From mboxrd@z Thu Jan 1 00:00:00 1970 Path: news.gmane.org!not-for-mail From: Peter Dyballa Newsgroups: gmane.emacs.help Subject: Re: emacsserver unstable? Date: Wed, 25 Jul 2007 00:47:17 +0200 Message-ID: <5608F9E5-F45A-41DE-AB48-B7F2FD4B88B8@Web.DE> References: <20070723234016.GC2967@relwi.unibe.ch> <878x95j0z7.fsf@baldur.tsdh.de> <20070724160858.GF3486@relwi.unibe.ch> <6554B8F7-CBBD-4C97-860F-2AA4C204EB45@Web.DE> <20070724190845.GG3486@relwi.unibe.ch> <20070724220116.GK3486@relwi.unibe.ch> NNTP-Posting-Host: lo.gmane.org Mime-Version: 1.0 (Apple Message framework v752.2) Content-Type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII; delsp=yes; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Trace: sea.gmane.org 1185317261 31607 80.91.229.12 (24 Jul 2007 22:47:41 GMT) X-Complaints-To: usenet@sea.gmane.org NNTP-Posting-Date: Tue, 24 Jul 2007 22:47:41 +0000 (UTC) Cc: help-gnu-emacs@gnu.org To: Sven Bretfeld Original-X-From: help-gnu-emacs-bounces+geh-help-gnu-emacs=m.gmane.org@gnu.org Wed Jul 25 00:47:39 2007 Return-path: Envelope-to: geh-help-gnu-emacs@m.gmane.org Original-Received: from lists.gnu.org ([199.232.76.165]) by lo.gmane.org with esmtp (Exim 4.50) id 1IDTAI-0001ht-6o for geh-help-gnu-emacs@m.gmane.org; Wed, 25 Jul 2007 00:47:38 +0200 Original-Received: from localhost ([127.0.0.1] helo=lists.gnu.org) by lists.gnu.org with esmtp (Exim 4.43) id 1IDTAH-0007qa-E7 for geh-help-gnu-emacs@m.gmane.org; Tue, 24 Jul 2007 18:47:37 -0400 Original-Received: from mailman by lists.gnu.org with tmda-scanned (Exim 4.43) id 1IDTA3-0007qS-I9 for help-gnu-emacs@gnu.org; Tue, 24 Jul 2007 18:47:23 -0400 Original-Received: from exim by lists.gnu.org with spam-scanned (Exim 4.43) id 1IDTA1-0007q2-FF for help-gnu-emacs@gnu.org; Tue, 24 Jul 2007 18:47:22 -0400 Original-Received: from [199.232.76.173] (helo=monty-python.gnu.org) by lists.gnu.org with esmtp (Exim 4.43) id 1IDTA1-0007pz-67 for help-gnu-emacs@gnu.org; Tue, 24 Jul 2007 18:47:21 -0400 Original-Received: from fmmailgate01.web.de ([217.72.192.221]) by monty-python.gnu.org with esmtp (Exim 4.60) (envelope-from ) id 1IDTA0-0008RR-Ky for help-gnu-emacs@gnu.org; Tue, 24 Jul 2007 18:47:20 -0400 Original-Received: from smtp07.web.de (fmsmtp07.dlan.cinetic.de [172.20.5.215]) by fmmailgate01.web.de (Postfix) with ESMTP id ACFEB926E8E5; Wed, 25 Jul 2007 00:47:19 +0200 (CEST) Original-Received: from [62.134.214.95] (helo=[192.168.1.2]) by smtp07.web.de with asmtp (TLSv1:AES128-SHA:128) (WEB.DE 4.108 #197) id 1IDT9z-0002hT-00; Wed, 25 Jul 2007 00:47:19 +0200 In-Reply-To: <20070724220116.GK3486@relwi.unibe.ch> X-Mailer: Apple Mail (2.752.2) X-Sender: Peter_Dyballa@web.de X-Provags-ID: V01U2FsdGVkX1+PpccrMw3FQxrYDWx5LKJZW3t1rEPpeJMo1WCk KeQHvAMhvCEj0zAo5YhTbE7YIaJLn8DC49xiXO6MNRbdtU7eYK MXGocAK3geRTtBBSB/VQ== X-detected-kernel: Linux 2.4-2.6 X-BeenThere: help-gnu-emacs@gnu.org X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.5 Precedence: list List-Id: Users list for the GNU Emacs text editor List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: , Original-Sender: help-gnu-emacs-bounces+geh-help-gnu-emacs=m.gmane.org@gnu.org Errors-To: help-gnu-emacs-bounces+geh-help-gnu-emacs=m.gmane.org@gnu.org Xref: news.gmane.org gmane.emacs.help:46010 Archived-At: Am 25.07.2007 um 00:01 schrieb Sven Bretfeld: > What, then, is a hardlink? In MS-DOS it's a cross-referenced file => damaged file system. In a UNIX file system (ufs, or BSD Fast File System) a file can be one or a whole series of blocks on a disk in one file system. These can be addressed from one single "inode" (member of a directory structure) or more than one inode. On the same volume/partition/slice one file can be referenced from more than one directory, i.e. it seems to exist more than once. There is no original. The ls command shows a link count (3 in this example), and also an inode number (9099707): 9099707 -rw-r--r-- 3 pete admin 123 25 Jul 00:17 drei 9099707 -rw-r--r-- 3 pete admin 123 25 Jul 00:17 eins 9099707 -rw-r--r-- 3 pete admin 123 25 Jul 00:17 zwei No hard link consumes any disk space. It is restricted to the same file system. When you need a link to a file in another file system, it has to be a symbolic link. This one is kind of a regular file which passes every access to the file it points to. A sym-link costs as many bytes disk space as the pointer is long (plus the inode entry): 9099811 lrwxr-xr-x 1 pete admin 72 25 Jul 00:17 sym-link -> / usr/local/texlive/2007/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/archaic/linb10.pfb pete 165 /\ echo -n /usr/local/texlive/2007/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/ public/archaic/linb10.pfb | wc -c 72 Sym-links can also point to files on another computer. The target to which a sym-link points does not necessarily need to exist. When you remove a sym-link, only the sym-link file is removed (the target can continue to exist or not-exist as before). When you remove (or unlink) a file with a (hard) link count of 1, some disk space is freed and the last link to the block(s) that built the disk space of a file, is wiped out, data is lost, the file gone. Question: what happens when you create a hard link to a symbolic link that has its target a) in the same file system, b) in another file system? -- Greetings Pete "If builders built buildings the way programmers write programs, then the first woodpecker that came along would destroy civilization." -- Weinberg's Second Law