multitable @columnfractions 0.45 0.55
@kindex C-c C-v a
@kindex C-c C-v C-a
@item @kbd{C-c C-v a} @ @ @r{or} @ @ @kbd{C-c C-v C-a} @tab org-babel-sha1-hash
@kindex C-c C-v b
@kindex C-c C-v C-b
@item @kbd{C-c C-v b} @ @ @r{or} @ @ @kbd{C-c C-v C-b} @tab org-babel-execute-buffer
@kindex C-c C-v f
@kindex C-c C-v C-f
@item @kbd{C-c C-v f} @ @ @r{or} @ @ @kbd{C-c C-v C-f} @tab org-babel-tangle-file
@kindex C-c C-v g
@item @kbd{C-c C-v g} @tab org-babel-goto-named-source-block
@kindex C-c C-v h
@item @kbd{C-c C-v h} @tab org-babel-describe-bindings
@kindex C-c C-v l
@kindex C-c C-v C-l
@item @kbd{C-c C-v l} @ @ @r{or} @ @ @kbd{C-c C-v C-l} @tab org-babel-lob-ingest
@kindex C-c C-v p
@kindex C-c C-v C-p
@item @kbd{C-c C-v p} @ @ @r{or} @ @ @kbd{C-c C-v C-p} @tab org-babel-expand-src-block
@kindex C-c C-v s
@kindex C-c C-v C-s
@item @kbd{C-c C-v s} @ @ @r{or} @ @ @kbd{C-c C-v C-s} @tab org-babel-execute-subtree
@kindex C-c C-v t
@kindex C-c C-v C-t
@item @kbd{C-c C-v t} @ @ @r{or} @ @ @kbd{C-c C-v C-t} @tab org-babel-tangle
@kindex C-c C-v z
@kindex C-c C-v C-z
@item @kbd{C-c C-v z} @ @ @r{or} @ @ @kbd{C-c C-v C-z} @tab org-babel-switch-to-session
@end multitable
@c When possible these keybindings were extended to work when the control key is
@c kept pressed, resulting in the following additional keybindings.
@c @multitable @columnfractions 0.25 0.75
@c @item @kbd{C-c C-v C-a} @tab org-babel-sha1-hash
@c @item @kbd{C-c C-v C-b} @tab org-babel-execute-buffer
@c @item @kbd{C-c C-v C-f} @tab org-babel-tangle-file
@c @item @kbd{C-c C-v C-l} @tab org-babel-lob-ingest
@c @item @kbd{C-c C-v C-p} @tab org-babel-expand-src-block
@c @item @kbd{C-c C-v C-s} @tab org-babel-execute-subtree
@c @item @kbd{C-c C-v C-t} @tab org-babel-tangle
@c @item @kbd{C-c C-v C-z} @tab org-babel-switch-to-session
@c @end multitable
@node Batch execution, , Key bindings and useful functions, Working With Source Code
@section Batch execution
@cindex code block, batch execution
@cindex source code, batch execution
It is possible to call functions from the command line. This shell
script calls @code{org-babel-tangle} on every one of its arguments.
Be sure to adjust the paths to fit your system.
@example
#!/bin/sh
# -*- mode: shell-script -*-
#
# tangle files with org-mode
#
DIR=`pwd`
FILES=""
ORGINSTALL="~/src/org/lisp/org-install.el"
# wrap each argument in the code required to call tangle on it
for i in $@@; do
FILES="$FILES \"$i\""
done
emacs -Q --batch -l $ORGINSTALL \
--eval "(progn
(add-to-list 'load-path (expand-file-name \"~/src/org/lisp/\"))
(add-to-list 'load-path (expand-file-name \"~/src/org/contrib/lisp/\"))
(require 'org)(require 'org-exp)(require 'ob)(require 'ob-tangle)
(mapc (lambda (file)
(find-file (expand-file-name file \"$DIR\"))
(org-babel-tangle)
(kill-buffer)) '($FILES)))" 2>&1 |grep tangled
@end example
@node Miscellaneous, Hacking, Working With Source Code, Top
@chapter Miscellaneous
@menu
* Completion:: M-TAB knows what you need
* Easy Templates:: Quick insertion of structural elements
* Speed keys:: Electric commands at the beginning of a headline
* Code evaluation security:: Org mode files evaluate inline code
* Customization:: Adapting Org to your taste
* In-buffer settings:: Overview of the #+KEYWORDS
* The very busy C-c C-c key:: When in doubt, press C-c C-c
* Clean view:: Getting rid of leading stars in the outline
* TTY keys:: Using Org on a tty
* Interaction:: Other Emacs packages
@end menu
@node Completion, Easy Templates, Miscellaneous, Miscellaneous
@section Completion
@cindex completion, of @TeX{} symbols
@cindex completion, of TODO keywords
@cindex completion, of dictionary words
@cindex completion, of option keywords
@cindex completion, of tags
@cindex completion, of property keys
@cindex completion, of link abbreviations
@cindex @TeX{} symbol completion
@cindex TODO keywords completion
@cindex dictionary word completion
@cindex option keyword completion
@cindex tag completion
@cindex link abbreviations, completion of
Emacs would not be Emacs without completion, and Org-mode uses it whenever it
makes sense. If you prefer an @i{iswitchb}- or @i{ido}-like interface for
some of the completion prompts, you can specify your preference by setting at
most one of the variables @code{org-completion-use-iswitchb}
@code{org-completion-use-ido}.
Org supports in-buffer completion. This type of completion does
not make use of the minibuffer. You simply type a few letters into
the buffer and use the key to complete text right there.
@table @kbd
@kindex M-@key{TAB}
@item M-@key{TAB}
Complete word at point
@itemize @bullet
@item
At the beginning of a headline, complete TODO keywords.
@item
After @samp{\}, complete @TeX{} symbols supported by the exporter.
@item
After @samp{*}, complete headlines in the current buffer so that they
can be used in search links like @samp{[[*find this headline]]}.
@item
After @samp{:} in a headline, complete tags. The list of tags is taken
from the variable @code{org-tag-alist} (possibly set through the
@samp{#+TAGS} in-buffer option, @pxref{Setting tags}), or it is created
dynamically from all tags used in the current buffer.
@item
After @samp{:} and not in a headline, complete property keys. The list
of keys is constructed dynamically from all keys used in the current
buffer.
@item
After @samp{[}, complete link abbreviations (@pxref{Link abbreviations}).
@item
After @samp{#+}, complete the special keywords like @samp{TYP_TODO} or
@samp{OPTIONS} which set file-specific options for Org-mode. When the
option keyword is already complete, pressing @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} again
will insert example settings for this keyword.
@item
In the line after @samp{#+STARTUP: }, complete startup keywords,
i.e. valid keys for this line.
@item
Elsewhere, complete dictionary words using Ispell.
@end itemize
@end table
@node Easy Templates, Speed keys, Completion, Miscellaneous
@section Easy Templates
@cindex template insertion
@cindex insertion, of templates
Org-mode supports insertion of empty structural elements (like
@code{#+BEGIN_SRC} and @code{#+END_SRC} pairs) with just a few key
strokes. This is achieved through a native template expansion mechanism.
Note that Emacs has several other template mechanisms which could be used in
a similar way, for example @file{yasnippet}.
To insert a structural element, type a @samp{<}, followed by a template
selector and @kbd{@key{TAB}}. Completion takes effect only when the above
keystrokes are typed on a line by itself.
The following template selectors are currently supported.
@multitable @columnfractions 0.1 0.9
@item @kbd{s} @tab @code{#+begin_src ... #+end_src}
@item @kbd{e} @tab @code{#+begin_example ... #+end_example}
@item @kbd{q} @tab @code{#+begin_quote ... #+end_quote}
@item @kbd{v} @tab @code{#+begin_verse ... #+end_verse}
@item @kbd{c} @tab @code{#+begin_center ... #+end_center}
@item @kbd{l} @tab @code{#+begin_latex ... #+end_latex}
@item @kbd{L} @tab @code{#+latex:}
@item @kbd{h} @tab @code{#+begin_html ... #+end_html}
@item @kbd{H} @tab @code{#+html:}
@item @kbd{a} @tab @code{#+begin_ascii ... #+end_ascii}
@item @kbd{A} @tab @code{#+ascii:}
@item @kbd{i} @tab @code{#+include:} line
@end multitable
For example, on an empty line, typing "<e" and then pressing TAB, will expand
into a complete EXAMPLE template.
You can install additional templates by customizing the variable
@code{org-structure-template-alist}. Refer docstring of the variable for
additional details.
@node Speed keys, Code evaluation security, Easy Templates, Miscellaneous
@section Speed keys
@cindex speed keys
@vindex org-use-speed-commands
@vindex org-speed-commands-user
Single keys can be made to execute commands when the cursor is at the
beginning of a headline, i.e. before the first star. Configure the variable
@code{org-use-speed-commands} to activate this feature. There is a
pre-defined list of commands, and you can add more such commands using the
variable @code{org-speed-commands-user}. Speed keys do not only speed up
navigation and other commands, but they also provide an alternative way to
execute commands bound to keys that are not or not easily available on a tty,
or on a small mobile device with a limited keyboard.
To see which commands are available, activate the feature and press @kbd{?}
with the cursor at the beginning of a headline.
@node Code evaluation security, Customization, Speed keys, Miscellaneous
@section Code evaluation and security issues
Org provides tools to work with the code snippets, including evaluating them.
Running code on your machine always comes with a security risk. Badly
written or malicious code can be executed on purpose or by accident. Org has
default settings which will only evaluate such code if you give explicit
permission to do so, and as a casual user of these features you should leave
these precautions intact.
For people who regularly work with such code, the confirmation prompts can
become annoying, and you might want to turn them off. This can be done, but
you must be aware of the risks that are involved.
Code evaluation can happen under the following circumstances:
@table @i
@item Source code blocks
Source code blocks can be evaluated during export, or when pressing @kbd{C-c
C-c} in the block. The most important thing to realize here is that Org mode
files which contain code snippets are, in a certain sense, like executable
files. So you should accept them and load them into Emacs only from trusted
sources - just like you would do with a program you install on your computer.
Make sure you know what you are doing before customizing the variables
which take off the default security brakes.
@defopt org-confirm-babel-evaluate
When set to t user is queried before code block evaluation
@end defopt
@item Following @code{shell} and @code{elisp} links
Org has two link types that can directly evaluate code (@pxref{External
links}). These links can be problematic because the code to be evaluated is
not visible.
@defopt org-confirm-shell-link-function
Function to queries user about shell link execution.
@end defopt
@defopt org-confirm-elisp-link-function
Functions to query user for Emacs Lisp link execution.
@end defopt
@item Formulas in tables
Formulas in tables (@pxref{The spreadsheet}) are code that is evaluated
either by the @i{calc} interpreter, or by the @i{Emacs Lisp} interpreter.
@end table
@node Customization, In-buffer settings, Code evaluation security, Miscellaneous
@section Customization
@cindex customization
@cindex options, for customization
@cindex variables, for customization
There are more than 180 variables that can be used to customize
Org. For the sake of compactness of the manual, I am not
describing the variables here. A structured overview of customization
variables is available with @kbd{M-x org-customize}. Or select
@code{Browse Org Group} from the @code{Org->Customization} menu. Many
settings can also be activated on a per-file basis, by putting special
lines into the buffer (@pxref{In-buffer settings}).
