all messages for Emacs-related lists mirrored at yhetil.org
 help / color / mirror / code / Atom feed
blob 091c011fb96f9944f2f70abf2ccf2c3931e1bdb0 63253 bytes (raw)
name: doc/emacs/frames.texi 	 # note: path name is non-authoritative(*)

   1
   2
   3
   4
   5
   6
   7
   8
   9
  10
  11
  12
  13
  14
  15
  16
  17
  18
  19
  20
  21
  22
  23
  24
  25
  26
  27
  28
  29
  30
  31
  32
  33
  34
  35
  36
  37
  38
  39
  40
  41
  42
  43
  44
  45
  46
  47
  48
  49
  50
  51
  52
  53
  54
  55
  56
  57
  58
  59
  60
  61
  62
  63
  64
  65
  66
  67
  68
  69
  70
  71
  72
  73
  74
  75
  76
  77
  78
  79
  80
  81
  82
  83
  84
  85
  86
  87
  88
  89
  90
  91
  92
  93
  94
  95
  96
  97
  98
  99
 100
 101
 102
 103
 104
 105
 106
 107
 108
 109
 110
 111
 112
 113
 114
 115
 116
 117
 118
 119
 120
 121
 122
 123
 124
 125
 126
 127
 128
 129
 130
 131
 132
 133
 134
 135
 136
 137
 138
 139
 140
 141
 142
 143
 144
 145
 146
 147
 148
 149
 150
 151
 152
 153
 154
 155
 156
 157
 158
 159
 160
 161
 162
 163
 164
 165
 166
 167
 168
 169
 170
 171
 172
 173
 174
 175
 176
 177
 178
 179
 180
 181
 182
 183
 184
 185
 186
 187
 188
 189
 190
 191
 192
 193
 194
 195
 196
 197
 198
 199
 200
 201
 202
 203
 204
 205
 206
 207
 208
 209
 210
 211
 212
 213
 214
 215
 216
 217
 218
 219
 220
 221
 222
 223
 224
 225
 226
 227
 228
 229
 230
 231
 232
 233
 234
 235
 236
 237
 238
 239
 240
 241
 242
 243
 244
 245
 246
 247
 248
 249
 250
 251
 252
 253
 254
 255
 256
 257
 258
 259
 260
 261
 262
 263
 264
 265
 266
 267
 268
 269
 270
 271
 272
 273
 274
 275
 276
 277
 278
 279
 280
 281
 282
 283
 284
 285
 286
 287
 288
 289
 290
 291
 292
 293
 294
 295
 296
 297
 298
 299
 300
 301
 302
 303
 304
 305
 306
 307
 308
 309
 310
 311
 312
 313
 314
 315
 316
 317
 318
 319
 320
 321
 322
 323
 324
 325
 326
 327
 328
 329
 330
 331
 332
 333
 334
 335
 336
 337
 338
 339
 340
 341
 342
 343
 344
 345
 346
 347
 348
 349
 350
 351
 352
 353
 354
 355
 356
 357
 358
 359
 360
 361
 362
 363
 364
 365
 366
 367
 368
 369
 370
 371
 372
 373
 374
 375
 376
 377
 378
 379
 380
 381
 382
 383
 384
 385
 386
 387
 388
 389
 390
 391
 392
 393
 394
 395
 396
 397
 398
 399
 400
 401
 402
 403
 404
 405
 406
 407
 408
 409
 410
 411
 412
 413
 414
 415
 416
 417
 418
 419
 420
 421
 422
 423
 424
 425
 426
 427
 428
 429
 430
 431
 432
 433
 434
 435
 436
 437
 438
 439
 440
 441
 442
 443
 444
 445
 446
 447
 448
 449
 450
 451
 452
 453
 454
 455
 456
 457
 458
 459
 460
 461
 462
 463
 464
 465
 466
 467
 468
 469
 470
 471
 472
 473
 474
 475
 476
 477
 478
 479
 480
 481
 482
 483
 484
 485
 486
 487
 488
 489
 490
 491
 492
 493
 494
 495
 496
 497
 498
 499
 500
 501
 502
 503
 504
 505
 506
 507
 508
 509
 510
 511
 512
 513
 514
 515
 516
 517
 518
 519
 520
 521
 522
 523
 524
 525
 526
 527
 528
 529
 530
 531
 532
 533
 534
 535
 536
 537
 538
 539
 540
 541
 542
 543
 544
 545
 546
 547
 548
 549
 550
 551
 552
 553
 554
 555
 556
 557
 558
 559
 560
 561
 562
 563
 564
 565
 566
 567
 568
 569
 570
 571
 572
 573
 574
 575
 576
 577
 578
 579
 580
 581
 582
 583
 584
 585
 586
 587
 588
 589
 590
 591
 592
 593
 594
 595
 596
 597
 598
 599
 600
 601
 602
 603
 604
 605
 606
 607
 608
 609
 610
 611
 612
 613
 614
 615
 616
 617
 618
 619
 620
 621
 622
 623
 624
 625
 626
 627
 628
 629
 630
 631
 632
 633
 634
 635
 636
 637
 638
 639
 640
 641
 642
 643
 644
 645
 646
 647
 648
 649
 650
 651
 652
 653
 654
 655
 656
 657
 658
 659
 660
 661
 662
 663
 664
 665
 666
 667
 668
 669
 670
 671
 672
 673
 674
 675
 676
 677
 678
 679
 680
 681
 682
 683
 684
 685
 686
 687
 688
 689
 690
 691
 692
 693
 694
 695
 696
 697
 698
 699
 700
 701
 702
 703
 704
 705
 706
 707
 708
 709
 710
 711
 712
 713
 714
 715
 716
 717
 718
 719
 720
 721
 722
 723
 724
 725
 726
 727
 728
 729
 730
 731
 732
 733
 734
 735
 736
 737
 738
 739
 740
 741
 742
 743
 744
 745
 746
 747
 748
 749
 750
 751
 752
 753
 754
 755
 756
 757
 758
 759
 760
 761
 762
 763
 764
 765
 766
 767
 768
 769
 770
 771
 772
 773
 774
 775
 776
 777
 778
 779
 780
 781
 782
 783
 784
 785
 786
 787
 788
 789
 790
 791
 792
 793
 794
 795
 796
 797
 798
 799
 800
 801
 802
 803
 804
 805
 806
 807
 808
 809
 810
 811
 812
 813
 814
 815
 816
 817
 818
 819
 820
 821
 822
 823
 824
 825
 826
 827
 828
 829
 830
 831
 832
 833
 834
 835
 836
 837
 838
 839
 840
 841
 842
 843
 844
 845
 846
 847
 848
 849
 850
 851
 852
 853
 854
 855
 856
 857
 858
 859
 860
 861
 862
 863
 864
 865
 866
 867
 868
 869
 870
 871
 872
 873
 874
 875
 876
 877
 878
 879
 880
 881
 882
 883
 884
 885
 886
 887
 888
 889
 890
 891
 892
 893
 894
 895
 896
 897
 898
 899
 900
 901
 902
 903
 904
 905
 906
 907
 908
 909
 910
 911
 912
 913
 914
 915
 916
 917
 918
 919
 920
 921
 922
 923
 924
 925
 926
 927
 928
 929
 930
 931
 932
 933
 934
 935
 936
 937
 938
 939
 940
 941
 942
 943
 944
 945
 946
 947
 948
 949
 950
 951
 952
 953
 954
 955
 956
 957
 958
 959
 960
 961
 962
 963
 964
 965
 966
 967
 968
 969
 970
 971
 972
 973
 974
 975
 976
 977
 978
 979
 980
 981
 982
 983
 984
 985
 986
 987
 988
 989
 990
 991
 992
 993
 994
 995
 996
 997
 998
 999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
 
@c This is part of the Emacs manual.
@c Copyright (C) 1985-1987, 1993-1995, 1997, 1999-2019 Free Software
@c Foundation, Inc.
@c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
@node Frames
@chapter Frames and Graphical Displays
@cindex frames

  When Emacs is started on a graphical display, e.g., on the X Window
System, it occupies a graphical system-level display region.  In this
manual, we call this a @dfn{frame}, reserving the word ``window'' for
the part of the frame used for displaying a buffer.  A frame initially
contains one window, but it can be subdivided into multiple windows
(@pxref{Windows}).  A frame normally also contains a menu bar, tool
bar, and echo area.

  You can also create additional frames (@pxref{Creating Frames}).
All frames created in the same Emacs session have access to the same
underlying buffers and other data.  For instance, if a buffer is being
shown in more than one frame, any changes made to it in one frame show
up immediately in the other frames too.

