Since dumping an Emacs with ~500 core libraries in addition to the 100+ from loadup (596 NCUs in the dump), I noticed huge numbers of async jobs compiling trampolines for call-interactively.  Adding call-interactively - and funcall-interactively for good measure - to the customization variable for functions to never optimize, as well as to the hard-coded list in advice--add-function, then recompiling and dumping resolved the issue.