@node In-buffer settings, The very busy C-c C-c key, Customization, Miscellaneous
@section Summary of in-buffer settings
@cindex in-buffer settings
@cindex special keywords
Org-mode uses special lines in the buffer to define settings on a
per-file basis. These lines start with a @samp{#+} followed by a
keyword, a colon, and then individual words defining a setting. Several
setting words can be in the same line, but you can also have multiple
lines for the keyword. While these settings are described throughout
the manual, here is a summary. After changing any of those lines in the
buffer, press @kbd{C-c C-c} with the cursor still in the line to
activate the changes immediately. Otherwise they become effective only
when the file is visited again in a new Emacs session.
@vindex org-archive-location
@table @kbd
@item #+ARCHIVE: %s_done::
This line sets the archive location for the agenda file. It applies for
all subsequent lines until the next @samp{#+ARCHIVE} line, or the end
of the file. The first such line also applies to any entries before it.
The corresponding variable is @code{org-archive-location}.
@item #+CATEGORY:
This line sets the category for the agenda file. The category applies
for all subsequent lines until the next @samp{#+CATEGORY} line, or the
end of the file. The first such line also applies to any entries before it.
@item #+COLUMNS: %25ITEM .....
@cindex property, COLUMNS
Set the default format for columns view. This format applies when
columns view is invoked in locations where no @code{COLUMNS} property
applies.
@item #+CONSTANTS: name1=value1 ...
@vindex org-table-formula-constants
@vindex org-table-formula
Set file-local values for constants to be used in table formulas. This
line set the local variable @code{org-table-formula-constants-local}.
The global version of this variable is
@code{org-table-formula-constants}.
@item #+FILETAGS: :tag1:tag2:tag3:
Set tags that can be inherited by any entry in the file, including the
top-level entries.
@item #+DRAWERS: NAME1 .....
@vindex org-drawers
Set the file-local set of drawers. The corresponding global variable is
@code{org-drawers}.
@item #+LINK: linkword replace
@vindex org-link-abbrev-alist
These lines (several are allowed) specify link abbreviations.
@xref{Link abbreviations}. The corresponding variable is
@code{org-link-abbrev-alist}.
@item #+PRIORITIES: highest lowest default
@vindex org-highest-priority
@vindex org-lowest-priority
@vindex org-default-priority
This line sets the limits and the default for the priorities. All three
must be either letters A-Z or numbers 0-9. The highest priority must
have a lower ASCII number that the lowest priority.
@item #+PROPERTY: Property_Name Value
This line sets a default inheritance value for entries in the current
buffer, most useful for specifying the allowed values of a property.
@cindex #+SETUPFILE
@item #+SETUPFILE: file
This line defines a file that holds more in-buffer setup. Normally this is
entirely ignored. Only when the buffer is parsed for option-setting lines
(i.e. when starting Org-mode for a file, when pressing @kbd{C-c C-c} in a
settings line, or when exporting), then the contents of this file are parsed
as if they had been included in the buffer. In particular, the file can be
any other Org-mode file with internal setup. You can visit the file the
cursor is in the line with @kbd{C-c '}.
@item #+STARTUP:
@cindex #+STARTUP:
This line sets options to be used at startup of Org-mode, when an
Org file is being visited.
The first set of options deals with the initial visibility of the outline
tree. The corresponding variable for global default settings is
@code{org-startup-folded}, with a default value @code{t}, which means
@code{overview}.
@vindex org-startup-folded
@cindex @code{overview}, STARTUP keyword
@cindex @code{content}, STARTUP keyword
@cindex @code{showall}, STARTUP keyword
@cindex @code{showeverything}, STARTUP keyword
@example
overview @r{top-level headlines only}
content @r{all headlines}
showall @r{no folding of any entries}
showeverything @r{show even drawer contents}
@end example
@vindex org-startup-indented
@cindex @code{indent}, STARTUP keyword
@cindex @code{noindent}, STARTUP keyword
Dynamic virtual indentation is controlled by the variable
@code{org-startup-indented}@footnote{Emacs 23 and Org-mode 6.29 are required}
@example
indent @r{start with @code{org-indent-mode} turned on}
noindent @r{start with @code{org-indent-mode} turned off}
@end example
@vindex org-startup-align-all-tables
Then there are options for aligning tables upon visiting a file. This
is useful in files containing narrowed table columns. The corresponding
variable is @code{org-startup-align-all-tables}, with a default value
@code{nil}.
@cindex @code{align}, STARTUP keyword
@cindex @code{noalign}, STARTUP keyword
@example
align @r{align all tables}
noalign @r{don't align tables on startup}
@end example
@vindex org-startup-with-inline-images
When visiting a file, inline images can be automatically displayed. The
corresponding variable is @code{org-startup-with-inline-images}, with a
default value @code{nil} to avoid delays when visiting a file.
@cindex @code{inlineimages}, STARTUP keyword
@cindex @code{noinlineimages}, STARTUP keyword
@example
inlineimages @r{show inline images}
noinlineimages @r{don't show inline images on startup}
@end example
@vindex org-log-done
@vindex org-log-note-clock-out
@vindex org-log-repeat
Logging the closing and reopening of TODO items and clock intervals can be
configured using these options (see variables @code{org-log-done},
@code{org-log-note-clock-out} and @code{org-log-repeat})
@cindex @code{logdone}, STARTUP keyword
@cindex @code{lognotedone}, STARTUP keyword
@cindex @code{nologdone}, STARTUP keyword
@cindex @code{lognoteclock-out}, STARTUP keyword
@cindex @code{nolognoteclock-out}, STARTUP keyword
@cindex @code{logrepeat}, STARTUP keyword
@cindex @code{lognoterepeat}, STARTUP keyword
@cindex @code{nologrepeat}, STARTUP keyword
@cindex @code{logreschedule}, STARTUP keyword
@cindex @code{lognotereschedule}, STARTUP keyword
@cindex @code{nologreschedule}, STARTUP keyword
@cindex @code{logredeadline}, STARTUP keyword
@cindex @code{lognoteredeadline}, STARTUP keyword
@cindex @code{nologredeadline}, STARTUP keyword
@cindex @code{logrefile}, STARTUP keyword
@cindex @code{lognoterefile}, STARTUP keyword
@cindex @code{nologrefile}, STARTUP keyword
@example
logdone @r{record a timestamp when an item is marked DONE}
lognotedone @r{record timestamp and a note when DONE}
nologdone @r{don't record when items are marked DONE}
logrepeat @r{record a time when reinstating a repeating item}
lognoterepeat @r{record a note when reinstating a repeating item}
nologrepeat @r{do not record when reinstating repeating item}
lognoteclock-out @r{record a note when clocking out}
nolognoteclock-out @r{don't record a note when clocking out}
logreschedule @r{record a timestamp when scheduling time changes}
lognotereschedule @r{record a note when scheduling time changes}
nologreschedule @r{do not record when a scheduling date changes}
logredeadline @r{record a timestamp when deadline changes}
lognoteredeadline @r{record a note when deadline changes}
nologredeadline @r{do not record when a deadline date changes}
logrefile @r{record a timestamp when refiling}
lognoterefile @r{record a note when refiling}
nologrefile @r{do not record when refiling}
@end example
@vindex org-hide-leading-stars
@vindex org-odd-levels-only
Here are the options for hiding leading stars in outline headings, and for
indenting outlines. The corresponding variables are
@code{org-hide-leading-stars} and @code{org-odd-levels-only}, both with a
default setting @code{nil} (meaning @code{showstars} and @code{oddeven}).
@cindex @code{hidestars}, STARTUP keyword
@cindex @code{showstars}, STARTUP keyword
@cindex @code{odd}, STARTUP keyword
@cindex @code{even}, STARTUP keyword
@example
hidestars @r{make all but one of the stars starting a headline invisible.}
showstars @r{show all stars starting a headline}
indent @r{virtual indentation according to outline level}
noindent @r{no virtual indentation according to outline level}
odd @r{allow only odd outline levels (1,3,...)}
oddeven @r{allow all outline levels}
@end example
@vindex org-put-time-stamp-overlays
@vindex org-time-stamp-overlay-formats
To turn on custom format overlays over timestamps (variables
@code{org-put-time-stamp-overlays} and
@code{org-time-stamp-overlay-formats}), use
@cindex @code{customtime}, STARTUP keyword
@example
customtime @r{overlay custom time format}
@end example
@vindex constants-unit-system
The following options influence the table spreadsheet (variable
@code{constants-unit-system}).
@cindex @code{constcgs}, STARTUP keyword
@cindex @code{constSI}, STARTUP keyword
@example
constcgs @r{@file{constants.el} should use the c-g-s unit system}
constSI @r{@file{constants.el} should use the SI unit system}
@end example
@vindex org-footnote-define-inline
@vindex org-footnote-auto-label
@vindex org-footnote-auto-adjust
To influence footnote settings, use the following keywords. The
corresponding variables are @code{org-footnote-define-inline},
@code{org-footnote-auto-label}, and @code{org-footnote-auto-adjust}.
@cindex @code{fninline}, STARTUP keyword
@cindex @code{nofninline}, STARTUP keyword
@cindex @code{fnlocal}, STARTUP keyword
@cindex @code{fnprompt}, STARTUP keyword
@cindex @code{fnauto}, STARTUP keyword
@cindex @code{fnconfirm}, STARTUP keyword
@cindex @code{fnplain}, STARTUP keyword
@cindex @code{fnadjust}, STARTUP keyword
@cindex @code{nofnadjust}, STARTUP keyword
@example
fninline @r{define footnotes inline}
fnnoinline @r{define footnotes in separate section}
fnlocal @r{define footnotes near first reference, but not inline}
fnprompt @r{prompt for footnote labels}
fnauto @r{create [fn:1]-like labels automatically (default)}
fnconfirm @r{offer automatic label for editing or confirmation}
fnplain @r{create [1]-like labels automatically}
fnadjust @r{automatically renumber and sort footnotes}
nofnadjust @r{do not renumber and sort automatically}
@end example
@cindex org-hide-block-startup
To hide blocks on startup, use these keywords. The corresponding variable is
@code{org-hide-block-startup}.
@cindex @code{hideblocks}, STARTUP keyword
@cindex @code{nohideblocks}, STARTUP keyword
@example
hideblocks @r{Hide all begin/end blocks on startup}
nohideblocks @r{Do not hide blocks on startup}
@end example
@cindex org-pretty-entities
The the display of entities as UTF8 characters is governed by the variable
@code{org-pretty-entities} and the keywords
@cindex @code{entitiespretty}, STARTUP keyword
@cindex @code{entitiesplain}, STARTUP keyword
@example
entitiespretty @r{Show entities as UTF8 characters where possible}
entitiesplain @r{Leave entities plain}
@end example
@item #+TAGS: TAG1(c1) TAG2(c2)
@vindex org-tag-alist
These lines (several such lines are allowed) specify the valid tags in
this file, and (potentially) the corresponding @emph{fast tag selection}
keys. The corresponding variable is @code{org-tag-alist}.
@item #+TBLFM:
This line contains the formulas for the table directly above the line.
@item #+TITLE:, #+AUTHOR:, #+EMAIL:, #+LANGUAGE:, #+TEXT:, #+DATE:,
@itemx #+OPTIONS:, #+BIND:, #+XSLT:,
@itemx #+DESCRIPTION:, #+KEYWORDS:,
@itemx #+LATEX_HEADER:, #+STYLE:, #+LINK_UP:, #+LINK_HOME:,
@itemx #+EXPORT_SELECT_TAGS:, #+EXPORT_EXCLUDE_TAGS:
These lines provide settings for exporting files. For more details see
@ref{Export options}.
@item #+TODO: #+SEQ_TODO: #+TYP_TODO:
@vindex org-todo-keywords
These lines set the TODO keywords and their interpretation in the
current file. The corresponding variable is @code{org-todo-keywords}.