  Typing @kbd{C-x C-c} closes all the frames on the current display,
and ends the Emacs session if it has no frames open on any other
displays (@pxref{Exiting}).  To close just the selected frame, type
@kbd{C-x 5 0} (that is zero, not @kbd{o}).

  This chapter describes Emacs features specific to graphical displays
(particularly mouse commands), and features for managing multiple
frames.  On text terminals, many of these features are unavailable.
However, it is still possible to create multiple frames on text
terminals; such frames are displayed one at a time, filling the entire
terminal screen (@pxref{Non-Window Terminals}).  It is also possible
to use the mouse on some text terminals (@pxref{Text-Only Mouse}, for
doing so on GNU and Unix systems; and
@iftex
@pxref{MS-DOS Mouse,,,emacs-xtra,Specialized Emacs Features},
@end iftex
@ifnottex
@pxref{MS-DOS Mouse},
@end ifnottex
for doing so on MS-DOS).  Menus are supported on all text terminals.

@menu
* Mouse Commands::      Moving, cutting, and pasting, with the mouse.
* Word and Line Mouse:: Mouse commands for selecting whole words or lines.
* Mouse References::    Using the mouse to select an item from a list.
* Menu Mouse Clicks::   Mouse clicks that bring up menus.
* Mode Line Mouse::     Mouse clicks on the mode line.
* Creating Frames::     Creating additional Emacs frames with various contents.
* Frame Commands::      Iconifying, deleting, and switching frames.
* Fonts::               Changing the frame font.
* Speedbar::            How to make and use a speedbar frame.
* Multiple Displays::   How one Emacs instance can talk to several displays.
* Frame Parameters::    Changing the colors and other modes of frames.
* Scroll Bars::         How to enable and disable scroll bars; how to use them.
* Window Dividers::     Window separators that can be dragged with the mouse.
* Drag and Drop::       Using drag and drop to open files and insert text.
* Menu Bars::           Enabling and disabling the menu bar.
* Tool Bars::           Enabling and disabling the tool bar.
* Tab Bars::            Enabling and disabling the tab bar.
* Dialog Boxes::        Controlling use of dialog boxes.
* Tooltips::            Displaying information at the current mouse position.
* Mouse Avoidance::     Preventing the mouse pointer from obscuring text.
* Non-Window Terminals::  Multiple frames on terminals that show only one.
* Text-Only Mouse::     Using the mouse in text terminals.
@end menu

@node Mouse Commands
@section Mouse Commands for Editing
@cindex mouse buttons (what they do)
@cindex mouse, selecting text using

@kindex mouse-1
@kindex mouse-2
@kindex mouse-3
@table @kbd
@item mouse-1
Move point to where you click (@code{mouse-set-point}).

@item Drag-mouse-1
Activate the region around the text selected by dragging, and put the
text in the primary selection (@code{mouse-set-region}).

@item mouse-2
Move point to where you click, and insert the contents of the primary
selection there (@code{mouse-yank-primary}).

@item mouse-3
If the region is active, move the nearer end of the region to the
click position; otherwise, set mark at the current value of point and
point at the click position.  Save the resulting region in the kill
ring; on a second click, kill it (@code{mouse-save-then-kill}).
@end table

@findex mouse-set-point
  The most basic mouse command is @code{mouse-set-point}, which is
invoked by clicking with the left mouse button, @kbd{mouse-1}, in the
text area of a window.  This moves point to the position where you
clicked.  If that window was not the selected window, it becomes the
selected window.  You can also activate a region by double-clicking
@kbd{mouse-1} (@pxref{Word and Line Mouse}).

@vindex x-mouse-click-focus-ignore-position
  Normally, if the frame you clicked in was not the selected frame, it
is made the selected frame, in addition to selecting the window and
setting the cursor.  On the X Window System, you can change this by
setting the variable @code{x-mouse-click-focus-ignore-position} to
@code{t}.  In that case, the initial click on an unselected frame just
selects the frame, without doing anything else; clicking again selects
the window and sets the cursor position.

@cindex mouse, dragging
@findex mouse-set-region
  Holding down @kbd{mouse-1} and dragging the mouse over a stretch
of text activates the region around that text
(@code{mouse-set-region}), placing the mark where you started holding
down the mouse button, and point where you release it (@pxref{Mark}).
In addition, the text in the region becomes the primary selection
(@pxref{Primary Selection}).

@vindex mouse-drag-copy-region
  If you change the variable @code{mouse-drag-copy-region} to a
non-@code{nil} value, dragging the mouse over a stretch of text also
adds the text to the kill ring.  The default is @code{nil}.

@vindex mouse-scroll-min-lines
  If you move the mouse off the top or bottom of the window while
dragging, the window scrolls at a steady rate until you move the mouse
back into the window.  This way, you can select regions that don't fit
entirely on the screen.  The number of lines scrolled per step depends
on how far away from the window edge the mouse has gone; the variable
@code{mouse-scroll-min-lines} specifies a minimum step size.

@findex mouse-yank-primary
@findex mouse-yank-at-click
  Clicking with the middle mouse button, @kbd{mouse-2}, moves point to
the position where you clicked and inserts the contents of the primary
selection (@code{mouse-yank-primary}).  @xref{Primary Selection}.
This behavior is consistent with other X applications.  Alternatively,
you can rebind @kbd{mouse-2} to @code{mouse-yank-at-click}, which
performs a yank at the position you click.

@vindex mouse-yank-at-point
  If you change the variable @code{mouse-yank-at-point} to a
non-@code{nil} value, @kbd{mouse-2} does not move point; it inserts
the text at point, regardless of where you clicked or even which of
the frame's windows you clicked on.  This variable affects both
@code{mouse-yank-primary} and @code{mouse-yank-at-click}.

@findex mouse-save-then-kill
  Clicking with the right mouse button, @kbd{mouse-3}, runs the
command @code{mouse-save-then-kill}.  This performs several actions
depending on where you click and the status of the region:

@itemize @bullet
@item
If no region is active, clicking @kbd{mouse-3} activates the region,
placing the mark where point was and point at the clicked position.

@item
If a region is active, clicking @kbd{mouse-3} adjusts the nearer end
of the region by moving it to the clicked position.  The adjusted
region's text is copied to the kill ring; if the text in the original
region was already on the kill ring, it replaces it there.

@item
If you originally specified the region using a double or triple
@kbd{mouse-1}, so that the region is defined to consist of entire
words or lines (@pxref{Word and Line Mouse}), then adjusting the
region with @kbd{mouse-3} also proceeds by entire words or lines.

@item
If you use @kbd{mouse-3} a second time consecutively, at the same
place, that kills the region already selected.  Thus, the simplest way
to kill text with the mouse is to click @kbd{mouse-1} at one end, then
click @kbd{mouse-3} twice at the other end.  To copy the text into the
kill ring without deleting it from the buffer, press @kbd{mouse-3}
just once---or just drag across the text with @kbd{mouse-1}.  Then you
can copy it elsewhere by yanking it.
@end itemize

  The @code{mouse-save-then-kill} command also obeys the variable
@code{mouse-drag-copy-region} (described above).  If the value is
non-@code{nil}, then whenever the command sets or adjusts the active
region, the text in the region is also added to the kill ring.  If the
latest kill ring entry had been added the same way, that entry is
replaced rather than making a new entry.

  Whenever you set the region using any of the mouse commands
described above, the mark will be deactivated by any subsequent
unshifted cursor motion command, in addition to the usual ways of
deactivating the mark.  @xref{Shift Selection}.

@cindex mouse wheel
@findex mouse-wheel-mode
@cindex Mouse Wheel minor mode
@cindex mode, Mouse Wheel
@vindex mouse-wheel-follow-mouse
@vindex mouse-wheel-scroll-amount
@vindex mouse-wheel-progressive-speed
  Some mice have a ``wheel'' which can be used for scrolling.  Emacs
supports scrolling windows with the mouse wheel, by default, on most
graphical displays.  To toggle this feature, use @kbd{M-x
mouse-wheel-mode}.  The variables @code{mouse-wheel-follow-mouse} and
@code{mouse-wheel-scroll-amount} determine where and by how much
buffers are scrolled.  The variable
@code{mouse-wheel-progressive-speed} determines whether the scroll
speed is linked to how fast you move the wheel.  This mode also
supports increasing or decreasing the height of the default face, by
default bound to scrolling with the @key{Ctrl} modifier.

