Hello, I tried again, this time redirecting output of the mingw32-make bootstrap command to a file to make searching easier. This time I do see emacs.c being compiled twice. The first time it is compiled as follows: gcc -I. -c -gdwarf-2 -g3 -DEMACSDEBUG -I"C:/Program Files/GnuTLS-2.10.1/include" -DXMALLOC_CLEAR_FREE_MEMORY -Demacs=1 -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I../lib -I../nt/inc -DHAVE_NTGUI=1 -DUSE_CRT_DLL=1 -DPURESIZE=5000000 -o oo/i386/emacs.o emacs.c The second time it is compiled as follows: gcc -I. -c -gdwarf-2 -g3 -DEMACSDEBUG -I"C:/Program Files/GnuTLS-2.10.1/include" -DXMALLOC_CLEAR_FREE_MEMORY -Demacs=1 -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I../lib -I../nt/inc -DHAVE_NTGUI=1 -DUSE_CRT_DLL=1 -o oo/i386/emacs.o emacs.c Note that both times -I"C:/Program Files/GnuTLS-2.10.1/include" was used. I have no idea why Christoph is having problems. Very interesting.