@end table
@node The very busy C-c C-c key, Clean view, In-buffer settings, Miscellaneous
@section The very busy C-c C-c key
@kindex C-c C-c
@cindex C-c C-c, overview
The key @kbd{C-c C-c} has many purposes in Org, which are all
mentioned scattered throughout this manual. One specific function of
this key is to add @emph{tags} to a headline (@pxref{Tags}). In many
other circumstances it means something like @emph{``Hey Org, look
here and update according to what you see here''}. Here is a summary of
what this means in different contexts.
@itemize @minus
@item
If there are highlights in the buffer from the creation of a sparse
tree, or from clock display, remove these highlights.
@item
If the cursor is in one of the special @code{#+KEYWORD} lines, this
triggers scanning the buffer for these lines and updating the
information.
@item
If the cursor is inside a table, realign the table. This command
works even if the automatic table editor has been turned off.
@item
If the cursor is on a @code{#+TBLFM} line, re-apply the formulas to
the entire table.
@item
If the current buffer is a capture buffer, close the note and file it.
With a prefix argument, file it, without further interaction, to the
default location.
@item
If the cursor is on a @code{<<<target>>>}, update radio targets and
corresponding links in this buffer.
@item
If the cursor is in a property line or at the start or end of a property
drawer, offer property commands.
@item
If the cursor is at a footnote reference, go to the corresponding
definition, and vice versa.
@item
If the cursor is on a statistics cookie, update it.
@item
If the cursor is in a plain list item with a checkbox, toggle the status
of the checkbox.
@item
If the cursor is on a numbered item in a plain list, renumber the
ordered list.
@item
If the cursor is on the @code{#+BEGIN} line of a dynamic block, the
block is updated.
@end itemize
@node Clean view, TTY keys, The very busy C-c C-c key, Miscellaneous
@section A cleaner outline view
@cindex hiding leading stars
@cindex dynamic indentation
@cindex odd-levels-only outlines
@cindex clean outline view
Some people find it noisy and distracting that the Org headlines start with a
potentially large number of stars, and that text below the headlines is not
indented. While this is no problem when writing a @emph{book-like} document
where the outline headings are really section headings, in a more
@emph{list-oriented} outline, indented structure is a lot cleaner:
@example
@group
* Top level headline | * Top level headline
** Second level | * Second level
*** 3rd level | * 3rd level
some text | some text
*** 3rd level | * 3rd level
more text | more text
* Another top level headline | * Another top level headline
@end group
@end example
@noindent
If you are using at least Emacs 23.2@footnote{Emacs 23.1 can actually crash
with @code{org-indent-mode}} and version 6.29 of Org, this kind of view can
be achieved dynamically at display time using @code{org-indent-mode}. In
this minor mode, all lines are prefixed for display with the necessary amount
of space@footnote{@code{org-indent-mode} also sets the @code{wrap-prefix}
property, such that @code{visual-line-mode} (or purely setting
@code{word-wrap}) wraps long lines (including headlines) correctly indented.
}. Also headlines are prefixed with additional stars, so that the amount of
indentation shifts by two@footnote{See the variable
@code{org-indent-indentation-per-level}.} spaces per level. All headline
stars but the last one are made invisible using the @code{org-hide}
face@footnote{Turning on @code{org-indent-mode} sets
@code{org-hide-leading-stars} to @code{t} and @code{org-adapt-indentation} to
@code{nil}.} - see below under @samp{2.} for more information on how this
works. You can turn on @code{org-indent-mode} for all files by customizing
the variable @code{org-startup-indented}, or you can turn it on for
individual files using
@example
#+STARTUP: indent
@end example
If you want a similar effect in earlier version of Emacs and/or Org, or if
you want the indentation to be hard space characters so that the plain text
file looks as similar as possible to the Emacs display, Org supports you in
the following way:
@enumerate
@item
@emph{Indentation of text below headlines}@*
You may indent text below each headline to make the left boundary line up
with the headline, like
@example
*** 3rd level
more text, now indented
@end example
@vindex org-adapt-indentation
Org supports this with paragraph filling, line wrapping, and structure
editing@footnote{See also the variable @code{org-adapt-indentation}.},
preserving or adapting the indentation as appropriate.
@item
@vindex org-hide-leading-stars
@emph{Hiding leading stars}@* You can modify the display in such a way that
all leading stars become invisible. To do this in a global way, configure
the variable @code{org-hide-leading-stars} or change this on a per-file basis
with
@example
#+STARTUP: hidestars
#+STARTUP: showstars
@end example
With hidden stars, the tree becomes:
@example
@group
* Top level headline
* Second level
* 3rd level
...
@end group
@end example
@noindent
@vindex org-hide @r{(face)}
The leading stars are not truly replaced by whitespace, they are only
fontified with the face @code{org-hide} that uses the background color as
font color. If you are not using either white or black background, you may
have to customize this face to get the wanted effect. Another possibility is
to set this font such that the extra stars are @i{almost} invisible, for
example using the color @code{grey90} on a white background.
@item
@vindex org-odd-levels-only
Things become cleaner still if you skip all the even levels and use only odd
levels 1, 3, 5..., effectively adding two stars to go from one outline level
to the next@footnote{When you need to specify a level for a property search
or refile targets, @samp{LEVEL=2} will correspond to 3 stars, etc@.}. In this
way we get the outline view shown at the beginning of this section. In order
to make the structure editing and export commands handle this convention
correctly, configure the variable @code{org-odd-levels-only}, or set this on
a per-file basis with one of the following lines:
@example
#+STARTUP: odd
#+STARTUP: oddeven
@end example
You can convert an Org file from single-star-per-level to the
double-star-per-level convention with @kbd{M-x org-convert-to-odd-levels
RET} in that file. The reverse operation is @kbd{M-x
org-convert-to-oddeven-levels}.
@end enumerate
@node TTY keys, Interaction, Clean view, Miscellaneous
@section Using Org on a tty
@cindex tty key bindings
Because Org contains a large number of commands, by default many of
Org's core commands are bound to keys that are generally not
accessible on a tty, such as the cursor keys (@key{left}, @key{right},
@key{up}, @key{down}), @key{TAB} and @key{RET}, in particular when used
together with modifiers like @key{Meta} and/or @key{Shift}. To access
these commands on a tty when special keys are unavailable, the following
alternative bindings can be used. The tty bindings below will likely be
more cumbersome; you may find for some of the bindings below that a
customized workaround suits you better. For example, changing a timestamp
is really only fun with @kbd{S-@key{cursor}} keys, whereas on a
tty you would rather use @kbd{C-c .} to re-insert the timestamp.
@multitable @columnfractions 0.15 0.2 0.1 0.2
@item @b{Default} @tab @b{Alternative 1} @tab @b{Speed key} @tab @b{Alternative 2}
@item @kbd{S-@key{TAB}} @tab @kbd{C-u @key{TAB}} @tab @kbd{C} @tab
@item @kbd{M-@key{left}} @tab @kbd{C-c C-x l} @tab @kbd{l} @tab @kbd{@key{Esc} @key{left}}
@item @kbd{M-S-@key{left}} @tab @kbd{C-c C-x L} @tab @kbd{L} @tab
@item @kbd{M-@key{right}} @tab @kbd{C-c C-x r} @tab @kbd{r} @tab @kbd{@key{Esc} @key{right}}
@item @kbd{M-S-@key{right}} @tab @kbd{C-c C-x R} @tab @kbd{R} @tab
@item @kbd{M-@key{up}} @tab @kbd{C-c C-x u} @tab @kbd{ } @tab @kbd{@key{Esc} @key{up}}
@item @kbd{M-S-@key{up}} @tab @kbd{C-c C-x U} @tab @kbd{U} @tab
@item @kbd{M-@key{down}} @tab @kbd{C-c C-x d} @tab @kbd{ } @tab @kbd{@key{Esc} @key{down}}
@item @kbd{M-S-@key{down}} @tab @kbd{C-c C-x D} @tab @kbd{D} @tab
@item @kbd{S-@key{RET}} @tab @kbd{C-c C-x c} @tab @kbd{ } @tab
@item @kbd{M-@key{RET}} @tab @kbd{C-c C-x m} @tab @kbd{ } @tab @kbd{@key{Esc} @key{RET}}
@item @kbd{M-S-@key{RET}} @tab @kbd{C-c C-x M} @tab @kbd{ } @tab
@item @kbd{S-@key{left}} @tab @kbd{C-c @key{left}} @tab @kbd{ } @tab
@item @kbd{S-@key{right}} @tab @kbd{C-c @key{right}} @tab @kbd{ } @tab
@item @kbd{S-@key{up}} @tab @kbd{C-c @key{up}} @tab @kbd{ } @tab
@item @kbd{S-@key{down}} @tab @kbd{C-c @key{down}} @tab @kbd{ } @tab
@item @kbd{C-S-@key{left}} @tab @kbd{C-c C-x @key{left}} @tab @kbd{ } @tab
@item @kbd{C-S-@key{right}} @tab @kbd{C-c C-x @key{right}} @tab @kbd{ } @tab
@end multitable
@node Interaction, , TTY keys, Miscellaneous
@section Interaction with other packages
@cindex packages, interaction with other
Org lives in the world of GNU Emacs and interacts in various ways
with other code out there.
@menu
* Cooperation:: Packages Org cooperates with
* Conflicts:: Packages that lead to conflicts
@end menu
@node Cooperation, Conflicts, Interaction, Interaction
@subsection Packages that Org cooperates with
@table @asis
@cindex @file{calc.el}
@cindex Gillespie, Dave
@item @file{calc.el} by Dave Gillespie
Org uses the Calc package for implementing spreadsheet
functionality in its tables (@pxref{The spreadsheet}). Org
checks for the availability of Calc by looking for the function
@code{calc-eval} which will have been autoloaded during setup if Calc has
been installed properly. As of Emacs 22, Calc is part of the Emacs
distribution. Another possibility for interaction between the two
packages is using Calc for embedded calculations. @xref{Embedded Mode,
, Embedded Mode, Calc, GNU Emacs Calc Manual}.
@item @file{constants.el} by Carsten Dominik
@cindex @file{constants.el}
@cindex Dominik, Carsten
@vindex org-table-formula-constants
In a table formula (@pxref{The spreadsheet}), it is possible to use
names for natural constants or units. Instead of defining your own
constants in the variable @code{org-table-formula-constants}, install
the @file{constants} package which defines a large number of constants
and units, and lets you use unit prefixes like @samp{M} for
@samp{Mega}, etc@. You will need version 2.0 of this package, available
at @url{http://www.astro.uva.nl/~dominik/Tools}. Org checks for
the function @code{constants-get}, which has to be autoloaded in your
setup. See the installation instructions in the file
@file{constants.el}.
@item @file{cdlatex.el} by Carsten Dominik
@cindex @file{cdlatex.el}
@cindex Dominik, Carsten
Org-mode can make use of the CDLa@TeX{} package to efficiently enter
La@TeX{} fragments into Org files. See @ref{CDLaTeX mode}.
@item @file{imenu.el} by Ake Stenhoff and Lars Lindberg
@cindex @file{imenu.el}
Imenu allows menu access to an index of items in a file. Org-mode
supports Imenu---all you need to do to get the index is the following:
@lisp
(add-hook 'org-mode-hook
(lambda () (imenu-add-to-menubar "Imenu")))
@end lisp
@vindex org-imenu-depth
By default the index is two levels deep---you can modify the depth using
the option @code{org-imenu-depth}.