@vindex mouse-wheel-tilt-scroll
@vindex mouse-wheel-flip-direction
Emacs can also support horizontal scrolling if your mouse's wheel can
be tilted.  This feature is off by default; the variable
@code{mouse-wheel-tilt-scroll} turns it on.  If you'd like to reverse
the direction of horizontal scrolling, customize the variable
@code{mouse-wheel-flip-direction} to a non-@code{nil} value.


@node Word and Line Mouse
@section Mouse Commands for Words and Lines

  These variants of @kbd{mouse-1} select entire words or lines at a
time.  Emacs activates the region around the selected text, which is
also copied to the kill ring.

@table @kbd
@item Double-mouse-1
Select the text around the word or character which you click on.

Double-clicking on a character with symbol syntax (such as
underscore, in C mode) selects the symbol surrounding that character.
Double-clicking on a character with open- or close-parenthesis syntax
selects the parenthetical grouping which that character starts or
ends.  Double-clicking on a character with string-delimiter syntax
(such as a single-quote or double-quote in C) selects the string
constant (Emacs uses heuristics to figure out whether that character
is the beginning or the end of it).

Double-clicking on the beginning of a parenthetical grouping or
beginning string-delimiter moves point to the end of the region,
scrolling the buffer display forward if necessary to show the new
location of point.  Double-clicking on the end of a parenthetical
grouping or end string-delimiter keeps point at the end of the region
by default, so the beginning of the region will not be visible if it
is above the top of the window; setting the user option
@code{mouse-select-region-move-to-beginning} to non-@code{nil} changes
this to move point to the beginning of the region, scrolling the
display backward if necessary.

@item Double-Drag-mouse-1
Select the text you drag across, in units of whole words.

@item Triple-mouse-1
Select the line you click on.

@item Triple-Drag-mouse-1
Select the text you drag across, in units of whole lines.
@end table

@node Mouse References
@section Following References with the Mouse
@kindex mouse-1 @r{(on buttons)}
@kindex mouse-2 @r{(on buttons)}
@cindex hyperlinks
@cindex links
@cindex text buttons
@cindex buttons

@vindex mouse-highlight
  Some Emacs buffers include @dfn{buttons}, or @dfn{hyperlinks}:
pieces of text that perform some action (e.g., following a reference)
when activated (e.g., by clicking on them).  Usually, a button's text
is visually highlighted: it is underlined, or a box is drawn around
it.  If you move the mouse over a button, the shape of the mouse
cursor changes and the button lights up.  If you change the variable
@code{mouse-highlight} to @code{nil}, Emacs disables this
highlighting.

  You can activate a button by moving point to it and typing
@key{RET}, or by clicking either @kbd{mouse-1} or @kbd{mouse-2} on the
button.  For example, in a Dired buffer, each file name is a button;
activating it causes Emacs to visit that file (@pxref{Dired}).  In a
@file{*Compilation*} buffer, each error message is a button, and
activating it visits the source code for that error
(@pxref{Compilation}).

  Although clicking @kbd{mouse-1} on a button usually activates the
button, if you hold the mouse button down for a period of time before
releasing it (specifically, for more than 450 milliseconds), then
Emacs moves point where you clicked, without activating the button.
In this way, you can use the mouse to move point over a button without
activating it.  Dragging the mouse over or onto a button has its usual
behavior of setting the region, and does not activate the button.

  You can change how @kbd{mouse-1} applies to buttons by customizing
the variable @code{mouse-1-click-follows-link}.  If the value is a
positive integer, that determines how long you need to hold the mouse
button down for, in milliseconds, to cancel button activation; the
default is 450, as described in the previous paragraph.  If the value
is @code{nil}, @kbd{mouse-1} just sets point where you clicked, and
does not activate buttons.  If the value is @code{double}, double
clicks activate buttons but single clicks just set point.

@vindex mouse-1-click-in-non-selected-windows
  Normally, @kbd{mouse-1} on a button activates the button even if it
is in a non-selected window.  If you change the variable
@code{mouse-1-click-in-non-selected-windows} to @code{nil},
@kbd{mouse-1} on a button in an unselected window moves point to the
clicked position and selects that window, without activating the
button.

@node Menu Mouse Clicks
@section Mouse Clicks for Menus

  Several mouse clicks with the @key{Ctrl} and @key{SHIFT} modifiers
bring up menus.

@table @kbd
@item C-mouse-1
@kindex C-mouse-1
This menu is for selecting a buffer.

The MSB (``mouse select buffer'') global minor mode makes this
menu smarter and more customizable.  @xref{Buffer Menus}.

@item C-mouse-2
@kindex C-mouse-2
This menu contains entries for examining faces and other text
properties, and well as for setting them (the latter is mainly useful
when editing enriched text; @pxref{Enriched Text}).

@item C-mouse-3
@kindex C-mouse-3
This menu is mode-specific.  For most modes if Menu-bar mode is on,
this menu has the same items as all the mode-specific menu-bar menus
put together.  Some modes may specify a different menu for this
button.  If Menu Bar mode is off, this menu contains all the items
which would be present in the menu bar---not just the mode-specific
ones---so that you can access them without having to display the menu
bar.

@item S-mouse-1
This menu is for changing the default face within the window's buffer.
@xref{Text Scale}.
@end table

  Some graphical applications use @kbd{mouse-3} for a mode-specific
menu.  If you prefer @kbd{mouse-3} in Emacs to bring up such a menu
instead of running the @code{mouse-save-then-kill} command, rebind
@kbd{mouse-3} by adding the following line to your init file
(@pxref{Init Rebinding}):

@c FIXME: `mouse-popup-menubar-stuff' is obsolete since 23.1.
@smallexample
(global-set-key [mouse-3] 'mouse-popup-menubar-stuff)
@end smallexample

@node Mode Line Mouse
@section Mode Line Mouse Commands
@cindex mode line, mouse
@cindex mouse on mode line

  You can use mouse clicks on window mode lines to select and manipulate
windows.

  Some areas of the mode line, such as the buffer name, and major and minor
mode names, have their own special mouse bindings.  These areas are
highlighted when you hold the mouse over them, and information about
the special bindings will be displayed (@pxref{Tooltips}).  This
section's commands do not apply in those areas.

@table @kbd
@item mouse-1
@kindex mouse-1 @r{(mode line)}
@kbd{mouse-1} on a mode line selects the window it belongs to.  By
dragging @kbd{mouse-1} on the mode line, you can move it, thus
changing the height of the windows above and below.  Changing heights
with the mouse in this way never deletes windows, it just refuses to
make any window smaller than the minimum height.

@item mouse-2
@kindex mouse-2 @r{(mode line)}
@kbd{mouse-2} on a mode line expands that window to fill its frame.

@item mouse-3
@kindex mouse-3 @r{(mode line)}
@kbd{mouse-3} on a mode line deletes the window it belongs to.  If the
frame has only one window, it does nothing.

@item C-mouse-2
@kbd{C-mouse-2} on a mode line splits that window, producing two
side-by-side windows with the boundary running through the click
position (@pxref{Split Window}).
@end table

@kindex mouse-1 @r{(scroll bar)}
  Furthermore, by clicking and dragging @kbd{mouse-1} on the divider
between two side-by-side mode lines, you can move the vertical
boundary to the left or right.

  Note that resizing windows is affected by the value of
@code{window-resize-pixelwise}, see @ref{Split Window}.

@node Creating Frames
@section Creating Frames
@cindex creating frames

@kindex C-x 5
  The prefix key @kbd{C-x 5} is analogous to @kbd{C-x 4}.  Whereas
each @kbd{C-x 4} command pops up a buffer in a different window in the
selected frame (@pxref{Pop Up Window}), the @kbd{C-x 5} commands use a
different frame.  If an existing visible or iconified (a.k.a.@:
``minimized'', @pxref{Visibility of Frames,,, elisp, The Emacs Lisp
Reference Manual}) frame already displays the requested buffer, that
frame is raised and deiconified (``un-minimized''); otherwise, a new
frame is created on the current display terminal.

