;;; regexp-opt.el --- generate efficient regexps to match strings -*- lexical-binding: t -*-

;; Copyright (C) 1994-2019 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

;; Author: Simon Marshall <simon@gnu.org>
;; Maintainer: emacs-devel@gnu.org
;; Keywords: strings, regexps, extensions

;; This file is part of GNU Emacs.

;; GNU Emacs is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
;; it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
;; the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
;; (at your option) any later version.

;; GNU Emacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
;; but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
;; MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
;; GNU General Public License for more details.

;; You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
;; along with GNU Emacs.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

;;; Commentary:

;; The "opt" in "regexp-opt" stands for "optim\\(al\\|i[sz]e\\)".
;;
;; This package generates a regexp from a given list of strings (which matches
;; one of those strings) so that the regexp generated by:
;;
;; (regexp-opt strings)
;;
;; is equivalent to, but more efficient than, the regexp generated by:
;;
;; (mapconcat 'regexp-quote strings "\\|")
;;
;; For example:
;;
;; (let ((strings '("cond" "if" "when" "unless" "while"
;; 		    "let" "let*" "progn" "prog1" "prog2"
;; 		    "save-restriction" "save-excursion" "save-window-excursion"
;; 		    "save-current-buffer" "save-match-data"
;; 		    "catch" "throw" "unwind-protect" "condition-case")))
;;   (concat "(" (regexp-opt strings t) "\\>"))
;;  => "(\\(c\\(atch\\|ond\\(ition-case\\)?\\)\\|if\\|let\\*?\\|prog[12n]\\|save-\\(current-buffer\\|excursion\\|match-data\\|restriction\\|window-excursion\\)\\|throw\\|un\\(less\\|wind-protect\\)\\|wh\\(en\\|ile\\)\\)\\>"
;;
;; Searching using the above example `regexp-opt' regexp takes approximately
;; two-thirds of the time taken using the equivalent `mapconcat' regexp.

;; Since this package was written to produce efficient regexps, not regexps
;; efficiently, it is probably not a good idea to in-line too many calls in
;; your code, unless you use the following trick with `eval-when-compile':
;;
;; (defvar definition-regexp
;;   (eval-when-compile
;;     (concat "^("
;;             (regexp-opt '("defun" "defsubst" "defmacro" "defalias"
;;                           "defvar" "defconst") t)
;;             "\\>")))
;;
;; The `byte-compile' code will be as if you had defined the variable thus:
;;
;; (defvar definition-regexp
;;   "^(\\(def\\(alias\\|const\\|macro\\|subst\\|un\\|var\\)\\)\\>")
;;
;; Note that if you use this trick for all instances of `regexp-opt' and
;; `regexp-opt-depth' in your code, regexp-opt.el would only have to be loaded
;; at compile time.  But note also that using this trick means that should
;; regexp-opt.el be changed, perhaps to fix a bug or to add a feature to
;; improve the efficiency of `regexp-opt' regexps, you would have to recompile
;; your code for such changes to have effect in your code.

;; Originally written for font-lock.el, from an idea from Stig's hl319.el, with
;; thanks for ideas also to Michael Ernst, Bob Glickstein, Dan Nicolaescu and
;; Stefan Monnier.
;; No doubt `regexp-opt' doesn't always produce optimal regexps, so code, ideas
;; or any other information to improve things are welcome.
;;
;; One possible improvement would be to compile '("aa" "ab" "ba" "bb")
;; into "[ab][ab]" rather than "a[ab]\\|b[ab]".  I'm not sure it's worth
;; it but if someone knows how to do it without going through too many
;; contortions, I'm all ears.

;;; Code:

;;;###autoload
(defun regexp-opt (strings &optional paren noreorder)
  "Return a regexp to match a string in the list STRINGS.
Each string should be unique in STRINGS and should not contain
any regexps, quoted or not.  Optional PAREN specifies how the
returned regexp is surrounded by grouping constructs.

The optional argument PAREN can be any of the following:

a string
    the resulting regexp is preceded by PAREN and followed by
    \\), e.g.  use \"\\\\(?1:\" to produce an explicitly numbered
    group.

`words'
    the resulting regexp is surrounded by \\=\\<\\( and \\)\\>.

`symbols'
    the resulting regexp is surrounded by \\_<\\( and \\)\\_>.

non-nil
    the resulting regexp is surrounded by \\( and \\).

nil
    the resulting regexp is surrounded by \\(?: and \\), if it is
    necessary to ensure that a postfix operator appended to it will
    apply to the whole expression.

The optional argument NOREORDER, if nil, allows the returned
regexp to match the strings in any order.  If non-nil, the regexp
is equivalent to a chain of alternatives (by the `\\|' operator)
of the strings in the order given.