@item @file{remember.el} by John Wiegley
@cindex @file{remember.el}
@cindex Wiegley, John
Org used to use this package for capture, but no longer does.
@item @file{speedbar.el} by Eric M. Ludlam
@cindex @file{speedbar.el}
@cindex Ludlam, Eric M.
Speedbar is a package that creates a special frame displaying files and
index items in files. Org-mode supports Speedbar and allows you to
drill into Org files directly from the Speedbar. It also allows you to
restrict the scope of agenda commands to a file or a subtree by using
the command @kbd{<} in the Speedbar frame.
@cindex @file{table.el}
@item @file{table.el} by Takaaki Ota
@kindex C-c C-c
@cindex table editor, @file{table.el}
@cindex @file{table.el}
@cindex Ota, Takaaki
Complex ASCII tables with automatic line wrapping, column- and row-spanning,
and alignment can be created using the Emacs table package by Takaaki Ota
(@uref{http://sourceforge.net/projects/table}, and also part of Emacs 22).
Org-mode will recognize these tables and export them properly. Because of
interference with other Org-mode functionality, you unfortunately cannot edit
these tables directly in the buffer. Instead, you need to use the command
@kbd{C-c '} to edit them, similar to source code snippets.
@table @kbd
@orgcmd{C-c ',org-edit-special}
Edit a @file{table.el} table. Works when the cursor is in a table.el table.
@c
@orgcmd{C-c ~,org-table-create-with-table.el}
Insert a @file{table.el} table. If there is already a table at point, this
command converts it between the @file{table.el} format and the Org-mode
format. See the documentation string of the command
@code{org-convert-table} for the restrictions under which this is
possible.
@end table
@file{table.el} is part of Emacs since Emacs 22.
@item @file{footnote.el} by Steven L. Baur
@cindex @file{footnote.el}
@cindex Baur, Steven L.
Org-mode recognizes numerical footnotes as provided by this package.
However, Org-mode also has its own footnote support (@pxref{Footnotes}),
which makes using @file{footnote.el} unnecessary.
@end table
@node Conflicts, , Cooperation, Interaction
@subsection Packages that lead to conflicts with Org-mode
@table @asis
@cindex @code{shift-selection-mode}
@vindex org-support-shift-select
In Emacs 23, @code{shift-selection-mode} is on by default, meaning that
cursor motions combined with the shift key should start or enlarge regions.
This conflicts with the use of @kbd{S-@key{cursor}} commands in Org to change
timestamps, TODO keywords, priorities, and item bullet types if the cursor is
at such a location. By default, @kbd{S-@key{cursor}} commands outside
special contexts don't do anything, but you can customize the variable
@code{org-support-shift-select}. Org-mode then tries to accommodate shift
selection by (i) using it outside of the special contexts where special
commands apply, and by (ii) extending an existing active region even if the
cursor moves across a special context.
@item @file{CUA.el} by Kim. F. Storm
@cindex @file{CUA.el}
@cindex Storm, Kim. F.
@vindex org-replace-disputed-keys
Key bindings in Org conflict with the @kbd{S-<cursor>} keys used by CUA mode
(as well as @code{pc-select-mode} and @code{s-region-mode}) to select and extend the
region. In fact, Emacs 23 has this built-in in the form of
@code{shift-selection-mode}, see previous paragraph. If you are using Emacs
23, you probably don't want to use another package for this purpose. However,
if you prefer to leave these keys to a different package while working in
Org-mode, configure the variable @code{org-replace-disputed-keys}. When set,
Org will move the following key bindings in Org files, and in the agenda
buffer (but not during date selection).
@example
S-UP -> M-p S-DOWN -> M-n
S-LEFT -> M-- S-RIGHT -> M-+
C-S-LEFT -> M-S-- C-S-RIGHT -> M-S-+
@end example
@vindex org-disputed-keys
Yes, these are unfortunately more difficult to remember. If you want
to have other replacement keys, look at the variable
@code{org-disputed-keys}.
@item @file{yasnippet.el}
@cindex @file{yasnippet.el}
The way Org-mode binds the TAB key (binding to @code{[tab]} instead of
@code{"\t"}) overrules yasnippets' access to this key. The following code
fixed this problem:
@lisp
(add-hook 'org-mode-hook
(lambda ()
(org-set-local 'yas/trigger-key [tab])
(define-key yas/keymap [tab] 'yas/next-field-group)))
@end lisp
@item @file{windmove.el} by Hovav Shacham
@cindex @file{windmove.el}
This package also uses the @kbd{S-<cursor>} keys, so everything written
in the paragraph above about CUA mode also applies here. If you want make
the windmove function active in locations where Org-mode does not have
special functionality on @kbd{S-@key{cursor}}, add this to your
configuration:
@lisp
;; Make windmove work in org-mode:
(add-hook 'org-shiftup-final-hook 'windmove-up)
(add-hook 'org-shiftleft-final-hook 'windmove-left)
(add-hook 'org-shiftdown-final-hook 'windmove-down)
(add-hook 'org-shiftright-final-hook 'windmove-right)
@end lisp
@item @file{viper.el} by Michael Kifer
@cindex @file{viper.el}
@kindex C-c /
Viper uses @kbd{C-c /} and therefore makes this key not access the
corresponding Org-mode command @code{org-sparse-tree}. You need to find
another key for this command, or override the key in
@code{viper-vi-global-user-map} with
@lisp
(define-key viper-vi-global-user-map "C-c /" 'org-sparse-tree)
@end lisp
@end table
@node Hacking, MobileOrg, Miscellaneous, Top
@appendix Hacking
@cindex hacking
This appendix covers some aspects where users can extend the functionality of
Org.
@menu
* Hooks:: Who to reach into Org's internals
* Add-on packages:: Available extensions
* Adding hyperlink types:: New custom link types
* Context-sensitive commands:: How to add functionality to such commands
* Tables in arbitrary syntax:: Orgtbl for La@TeX{} and other programs
* Dynamic blocks:: Automatically filled blocks
* Special agenda views:: Customized views
* Extracting agenda information:: Postprocessing of agenda information
* Using the property API:: Writing programs that use entry properties
* Using the mapping API:: Mapping over all or selected entries
@end menu
@node Hooks, Add-on packages, Hacking, Hacking
@section Hooks
@cindex hooks
Org has a large number of hook variables that can be used to add
functionality. This appendix about hacking is going to illustrate the
use of some of them. A complete list of all hooks with documentation is
maintained by the Worg project and can be found at
@uref{http://orgmode.org/worg/org-configs/org-hooks.php}.
@node Add-on packages, Adding hyperlink types, Hooks, Hacking
@section Add-on packages
@cindex add-on packages
A large number of add-on packages have been written by various authors.
These packages are not part of Emacs, but they are distributed as contributed
packages with the separate release available at the Org-mode home page at
@uref{http://orgmode.org}. The list of contributed packages, along with
documentation about each package, is maintained by the Worg project at
@uref{http://orgmode.org/worg/org-contrib/}.
@node Adding hyperlink types, Context-sensitive commands, Add-on packages, Hacking
@section Adding hyperlink types
@cindex hyperlinks, adding new types
Org has a large number of hyperlink types built-in
(@pxref{Hyperlinks}). If you would like to add new link types, Org
provides an interface for doing so. Let's look at an example file,
@file{org-man.el}, that will add support for creating links like
@samp{[[man:printf][The printf manpage]]} to show Unix manual pages inside
Emacs:
@lisp
;;; org-man.el - Support for links to manpages in Org
(require 'org)
(org-add-link-type "man" 'org-man-open)
(add-hook 'org-store-link-functions 'org-man-store-link)
(defcustom org-man-command 'man
"The Emacs command to be used to display a man page."
:group 'org-link
:type '(choice (const man) (const woman)))
(defun org-man-open (path)
"Visit the manpage on PATH.
PATH should be a topic that can be thrown at the man command."
(funcall org-man-command path))
(defun org-man-store-link ()
"Store a link to a manpage."
(when (memq major-mode '(Man-mode woman-mode))
;; This is a man page, we do make this link
(let* ((page (org-man-get-page-name))
(link (concat "man:" page))
(description (format "Manpage for %s" page)))
(org-store-link-props
:type "man"
:link link
:description description))))
(defun org-man-get-page-name ()
"Extract the page name from the buffer name."
;; This works for both `Man-mode' and `woman-mode'.
(if (string-match " \\(\\S-+\\)\\*" (buffer-name))
(match-string 1 (buffer-name))
(error "Cannot create link to this man page")))
(provide 'org-man)
;;; org-man.el ends here
@end lisp
@noindent
You would activate this new link type in @file{.emacs} with
@lisp
(require 'org-man)
@end lisp
@noindent
Let's go through the file and see what it does.
@enumerate
@item
It does @code{(require 'org)} to make sure that @file{org.el} has been
loaded.
@item
The next line calls @code{org-add-link-type} to define a new link type
with prefix @samp{man}. The call also contains the name of a function
that will be called to follow such a link.
@item
@vindex org-store-link-functions
The next line adds a function to @code{org-store-link-functions}, in
order to allow the command @kbd{C-c l} to record a useful link in a
buffer displaying a man page.
@end enumerate
The rest of the file defines the necessary variables and functions.
First there is a customization variable that determines which Emacs
command should be used to display man pages. There are two options,
@code{man} and @code{woman}. Then the function to follow a link is
defined. It gets the link path as an argument---in this case the link
path is just a topic for the manual command. The function calls the
value of @code{org-man-command} to display the man page.
Finally the function @code{org-man-store-link} is defined. When you try
to store a link with @kbd{C-c l}, this function will be called to
try to make a link. The function must first decide if it is supposed to
create the link for this buffer type; we do this by checking the value
of the variable @code{major-mode}. If not, the function must exit and
return the value @code{nil}. If yes, the link is created by getting the
manual topic from the buffer name and prefixing it with the string
@samp{man:}. Then it must call the command @code{org-store-link-props}
and set the @code{:type} and @code{:link} properties. Optionally you
can also set the @code{:description} property to provide a default for
the link description when the link is later inserted into an Org
buffer with @kbd{C-c C-l}.
When is makes sense for your new link type, you may also define a function
@code{org-PREFIX-complete-link} that implements special (e.g. completion)
support for inserting such a link with @kbd{C-c C-l}. Such a function should
not accept any arguments, and return the full link with prefix.
@node Context-sensitive commands, Tables in arbitrary syntax, Adding hyperlink types, Hacking
@section Context-sensitive commands
@cindex context-sensitive commands, hooks
@cindex add-ons, context-sensitive commands
@vindex org-ctrl-c-ctrl-c-hook
Org has several commands that act differently depending on context. The most
important example it the @kbd{C-c C-c} (@pxref{The very busy C-c C-c key}).
Also the @kbd{M-cursor} and @kbd{M-S-cursor} keys have this property.
Add-ons can tap into this functionality by providing a function that detects
special context for that add-on and executes functionality appropriate for
the context. Here is an example from Dan Davison's @file{org-R.el} which
allows you to evaluate commands based on the @file{R} programming language
@footnote{@file{org-R.el} has been replaced by the org-mode functionality
described in @ref{Working With Source Code} and is now obsolete.}. For this
package, special contexts are lines that start with @code{#+R:} or
@code{#+RR:}.
@lisp
(defun org-R-apply-maybe ()
"Detect if this is context for org-R and execute R commands."