  The various @kbd{C-x 5} commands differ in how they find or create the
buffer to select:

@table @kbd
@item C-x 5 2
@kindex C-x 5 2
@findex make-frame-command
Create a new frame (@code{make-frame-command}).
@item C-x 5 b @var{bufname} @key{RET}
Select buffer @var{bufname} in another frame.  This runs
@code{switch-to-buffer-other-frame}.
@item C-x 5 f @var{filename} @key{RET}
Visit file @var{filename} and select its buffer in another frame.  This
runs @code{find-file-other-frame}.  @xref{Visiting}.
@item C-x 5 d @var{directory} @key{RET}
Select a Dired buffer for directory @var{directory} in another frame.
This runs @code{dired-other-frame}.  @xref{Dired}.
@item C-x 5 m
Start composing a mail message in another frame.  This runs
@code{compose-mail-other-frame}.  It is the other-frame variant of
@kbd{C-x m}.  @xref{Sending Mail}.
@item C-x 5 .
Find the definition of an identifier in another frame.  This runs
@code{xref-find-definitions-other-frame}, the multiple-frame variant
of @kbd{M-.}.  @xref{Xref}.
@item C-x 5 r @var{filename} @key{RET}
@kindex C-x 5 r
@findex find-file-read-only-other-frame
Visit file @var{filename} read-only, and select its buffer in another
frame.  This runs @code{find-file-read-only-other-frame}.
@xref{Visiting}.
@end table

  You can control the appearance and behavior of the newly-created
frames by specifying @dfn{frame parameters}.  @xref{Frame Parameters}.

@node Frame Commands
@section Frame Commands

  The following commands are used to delete and operate on frames:

@table @kbd
@item C-x 5 0
@kindex C-x 5 0
@findex delete-frame
Delete the selected frame (@code{delete-frame}).  This signals an
error if there is only one frame.

@item C-z
@kindex C-z @r{(X windows)}
Minimize (or iconify) the selected Emacs frame
(@code{suspend-frame}).  @xref{Exiting}.

@item C-x 5 o
@kindex C-x 5 o
@findex other-frame
Select another frame, and raise it.  If you repeat this command, it
cycles through all the frames on your terminal.

@item C-x 5 1
@kindex C-x 5 1
@findex delete-other-frames
Delete all frames on the current terminal, except the selected one.

@item M-@key{F10}
@kindex M-F10
@findex toggle-frame-maximized
Toggle the maximization state of the current frame.  When a frame is
maximized, it fills the screen.

@item @key{F11}
@kindex F11
@findex toggle-frame-fullscreen
Toggle full-screen mode for the current frame.  (The difference
between full-screen and maximized is normally that the former
hides window manager decorations, giving slightly more screen space to
Emacs itself.)
@end table

@vindex frame-resize-pixelwise
  Note that with some window managers you may have to customize the
variable @code{frame-resize-pixelwise} to a non-@code{nil} value in
order to make a frame truly maximized or full-screen.  This
variable, when set to a non-@code{nil} value, in general allows
resizing frames at pixel resolution, rather than in integral multiples
of lines and columns.

  The @kbd{C-x 5 0} (@code{delete-frame}) command deletes the selected
frame.  However, it will refuse to delete the last frame in an Emacs
session, to prevent you from losing the ability to interact with the
Emacs session.  Note that when Emacs is run as a daemon (@pxref{Emacs
Server}), there is always a virtual frame that remains after all
the ordinary, interactive frames are deleted.  In this case, @kbd{C-x
5 0} can delete the last interactive frame; you can use
@command{emacsclient} to reconnect to the Emacs session.

  The @kbd{C-x 5 1} (@code{delete-other-frames}) command deletes all
other frames on the current terminal (this terminal refers to either a
graphical display, or a text terminal; @pxref{Non-Window Terminals}).
If the Emacs session has frames open on other graphical displays or
text terminals, those are not deleted.

@vindex focus-follows-mouse
  The @kbd{C-x 5 o} (@code{other-frame}) command selects the next
frame on the current terminal.  If you are using Emacs on the X Window
System with a window manager that selects (or @dfn{gives focus to})
whatever frame the mouse cursor is over, you have to change the
variable @code{focus-follows-mouse} to @code{t} in order for this
command to work properly.  Then invoking @kbd{C-x 5 o} will also warp
the mouse cursor to the chosen frame.

@node Fonts
@section Fonts
@cindex fonts

  By default, Emacs displays text on graphical displays using a
10-point monospace font, and the font size can be changed
interactively (@pxref{Text Scale}).

  There are several different ways to specify a different font:

@itemize
@item
Click on @samp{Set Default Font} in the @samp{Options} menu.  This
makes the selected font the default on all existing graphical frames.
To save this for future sessions, click on @samp{Save Options} in the
@samp{Options} menu.

@item
Add a line to your init file, modifying the variable
@code{default-frame-alist} to specify the @code{font} parameter
(@pxref{Frame Parameters}), like this:

@example
(add-to-list 'default-frame-alist
             '(font . "DejaVu Sans Mono-10"))
@end example

@noindent
This makes the font the default on all graphical frames created after
restarting Emacs with that init file.

@cindex X defaults file
@cindex X resources file
@item
Add an @samp{emacs.font} X resource setting to your X resource file,
like this:

@example
emacs.font: DejaVu Sans Mono-12
@end example

@noindent
You must restart X, or use the @command{xrdb} command, for the X
resources file to take effect.  @xref{Resources}.  Do not quote
font names in X resource files.

@item
If you are running Emacs on the GNOME desktop, you can tell Emacs to
use the default system font by setting the variable
@code{font-use-system-font} to @code{t} (the default is @code{nil}).
For this to work, Emacs must have been compiled with support for
Gsettings (or the older Gconf).

@item
Use the command line option @samp{-fn} (or @samp{--font}).  @xref{Font
X}.
@end itemize

  To check what font you're currently using, the @kbd{C-u C-x =}
command can be helpful.  It describes the character at point, and
names the font that it's rendered in.

@cindex fontconfig
  There are four different ways to express a font name.  The first is
to use a @dfn{Fontconfig pattern}.  Fontconfig patterns have the
following form:

@example
@var{fontname}[-@var{fontsize}][:@var{name1}=@var{values1}][:@var{name2}=@var{values2}]...
@end example

@noindent
Within this format, any of the elements in brackets may be omitted.
Here, @var{fontname} is the @dfn{family name} of the font, such as
@samp{Monospace} or @samp{DejaVu Sans Mono}; @var{fontsize} is the
@dfn{point size} of the font (one @dfn{printer's point} is about 1/72
of an inch); and the @samp{@var{name}=@var{values}} entries specify
settings such as the slant and weight of the font.  Each @var{values}
may be a single value, or a list of values separated by commas.  In
addition, some property values are valid with only one kind of
property name, in which case the @samp{@var{name}=} part may be
omitted.

Here is a list of common font properties:

@table @samp
@item slant
One of @samp{italic}, @samp{oblique}, or @samp{roman}.

@item weight
One of @samp{light}, @samp{medium}, @samp{demibold}, @samp{bold} or
@samp{black}.

@item style
Some fonts define special styles which are a combination of slant and
weight.  For instance, @samp{Dejavu Sans} defines the @samp{book}
style, which overrides the slant and weight properties.

@item width
One of @samp{condensed}, @samp{normal}, or @samp{expanded}.

@item spacing
One of @samp{monospace}, @samp{proportional}, @samp{dual-width}, or
@samp{charcell}.
@end table

@noindent
Here are some examples of Fontconfig patterns:

@example
Monospace
Monospace-12
Monospace-12:bold
DejaVu Sans Mono:bold:italic
Monospace-12:weight=bold:slant=italic
@end example

For a more detailed description of Fontconfig patterns, see the
Fontconfig manual, which is distributed with Fontconfig and available
online at @url{https://fontconfig.org/fontconfig-user.html}.

On MS-Windows, only the subset of the form
@var{fontname}[-@var{fontsize}] is supported for all fonts; the full
Fontconfig pattern might not work for all of them.

@cindex GTK font pattern
  The second way to specify a font is to use a @dfn{GTK font pattern}.
These have the syntax

@example
@var{fontname} [@var{properties}] [@var{fontsize}]
@end example

@noindent
where @var{fontname} is the family name, @var{properties} is a list of
property values separated by spaces, and @var{fontsize} is the point
size.  The properties that you may specify for GTK font patterns are
as follows:

@itemize
@item
Slant properties: @samp{Italic} or @samp{Oblique}.  If omitted, the
default (roman) slant is implied.
@item
Weight properties: @samp{Bold}, @samp{Book}, @samp{Light},
@samp{Medium}, @samp{Semi-bold}, or @samp{Ultra-light}.  If omitted,
@samp{Medium} weight is implied.
@item
Width properties: @samp{Semi-Condensed} or @samp{Condensed}.  If
omitted, a default width is used.
@end itemize

@noindent
Here are some examples of GTK font patterns:

@example
Monospace 12
Monospace Bold Italic 12
@end example

On MS-Windows, only the subset @var{fontname} is supported.