Up to reordering, the resulting regexp is equivalent to but
usually more efficient than that of a simplified version:

 (defun simplified-regexp-opt (strings &optional paren)
   (let ((parens
          (cond ((stringp paren)       (cons paren \"\\\\)\"))
                ((eq paren \\='words)    \\='(\"\\\\\\=<\\\\(\" . \"\\\\)\\\\>\"))
                ((eq paren \\='symbols) \\='(\"\\\\_<\\\\(\" . \"\\\\)\\\\_>\"))
                ((null paren)          \\='(\"\\\\(?:\" . \"\\\\)\"))
                (t                       \\='(\"\\\\(\" . \"\\\\)\")))))
     (concat (car paren)
             (mapconcat \\='regexp-quote strings \"\\\\|\")
             (cdr paren))))"
  (save-match-data
    ;; Recurse on the sorted list.
    (let* ((max-lisp-eval-depth 10000)
	   (max-specpdl-size 10000)
	   (completion-ignore-case nil)
	   (completion-regexp-list nil)
	   (open (cond ((stringp paren) paren) (paren "\\(")))
	   (sorted-strings (delete-dups
			    (sort (copy-sequence strings) 'string-lessp)))
	   (re
            ;; If NOREORDER is non-nil and the list contains a prefix
            ;; of another string, we give up all attempts at optimisation.
            ;; There is plenty of room for improvement (Bug#34641).
            (if (and noreorder (regexp-opt--contains-prefix sorted-strings))
                (concat (or open "\\(?:")
                        (mapconcat #'regexp-quote strings "\\|")
                        "\\)")
              (regexp-opt-group sorted-strings (or open t) (not open)))))
      (cond ((eq paren 'words)
	     (concat "\\<" re "\\>"))
	    ((eq paren 'symbols)
	     (concat "\\_<" re "\\_>"))
	    (t re)))))

;;;###autoload
(defun regexp-opt-depth (regexp)
  "Return the depth of REGEXP.
This means the number of non-shy regexp grouping constructs
\(parenthesized expressions) in REGEXP."
  (save-match-data
    ;; Hack to signal an error if REGEXP does not have balanced parentheses.
    (string-match regexp "")
    ;; Count the number of open parentheses in REGEXP.
    (let ((count 0) start last)
      (while (string-match "\\\\(\\(\\?[0-9]*:\\)?" regexp start)
	(setq start (match-end 0))	      ; Start of next search.
	(when (and (not (match-beginning 1))
		   (subregexp-context-p regexp (match-beginning 0) last))
	  ;; It's not a shy group and it's not inside brackets or after
	  ;; a backslash: it's really a group-open marker.
	  (setq last start)	    ; Speed up next regexp-opt-re-context-p.
	  (setq count (1+ count))))
      count)))

;;; Workhorse functions.

(defun regexp-opt-group (strings &optional paren lax)
  "Return a regexp to match a string in the sorted list STRINGS.
If PAREN non-nil, output regexp parentheses around returned regexp.
If LAX non-nil, don't output parentheses if it doesn't require them.
Merges keywords to avoid backtracking in Emacs's regexp matcher."
  ;; The basic idea is to find the shortest common prefix or suffix, remove it
  ;; and recurse.  If there is no prefix, we divide the list into two so that
  ;; (at least) one half will have at least a one-character common prefix.

  ;; Also we delay the addition of grouping parenthesis as long as possible
  ;; until we're sure we need them, and try to remove one-character sequences
  ;; so we can use character sets rather than grouping parenthesis.
  (let* ((open-group (cond ((stringp paren) paren) (paren "\\(?:") (t "")))
	 (close-group (if paren "\\)" ""))
	 (open-charset (if lax "" open-group))
	 (close-charset (if lax "" close-group)))
    (cond
     ;;
     ;; If there are no strings, just return the empty string.
     ((= (length strings) 0)
      "")
     ;;
     ;; If there is only one string, just return it.
     ((= (length strings) 1)
      (if (= (length (car strings)) 1)
	  (concat open-charset (regexp-quote (car strings)) close-charset)
	(concat open-group (regexp-quote (car strings)) close-group)))
     ;;
     ;; If there is an empty string, remove it and recurse on the rest.
     ((= (length (car strings)) 0)
      (concat open-charset
	      (regexp-opt-group (cdr strings) t t) "?"
	      close-charset))
     ;;
     ;; If there are several one-char strings, use charsets
     ((and (= (length (car strings)) 1)
	   (let ((strs (cdr strings)))
	     (while (and strs (/= (length (car strs)) 1))
	       (pop strs))
	     strs))
      (let (letters rest)
	;; Collect one-char strings
	(dolist (s strings)
	  (if (= (length s) 1) (push (string-to-char s) letters) (push s rest)))