(if (save-excursion
(beginning-of-line 1)
(looking-at "#\\+RR?:"))
(progn (call-interactively 'org-R-apply)
t) ;; to signal that we took action
nil)) ;; to signal that we did not
(add-hook 'org-ctrl-c-ctrl-c-hook 'org-R-apply-maybe)
@end lisp
The function first checks if the cursor is in such a line. If that is the
case, @code{org-R-apply} is called and the function returns @code{t} to
signal that action was taken, and @kbd{C-c C-c} will stop looking for other
contexts. If the function finds it should do nothing locally, it returns @code{nil} so that other, similar functions can have a try.
@node Tables in arbitrary syntax, Dynamic blocks, Context-sensitive commands, Hacking
@section Tables and lists in arbitrary syntax
@cindex tables, in other modes
@cindex lists, in other modes
@cindex Orgtbl mode
Since Orgtbl mode can be used as a minor mode in arbitrary buffers, a
frequent feature request has been to make it work with native tables in
specific languages, for example La@TeX{}. However, this is extremely
hard to do in a general way, would lead to a customization nightmare,
and would take away much of the simplicity of the Orgtbl-mode table
editor.
This appendix describes a different approach. We keep the Orgtbl mode
table in its native format (the @i{source table}), and use a custom
function to @i{translate} the table to the correct syntax, and to
@i{install} it in the right location (the @i{target table}). This puts
the burden of writing conversion functions on the user, but it allows
for a very flexible system.
Bastien added the ability to do the same with lists, in Orgstruct mode. You
can use Org's facilities to edit and structure lists by turning
@code{orgstruct-mode} on, then locally exporting such lists in another format
(HTML, La@TeX{} or Texinfo.)
@menu
* Radio tables:: Sending and receiving radio tables
* A LaTeX example:: Step by step, almost a tutorial
* Translator functions:: Copy and modify
* Radio lists:: Doing the same for lists
@end menu
@node Radio tables, A LaTeX example, Tables in arbitrary syntax, Tables in arbitrary syntax
@subsection Radio tables
@cindex radio tables
To define the location of the target table, you first need to create two
lines that are comments in the current mode, but contain magic words for
Orgtbl mode to find. Orgtbl mode will insert the translated table
between these lines, replacing whatever was there before. For example:
@example
/* BEGIN RECEIVE ORGTBL table_name */
/* END RECEIVE ORGTBL table_name */
@end example
@noindent
Just above the source table, we put a special line that tells
Orgtbl mode how to translate this table and where to install it. For
example:
@cindex #+ORGTBL
@example
#+ORGTBL: SEND table_name translation_function arguments....
@end example
@noindent
@code{table_name} is the reference name for the table that is also used
in the receiver lines. @code{translation_function} is the Lisp function
that does the translation. Furthermore, the line can contain a list of
arguments (alternating key and value) at the end. The arguments will be
passed as a property list to the translation function for
interpretation. A few standard parameters are already recognized and
acted upon before the translation function is called:
@table @code
@item :skip N
Skip the first N lines of the table. Hlines do count as separate lines for
this parameter!
@item :skipcols (n1 n2 ...)
List of columns that should be skipped. If the table has a column with
calculation marks, that column is automatically discarded as well.
Please note that the translator function sees the table @emph{after} the
removal of these columns, the function never knows that there have been
additional columns.
@end table
@noindent
The one problem remaining is how to keep the source table in the buffer
without disturbing the normal workings of the file, for example during
compilation of a C file or processing of a La@TeX{} file. There are a
number of different solutions:
@itemize @bullet
@item
The table could be placed in a block comment if that is supported by the
language. For example, in C mode you could wrap the table between
@samp{/*} and @samp{*/} lines.
@item
Sometimes it is possible to put the table after some kind of @i{END}
statement, for example @samp{\bye} in @TeX{} and @samp{\end@{document@}}
in La@TeX{}.
@item
You can just comment the table line-by-line whenever you want to process
the file, and uncomment it whenever you need to edit the table. This
only sounds tedious---the command @kbd{M-x orgtbl-toggle-comment}
makes this comment-toggling very easy, in particular if you bind it to a
key.
@end itemize
@node A LaTeX example, Translator functions, Radio tables, Tables in arbitrary syntax
@subsection A La@TeX{} example of radio tables
@cindex La@TeX{}, and Orgtbl mode
The best way to wrap the source table in La@TeX{} is to use the
@code{comment} environment provided by @file{comment.sty}. It has to be
activated by placing @code{\usepackage@{comment@}} into the document
header. Orgtbl mode can insert a radio table skeleton@footnote{By
default this works only for La@TeX{}, HTML, and Texinfo. Configure the
variable @code{orgtbl-radio-tables} to install templates for other
modes.} with the command @kbd{M-x orgtbl-insert-radio-table}. You will
be prompted for a table name, let's say we use @samp{salesfigures}. You
will then get the following template:
@cindex #+ORGTBL, SEND
@example
% BEGIN RECEIVE ORGTBL salesfigures
% END RECEIVE ORGTBL salesfigures
\begin@{comment@}
#+ORGTBL: SEND salesfigures orgtbl-to-latex
| | |
\end@{comment@}
@end example
@noindent
@vindex La@TeX{}-verbatim-environments
The @code{#+ORGTBL: SEND} line tells Orgtbl mode to use the function
@code{orgtbl-to-latex} to convert the table into La@TeX{} and to put it
into the receiver location with name @code{salesfigures}. You may now
fill in the table, feel free to use the spreadsheet features@footnote{If
the @samp{#+TBLFM} line contains an odd number of dollar characters,
this may cause problems with font-lock in La@TeX{} mode. As shown in the
example you can fix this by adding an extra line inside the
@code{comment} environment that is used to balance the dollar
expressions. If you are using AUC@TeX{} with the font-latex library, a
much better solution is to add the @code{comment} environment to the
variable @code{LaTeX-verbatim-environments}.}:
@example
% BEGIN RECEIVE ORGTBL salesfigures
% END RECEIVE ORGTBL salesfigures
\begin@{comment@}
#+ORGTBL: SEND salesfigures orgtbl-to-latex
| Month | Days | Nr sold | per day |
|-------+------+---------+---------|
| Jan | 23 | 55 | 2.4 |
| Feb | 21 | 16 | 0.8 |
| March | 22 | 278 | 12.6 |
#+TBLFM: $4=$3/$2;%.1f
% $ (optional extra dollar to keep font-lock happy, see footnote)
\end@{comment@}
@end example
@noindent
When you are done, press @kbd{C-c C-c} in the table to get the converted
table inserted between the two marker lines.
Now let's assume you want to make the table header by hand, because you
want to control how columns are aligned, etc@. In this case we make sure
that the table translator skips the first 2 lines of the source
table, and tell the command to work as a @i{splice}, i.e. to not produce
header and footer commands of the target table:
@example
\begin@{tabular@}@{lrrr@}
Month & \multicolumn@{1@}@{c@}@{Days@} & Nr.\ sold & per day\\
% BEGIN RECEIVE ORGTBL salesfigures
% END RECEIVE ORGTBL salesfigures
\end@{tabular@}
%
\begin@{comment@}
#+ORGTBL: SEND salesfigures orgtbl-to-latex :splice t :skip 2
| Month | Days | Nr sold | per day |
|-------+------+---------+---------|
| Jan | 23 | 55 | 2.4 |
| Feb | 21 | 16 | 0.8 |
| March | 22 | 278 | 12.6 |
#+TBLFM: $4=$3/$2;%.1f
\end@{comment@}
@end example
The La@TeX{} translator function @code{orgtbl-to-latex} is already part of
Orgtbl mode. It uses a @code{tabular} environment to typeset the table
and marks horizontal lines with @code{\hline}. Furthermore, it
interprets the following parameters (see also @pxref{Translator functions}):
@table @code
@item :splice nil/t
When set to t, return only table body lines, don't wrap them into a
tabular environment. Default is nil.
@item :fmt fmt
A format to be used to wrap each field, it should contain @code{%s} for the
original field value. For example, to wrap each field value in dollars,
you could use @code{:fmt "$%s$"}. This may also be a property list with
column numbers and formats. for example @code{:fmt (2 "$%s$" 4 "%s\\%%")}.
A function of one argument can be used in place of the strings; the
function must return a formatted string.
@item :efmt efmt
Use this format to print numbers with exponentials. The format should
have @code{%s} twice for inserting mantissa and exponent, for example
@code{"%s\\times10^@{%s@}"}. The default is @code{"%s\\,(%s)"}. This
may also be a property list with column numbers and formats, for example
@code{:efmt (2 "$%s\\times10^@{%s@}$" 4 "$%s\\cdot10^@{%s@}$")}. After
@code{efmt} has been applied to a value, @code{fmt} will also be
applied. Similar to @code{fmt}, functions of two arguments can be
supplied instead of strings.
@end table
@node Translator functions, Radio lists, A LaTeX example, Tables in arbitrary syntax
@subsection Translator functions
@cindex HTML, and Orgtbl mode
@cindex translator function
Orgtbl mode has several translator functions built-in: @code{orgtbl-to-csv}
(comma-separated values), @code{orgtbl-to-tsv} (TAB-separated values)
@code{orgtbl-to-latex}, @code{orgtbl-to-html}, and @code{orgtbl-to-texinfo}.
Except for @code{orgtbl-to-html}@footnote{The HTML translator uses the same
code that produces tables during HTML export.}, these all use a generic
translator, @code{orgtbl-to-generic}. For example, @code{orgtbl-to-latex}
itself is a very short function that computes the column definitions for the
@code{tabular} environment, defines a few field and line separators and then
hands processing over to the generic translator. Here is the entire code:
@lisp
@group
(defun orgtbl-to-latex (table params)
"Convert the Orgtbl mode TABLE to LaTeX."
(let* ((alignment (mapconcat (lambda (x) (if x "r" "l"))
org-table-last-alignment ""))
(params2
(list
:tstart (concat "\\begin@{tabular@}@{" alignment "@}")
:tend "\\end@{tabular@}"
:lstart "" :lend " \\\\" :sep " & "
:efmt "%s\\,(%s)" :hline "\\hline")))
(orgtbl-to-generic table (org-combine-plists params2 params))))
@end group
@end lisp
As you can see, the properties passed into the function (variable
@var{PARAMS}) are combined with the ones newly defined in the function
(variable @var{PARAMS2}). The ones passed into the function (i.e. the
ones set by the @samp{ORGTBL SEND} line) take precedence. So if you
would like to use the La@TeX{} translator, but wanted the line endings to
be @samp{\\[2mm]} instead of the default @samp{\\}, you could just
overrule the default with
@example
#+ORGTBL: SEND test orgtbl-to-latex :lend " \\\\[2mm]"
@end example
For a new language, you can either write your own converter function in
analogy with the La@TeX{} translator, or you can use the generic function
directly. For example, if you have a language where a table is started
with @samp{!BTBL!}, ended with @samp{!ETBL!}, and where table lines are
started with @samp{!BL!}, ended with @samp{!EL!}, and where the field
separator is a TAB, you could call the generic translator like this (on
a single line!):
@example
#+ORGTBL: SEND test orgtbl-to-generic :tstart "!BTBL!" :tend "!ETBL!"
:lstart "!BL! " :lend " !EL!" :sep "\t"
@end example
@noindent
Please check the documentation string of the function
@code{orgtbl-to-generic} for a full list of parameters understood by
that function, and remember that you can pass each of them into
@code{orgtbl-to-latex}, @code{orgtbl-to-texinfo}, and any other function
using the generic function.
Of course you can also write a completely new function doing complicated
things the generic translator cannot do. A translator function takes
two arguments. The first argument is the table, a list of lines, each
line either the symbol @code{hline} or a list of fields. The second
argument is the property list containing all parameters specified in the
@samp{#+ORGTBL: SEND} line. The function must return a single string
containing the formatted table. If you write a generally useful
translator, please post it on @email{emacs-orgmode@@gnu.org} so that
others can benefit from your work.