@cindex XLFD
@cindex X Logical Font Description
  The third way to specify a font is to use an @dfn{XLFD} (@dfn{X
Logical Font Description}).  This is the traditional method for
specifying fonts under X, and is also supported on MS-Windows.  Each
XLFD consists of fourteen words or numbers, separated by dashes, like
this:

@example
-misc-fixed-medium-r-semicondensed--13-*-*-*-c-60-iso8859-1
@end example

@noindent
A wildcard character (@samp{*}) in an XLFD matches any sequence of
characters (including none), and @samp{?} matches any single
character.  However, matching is implementation-dependent, and can be
inaccurate when wildcards match dashes in a long name.  For reliable
results, supply all 14 dashes and use wildcards only within a field.
Case is insignificant in an XLFD@.  The syntax for an XLFD is as
follows:

@example
-@var{maker}-@var{family}-@var{weight}-@var{slant}-@var{widthtype}-@var{style}@dots{}
@dots{}-@var{pixels}-@var{height}-@var{horiz}-@var{vert}-@var{spacing}-@var{width}-@var{registry}-@var{encoding}
@end example

@noindent
The entries have the following meanings:

@table @var
@item maker
The name of the font manufacturer.
@item family
The name of the font family (e.g., @samp{courier}).
@item weight
The font weight---normally either @samp{bold}, @samp{medium} or
@samp{light}.  Some font names support other values.
@item slant
The font slant---normally @samp{r} (roman), @samp{i} (italic),
@samp{o} (oblique), @samp{ri} (reverse italic), or @samp{ot} (other).
Some font names support other values.
@item widthtype
The font width---normally @samp{normal}, @samp{condensed},
@samp{semicondensed}, or @samp{extended}.  Some font names support
other values.
@item style
An optional additional style name.  Usually it is empty---most XLFDs
have two hyphens in a row at this point.  The style name can also
specify a two-letter ISO-639 language name, like @samp{ja} or
@samp{ko}; some fonts that support CJK scripts have that spelled out
in the style name part.
@item pixels
The font height, in pixels.
@item height
The font height on the screen, measured in tenths of a printer's
point.  This is the point size of the font, times ten.  For a given
vertical resolution, @var{height} and @var{pixels} are proportional;
therefore, it is common to specify just one of them and use @samp{*}
for the other.
@item horiz
The horizontal resolution, in pixels per inch, of the screen for which
the font is intended.
@item vert
The vertical resolution, in pixels per inch, of the screen for which
the font is intended.  Normally the resolution of the fonts on your
system is the right value for your screen; therefore, you normally
specify @samp{*} for this and @var{horiz}.
@item spacing
This is @samp{m} (monospace), @samp{p} (proportional) or @samp{c}
(character cell).
@item width
The average character width, in pixels, multiplied by ten.
@item registry
@itemx encoding
The X font character set that the font depicts.  (X font character
sets are not the same as Emacs character sets, but they are similar.)
You can use the @command{xfontsel} program to check which choices you
have.  Normally you should use @samp{iso8859} for @var{registry} and
@samp{1} for @var{encoding}.
@end table

  The fourth and final method of specifying a font is to use a font
nickname.  Certain fonts have shorter nicknames, which you can use
instead of a normal font specification.  For instance, @samp{6x13} is
equivalent to

@example
-misc-fixed-medium-r-semicondensed--13-*-*-*-c-60-iso8859-1
@end example

This form is not supported on MS-Windows.

@cindex client-side fonts
@cindex server-side fonts
  On X, Emacs recognizes two types of fonts: @dfn{client-side} fonts,
which are provided by the Xft and Fontconfig libraries, and
@dfn{server-side} fonts, which are provided by the X server itself.
Most client-side fonts support advanced font features such as
antialiasing and subpixel hinting, while server-side fonts do not.
Fontconfig and GTK patterns match only client-side fonts.

@cindex listing system fonts
  You will probably want to use a fixed-width default font---that is,
a font in which all characters have the same width.  For Xft and
Fontconfig fonts, you can use the @command{fc-list} command to list
the available fixed-width fonts, like this:

@example
fc-list :spacing=mono
fc-list :spacing=charcell
@end example

@noindent
For server-side X fonts, you can use the @command{xlsfonts} program to
list the available fixed-width fonts, like this:

@example
xlsfonts -fn '*x*' | grep -E '^[0-9]+x[0-9]+'
xlsfonts -fn '*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-m*'
xlsfonts -fn '*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-c*'
@end example

@noindent
Any font with @samp{m} or @samp{c} in the @var{spacing} field of the
XLFD is a fixed-width font.  To see what a particular font looks like,
use the @command{xfd} command.  For example:

@example
xfd -fn 6x13
@end example

@noindent
displays the entire font @samp{6x13}.

  While running Emacs, you can also set the font of a specific kind of
text (@pxref{Faces}), or a particular frame (@pxref{Frame
Parameters}).

@node Speedbar
@section Speedbar Frames
@cindex speedbar

@cindex attached frame (of speedbar)
  The @dfn{speedbar} is a special frame for conveniently navigating in
or operating on another frame.  The speedbar, when it exists, is
always associated with a specific frame, called its @dfn{attached
frame}; all speedbar operations act on that frame.

  Type @kbd{M-x speedbar} to create the speedbar and associate it with
the current frame.  To dismiss the speedbar, type @kbd{M-x speedbar}
again, or select the speedbar and type @kbd{q}.  (You can also delete
the speedbar frame like any other Emacs frame.)  If you wish to
associate the speedbar with a different frame, dismiss it and call
@kbd{M-x speedbar} from that frame.

  The speedbar can operate in various modes.  Its default mode is
@dfn{File Display} mode, which shows the files in the current
directory of the selected window of the attached frame, one file per
line.  Clicking on a non-directory visits that file in the selected window
of the attached frame, and clicking on a directory shows that
directory in the speedbar (@pxref{Mouse References}).  Each line also
has a box, @samp{[+]} or @samp{<+>}, that you can click on to
@dfn{expand} the contents of that item.  Expanding a directory adds
the contents of that directory to the speedbar display, underneath the
directory's own line.  Expanding an ordinary file adds a list of the
tags in that file to the speedbar display; you can click on a tag name
to jump to that tag in the selected window of the attached frame.
When a file or directory is expanded, the @samp{[+]} changes to
@samp{[-]}; you can click on that box to @dfn{contract} the item,
hiding its contents.

  You navigate through the speedbar using the keyboard, too.  Typing
@key{RET} while point is on a line in the speedbar is equivalent to
clicking the item on the current line, and @key{SPC} expands or
contracts the item.  @kbd{U} displays the parent directory of the
current directory.  To copy, delete, or rename the file on the current
line, type @kbd{C}, @kbd{D}, and @kbd{R} respectively.  To create a
new directory, type @kbd{M}.

  Another general-purpose speedbar mode is @dfn{Buffer Display} mode;
in this mode, the speedbar displays a list of Emacs buffers.  To
switch to this mode, type @kbd{b} in the speedbar.  To return to File
Display mode, type @kbd{f}.  You can also change the display mode by
clicking @kbd{mouse-3} anywhere in the speedbar window (or
@kbd{mouse-1} on the mode-line) and selecting @samp{Displays} in the
pop-up menu.

  Some major modes, including Rmail mode, Info, and GUD, have
specialized ways of putting useful items into the speedbar for you to
select.  For example, in Rmail mode, the speedbar shows a list of Rmail
files, and lets you move the current message to another Rmail file by
clicking on its @samp{<M>} box.

  For more details on using and programming the speedbar, @xref{Top,
Speedbar,,speedbar, Speedbar Manual}.

@node Multiple Displays
@section Multiple Displays
@cindex multiple displays

  A single Emacs can talk to more than one X display.  Initially, Emacs
uses just one display---the one specified with the @env{DISPLAY}
environment variable or with the @samp{--display} option (@pxref{Initial
Options}).  To connect to another display, use the command
@code{make-frame-on-display}:

@findex make-frame-on-display
@table @kbd
@item M-x make-frame-on-display @key{RET} @var{display} @key{RET}
Create a new frame on display @var{display}.
@end table

  A single X server can handle more than one screen.  When you open
frames on two screens belonging to one server, Emacs knows they share a
single keyboard, and it treats all the commands arriving from these
screens as a single stream of input.

  When you open frames on different X servers, Emacs makes a separate
input stream for each server.  Each server also has its own selected
frame.  The commands you enter with a particular X server apply to
that server's selected frame.