	(if rest
	    ;; several one-char strings: take them and recurse
	    ;; on the rest (first so as to match the longest).
	    (concat open-group
		    (regexp-opt-group (nreverse rest))
		    "\\|" (regexp-opt-charset letters)
		    close-group)
	  ;; all are one-char strings: just return a character set.
	  (concat open-charset
		  (regexp-opt-charset letters)
		  close-charset))))
     ;;
     ;; We have a list of different length strings.
     (t
      (let ((prefix (try-completion "" strings)))
	(if (> (length prefix) 0)
	    ;; common prefix: take it and recurse on the suffixes.
	    (let* ((n (length prefix))
		   (suffixes (mapcar (lambda (s) (substring s n)) strings)))
	      (concat open-group
		      (regexp-quote prefix)
		      (regexp-opt-group suffixes t t)
		      close-group))

	  (let* ((sgnirts (mapcar #'reverse strings))
		 (xiffus (try-completion "" sgnirts)))
	    (if (> (length xiffus) 0)
		;; common suffix: take it and recurse on the prefixes.
		(let* ((n (- (length xiffus)))
		       (prefixes
			;; Sorting is necessary in cases such as ("ad" "d").
			(sort (mapcar (lambda (s) (substring s 0 n)) strings)
			      'string-lessp)))
		  (concat open-group
			  (regexp-opt-group prefixes t t)
			  (regexp-quote (nreverse xiffus))
			  close-group))

	      ;; Otherwise, divide the list into those that start with a
	      ;; particular letter and those that do not, and recurse on them.
	      (let* ((char (substring-no-properties (car strings) 0 1))
		     (half1 (all-completions char strings))
		     (half2 (nthcdr (length half1) strings)))
		(concat open-group
			(regexp-opt-group half1)
			"\\|" (regexp-opt-group half2)
			close-group))))))))))


(defun regexp-opt-charset (chars)
  "Return a regexp to match a character in CHARS.
CHARS should be a list of characters."
  ;; The basic idea is to find character ranges.  Also we take care in the
  ;; position of character set meta characters in the character set regexp.
  ;;
  (let* ((charmap (make-char-table 'regexp-opt-charset))
	 (start -1) (end -2)
	 (charset "")
	 (bracket "") (dash "") (caret ""))
    ;;
    ;; Make a character map but extract character set meta characters.
    (dolist (char chars)
      (cond
       ((eq char ?\])
	(setq bracket "]"))
       ((eq char ?^)
	(setq caret "^"))
       ((eq char ?-)
	(setq dash "-"))
       (t
	(aset charmap char t))))
    ;;
    ;; Make a character set from the map using ranges where applicable.
    (map-char-table
     (lambda (c v)
       (when v
	 (if (consp c)
	     (if (= (1- (car c)) end) (setq end (cdr c))
	       (if (> end (+ start 2))
		   (setq charset (format "%s%c-%c" charset start end))
		 (while (>= end start)
		   (setq charset (format "%s%c" charset start))
		   (setq start (1+ start))))
	       (setq start (car c) end (cdr c)))
	   (if (= (1- c) end) (setq end c)
	     (if (> end (+ start 2))
	       (setq charset (format "%s%c-%c" charset start end))
	     (while (>= end start)
	       (setq charset (format "%s%c" charset start))
	       (setq start (1+ start))))
	     (setq start c end c)))))
     charmap)
    (when (>= end start)
      (if (> end (+ start 2))
	  (setq charset (format "%s%c-%c" charset start end))
	(while (>= end start)
	  (setq charset (format "%s%c" charset start))
	  (setq start (1+ start)))))
    ;;
    ;; Make sure a caret is not first and a dash is first or last.
    (if (and (string-equal charset "") (string-equal bracket ""))
	(if (string-equal dash "")
            "\\^"                       ; [^] is not a valid regexp
          (concat "[" dash caret "]"))
      (concat "[" bracket charset caret dash "]"))))


(defun regexp-opt--contains-prefix (strings)
  "Whether a list of strings contains a proper prefix of one of its elements.
STRINGS must be sorted and free from duplicates."
  (let ((s strings))
    ;; In a lexicographically sorted list, a string always immediately
    ;; succeeds one of its prefixes.
    (while (and (cdr s)
                (not (string-equal
                      (car s)
                      (substring (cadr s) 0 (min (length (car s))
                                                 (length (cadr s)))))))
      (setq s (cdr s)))
    (cdr s)))


(provide 'regexp-opt)

;;; regexp-opt.el ends here