@node Radio lists, , Translator functions, Tables in arbitrary syntax
@subsection Radio lists
@cindex radio lists
@cindex org-list-insert-radio-list
Sending and receiving radio lists works exactly the same way than sending and
receiving radio tables (@pxref{Radio tables}). As for radio tables, you can
insert radio lists templates in HTML, La@TeX{} and Texinfo modes by calling
@code{org-list-insert-radio-list}.
Here are the differences with radio tables:
@itemize @minus
@item
Orgstruct mode must be active.
@item
Use the @code{ORGLST} keyword instead of @code{ORGTBL}.
@item
The available translation functions for radio lists don't take
parameters.
@item
@kbd{C-c C-c} will work when pressed on the first item of the list.
@end itemize
Here is a La@TeX{} example. Let's say that you have this in your
La@TeX{} file:
@cindex #+ORGLST
@example
% BEGIN RECEIVE ORGLST to-buy
% END RECEIVE ORGLST to-buy
\begin@{comment@}
#+ORGLST: SEND to-buy org-list-to-latex
- a new house
- a new computer
+ a new keyboard
+ a new mouse
- a new life
\end@{comment@}
@end example
Pressing `C-c C-c' on @code{a new house} and will insert the converted
La@TeX{} list between the two marker lines.
@node Dynamic blocks, Special agenda views, Tables in arbitrary syntax, Hacking
@section Dynamic blocks
@cindex dynamic blocks
Org documents can contain @emph{dynamic blocks}. These are
specially marked regions that are updated by some user-written function.
A good example for such a block is the clock table inserted by the
command @kbd{C-c C-x C-r} (@pxref{Clocking work time}).
Dynamic block are enclosed by a BEGIN-END structure that assigns a name
to the block and can also specify parameters for the function producing
the content of the block.
#+BEGIN:dynamic block
@example
#+BEGIN: myblock :parameter1 value1 :parameter2 value2 ...
#+END:
@end example
Dynamic blocks are updated with the following commands
@table @kbd
@orgcmd{C-c C-x C-u,org-dblock-update}
Update dynamic block at point.
@orgkey{C-u C-c C-x C-u}
Update all dynamic blocks in the current file.
@end table
Updating a dynamic block means to remove all the text between BEGIN and
END, parse the BEGIN line for parameters and then call the specific
writer function for this block to insert the new content. If you want
to use the original content in the writer function, you can use the
extra parameter @code{:content}.
For a block with name @code{myblock}, the writer function is
@code{org-dblock-write:myblock} with as only parameter a property list
with the parameters given in the begin line. Here is a trivial example
of a block that keeps track of when the block update function was last
run:
@example
#+BEGIN: block-update-time :format "on %m/%d/%Y at %H:%M"
#+END:
@end example
@noindent
The corresponding block writer function could look like this:
@lisp
(defun org-dblock-write:block-update-time (params)
(let ((fmt (or (plist-get params :format) "%d. %m. %Y")))
(insert "Last block update at: "
(format-time-string fmt (current-time)))))
@end lisp
If you want to make sure that all dynamic blocks are always up-to-date,
you could add the function @code{org-update-all-dblocks} to a hook, for
example @code{before-save-hook}. @code{org-update-all-dblocks} is
written in a way such that it does nothing in buffers that are not in
@code{org-mode}.
@node Special agenda views, Extracting agenda information, Dynamic blocks, Hacking
@section Special agenda views
@cindex agenda views, user-defined
Org provides a special hook that can be used to narrow down the selection
made by these agenda views: @code{todo}, @code{alltodo}, @code{tags}, @code{tags-todo},
@code{tags-tree}. You may specify a function that is used at each match to verify
if the match should indeed be part of the agenda view, and if not, how
much should be skipped.
Let's say you want to produce a list of projects that contain a WAITING
tag anywhere in the project tree. Let's further assume that you have
marked all tree headings that define a project with the TODO keyword
PROJECT. In this case you would run a TODO search for the keyword
PROJECT, but skip the match unless there is a WAITING tag anywhere in
the subtree belonging to the project line.
To achieve this, you must write a function that searches the subtree for
the tag. If the tag is found, the function must return @code{nil} to
indicate that this match should not be skipped. If there is no such
tag, return the location of the end of the subtree, to indicate that
search should continue from there.
@lisp
(defun my-skip-unless-waiting ()
"Skip trees that are not waiting"
(let ((subtree-end (save-excursion (org-end-of-subtree t))))
(if (re-search-forward ":waiting:" subtree-end t)
nil ; tag found, do not skip
subtree-end))) ; tag not found, continue after end of subtree
@end lisp
Now you may use this function in an agenda custom command, for example
like this:
@lisp
(org-add-agenda-custom-command
'("b" todo "PROJECT"
((org-agenda-skip-function 'my-skip-unless-waiting)
(org-agenda-overriding-header "Projects waiting for something: "))))
@end lisp
@vindex org-agenda-overriding-header
Note that this also binds @code{org-agenda-overriding-header} to get a
meaningful header in the agenda view.
@vindex org-odd-levels-only
@vindex org-agenda-skip-function
A general way to create custom searches is to base them on a search for
entries with a certain level limit. If you want to study all entries with
your custom search function, simply do a search for
@samp{LEVEL>0}@footnote{Note that, when using @code{org-odd-levels-only}, a
level number corresponds to order in the hierarchy, not to the number of
stars.}, and then use @code{org-agenda-skip-function} to select the entries
you really want to have.
You may also put a Lisp form into @code{org-agenda-skip-function}. In
particular, you may use the functions @code{org-agenda-skip-entry-if}
and @code{org-agenda-skip-subtree-if} in this form, for example:
@table @code
@item '(org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'scheduled)
Skip current entry if it has been scheduled.
@item '(org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'notscheduled)
Skip current entry if it has not been scheduled.
@item '(org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'deadline)
Skip current entry if it has a deadline.
@item '(org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'scheduled 'deadline)
Skip current entry if it has a deadline, or if it is scheduled.
@item '(org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'todo '("TODO" "WAITING"))
Skip current entry if the TODO keyword is TODO or WAITING.
@item '(org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'todo 'done)
Skip current entry if the TODO keyword marks a DONE state.
@item '(org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'timestamp)
Skip current entry if it has any timestamp, may also be deadline or scheduled.
@item '(org-agenda-skip-entry 'regexp "regular expression")
Skip current entry if the regular expression matches in the entry.
@item '(org-agenda-skip-entry 'notregexp "regular expression")
Skip current entry unless the regular expression matches.
@item '(org-agenda-skip-subtree-if 'regexp "regular expression")
Same as above, but check and skip the entire subtree.
@end table
Therefore we could also have written the search for WAITING projects
like this, even without defining a special function:
@lisp
(org-add-agenda-custom-command
'("b" todo "PROJECT"
((org-agenda-skip-function '(org-agenda-skip-subtree-if
'regexp ":waiting:"))
(org-agenda-overriding-header "Projects waiting for something: "))))
@end lisp
@node Extracting agenda information, Using the property API, Special agenda views, Hacking
@section Extracting agenda information
@cindex agenda, pipe
@cindex Scripts, for agenda processing
@vindex org-agenda-custom-commands
Org provides commands to access agenda information for the command
line in Emacs batch mode. This extracted information can be sent
directly to a printer, or it can be read by a program that does further
processing of the data. The first of these commands is the function
@code{org-batch-agenda}, that produces an agenda view and sends it as
ASCII text to STDOUT. The command takes a single string as parameter.
If the string has length 1, it is used as a key to one of the commands
you have configured in @code{org-agenda-custom-commands}, basically any
key you can use after @kbd{C-c a}. For example, to directly print the
current TODO list, you could use
@example
emacs -batch -l ~/.emacs -eval '(org-batch-agenda "t")' | lpr
@end example
If the parameter is a string with 2 or more characters, it is used as a
tags/TODO match string. For example, to print your local shopping list
(all items with the tag @samp{shop}, but excluding the tag
@samp{NewYork}), you could use
@example
emacs -batch -l ~/.emacs \
-eval '(org-batch-agenda "+shop-NewYork")' | lpr
@end example
@noindent
You may also modify parameters on the fly like this:
@example
emacs -batch -l ~/.emacs \
-eval '(org-batch-agenda "a" \
org-agenda-ndays 30 \
org-agenda-include-diary nil \
org-agenda-files (quote ("~/org/project.org")))' \
| lpr
@end example
@noindent
which will produce a 30-day agenda, fully restricted to the Org file
@file{~/org/projects.org}, not even including the diary.
If you want to process the agenda data in more sophisticated ways, you
can use the command @code{org-batch-agenda-csv} to get a comma-separated
list of values for each agenda item. Each line in the output will
contain a number of fields separated by commas. The fields in a line
are:
@example
category @r{The category of the item}
head @r{The headline, without TODO keyword, TAGS and PRIORITY}
type @r{The type of the agenda entry, can be}
todo @r{selected in TODO match}
tagsmatch @r{selected in tags match}
diary @r{imported from diary}
deadline @r{a deadline}
scheduled @r{scheduled}
timestamp @r{appointment, selected by timestamp}
closed @r{entry was closed on date}
upcoming-deadline @r{warning about nearing deadline}
past-scheduled @r{forwarded scheduled item}
block @r{entry has date block including date}
todo @r{The TODO keyword, if any}
tags @r{All tags including inherited ones, separated by colons}
date @r{The relevant date, like 2007-2-14}
time @r{The time, like 15:00-16:50}
extra @r{String with extra planning info}
priority-l @r{The priority letter if any was given}
priority-n @r{The computed numerical priority}
@end example
@noindent
Time and date will only be given if a timestamp (or deadline/scheduled)
led to the selection of the item.
A CSV list like this is very easy to use in a post-processing script.
For example, here is a Perl program that gets the TODO list from
Emacs/Org and prints all the items, preceded by a checkbox:
@example
#!/usr/bin/perl
# define the Emacs command to run
$cmd = "emacs -batch -l ~/.emacs -eval '(org-batch-agenda-csv \"t\")'";
# run it and capture the output
$agenda = qx@{$cmd 2>/dev/null@};
# loop over all lines
foreach $line (split(/\n/,$agenda)) @{
# get the individual values
($category,$head,$type,$todo,$tags,$date,$time,$extra,
$priority_l,$priority_n) = split(/,/,$line);
# process and print
print "[ ] $head\n";
@}
@end example
@node Using the property API, Using the mapping API, Extracting agenda information, Hacking
@section Using the property API
@cindex API, for properties
@cindex properties, API
Here is a description of the functions that can be used to work with
properties.
@defun org-entry-properties &optional pom which
Get all properties of the entry at point-or-marker POM.@*
This includes the TODO keyword, the tags, time strings for deadline,
scheduled, and clocking, and any additional properties defined in the
entry. The return value is an alist, keys may occur multiple times
if the property key was used several times.@*
POM may also be nil, in which case the current entry is used.
If WHICH is nil or `all', get all properties. If WHICH is
`special' or `standard', only get that subclass.
@end defun
@vindex org-use-property-inheritance
@defun org-entry-get pom property &optional inherit
Get value of PROPERTY for entry at point-or-marker POM. By default,
this only looks at properties defined locally in the entry. If INHERIT
is non-nil and the entry does not have the property, then also check
higher levels of the hierarchy. If INHERIT is the symbol
@code{selective}, use inheritance if and only if the setting of
@code{org-use-property-inheritance} selects PROPERTY for inheritance.