  On multi-monitor displays it is possible to use the command
@code{make-frame-on-monitor}:

@findex make-frame-on-monitor
@table @kbd
@item M-x make-frame-on-monitor @key{RET} @var{monitor} @key{RET}
Create a new frame on monitor @var{monitor} whose screen area is
a part of the current display.
@end table

@node Frame Parameters
@section Frame Parameters
@vindex default-frame-alist

  You can control the default appearance and behavior of all frames by
specifying a default list of @dfn{frame parameters} in the variable
@code{default-frame-alist}.  Its value should be a list of entries,
each specifying a parameter name and a value for that parameter.
These entries take effect whenever Emacs creates a new frame,
including the initial frame.

@cindex frame size, specifying default
  For example, you can add the following lines to your init file
(@pxref{Init File}) to set the default frame width to 90 character
columns, the default frame height to 40 character rows, and the
default font to @samp{Monospace-10}:

@example
(add-to-list 'default-frame-alist '(width  . 90))
(add-to-list 'default-frame-alist '(height . 40))
(add-to-list 'default-frame-alist '(font . "Monospace-10"))
@end example

  For a list of frame parameters and their effects, see @ref{Frame
Parameters,,, elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.

@vindex initial-frame-alist
  You can also specify a list of frame parameters which apply to just
the initial frame, by customizing the variable
@code{initial-frame-alist}.

  If Emacs is compiled to use an X toolkit, frame parameters that
specify colors and fonts don't affect menus and the menu bar, since
those are drawn by the toolkit and not directly by Emacs.

  Frame appearance and behavior can also be customized through X
resources (@pxref{X Resources}); these override the parameters of the
initial frame specified in your init file.

  Note that if you are using the desktop library to save and restore
your sessions, the frames to be restored are recorded in the desktop
file, together with their parameters.  When these frames are restored,
the recorded parameters take precedence over the frame parameters
specified by @code{default-frame-alist} and @code{initial-frame-alist}
in your init file.  @xref{Saving Emacs Sessions}, for how to avoid
that.

@node Scroll Bars
@section Scroll Bars
@cindex Scroll Bar mode
@cindex mode, Scroll Bar
@cindex Vertical Scroll Bar

  On graphical displays, there is a @dfn{vertical scroll bar} on the
side of each Emacs window.  Clicking @kbd{mouse-1} on the scroll bar's
up and down buttons scrolls the window by one line at a time (but some
toolkits allow you to customize the scroll bars to not have those
buttons).  Clicking @kbd{mouse-1} above or below the scroll bar's
inner box scrolls the window by nearly the entire height of the
window, like @kbd{M-v} and @kbd{C-v} respectively (@pxref{Moving
Point}).  (This, too, can behave differently with some toolkits.)
Dragging the inner box scrolls continuously.

  If Emacs is compiled on the X Window System without X toolkit
support, the scroll bar behaves differently.  Clicking @kbd{mouse-1}
anywhere on the scroll bar scrolls forward like @kbd{C-v}, while
@kbd{mouse-3} scrolls backward like @kbd{M-v}.  Clicking @kbd{mouse-2}
in the scroll bar lets you drag the inner box up and down.

@findex scroll-bar-mode
@findex toggle-scroll-bar
  To toggle the use of vertical scroll bars, type @kbd{M-x
scroll-bar-mode}.  This command applies to all frames, including frames
yet to be created.  To toggle vertical scroll bars for just the selected
frame, use the command @kbd{M-x toggle-scroll-bar}.

@vindex scroll-bar-mode
  To control the use of vertical scroll bars at startup, customize the
variable @code{scroll-bar-mode} (@pxref{Customization}).  Its value
should be either @code{right} (put scroll bars on the right side of
windows), @code{left} (put them on the left), or @code{nil} (disable
vertical scroll bars).  By default, Emacs puts scroll bars on the
right if it was compiled with GTK+ support on the X Window System, and
on MS-Windows or macOS; Emacs puts scroll bars on the left if compiled
on the X Window System without GTK+ support (following the old
convention for X applications).

@vindex scroll-bar-width
@cindex width of the vertical scroll bar
  You can also use the X resource @samp{verticalScrollBars} to enable
or disable the scroll bars (@pxref{Resources}).  To control the scroll
bar width, change the @code{scroll-bar-width} frame parameter
(@pxref{Frame Parameters,,, elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}).

@vindex scroll-bar-adjust-thumb-portion
@cindex overscrolling
If you're using Emacs on X (with GTK+ or Motif), you can customize the
variable @code{scroll-bar-adjust-thumb-portion} to control
@dfn{overscrolling} of the scroll bar, i.e., dragging the thumb down even
when the end of the buffer is visible.  If its value is
non-@code{nil}, the scroll bar can be dragged downwards even if the
end of the buffer is shown; if @code{nil}, the thumb will be at the
bottom when the end of the buffer is shown.  You cannot over-scroll
when the entire buffer is visible.

@cindex @code{scroll-bar} face
  The visual appearance of the scroll bars is controlled by the
@code{scroll-bar} face.  (Some toolkits, such as GTK+ and MS-Windows,
ignore this face; the scroll-bar appearance there can only be
customized system-wide, for GTK+ @pxref{GTK resources}).

@cindex vertical border
  On graphical frames, vertical scroll bars implicitly serve to separate
side-by-side windows visually.  When vertical scroll bars are disabled,
Emacs by default separates such windows with the help of a one-pixel
wide @dfn{vertical border}.  That border occupies the first pixel column
of the window on the right and may thus overdraw the leftmost pixels of
any glyph displayed there.  If these pixels convey important
information, you can make them visible by enabling window dividers, see
@ref{Window Dividers}.  To replicate the look of vertical borders, set
the @code{right-divider-width} parameter of frames to one and have the
@code{window-divider} face inherit from that of @code{vertical-border},
@ref{Window Dividers,, Window Dividers, elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference
Manual}.

@cindex Horizontal Scroll Bar
@cindex Horizontal Scroll Bar mode
  On graphical displays with toolkit support, Emacs may also supply a
@dfn{horizontal scroll bar} on the bottom of each window.  Clicking
@kbd{mouse-1} on that scroll bar's left and right buttons scrolls the
window horizontally by one column at a time.  (Note that some toolkits
allow customizations of the scroll bar that cause these buttons not to
be shown.)  Clicking @kbd{mouse-1} on the left or right of the scroll
bar's inner box scrolls the window by four columns.  Dragging the
inner box scrolls the window continuously.

  Note that such horizontal scrolling can make the window's position of
point disappear on the left or the right.  Typing a character to insert
text or moving point with a keyboard command will usually bring it back
into view.

@findex horizontal-scroll-bar-mode
  To toggle the use of horizontal scroll bars, type @kbd{M-x
horizontal-scroll-bar-mode}.  This command applies to all frames,
including frames yet to be created.  To toggle horizontal scroll bars
for just the selected frame, use the command @kbd{M-x
toggle-horizontal-scroll-bar}.

@vindex horizontal-scroll-bar-mode
  To control the use of horizontal scroll bars at startup, customize the
variable @code{horizontal-scroll-bar-mode}.

@vindex scroll-bar-height
@cindex height of the horizontal scroll bar
  You can also use the X resource @samp{horizontalScrollBars} to enable
or disable horizontal scroll bars (@pxref{Resources}).  To control the
scroll bar height, change the @code{scroll-bar-height} frame parameter
(@pxref{Frame Parameters,,, elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}).

@node Window Dividers
@section Window Dividers
@cindex Window Divider mode
@cindex mode, Window Divider

  On graphical displays, you can use @dfn{window dividers} in order to
separate windows visually.  Window dividers are bars that can be dragged
with the mouse, thus allowing you to easily resize adjacent windows.

@findex window-divider-mode
  To toggle the display of window dividers, use the command @kbd{M-x
window-divider-mode}.

@vindex window-divider-default-places
  To customize where dividers should appear, use the option
@code{window-divider-default-places}.  Its value should be either
@code{bottom-only} (to show dividers only on the bottom of windows),
@code{right-only} (to show dividers only on the right of windows), or
@code{t} (to show them on the bottom and on the right).

@vindex window-divider-default-bottom-width
@vindex window-divider-default-right-width
  To adjust the width of window dividers displayed by this mode
customize the options @code{window-divider-default-bottom-width} and
@code{window-divider-default-right-width}.

  When vertical scroll bars are disabled, dividers can be also useful to
make the first pixel column of a window visible, which would be otherwise
covered by the vertical border used to separate side-by-side windows
(@pxref{Scroll Bars}).

