Here's a patch to fix this issue. It was created on top of the
emacs-29 branch, commit 6b60c81.

It's based on the suggestion from the cairo mailing list (see the link
I sent in my original message here). It ensures that the cairo device
associated with the cairo-xcb surfaces in the display is destroyed
before closing the display.

It can probably be improved. It could even be extended to handle
cairo-xlib. In the cairo mailing list, they mentioned one corner case
where the xlib device is not properly destroyed: when cairo is
unloaded before the X11 connection is closed.