@end defun
@defun org-entry-delete pom property
Delete the property PROPERTY from entry at point-or-marker POM.
@end defun
@defun org-entry-put pom property value
Set PROPERTY to VALUE for entry at point-or-marker POM.
@end defun
@defun org-buffer-property-keys &optional include-specials
Get all property keys in the current buffer.
@end defun
@defun org-insert-property-drawer
Insert a property drawer at point.
@end defun
@defun org-entry-put-multivalued-property pom property &rest values
Set PROPERTY at point-or-marker POM to VALUES. VALUES should be a list of
strings. They will be concatenated, with spaces as separators.
@end defun
@defun org-entry-get-multivalued-property pom property
Treat the value of the property PROPERTY as a whitespace-separated list of
values and return the values as a list of strings.
@end defun
@defun org-entry-add-to-multivalued-property pom property value
Treat the value of the property PROPERTY as a whitespace-separated list of
values and make sure that VALUE is in this list.
@end defun
@defun org-entry-remove-from-multivalued-property pom property value
Treat the value of the property PROPERTY as a whitespace-separated list of
values and make sure that VALUE is @emph{not} in this list.
@end defun
@defun org-entry-member-in-multivalued-property pom property value
Treat the value of the property PROPERTY as a whitespace-separated list of
values and check if VALUE is in this list.
@end defun
@defopt org-property-allowed-value-functions
Hook for functions supplying allowed values for specific.
The functions must take a single argument, the name of the property, and
return a flat list of allowed values. If @samp{:ETC} is one of
the values, use the values as completion help, but allow also other values
to be entered. The functions must return @code{nil} if they are not
responsible for this property.
@end defopt
@node Using the mapping API, , Using the property API, Hacking
@section Using the mapping API
@cindex API, for mapping
@cindex mapping entries, API
Org has sophisticated mapping capabilities to find all entries satisfying
certain criteria. Internally, this functionality is used to produce agenda
views, but there is also an API that can be used to execute arbitrary
functions for each or selected entries. The main entry point for this API
is:
@defun org-map-entries func &optional match scope &rest skip
Call FUNC at each headline selected by MATCH in SCOPE.
FUNC is a function or a Lisp form. The function will be called without
arguments, with the cursor positioned at the beginning of the headline.
The return values of all calls to the function will be collected and
returned as a list.
The call to FUNC will be wrapped into a save-excursion form, so FUNC
does not need to preserve point. After evaluation, the cursor will be
moved to the end of the line (presumably of the headline of the
processed entry) and search continues from there. Under some
circumstances, this may not produce the wanted results. For example,
if you have removed (e.g. archived) the current (sub)tree it could
mean that the next entry will be skipped entirely. In such cases, you
can specify the position from where search should continue by making
FUNC set the variable `org-map-continue-from' to the desired buffer
position.
MATCH is a tags/property/todo match as it is used in the agenda match view.
Only headlines that are matched by this query will be considered during
the iteration. When MATCH is nil or t, all headlines will be
visited by the iteration.
SCOPE determines the scope of this command. It can be any of:
@example
nil @r{the current buffer, respecting the restriction if any}
tree @r{the subtree started with the entry at point}
file @r{the current buffer, without restriction}
file-with-archives
@r{the current buffer, and any archives associated with it}
agenda @r{all agenda files}
agenda-with-archives
@r{all agenda files with any archive files associated with them}
(file1 file2 ...)
@r{if this is a list, all files in the list will be scanned}
@end example
@noindent
The remaining args are treated as settings for the skipping facilities of
the scanner. The following items can be given here:
@vindex org-agenda-skip-function
@example
archive @r{skip trees with the archive tag}
comment @r{skip trees with the COMMENT keyword}
function or Lisp form
@r{will be used as value for @code{org-agenda-skip-function},}
@r{so whenever the function returns t, FUNC}
@r{will not be called for that entry and search will}
@r{continue from the point where the function leaves it}
@end example
@end defun
The function given to that mapping routine can really do anything you like.
It can use the property API (@pxref{Using the property API}) to gather more
information about the entry, or in order to change metadata in the entry.
Here are a couple of functions that might be handy:
@defun org-todo &optional arg
Change the TODO state of the entry, see the docstring of the functions for
the many possible values for the argument ARG.
@end defun
@defun org-priority &optional action
Change the priority of the entry, see the docstring of this function for the
possible values for ACTION.
@end defun
@defun org-toggle-tag tag &optional onoff
Toggle the tag TAG in the current entry. Setting ONOFF to either @code{on}
or @code{off} will not toggle tag, but ensure that it is either on or off.
@end defun
@defun org-promote
Promote the current entry.
@end defun
@defun org-demote
Demote the current entry.
@end defun
Here is a simple example that will turn all entries in the current file with
a tag @code{TOMORROW} into TODO entries with the keyword @code{UPCOMING}.
Entries in comment trees and in archive trees will be ignored.
@lisp
(org-map-entries
'(org-todo "UPCOMING")
"+TOMORROW" 'file 'archive 'comment)
@end lisp
The following example counts the number of entries with TODO keyword
@code{WAITING}, in all agenda files.
@lisp
(length (org-map-entries t "/+WAITING" 'agenda))
@end lisp
@node MobileOrg, History and Acknowledgments, Hacking, Top
@appendix MobileOrg
@cindex iPhone
@cindex MobileOrg
@uref{http://mobileorg.ncogni.to/, MobileOrg} is an application for the
@i{iPhone/iPod Touch} series of devices, developed by Richard Moreland.
@i{MobileOrg} offers offline viewing and capture support for an Org-mode
system rooted on a ``real'' computer. It does also allow you to record
changes to existing entries. Android users should check out
@uref{http://wiki.github.com/matburt/mobileorg-android/, MobileOrg Android}
by Matt Jones.
This appendix describes the support Org has for creating agenda views in a
format that can be displayed by @i{MobileOrg}, and for integrating notes
captured and changes made by @i{MobileOrg} into the main system.
For changing tags and TODO states in MobileOrg, you should have set up the
customization variables @code{org-todo-keywords} and @code{org-tags-alist} to
cover all important tags and TODO keywords, even if individual files use only
part of these. MobileOrg will also offer you states and tags set up with
in-buffer settings, but it will understand the logistics of TODO state
@i{sets} (@pxref{Per-file keywords}) and @i{mutually exclusive} tags
(@pxref{Setting tags}) only for those set in these variables.
@menu
* Setting up the staging area:: Where to interact with the mobile device
* Pushing to MobileOrg:: Uploading Org files and agendas
* Pulling from MobileOrg:: Integrating captured and flagged items
@end menu
@node Setting up the staging area, Pushing to MobileOrg, MobileOrg, MobileOrg
@section Setting up the staging area
MobileOrg needs to interact with Emacs through directory on a server. If you
are using a public server, you should consider to encrypt the files that are
uploaded to the server. This can be done with Org-mode 7.02 and with
@i{MobileOrg 1.5} (iPhone version), and you need an @file{openssl}
installation on your system. To turn on encryption, set a password in
@i{MobileOrg} and, on the Emacs side, configure the variable
@code{org-mobile-use-encryption}@footnote{If you can safely store the
password in your Emacs setup, you might also want to configure
@code{org-mobile-encryption-password}. Please read the docstring of that
variable. Note that encryption will apply only to the contents of the
@file{.org} files. The file names themselves will remain visible.}.
The easiest way to create that directory is to use a free
@uref{http://dropbox.com,Dropbox.com} account@footnote{If you cannot use
Dropbox, or if your version of MobileOrg does not support it, you can use a
webdav server. For more information, check out the the documentation of
MobileOrg and also this
@uref{http://orgmode.org/worg/org-faq.php#mobileorg_webdav, FAQ entry}.}.
When MobileOrg first connects to your Dropbox, it will create a directory
@i{MobileOrg} inside the Dropbox. After the directory has been created, tell
Emacs about it:
@lisp
(setq org-mobile-directory "~/Dropbox/MobileOrg")
@end lisp
Org-mode has commands to put files for @i{MobileOrg} into that directory,
and to read captured notes from there.
@node Pushing to MobileOrg, Pulling from MobileOrg, Setting up the staging area, MobileOrg
@section Pushing to MobileOrg
This operation copies all files currently listed in @code{org-mobile-files}
to the directory @code{org-mobile-directory}. By default this list contains
all agenda files (as listed in @code{org-agenda-files}), but additional files
can be included by customizing @code{org-mobiles-files}. File names will be
staged with path relative to @code{org-directory}, so all files should be
inside this directory. The push operation also creates a special Org file
@file{agendas.org} with all custom agenda view defined by the
user@footnote{While creating the agendas, Org-mode will force ID properties
on all referenced entries, so that these entries can be uniquely identified
if @i{MobileOrg} flags them for further action. If you do not want to get
these properties in so many entries, you can set the variable
@code{org-mobile-force-id-on-agenda-items} to @code{nil}. Org mode will then
rely on outline paths, in the hope that these will be unique enough.}.
Finally, Org writes the file @file{index.org}, containing links to all other
files. @i{MobileOrg} first reads this file from the server, and then
downloads all agendas and Org files listed in it. To speed up the download,
MobileOrg will only read files whose checksums@footnote{stored automatically
in the file @file{checksums.dat}} have changed.
@node Pulling from MobileOrg, , Pushing to MobileOrg, MobileOrg
@section Pulling from MobileOrg
When @i{MobileOrg} synchronizes with the server, it not only pulls the Org
files for viewing. It also appends captured entries and pointers to flagged
and changed entries to the file @file{mobileorg.org} on the server. Org has
a @emph{pull} operation that integrates this information into an inbox file
and operates on the pointers to flagged entries. Here is how it works:
@enumerate
@item
Org moves all entries found in
@file{mobileorg.org}@footnote{@file{mobileorg.org} will be empty after this
operation.} and appends them to the file pointed to by the variable
@code{org-mobile-inbox-for-pull}. Each captured entry and each editing event
will be a top-level entry in the inbox file.
@item
After moving the entries, Org will attempt to implement the changes made in
@i{MobileOrg}. Some changes are applied directly and without user
interaction. Examples are all changes to tags, TODO state, headline and body
text that can be cleanly applied. Entries that have been flagged for further
action will receive a tag @code{:FLAGGED:}, so that they can be easily found
again. When there is a problem finding an entry or applying the change, the
pointer entry will remain in the inbox and will be marked with an error
message. You need to later resolve these issues by hand.
@item
Org will then generate an agenda view with all flagged entries. The user
should then go through these entries and do whatever actions are necessary.
If a note has been stored while flagging an entry in @i{MobileOrg}, that note
will be displayed in the echo area when the cursor is on the corresponding
agenda line.
@table @kbd
@kindex ?
@item ?
Pressing @kbd{?} in that special agenda will display the full flagging note in
another window and also push it onto the kill ring. So you could use @kbd{?
z C-y C-c C-c} to store that flagging note as a normal note in the entry.
Pressing @kbd{?} twice in succession will offer to remove the
@code{:FLAGGED:} tag along with the recorded flagging note (which is stored
in a property). In this way you indicate, that the intended processing for
this flagged entry is finished.
@end table
@end enumerate
@kindex C-c a ?
If you are not able to process all flagged entries directly, you can always
return to this agenda view@footnote{Note, however, that there is a subtle
difference. The view created automatically by @kbd{M-x org-mobile-pull
@key{RET}} is guaranteed to search all files that have been addressed by the
last pull. This might include a file that is not currently in your list of
agenda files. If you later use @kbd{C-c a ?} to regenerate the view, only
the current agenda files will be searched.} using @kbd{C-c a ?}.