For more details about window dividers see @ref{Window Dividers,,
Window Dividers, elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.

@node Drag and Drop
@section Drag and Drop
@cindex drag and drop

  In most graphical desktop environments, Emacs has basic support for
@dfn{drag and drop} operations.  For instance, dropping text onto an
Emacs frame inserts the text where it is dropped.  Dropping a file
onto an Emacs frame visits that file.  As a special case, dropping the
file on a Dired buffer moves or copies the file (according to the
conventions of the application it came from) into the directory
displayed in that buffer.

@vindex dnd-open-file-other-window
  Dropping a file normally visits it in the window you drop it on.  If
you prefer to visit the file in a new window in such cases, customize
the variable @code{dnd-open-file-other-window}.

  The XDND and Motif drag and drop protocols, and the old KDE 1.x
protocol, are currently supported.

@vindex mouse-drag-and-drop-region
  Emacs can also optionally drag the region with the mouse into
another portion of this or another buffer.  To enable that, customize
the variable @code{mouse-drag-and-drop-region} to a non-@code{nil}
value.  Normally, the text is moved, i.e. cut and pasted, when the
destination is the same buffer as the origin; dropping the region on
another buffer copies the text instead.  If the value of this variable
names a modifier key, such as @samp{shift}, @samp{control} or
@samp{alt}, then pressing that modifier key when dropping the text
will copy it instead of cutting it, even if you drop on the same
buffer as the one from which the text came.

@vindex mouse-drag-and-drop-region-cut-when-buffers-differ
@vindex mouse-drag-and-drop-region-show-tooltip
@vindex mouse-drag-and-drop-region-show-cursor
In order to cut text even when source and destination buffers differ,
set the option
@code{mouse-drag-and-drop-region-cut-when-buffers-differ} to a
non-@code{nil} value.  By default, on a graphic display the selected
text is shown in a tooltip and point moves together with the mouse
cursor during dragging.  To suppress such behavior, set the options
@code{mouse-drag-and-drop-region-show-tooltip} and/or
@code{mouse-drag-and-drop-region-show-cursor} to @code{nil}.


@node Menu Bars
@section Menu Bars
@cindex menu bar mode
@cindex mode, Menu Bar
@findex menu-bar-mode
@vindex menu-bar-mode

  You can toggle the use of menu bars with @kbd{M-x menu-bar-mode}.
With no argument, this command toggles Menu Bar mode, a global minor
mode.  With an argument, the command turns Menu Bar mode on if the
argument is positive, off if the argument is not positive.  To control
the use of menu bars at startup, customize the variable
@code{menu-bar-mode}.

@kindex C-mouse-3 @r{(when menu bar is disabled)}
  Expert users often turn off the menu bar, especially on text
terminals, where this makes one additional line available for text.
If the menu bar is off, you can still pop up a menu of its contents
with @kbd{C-mouse-3} on a display which supports pop-up menus.
@xref{Menu Mouse Clicks}.

  @xref{Menu Bar}, for information on how to invoke commands with the
menu bar.  @xref{X Resources}, for how to customize the menu bar
menus' visual appearance.

@node Tool Bars
@section Tool Bars
@cindex tool bar mode
@cindex mode, Tool Bar
@cindex icons, toolbar

  On graphical displays, Emacs puts a @dfn{tool bar} at the top of
each frame, just below the menu bar.  This is a row of icons which you
can click on with the mouse to invoke various commands.

  The global (default) tool bar contains general commands.  Some major
modes define their own tool bars; whenever a buffer with such a major
mode is current, the mode's tool bar replaces the global tool bar.

@findex tool-bar-mode
@vindex tool-bar-mode
  To toggle the use of tool bars, type @kbd{M-x tool-bar-mode}.  This
command applies to all frames, including frames yet to be created.  To
control the use of tool bars at startup, customize the variable
@code{tool-bar-mode}.

@vindex tool-bar-style
@cindex Tool Bar style
  When Emacs is compiled with GTK+ support, each tool bar item can
consist of an image, or a text label, or both.  By default, Emacs
follows the Gnome desktop's tool bar style setting; if none is
defined, it displays tool bar items as just images.  To impose a
specific tool bar style, customize the variable @code{tool-bar-style}.

@cindex Tool Bar position
  You can also control the placement of the tool bar for the GTK+ tool
bar with the frame parameter @code{tool-bar-position}.  @xref{Frame
Parameters,,, elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.

  NS builds consider the tool bar to be a window decoration, and
therefore do not display it when a window is undecorated.  @xref{Frame
Parameters,,, elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.  On macOS the
tool bar is hidden when the frame is put into fullscreen, but can be
displayed by moving the mouse pointer to the top of the screen.

@node Tab Bars
@section Tab Bars
@cindex tab bar mode
@cindex mode, Tab Bar
@cindex tabs, tabbar

  On graphical displays and on text terminals, Emacs can optionally
display a @dfn{Tab Bar} at the top of each frame, just below the menu
bar.  The Tab Bar is a row of @dfn{tabs}---buttons that you can click
to switch between window configurations on that frame.

  Each tab on the Tab Bar represents a named persistent window
configuration.  Its name is composed from the list of names of buffers
visible in windows of that window configuration.  Clicking on the tab
switches to the window configuration recorded by the tab; it is a
configuration of windows and buffers which was previously used in the
frame when that tab was the current tab.

  If you are using the desktop library to save and restore your
sessions (@pxref{Saving Emacs Sessions}), the tabs from the Tab Bar are
recorded in the desktop file, together with their associated window
configurations, and will be available after restoring the session.

@findex tab-bar-mode
  To toggle the use of tab bars, type @kbd{M-x tab-bar-mode}.  This
command applies to all frames, including frames yet to be created.  To
control the use of tab bars at startup, customize the variable
@code{tab-bar-mode}.

@vindex tab-bar-show
  The variable @code{tab-bar-show} controls whether the Tab Bar mode
is turned on automatically.  If the value is @code{t}, then
@code{tab-bar-mode} is enabled when using the commands that create new
tabs.  The value @code{1} hides the tab bar when it has only one tab,
and shows it again when more tabs are created.  The value @code{nil}
always keeps the tab bar hidden; in this case it's still possible to
use persistent named window configurations without using the tab bar
by typing the related commands: @kbd{M-x tab-new}, @kbd{M-x tab-next},
@kbd{M-x tab-list}, @kbd{M-x tab-close}, etc.

@kindex C-x t
  The prefix key @kbd{C-x t} is analogous to @kbd{C-x 5}.
Whereas each @kbd{C-x 5} command pops up a buffer in a different frame
(@pxref{Creating Frames}), the @kbd{C-x t} commands use a different
tab with a different window configuration in the selected frame.

  The various @kbd{C-x t} commands differ in how they find or create the
buffer to select:

@table @kbd
@item C-x t 2
@kindex C-x t 2
@findex tab-new
Add a new tab (@code{tab-new}).  You can control the choice of the
buffer displayed in a new tab by customizing the variable
@code{tab-bar-new-tab-choice}.
@item C-x t b @var{bufname} @key{RET}
Select buffer @var{bufname} in another tab.  This runs
@code{switch-to-buffer-other-tab}.
@item C-x t f @var{filename} @key{RET}
Visit file @var{filename} and select its buffer in another tab.  This
runs @code{find-file-other-tab}.  @xref{Visiting}.
@item C-x t d @var{directory} @key{RET}
Select a Dired buffer for directory @var{directory} in another tab.
This runs @code{dired-other-tab}.  @xref{Dired}.
@item C-x t r @var{tabname} @key{RET}
Renames the current tab to @var{tabname}.  You can control the
programmatic name given to a tab by default by customizing the
variable @code{tab-bar-tab-name-function}.
@end table

@vindex tab-bar-new-tab-choice
  By default, a new tab starts with the current buffer that was
current before calling the command that adds a new tab.  To start a
new tab with other buffers, customize the variable
@code{tab-bar-new-tab-choice}.

  The following commands are used to delete and operate on tabs:

@table @kbd
@item C-x t 0
@kindex C-x t 0
@findex tab-close
Close the selected tab (@code{tab-close}).  It has no effect if there
is only one tab.

@item C-x t o
@kindex C-x t o
@kindex C-TAB
@findex tab-next
Switch to another tab.  If you repeat this command, it cycles through
all the tabs on the selected frame.  With a positive numeric argument
N, it switches to the next Nth tab; with a negative argument −N, it
switches back to the previous Nth tab.