@node History and Acknowledgments, Main Index, MobileOrg, Top
@appendix History and acknowledgments
@cindex acknowledgments
@cindex history
@cindex thanks
Org was born in 2003, out of frustration over the user interface of the Emacs
Outline mode. I was trying to organize my notes and projects, and using
Emacs seemed to be the natural way to go. However, having to remember eleven
different commands with two or three keys per command, only to hide and show
parts of the outline tree, that seemed entirely unacceptable to me. Also,
when using outlines to take notes, I constantly wanted to restructure the
tree, organizing it parallel to my thoughts and plans. @emph{Visibility
cycling} and @emph{structure editing} were originally implemented in the
package @file{outline-magic.el}, but quickly moved to the more general
@file{org.el}. As this environment became comfortable for project planning,
the next step was adding @emph{TODO entries}, basic @emph{timestamps}, and
@emph{table support}. These areas highlighted the two main goals that Org
still has today: to be a new, outline-based, plain text mode with innovative
and intuitive editing features, and to incorporate project planning
functionality directly into a notes file.
Since the first release, literally thousands of emails to me or to
@email{emacs-orgmode@@gnu.org} have provided a constant stream of bug
reports, feedback, new ideas, and sometimes patches and add-on code.
Many thanks to everyone who has helped to improve this package. I am
trying to keep here a list of the people who had significant influence
in shaping one or more aspects of Org. The list may not be
complete, if I have forgotten someone, please accept my apologies and
let me know.
Before I get to this list, a few special mentions are in order:
@table @i
@item Bastien Guerry
Bastien has written a large number of extensions to Org (most of them
integrated into the core by now), including the LaTeX exporter and the plain
list parser. His support during the early days, when he basically acted as
co-maintainer, was central to the success of this project. Bastien also
invented Worg, helped establishing the Web presence of Org, and sponsors
hosting costs for the orgmode.org website.
@item Eric Schulte and Dan Davison
Eric and Dan are jointly responsible for the Org-babel system, which turns
Org into a multi-language environment for evaluating code and doing literate
programming and reproducible research.
@item John Wiegley
John has also contributed a number of great ideas and patches
directly to Org, including the attachment system (@file{org-attach.el}),
integration with Apple Mail (@file{org-mac-message.el}), hierarchical
dependencies of TODO items, habit tracking (@file{org-habits.el}), and
encryption (@file{org-crypt.el}). Also, the capture system is really an
extended copy of his great @file{remember.el}.
@item Sebastian Rose
Without Sebastian, the HTML/XHTML publishing of Org would be the pitiful work
of an ignorant amateur. Sebastian has pushed this part of Org onto a much
higher level. He also wrote @file{org-info.js}, a Java script for displaying
webpages derived from Org using an Info-like or a folding interface with
single-key navigation.
@end table
@noindent OK, now to the full list of contributions! Again, please let me
know what I am missing here!
@itemize @bullet
@item
@i{Russel Adams} came up with the idea for drawers.
@item
@i{Thomas Baumann} wrote @file{org-bbdb.el} and @file{org-mhe.el}.
@item
@i{Christophe Bataillon} created the great unicorn logo that we use on the
Org-mode website.
@item
@i{Alex Bochannek} provided a patch for rounding timestamps.
@item
@i{Jan Böcker} wrote @file{org-docview.el}.
@item
@i{Brad Bozarth} showed how to pull RSS feed data into Org-mode files.
@item
@i{Tom Breton} wrote @file{org-choose.el}.
@item
@i{Charles Cave}'s suggestion sparked the implementation of templates
for Remember, which are now templates for capture.
@item
@i{Pavel Chalmoviansky} influenced the agenda treatment of items with
specified time.
@item
@i{Gregory Chernov} patched support for Lisp forms into table
calculations and improved XEmacs compatibility, in particular by porting
@file{nouline.el} to XEmacs.
@item
@i{Sacha Chua} suggested copying some linking code from Planner.
@item
@i{Baoqiu Cui} contributed the DocBook exporter.
@item
@i{Eddward DeVilla} proposed and tested checkbox statistics. He also
came up with the idea of properties, and that there should be an API for
them.
@item
@i{Nick Dokos} tracked down several nasty bugs.
@item
@i{Kees Dullemond} used to edit projects lists directly in HTML and so
inspired some of the early development, including HTML export. He also
asked for a way to narrow wide table columns.
@item
@i{Thomas S. Dye} contributed documentation on Worg and helped integrating
the Org-Babel documentation into the manual.
@item
@i{Christian Egli} converted the documentation into Texinfo format,
patched CSS formatting into the HTML exporter, and inspired the agenda.
@item
@i{David Emery} provided a patch for custom CSS support in exported
HTML agendas.
@item
@i{Nic Ferrier} contributed mailcap and XOXO support.
@item
@i{Miguel A. Figueroa-Villanueva} implemented hierarchical checkboxes.
@item
@i{John Foerch} figured out how to make incremental search show context
around a match in a hidden outline tree.
@item
@i{Raimar Finken} wrote @file{org-git-line.el}.
@item
@i{Mikael Fornius} works as a mailing list moderator.
@item
@i{Austin Frank} works as a mailing list moderator.
@item
@i{Niels Giesen} had the idea to automatically archive DONE trees.
@item
@i{Nicolas Goaziou} rewrote much of the plain list code.
@item
@i{Kai Grossjohann} pointed out key-binding conflicts with other packages.
@item
@i{Bernt Hansen} has driven much of the support for auto-repeating tasks,
task state change logging, and the clocktable. His clear explanations have
been critical when we started to adopt the Git version control system.
@item
@i{Manuel Hermenegildo} has contributed various ideas, small fixes and
patches.
@item
@i{Phil Jackson} wrote @file{org-irc.el}.
@item
@i{Scott Jaderholm} proposed footnotes, control over whitespace between
folded entries, and column view for properties.
@item
@i{Matt Jones} wrote @i{MobileOrg Android}.
@item
@i{Tokuya Kameshima} wrote @file{org-wl.el} and @file{org-mew.el}.
@item
@i{Shidai Liu} ("Leo") asked for embedded La@TeX{} and tested it. He also
provided frequent feedback and some patches.
@item
@i{Matt Lundin} has proposed last-row references for table formulas and named
invisible anchors. He has also worked a lot on the FAQ.
@item
@i{David Maus} wrote @file{org-atom.el}, maintains the issues file for Org,
and is a prolific contributor on the mailing list with competent replies,
small fixes and patches.
@item
@i{Jason F. McBrayer} suggested agenda export to CSV format.
@item
@i{Max Mikhanosha} came up with the idea of refiling.
@item
@i{Dmitri Minaev} sent a patch to set priority limits on a per-file
basis.
@item
@i{Stefan Monnier} provided a patch to keep the Emacs-Lisp compiler
happy.
@item
@i{Richard Moreland} wrote @i{MobileOrg} for the iPhone.
@item
@i{Rick Moynihan} proposed allowing multiple TODO sequences in a file
and being able to quickly restrict the agenda to a subtree.
@item
@i{Todd Neal} provided patches for links to Info files and Elisp forms.
@item
@i{Greg Newman} refreshed the unicorn logo into its current form.
@item
@i{Tim O'Callaghan} suggested in-file links, search options for general
file links, and TAGS.
@item
@i{Osamu Okano} wrote @file{orgcard2ref.pl}, a perl program to create a text
version of the reference card.
@item
@i{Takeshi Okano} translated the manual and David O'Toole's tutorial
into Japanese.
@item
@i{Oliver Oppitz} suggested multi-state TODO items.
@item
@i{Scott Otterson} sparked the introduction of descriptive text for
links, among other things.
@item
@i{Pete Phillips} helped during the development of the TAGS feature, and
provided frequent feedback.
@item
@i{Martin Pohlack} provided the code snippet to bundle character insertion
into bundles of 20 for undo.
@item
@i{T.V. Raman} reported bugs and suggested improvements.
@item
@i{Matthias Rempe} (Oelde) provided ideas, Windows support, and quality
control.
@item
@i{Paul Rivier} provided the basic implementation of named footnotes. He
also acted as mailing list moderator for some time.
@item
@i{Kevin Rogers} contributed code to access VM files on remote hosts.
@item
@i{Frank Ruell} solved the mystery of the @code{keymapp nil} bug, a
conflict with @file{allout.el}.
@item
@i{Jason Riedy} generalized the send-receive mechanism for Orgtbl tables with
extensive patches.
@item
@i{Philip Rooke} created the Org reference card, provided lots
of feedback, developed and applied standards to the Org documentation.
@item
@i{Christian Schlauer} proposed angular brackets around links, among
other things.
@item
@i{Paul Sexton} wrote @file{org-ctags.el}.
@item
Linking to VM/BBDB/Gnus was first inspired by @i{Tom Shannon}'s
@file{organizer-mode.el}.
@item
@i{Ilya Shlyakhter} proposed the Archive Sibling, line numbering in literal
examples, and remote highlighting for referenced code lines.
@item
@i{Stathis Sideris} wrote the @file{ditaa.jar} ASCII to PNG converter that is
now packaged into Org's @file{contrib} directory.
@item
@i{Daniel Sinder} came up with the idea of internal archiving by locking
subtrees.
@item
@i{Dale Smith} proposed link abbreviations.
@item
@i{James TD Smith} has contributed a large number of patches for useful
tweaks and features.
@item
@i{Adam Spiers} asked for global linking commands, inspired the link
extension system, added support for mairix, and proposed the mapping API.
@item
@i{Ulf Stegemann} created the table to translate special symbols to HTML,
LaTeX, UTF-8, Latin-1 and ASCII.
@item
@i{Andy Stewart} contributed code to @file{org-w3m.el}, to copy HTML content
with links transformation to Org syntax.
@item
@i{David O'Toole} wrote @file{org-publish.el} and drafted the manual
chapter about publishing.
@item
@i{Stefan Vollmar} organized a video-recorded talk at the
Max-Planck-Institute for Neurology. He also inspired the creation of a
concept index for HTML export.
@item
@i{J@"urgen Vollmer} contributed code generating the table of contents
in HTML output.
@item
@i{Samuel Wales} has provided important feedback and bug reports.
@item
@i{Chris Wallace} provided a patch implementing the @samp{QUOTE}
keyword.
@item
@i{David Wainberg} suggested archiving, and improvements to the linking
system.
@item
@i{Carsten Wimmer} suggested some changes and helped fix a bug in
linking to Gnus.
@item
@i{Roland Winkler} requested additional key bindings to make Org
work on a tty.
@item
@i{Piotr Zielinski} wrote @file{org-mouse.el}, proposed agenda blocks
and contributed various ideas and code snippets.
@end itemize
@node Main Index, Key Index, History and Acknowledgments, Top
@unnumbered Concept index
@printindex cp
@node Key Index, Command and Function Index, Main Index, Top
@unnumbered Key index
@printindex ky
@node Command and Function Index, Variable Index, Key Index, Top
@unnumbered Command and function index
@printindex fn
@node Variable Index, , Command and Function Index, Top
@unnumbered Variable index
This is not a complete index of variables and faces, only the ones that are
mentioned in the manual. For a more complete list, use @kbd{M-x
org-customize @key{RET}} and then click yourself through the tree.
@printindex vr
@bye
@ignore
arch-tag: 7893d1Fe-cc57-4d13-b5e5-f494a1CBC7ac
@end ignore
@c Local variables:
@c fill-column: 77
@c indent-tabs-mode: nil
@c End:
@c LocalWords: webdavhost pre
|