@item C-x t 1
@kindex C-x t 1
@findex tab-close-other
Close all tabs on the selected frame, except the selected one.
@end table

@node Dialog Boxes
@section Using Dialog Boxes
@cindex dialog boxes

@vindex use-dialog-box
  A dialog box is a special kind of menu for asking you a yes-or-no
question or some other special question.  Many Emacs commands use a
dialog box to ask a yes-or-no question, if you used the mouse to
invoke the command that led to the question.

  To disable the use of dialog boxes, change the variable
@code{use-dialog-box} to @code{nil}.  In that case, Emacs always
performs yes-or-no prompts using the echo area and keyboard input.
This variable also controls whether to use file selection windows (but
those are not supported on all platforms).

@vindex use-file-dialog
@cindex file selection dialog, how to disable
  A file selection window is a special kind of dialog box for asking
for file names.  You can customize the variable @code{use-file-dialog}
to suppress the use of file selection windows, even if you still want
other kinds of dialogs.  This variable has no effect if you have
suppressed all dialog boxes with the variable @code{use-dialog-box}.

@vindex x-gtk-show-hidden-files
@vindex x-gtk-file-dialog-help-text
@cindex hidden files, in GTK+ file chooser
@cindex help text, in GTK+ file chooser
  When Emacs is compiled with GTK+ support, it uses the GTK+ file
chooser dialog.  Emacs adds an additional toggle button to this
dialog, which you can use to enable or disable the display of hidden
files (files starting with a dot) in that dialog.  If you want this
toggle to be activated by default, change the variable
@code{x-gtk-show-hidden-files} to @code{t}.  In addition, Emacs adds
help text to the GTK+ file chooser dialog; to disable this help text,
change the variable @code{x-gtk-file-dialog-help-text} to @code{nil}.

@node Tooltips
@section Tooltips
@cindex tooltips

  @dfn{Tooltips} are small special frames that display text
information at the current mouse position.  They activate when there
is a pause in mouse movement over some significant piece of text in a
window, or the mode line, or some other part of the Emacs frame such
as a tool bar button or menu item.

@findex tooltip-mode
  You can toggle the use of tooltips with the command @kbd{M-x
tooltip-mode}.  When Tooltip mode is disabled, the help text is
displayed in the echo area instead.  To control the use of tooltips at
startup, customize the variable @code{tooltip-mode}.

The following variables provide customization options for tooltip
display:

@vtable @code
@item tooltip-delay
This variable specifies how long Emacs should wait before displaying
the first tooltip.  The value is in seconds.

@item tooltip-short-delay
This variable specifies how long Emacs should wait before displaying
subsequent tooltips on different items, having already displayed the
first tooltip.  The value is in seconds.

@item tooltip-hide-delay
The number of seconds since displaying a tooltip to hide it, if the
mouse doesn't move.

@item tooltip-x-offset
@itemx tooltip-y-offset
The X and Y offsets, in pixels, of the left top corner of the tooltip
from the mouse pointer position.  Note that these are ignored if
@code{tooltip-frame-parameters} was customized to include,
respectively, the @code{left} and @code{top} parameters.  The values
of the offsets should be chosen so that the tooltip doesn't cover the
mouse pointer's hot spot, or it might interfere with clicking the
mouse.

@item tooltip-frame-parameters
The frame parameters used for displaying tooltips.  @xref{Frame
Parameters,,, elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}, and also
@ref{Tooltips,,, elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.
@end vtable

For additional customization options for displaying tooltips, use
@kbd{M-x customize-group @key{RET} tooltip @key{RET}}.

@vindex x-gtk-use-system-tooltips
  If Emacs is built with GTK+ support, it displays tooltips via GTK+,
using the default appearance of GTK+ tooltips.  To disable this,
change the variable @code{x-gtk-use-system-tooltips} to @code{nil}.
If you do this, or if Emacs is built without GTK+ support, most
attributes of the tooltip text are specified by the @code{tooltip}
face, and by X resources (@pxref{X Resources}).

  @dfn{GUD tooltips} are special tooltips that show the values of
variables when debugging a program with GUD@.  @xref{Debugger
Operation}.

@node Mouse Avoidance
@section Mouse Avoidance
@cindex avoiding mouse in the way of your typing
@cindex mouse avoidance

  On graphical terminals, the mouse pointer may obscure the text in
the Emacs frame.  Emacs provides two methods to avoid this problem.

  Firstly, Emacs hides the mouse pointer each time you type a
self-inserting character, if the pointer lies inside an Emacs frame;
moving the mouse pointer makes it visible again.  To disable this
feature, set the variable @code{make-pointer-invisible} to @code{nil}.
@xref{Display Custom}.

@vindex mouse-avoidance-mode
  Secondly, you can use Mouse Avoidance mode, a minor mode, to keep
the mouse pointer away from point.  To use Mouse Avoidance mode,
customize the variable @code{mouse-avoidance-mode}.  You can set this
to various values to move the mouse in several ways:

@table @code
@item banish
Move the pointer to a corner of the frame on any key-press.  You can
customize the variable @code{mouse-avoidance-banish-position} to
specify where the pointer goes when it is banished.
@item exile
Banish the pointer only if the cursor gets too close, and allow it to
return once the cursor is out of the way.
@item jump
If the cursor gets too close to the pointer, displace the pointer by a
random distance and direction.
@item animate
As @code{jump}, but shows steps along the way for illusion of motion.
@item cat-and-mouse
The same as @code{animate}.
@item proteus
As @code{animate}, but changes the shape of the mouse pointer too.
@end table

@findex mouse-avoidance-mode
You can also use the command @kbd{M-x mouse-avoidance-mode} to enable
the mode.  Whenever Mouse Avoidance mode moves the mouse, it also
raises the frame.

@node Non-Window Terminals
@section Non-Window Terminals
@cindex text terminal

  On a text terminal, Emacs can display only one Emacs frame at a
time.  However, you can still create multiple Emacs frames, and switch
between them.  Switching frames on these terminals is much like
switching between different window configurations.

  Use @kbd{C-x 5 2} to create a new frame and switch to it; use @kbd{C-x
5 o} to cycle through the existing frames; use @kbd{C-x 5 0} to delete
the current frame.

  Each frame has a number to distinguish it.  If your terminal can
display only one frame at a time, the selected frame's number @var{n}
appears near the beginning of the mode line, in the form
@samp{F@var{n}}.

@findex set-frame-name
@findex select-frame-by-name
  @samp{F@var{n}} is in fact the frame's initial name.  You can give
frames more meaningful names if you wish, and you can select a frame
by its name.  Use the command @kbd{M-x set-frame-name @key{RET}
@var{name} @key{RET}} to specify a new name for the selected frame,
and use @kbd{M-x select-frame-by-name @key{RET} @var{name} @key{RET}}
to select a frame according to its name.  The name you specify appears
in the mode line when the frame is selected.

@node Text-Only Mouse
@section Using a Mouse in Text Terminals
@cindex mouse support
@cindex terminal emulators, mouse support

Some text terminals support mouse clicks in the terminal window.

@cindex xterm
  In a terminal emulator which is compatible with @command{xterm}, you
can use @kbd{M-x xterm-mouse-mode} to give Emacs control over simple
uses of the mouse---basically, only non-modified single clicks are
supported.  Newer versions of @command{xterm} also support
mouse-tracking.  The normal @command{xterm} mouse functionality for
such clicks is still available by holding down the @key{SHIFT} key
when you press the mouse button.  Xterm Mouse mode is a global minor
mode (@pxref{Minor Modes}).  Repeating the command turns the mode off
again.

@findex gpm-mouse-mode
  In the console on GNU/Linux, you can use @kbd{M-x gpm-mouse-mode} to
enable mouse support.  You must have the gpm server installed and
running on your system in order for this to work.  Note that when
this mode is enabled, you cannot use the mouse to transfer text
between Emacs and other programs which use GPM.  This is due to
limitations in GPM and the Linux kernel.

@iftex
@xref{MS-DOS Mouse,,,emacs-xtra,Specialized Emacs Features},
@end iftex
@ifnottex
@xref{MS-DOS Mouse},
@end ifnottex
for information about mouse support on MS-DOS.

debug log:

solving 091c011fb9 ...
found 091c011fb9 in https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/emacs.git

(*) Git path names are given by the tree(s) the blob belongs to.
    Blobs themselves have no identifier aside from the hash of its contents.^

Code repositories for project(s) associated with this external index

	https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/emacs.git
	https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/emacs/org-mode.git

This is an external index of several public inboxes,
see mirroring instructions on how to clone and mirror
all data and code used by this external index.